worksheets- dictionary skills

Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary worksheets

PhotocoPiable © oxford University Press

1 Finding the right word

Now make up a sentence using each of the words.

BNow put these words into alphabetical order. Then check your answers in your dictionary.

1. pipette pinball piquant pipeline pine cone pipe organ pineapple pinpoint2. seize seedling segment seemingly select seizure seismic seep3. skipper skinny skid skiing skier skin-diving ski lift skin-deep4. OBE o’ object O obese objet d’art OAP obligated

CWhich of these words would you find on the pages that start with abbey and end with about-turn?

able 3 absenceabout aboveabroad abandonedability ABC

AHow well do you really know your alphabet? As quickly as you can, put the letters below in alphabetical order to make English words.

C E N C A T =

E N B I G =

L O G Y R =

P H I C M =

T O S O B =

T Y R O F =

W O B L E =

W O L A L =


1 Finding the right word

KE YAaccent, begin, glory, chimp, boost, forty, below, allow

B1. pinball, pineapple, pine cone, pinpoint, pipeline, pipe organ, pipette, piquant2. seedling, seemingly, seep, segment, seismic, seize, seizure, select3. skid, skier, skiing, ski lift, skin-deep, skin-diving, skinny, skipper4. O, o’, OAP, OBE, obese, object, objet d’art, obligated

Cable, about, ability, ABC



10 Collocates and fixed phrases

Certain words are typically used with other words. For example, we say ‘a tall tree’ but ‘a high mountain’. These words are called collocates or collocations.Look at the entry for chance (sense 1).

Can you find two adjectives that go with chance, and mean ‘a small chance’? And another one that means ‘a very small chance’?These adjectives are collocates of the word chance. The examples in your dictionary are designed to show typical collocates of the headword. Typical collocates are usually shown in bold type.

AAdjectives and nounsLook up the nouns in the right-hand column below and match the adjectives with the nouns that collocate with them.

main smokerhigh languagebroad hopesheavy witstrong grinsharp road BVerbs and nounsLook up the words in bold to complete each of the following sentences with one of the verbs do, make, have, give. You may need to change the form of the verb.

1. Go on! it a try!

2. Do you want to a swap?

3. Did you a note of the address?

4. We were the worst team in the league, but now we’re progress.

5. She just loves advice, especially when it isn’t wanted.

6. I need to stay at home for a bit to the washing.

7. We need to a decision about the venue for the conference.

8. We’re a barbecue on the beach tomorrow.

9. We’ll have to an effort to finish on time.

10. My sister was in the bathroom so I couldn’t a shower.

Black plate (2,1)

b ON HAT 9 (also visor) (both NAmE) (BrE peak) the stifffront part of a cap that sticks out above your eyesa VISUAL

VOCAB page V53 a see also the Old Billi fill/fit the Lbill to be what is needed in a particularsituation or for a particular purpose: On paper, several ofthe applicants fit the bill.More at clean adj., foot v.

S verbb ASK FOR PAYMENT 1 ~ sb (for sth) to send sb a bill for sth:Please bill me for the books.

b ADVERTISE 2 [usually passive]~ sb/sth as sth to advertise ordescribe sb/sth in a particular way: He was billed as thenew Tom Cruise. 3 [usually passive] ~ sb/sth to do sth toadvertise that sb/sth will do sth: She was billed to speakon ‘China—Yesterday and Today’.

i bill and Lcoo (old-fashioned, informal) if two peoplewho are in love bill and coo, they kiss and speak in a lov-ing way to each other

Synonyms

bill

account X invoice X check

These are all words for a record of howmuch you owe forgoods or services you have bought or used.

bill a list of goods that you have bought or services thatyou have used, showing howmuch you owe; the priceor cost of sth: the gas bill

account an arrangement with a shop/store or businessto pay bills for goods or services at a later time, forexample in regular amounts every month: Put it on myaccount please.

invoice (rather formal) a bill for goods that sb has boughtor work that has been done for sb: The builders sent aninvoice for £250.

BILL OR INVOICE?

You would get a bill in a restaurant, bar or hotel; from acompany that supplies you with gas, electricity, etc; orfrom sb whose property you have damaged. An invoice isfor goods supplied or work done as agreed between acustomer and supplier.

check (NAmE) a piece of paper that shows howmuch youhave to pay for the food and drinks that you have hadin a restaurant: Can I have the check, please? n InBritish English the usual word for this is bill.

PATTERNS

S the bill/invoice/check for sthS to pay/settle a(n) bill/account/invoice/checkS to put sth on the/sb’s bill/account/invoice/check

boil k MbOIl/ verb, nounS verb 1 k [I, T]when a liquid boils or when you boil it, it isheated to the point where it forms bubbles and turns tosteam or vapour: The water was bubbling and boilingaway. x ~ sth Boil plenty of salted water, then add the spa-ghetti. a VISUAL VOCAB page V24 2 k [I, T] when a ket-tle, pan, etc. boils or when you boil a kettle, etc., it isheated until the water inside it boils: (BrE) The kettle’sboiling. x ~ sth I’ll boil the kettle and make some tea. x +adj. She left the gas on by mistake and the pan boiled dry(= thewater boiled until there was none left).3 k [I, T] tocook or wash sth in boiling water; to be cooked or washedin boiling water: She put some potatoes on to boil. x ~ sthboiled carrots/cabbage x to boil an egg for sb x ~ sb sth toboil sb an egg a COLLOCATIONS at cooking 4 [I] ~ (withsth) if you boil with anger, etc. or anger, etc. boils insideyou, you are very angry:He was boiling with rage.i seeblood n., watch v.

p Kboil Ldown | Kboil sthPLdown to be reduced or toreduce sth by boiling Kboil sth Ldown (to sth) to make sth,especially information, shorter by leaving out the partsthat are not important: The original speech I had written

got boiled down to about ten minutes. Kboil Ldown to sth(not used in the progressive tenses) (of a situation, prob-lem, etc.) to have sth as a main or basic part: In the end,what it all boils down to is money, or the lack of it. KboilLover 1 (of liquid) to boil and flow over the side of a pan,etc. 2 (informal) to become very angry 3 (of a situation,an emotion, etc.) to change into sth more dangerous orviolent s explode: Racial tension finally boiled over inthe inner city riots. Kboil Lup if a situation or an emotionboils up, it becomes dangerous, worrying, etc: I could feelanger boiling up inside me. Kboil sthPLup to heat a liquidor some food until it boils

S noun 1 [sing.] a period of boiling; the point at which liquidboils: (BrE) Bring the soup to the boil, then allow it to sim-mer for five minutes. x (NAmE) Bring the soup to a boil. 2[C] a painful infected swelling under the skin which is fullof a thick yellow liquid (called pus)

i off the Lboil (BrE) less good than before: The secondseries of the show really went off the boil. on the Lboil veryactive:We have several projects all on the boil at once.

Brit·ish MLbrItIS/ adj. 1 (abbr. Br.) connected with theUnited Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland orthe people who live there: the British Government x He wasborn in France but his parents are British. x British-based/British-born/British-made 2 the British noun [pl.] thepeople of the United Kingdom d BritAishAness noun [U]

More About

the British

S There is no singular noun which is commonly used torefer to a person from Britain. Instead the adjectiveBritish is used: She’s British. x The British have a veryodd sense of humour. The adjective English refers onlyto people from England, not the rest of the UnitedKingdom.

S The noun Briton is used mainly in newspapers: Thesurvivors of the avalanche included 12 Britons. It alsodescribes the early inhabitants of Britain: the ancientBritons. Brit is informal and can sound negative.Britisher is now very old-fashioned.

a note at SCOTTISH

but·ter k MLbVt@(r)/ noun, verbS noun k [U] a soft yellow food made from cream, used incooking and for spreading on bread: Fry the onions in but-ter. a see also bread and butter, peanut butter

i butter wouldn’t melt (in sb’s Lmouth) (informal)used to say that sb seems to be innocent, kind, etc. whenthey are not really More at knife v.

S verb ~ sth to spread butter on sth: She buttered four thickslices of bread. i see know v.

p Kbutter sbPLup (informal) to say nice things to sb sothat they will help you or give you sth

chance k MtSAFns; NAmE tS&ns/ noun, verb, adj.S noun 1 k [C,U] a possibility of sth happening, especiallysth that you want: ~ of doing sth Is there any chance ofgetting tickets for tonight? x She has only a slim chance ofpassing the exam. x ~ that... There’s a slight chance thathe’ll be back in time. x There is no chance that he will changehis mind. x ~ of sth happeningWhat chance is there of any-body being found alive? x ~ of sth Nowadays a prematurebaby has a very good chance of survival. x The operationhas a fifty-fifty chance of success. x an outside chance (=a very small one) x The chances are a million to one againstbeing struck by lightning. 2 k [C] a suitable time or situ-ation when you have the opportunity to do sth: It was thechance she had been waiting for. x Jeff deceived me once al-ready—I won’t give him a second chance. x This is your bigchance (= opportunity for success). x ~ of sth We won’tget another chance of a holiday this year. x ~ to do sthPlease give me a chance to explain. x Tonight is your lastchance to catch the play at your local theatre. x ~ for sb todo sth There will be a chance for parents to look around the

& cat | A; father | e ten | 3; bird | @ about | I sit | i; see | i many | Q got (BrE) | O; saw | V cup | U put | u; too

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ

abbot 2


10 Collocates and fixed phrases

KE YCan you find two adjectives that go with chance, and mean ‘a small chance’? = a slight chance, a slim chanceAnd another one that means ‘a very small chance’? = an outside chance

Amain – road, high – hopes, broad – grin, heavy – smoker, strong – language, sharp – wit

B1. give 2. do 3. make 4. making 5. giving 6. do 7. make 8. having 9. make 10. have



11 Register

Your dictionary contains a number of labels which tell you about how formal a word is, and in what situations you can use it. Here are some of these words:

technical informal disapproving ironic formal slang

Do you understand what these labels mean? Check the list on the inside front cover of your dictionary, where you will also find descriptions of the other labels used in the dictionary.

ALook up these words, which all mean small, and decide which of them are more formal than small, and which are less formal.

tiddly diminutive teeny titchy infinitesimal wee

Now put these adjectives, which all have similar meanings, in order of formality.

1. drunk wrecked inebriated2. sleep crash slumber3. catch apprehend nick4. declaim witter on talk5. steal appropriate pinch6. mega excellent wondrous

BLook at these sentences and decide whether the word in bold is appropriate for the context or not.

1. (in an email to a friend) Wasn’t that a calamitous storm last night ?2. (in a company report) The new product has been a cracking success.3. (in a chat to a colleague) John seems really fed up at the moment.4. (in a letter of complaint) To sum up, the services offered by your company are a total rip-off.5. (in an article in a medical journal) There were humongous lesions on the skin.

CJack Blunt was very angry when his car was stolen. This was what he said about his experiences when he reported it:

Now underline the expressions Jack uses that would not be appropriate for a formal letter or report. Check how they are labelled in the dictionary.

Then write a short report of Mr Blunt’s experiences, replacing the slang expressions.

‘I don’t usually like it when I hear people slagging off the police, because I think they have a really crappy job, but it really pissed me off when my car was nicked last week and they acted as if they couldn’t give a toss. Then the insurance company screwed up. They took yonks to deal with my claim and all the time they made me feel like I was trying to pull a fast one, as if I was the criminal.’


11 Register

KE YAMore formal: diminutive, infinitesimalLess formal: tiddly, teeny, titchy, wee

( from informal to formal)1. wrecked drunk inebriated2. crash sleep slumber3. nick catch apprehend4. witter on talk declaim5. pinch steal appropriate6. mega excellent wondrous

B1. no 2. no 3. yes 4. no 5. no

C‘I don’t usually like it when I hear people slagging off the police, because I think they have a really crappy job, but it really pissed me off when my car was nicked last week and they acted as if they couldn’t give a toss. Then the insurance company screwed up. They took yonks to deal with my claim and all the time they made me feel like I was trying to pull a fast one, as if I was the criminal.’

Possible answer:‘I don’t usually like it when I hear people criticizing the police, because I think they have a really difficult job, but it really annoyed me when my car was stolen last week and they acted as if it didn’t matter to them at all. Then the insurance company made a mess of things. They took a long time to deal with my claim and all the time they made me feel like I was trying to deceive them, as if I was the criminal.’



12 Irregular forms

Your dictionary contains lots of information on irregular forms in English, such as irregular verb forms

The entry for travel tells you that in Britain the –ing and –ed forms are spelt with two ls, but in the US usually with only one. Note that there is also a full list of irregular verbs at the back of your dictionary. Your dictionary also tells you about the plural forms of nouns

ACan you find the plural forms of these words in the wordsearch below? Some of them are irregular, and some are not.

life video house plate potato clock woman jelly knee milkman toy child kiss mouse key chimney loaf

and irregular comparatives and superlatives of adjectives

l i v e s g t o y s c x

t s b w k n e e s o h o

u i c h i m n e y s i v

j e l l i e s b h a l i

k e o h o u s e s w d d

i f c e r w n e z o r e

s i k o m e d s r m e o

s n s e m q e l h e n s

e q u k y t p s m n s i

s w l i a s k e f i r a

f i c l o a v e s x c t

m a p o t a t o e s n e

Black plate (7,1)

mouses) (computing) a small device that is moved by handacross a surface to control the movement of the cursoron a computer screen: Click the left mouse button twice tohighlight the program. x Use the mouse to drag the icon to anew position. a VISUAL VOCAB page V54, page V56i see cat

S verbp KLmouse over sth (computing) to use the mouse tomove over sth on a computer screen:Mouse over the link inthe original message. d mouseAover MLmaUs@Uv@(r); NAmE-oU-/ noun: the use of mouseovers in web design

pro·nun·ci·ation k Mpr@KnVnsiLeISn/ noun1 k [U, C] the way in which a language or a particularword or sound is pronounced: a guide to English pronunci-ation x There is more than one pronunciation of ‘garage’.2 k [sing.] the way in which a particular person pro-nounces the words of a language: Your pronunciation isexcellent.

re·morse·less MrILmOFsl@s; NAmE -LmOFrs-/ adj. 1 (espe-cially of an unpleasant situation) seeming to continue orbecome worse in a way that cannot be stoppeds relentless: the remorseless increase in crime 2 crueland having or showing no pity for other peoples merciless: a remorseless killer d reAmorseAlessAlyadv.

sink k MsINk/ verb, noun, adj.S verb (sank Ms&Nk/, sunk MsVNk/) or (less frequent sunk,sunk)

b IN WATER/MUD, ETC. 1 k [I] to go down below the surfaceor towards the bottom of a liquid or soft substance: Theship sank to the bottom of the sea. x We’re sinking! x Thewheels started to sink into the mud. x to sink like a stone

b BOAT 2 k [T]~ sth to damage a boat or ship so that it goesbelow the surface of the sea, etc: a battleship sunk by atorpedo

b FALL/SIT DOWN 3 [I] + adv./prep. (of a person) to movedownwards, especially by falling or sitting downs collapse: I sank into an armchair. x She sank backinto her seat, exhausted. x The old man had sunk to hisknees.

b MOVE DOWNWARDS 4 k [I] (of an object) to move slowlydownwards: The sun was sinking in the west. x The founda-tions of the building are starting to sink.

b BECOME WEAKER 5 k [I] to decrease in amount, volume,strength, etc: The pound has sunk to its lowest recorded levelagainst the dollar. x He is clearly sinking fast (= gettingweaker quickly and will soon die).

b OF VOICE 6 [I] to become quieter s fade: Her voice sankto a whisper.

b DIG IN GROUND 7 [T] ~ sth to make a deep hole in theground s drill: to sink a well/shaft/mine 8 [T] ~ sth(+ adv./prep.) to place sth in the ground by digging: to sinka post into the ground a see also sunken

b PREVENT SUCCESS 9 [T] ~ sth/sb (informal) to prevent sb orsb’s plans from succeeding: I think I’ve just sunkmy chancesof getting the job. x If the car breaks down, we’ll be sunk (=have serious problems).

b BALL 10 [T] ~ sth to hit a ball into a hole in golf orsnooker: He sank a 12-foot putt to win the match.

b ALCOHOL 11 [T] ~ sth (BrE, informal) to drink sth quickly,especially a large amount of alcohol

i be Lsunk in sth to be in a state of unhappiness or deepthought: She just sat there, sunk in thought. (like rats) des-erting/leaving a sinking Lship (humorous, disapproving)used to talk about people who leave an organization, acompany, etc. that is having difficulties, without caringabout the people who are left sink your Ldifferences toagree to forget about your disagreements a/that Lsinkingfeeling (informal) an unpleasant feeling that you getwhen you realize that sth bad has happened or is going tohappen Ksink or Lswim to be in a situation where you will

either succeed by your own efforts or fail completely: Thenew students were just left to sink or swim. Ksink so Llow |sink to sth to have such low moral standards that you dosth very bad: Stealing from your friends? How could yousink so low? x I can’t believe that anyone would sink to suchdepths.More at heart

p Ksink Lin | Ksink Linto sth1 (of words, an event, etc.)to be fully understood or realized: He paused to allow hiswords to sink in. x The full scale of the disaster has yet to sinkin. 2 (of liquids) to go down into another substancethrough the surface: The rain sank into the dry ground.Lsink into sth to go gradually into a less active, happy orpleasant state: She sank into a deep sleep. x He sank deeperinto depression. Ksink Linto sth | Ksink sth Linto sth to go,or to make sth sharp go, deep into sth solid: The dog sankits teeth into my leg (= bit it). x I felt her nails sink into mywrist. Ksink sth Linto sth to spend a lot of money on a busi-ness or an activity, for example in order to make moneyfrom it in the future: We sank all our savings into the ven-ture.

S noun 1 a large open container in a kitchen that has taps/faucets to supply water and that you use for washingdishes in: Don’t just leave your dirty plates in the sink! x Ifelt chained to the kitchen sink (= I had to spend all mytime doing jobs in the house). a picture at pluga VISUAL VOCAB page V22 2 (especially NAmE) = wash-basin i see kitchen

S adj. [only before noun] (BrE) located in a poor area wheresocial conditions are bad: the misery of life in sink estates x

a sink school

travel k MLtr&vl/ verb, nounS verb (-ll-, especially US -l-) 1 k [I, T] to go from one place toanother, especially over a long distance: to travel aroundthe world x I go to bed early if I’m travelling the next day. x Ilove travelling by train. x We always travel first class. x Wetravelled to California for the wedding. x When I finishedcollege I went travelling for six months (= spent time vis-iting different places). x ~ sth He travelled the length of theNile in a canoe. x I travel 40 miles to work every day. 2 k [I](+ adv./prep.) to go or move at a particular speed, in aparticular direction, or a particular distance: to travel at50 miles an hour x Messages travel along the spine from thenerve endings to the brain. x News travels fast these days. 3[I] (of food, wine, an object, etc.) to be still in good condi-tion after a long journey: Some wines do not travel well. 4[I] (+ adv./prep.) (of a book, an idea, etc.) to be equallysuccessful in another place and not just where it began:Some writing travels badly in translation. 5 [I] to go fast:Their car can really travel! 6 [I] (in basketball) to movewhile you are holding the ball, in a way that is not allowed

i travel Llight to take very little with you when you goon a trip

S noun 1 k [U] the act or activity of travelling: air/rail/space, etc. travel x travel expenses x The job involves a con-siderable amount of foreign travel. x the travel industry x

travel sickness x a travel bag/clock (= for use when trav-elling) x The pass allows unlimited travel on all publictransport in the city. 2 k travels [pl.] time spent travel-ling, especially in foreign countries and for pleasure: Thenovel is based on his travels in India. x When are you off onyour travels (= going travelling)?

Collocations

Travel and tourism

Holidays/vacationsS have/take (BrE) a holiday/(NAmE) a vacation/a break/aday off/(BrE) a gap year

S go on/be on holiday/vacation/leave/honeymoon/safari/a trip/a tour/a cruise/a pilgrimage

S go backpacking/camping/hitchhiking/sightseeing

u actual | aI my | aU now | eI say | @U go (BrE) | oU go (NAmE) | OI boy | I@ near | e@ hair | U@ pure


7 accept

Black plate (7,1)





















a sink school





Collocations

Travel and tourism






7 accept

Black plate (5,1)

seemed likely to do so). a compare tie n. (5) 3 (NAmEusually drawAing) a competition in which the winnersare chosen in a draw: a prize draw a compare lottery4 (BrE) a sports match for which the teams or players arechosen in a draw: Liverpool have an away draw againstManchester United. 5 [usually sing.] a set of matches forwhich the teams or players are chosen in a draw: Thereare only two seeded players left in the top half of the draw.

b ATTRACTION 6 a person, a thing or an event that attracts alot of people s attraction: She is currently one of thebiggest draws on the Irish music scene.

b SMOKE 7 an act of breathing in the smoke from a cigarettes drag

i be quick/fast on the Ldraw 1 (informal) to be quickto understand or react in a new situation: You can’t foolhim— he’s always quick on the draw. 2 to be quick at pull-ing out a gun in order to shoot it More at luck n.

es·thete, esAthetAic (NAmE) = aesthete, aesthetic

friend·ly k MLfrendli/ adj., nounS adj. (friendAlier, friendAliAest) 1 k behaving in a kind andpleasant way because you like sb or want to help them: awarm and friendly person x ~ to/toward(s) sb Everyone wasvery friendly towards me. o unfriendly 2 k showingkindness; making you feel relaxed and as though you areamong friends: a friendly smile/welcome x a small hotelwith a friendly atmosphere o unfriendly 3 k ~ (withsb) treating sb as a friend: We soon became friendly withthe couple next door. x She was on friendly termswith mostof the hospital staff. 4 k (especially of the relationship be-tween countries) not treating sb/sth as an enemy: tomaintain friendly relations with all countries o hostile5 k (often in compound adjectives) that is helpful andeasy to use; that helps sb/sth or does not harm it: Thissoftware is much friendlier than the previous version. x en-vironmentally-friendly farming methods x ozone-friendlycleaning materials a see also user-friendly 6 k inwhich the people, teams, etc. taking part are not seriouslycompeting against each other: a friendly argument x

friendly rivalry x (BrE) It was only a friendly match.d friendAliAness noun [U]

S noun (pl. -ies) (also Lfriendly match) (both BrE) a gameof football (soccer) etc. that is not part of an importantcompetition

gaz·ump Mg@LzVmp/ verb [usually passive] ~ sb (BrE) whensb who has made an offer to pay a particular price for ahouse and who has had this offer accepted is gazumped,their offer is no longer accepted by the person selling thehouse, because sb else has made a higher offerd gazAumpAing Mg@LzVmpIN/ noun [U] a compare gazun-der

gaz·un·der Mg@LzVnd@(r)/ verb [often passive]~ sb (BrE) tooffer a lower price for a house that you have alreadyagreed to buy at a higher price, before the contract issigned: The vendors were gazundered at the last minute.d gazAunAderAing noun [U] a compare gazump

GB abbr. 1 MKdZiF LbiF/ Great Britain 2 (in writing) giga-byte: a 750GB hard drive

Gb (also Gbit) abbr. (in writing) gigabitGBH MKdZiF biF LeItS/ abbr. (BrE, law) grievous bodilyharm

GCSE MKdZiF siF es LiF/ noun [C,U] the abbreviation for ‘Gen-eral Certificate of Secondary Education’ (a British examtaken by students in England and Wales and some othercountries, usually around the age of 16. GCSE can be takenin any of a range of subjects.): She’s got 10 GCSEs. x He’sdoing German at GCSE. a compare A level

g’day Mg@LdeI/ exclamation (AustralE, NZE) hellogrim·ace MgrILmeIs; LgrIm@s/ verb, nounS verb [I] ~ (at sb/sth) to make an ugly expression with your

face to show pain, disgust, etc: He grimaced at the bittertaste. x She grimaced as the needle went in.

S noun an ugly expression made by twisting your face, usedto show pain, disgust, etc. or to make sb laugh: to make/give a grimace of pain x ‘What’s that?’ she asked with agrimace.

ˌhalf ˈmast nouni at Khalf Lmast (of a flag) flown at the middle of themast as a sign of respect for a person who has just died:Flags were flown at half mast on the day of his funeral.

happy k MLh&pi/ adj. (hapApier, hapApiAest)b FEELING/GIVING PLEASURE 1 k feeling or showing pleas-ure; pleased: a happy smile/face x You don’t look veryhappy today. x ~ to do sth We are happy to announce theengagement of our daughter. x ~ for sb I’m very happy foryou. x ~ (that)... I’m happy (that) you could come.a SYNONYMS at glad 2 k giving or causing pleasure: ahappy marriage/memory/childhood x The story has ahappy ending. x Those were the happiest days of my life.

b AT CELEBRATION 3 k if you wish sb a Happy Birthday,Happy New Year, etc. you mean that you hope they havea pleasant celebration

b SATISFIED 4 k satisfied that sth is good or right; not anx-ious:~ (with sb/sth) Are you happy with that arrangement?x I’m not happy with his work this term. x She was happyenough with her performance. x ~ (about sb/sth) If there’sanything you’re not happy about, come and ask. x I’m nottoo happy about her living alone. x I said I’d go just to keephim happy.

b WILLING 5 k ~ to do sth ( formal) willing or pleased to dosth: I’m happy to leave it till tomorrow. x He will be morethan happy to come with us.

b LUCKY 6 lucky; successful s fortunate: By a happy co-incidence, we arrived at exactly the same time. x He is in thehappy position of never having to worry about money.

b SUITABLE 7 ( formal) (of words, ideas or behaviour) suit-able and appropriate for a particular situation: That wasn’tthe happiest choice of words.d hapApiAness k noun [U]: to find true happiness x Hereyes shone with happiness. a SYNONYMS at satisfaction

i a Khappy eLvent the birth of a baby a/the happyLmedium something that is in the middle between twochoices or two ways of doing sth not a Khappy Lbunny(BrE) (NAmE not a Khappy Lcamper) (informal) notpleased about a situation: She wasn’t a happy bunny at all.many happy reLturns (of the Lday) used to wish sb ahappy and pleasant birthday More at mean n.

Synonyms

happy

satisfied X content X contented X joyful X blissful

These words all describe feeling, showing or givingpleasure or satisfaction.

happy feeling, showing or giving pleasure; satisfied withsth or not worried about it: a happymarriage/ memory/childhood x I said I’d go, just to keep him happy.

satisfied pleased because you have achieved sth orbecause sth has happened as youwanted it to; showingthis satisfaction: She’s never satisfied with what she’s got.x a satisfied smile

content [not before noun] happy and satisfied with whatyou have: I’m perfectly content just to lie in the sun.

contented happy and comfortable with what you have;showing this: a contented baby x a long contented sigh

CONTENT OR CONTENTED?

Being contented depends more on having a comfortablelife; being content can depend more on your attitude toyour life: you can have to be content or learn to be content.

s see | t tea | v van | w wet | z zoo | S shoe | Z vision | tS chain | dZ jam | T thin | D this | N sing


5 absorbed

Black plate (6,1)

People or animals can be contented but only people canbe content.

joyful (rather formal) very happy; making people veryhappy

blissfulmaking people very happy; showing thishappiness: three blissful weeks away

JOYFUL OR BLISSFUL?

Joy is a livelier feeling; bliss is more peaceful.

PATTERNS

S happy/satisfied/content/contentedwith sthS a happy/satisfied/contented/blissful smileS a happy/joyful occasion/celebrationS to feel happy/satisfied/content/contented/joyfulS very/perfectly/quite happy/satisfied/content/

contented

in·volve k w MInLvQlv; NAmE InLvAFlv/ verb1 k if a situation, an event or an activity involves sth,that thing is an important or necessary part or result of its entail: ~ sth Any investment involves an element ofrisk. x Many of the crimes involved drugs. x ~ doing sthThe test will involve answering questions about a photo-graph. x ~ sb/sth doing sth The job involves me travellingall over the country. x ( formal) The job involves my travellingall over the country.2 k ~ sb/sth if a situation, an event oran activity involves sb/sth, they take part in it or are af-fected by it: There was a serious incident involving a groupof youths. x How many vehicles were involved in the crash?3 k to make sb take part in sth: ~ sb (in sth/in doing sth)We want to involve as many people as possible in the celebra-tions. x ~ yourself (in sth) Parents should involve themselvesin their child’s education. 4 ~ sb (in sth) to say or do sth toshow that sb took part in sth, especially a crimes implicate: His confession involved a number of otherpoliticians in the affair.

p inLvolve sb in sth to make sb experience sth, espe-cially sth unpleasant: You have involved me in a great dealof extra work.

kilo·metre k (especially US kiloAmeter) MLkIl@-miFt@(r); BrE also kILlQmIt@(r); NAmE also kILlAFm-/ noun(abbr. k, km)a unit for measuring distance; 1000 metres

le·gible MLledZ@bl/ adj. (of written or printed words) clearenough to read: legible handwriting x The signature wasstill legible. o illegible d leAgiAbilAity MKledZ@LbIl@ti/noun [U] leAgibly M-@bli/ adv.

luck k MlVk/ noun, verbS noun [U] 1 k good things that happen to you by chance,not because of your own efforts or abilities: With (any)luck, we’ll be home before dark. x (BrE)With a bit of luck,we’ll finish on time. x So far I have had no luck with finding ajob. x I could hardly believe my luck when he said yes. x Itwas a stroke of luck that we found you. x By sheer lucknobody was hurt in the explosion. x We wish her luck inher new career. x You’re in luck (= lucky) —there’s oneticket left. x You’re out of luck. She’s not here. x What a pieceof luck! a see also beginner’s luck 2 k chance; theforce that causes good or bad things to happen to peoples fortune: to have good/bad luck a see also hard-luck story

i any Lluck? (informal) used to ask sb if they have beensuccessful with sth: ‘Any luck?’ ‘No, they’re all too busy tohelp.’ as luck would Lhave it in the way that chance de-cides what will happen: As luck would have it, the train was

late. bad, hard, etc. luck (on sb) used to express sym-pathy for sb: Bad luck, Helen, you played very well. x It’shard luck on him that he wasn’t chosen. be down on yourLluck (informal) to have no money because of a period ofbad luck the best of Lluck (with sth) | good Lluck (withsth) k (informal) used to wish sb success with sth: Thebest of luck with your exams. x Good luck! I hope it goes well.Kbetter luck Lnext time (informal) used to encourage sbwho has not been successful at sth for Lluck 1 becauseyou believe it will bring you good luck, or because this isa traditional belief: Take something blue. It’s for luck. 2 (in-formal) for no particular reason: I hit him once more forluck. good Lluck to sb (informal) used to say that you donot mind what sb does as it does not affect you, but youhope they will be successful: It’s not something I would careto try myself but if she wants to, good luck to her. just my/sb’s Lluck (informal) used to show you are not surprisedsth bad has happened to you, because you are not oftenlucky: Just my luck to arrive after they had left. your/sb’sLluck is in used to say that sb has been lucky or successfulthe luck of the Ldraw the fact that chance decides sth, ina way that you cannot control no such Lluck used to showdisappointment that sth you were hoping for did not hap-pen More at pot n., push v., tough adj., try v., worseadj.

S verbp Kluck Lout (NAmE, informal) to be lucky: I guess I real-ly lucked out when I met her.

Synonyms

luck

chance X coincidence X accident X fate X destiny

These are all words for things that happen or the forcethat causes them to happen.

luck the force that causes good or bad things to happento people: This ring has always brought me good luck.

chance the way that some things happen without anycause that you can see or understand : The results couldsimply be due to chance.

coincidence the fact of two things happening at thesame time by chance, in a surprising way: They metthrough a series of strange coincidences.

accident something that happens unexpectedly and isnot planned in advance: Their early arrival was just anaccident.

fate the power that is believed to control everything thathappens and that cannot be stopped or changed: Fatedecreed that she would never reach America.

destiny the power that is believed to control events: Ibelieve there’s some force guiding us—call it God, destinyor fate.

FATE OR DESTINY?

Fate can be kind, but this is an unexpected gift; just asoften, fate is cruel and makes people feel helpless.Destiny is more likely to give people a sense of power:people who have a strong sense of destiny usually believethat they are meant to be great or do great things.

PATTERNS

S by ...luck/chance/coincidence/accidentS It’s no coincidence/accident that...S pure/sheer luck/chance/coincidence/accidentS to believe in luck/coincidences/fate/destiny

mouse k MmaUs/ noun, verbS noun (pl.mice MmaIs/) 1 k a small animal that is coveredin fur and has a long thin tail. Mice live in fields, in people’shouses or where food is stored: a field mouse x a housemouse x The stores were overrun with rats and mice. x Shecrept upstairs, quiet as a mouse. x He was a weak littlemouse of a man. a see also dormouse 2 k (pl. also



absorbent 6


12 Irregular forms

BMany verbs are irregular. How many irregular verbs can you think of in three minutes?

Now take turns to test your partner.

_ What’s the past of think?Thought._ That’s right. What’s the past participle of speak?Spake. _ No, it’s spoken.

CAre these sentences true or false? 1. The past simple and past participle of the verb stand are the same. 2. The past of the verb lay is also lay. 3. The past form of cancel is always cancelled. 4. In the US the –ing form of the verb dial is dialing. 5. The verb lean can be written in two different ways in the past. 6. The plural form of the word veto is vetos. 7. The word aquarium has two plural forms. 8. The plural form of the word coup is pronounced the same as the singular. 9. The comparative form of the adjective far is farer.10. The superlative form of flat is flattest.

Use your dictionary to find out if your answers were correct!


12 Irregular forms

KE Yalives, videos, houses, plates, potatoes, clocks, women, jellies, knees, milkmen, toys, children, kisses, mice, keys, chimneys, loaves

c1. true 2. false 3. false 4. true 5. true 6. false 7. true 8. false 9. false 10. true



13 Nouns

You can find out lots of information about nouns from your dictionary. For example, it provides irregular plural forms in entries.

The dictionary also gives information about whether a noun is countable or uncountable.

ADo you know the plural form of these nouns? Work in pairs. When you have finished, check your answers in your dictionary. How many did you get right?

thesis court martial gateau fungus

aircraft salmon criterion cul-de-sac

crony embryo deer appendix

sister-in-law housewife

Now look up the following words. What do they have in common?

binoculars sunglasses shears goggles secateurs pliers

BWhich verb form is normally correct? Use your dictionary to find out. In one sentence there are two possible answers.

1. There is / are no further data available.2. The police is / are conducting a house-to-house search. 3. Is / are the spaghetti cooked ?4. The bacteria is / are spread by physical contact.5. All the family is / are coming.

Which four of these nouns are plural?

goods odds news specifics phonetics flora basics measles

Black plate (1,1)

ad·vice k M@dLvaIs/ noun [U]~ (on sth) an opinion or a suggestion about what sb shoulddo in a particular situation: advice on road safety x Theygive advice to people with HIV and AIDS. x Ask your teacher’s advice/Ask your teacher for advice on how to prepare forthe exam. x We were advised to seek legal advice. x Let megive you a piece of advice. x A word of advice. Don’t wearthat dress. x Take my advice. Don’t do it. x I chose it on hisadvice.

annoy·ed k M@LnOId/ adj. [not usually before noun]slightly angry s irritated: ~ (with sb) (at/about sth) Hewas beginning to get very annoyed with me about my care-lessness. x I was annoyed withmyself for giving in so easily.x I bet she was annoyed at having to write it out again. x ~that... I was annoyed that they hadn’t turned up. x ~ tofind, see, etc. He was annoyed to find himself going red.

an·swer k MLAFns@(r); NAmE L&n-/ noun, verbS noun 1 k something that you say, write or do to react to aquestion or situation: I rang the bell, but there was no an-swer. x ~ to sth I can’t easily give an answer to your ques-tion. x Have you had an answer to your letter? x As if inanswer to our prayers, she offered to lend us £10 000. x Shehad no answer to the accusations. 2 k something that youwrite or say in reply to a question in a test, an exam, anexercise, etc.; the correct reply to a question in a test, etc:Write your answers on the sheet provided. x Do you know theanswer (= the right one) to question 12? 3 k a solution toa problem: There is no easy answer. x This could be the an-swer to all our problems. x The obvious answer would be tocancel the party. 4 a person or thing from one place thatmay be thought to be as good as a famous person or thingfrom another place: The new theme park will be Britain’sanswer to Disneyland.

i have/know all the Lanswers (informal, often disap-proving) to be confident that you know sth, especiallywhen you actually do not: He thinks he knows all the an-swers.More at no exclam.

S verb1 k [I, T] to say, write or do sth as a reaction to a ques-tion or situations reply: I repeated the question, but shedidn’t answer. x ~ sth You haven’t answered my question.x to answer a letter/an advertisement x to answer thephone (= to pick up the phone when it rings) x to answerthe door (= to open the door when sb knocks/rings) x Myprayers have been answered (= I have got what I want-ed). x He refused to answer the charges against him. x ~ (sb)Come on, answer me! Where were you? x He answered mewith a smile. x + speech ‘I’d prefer to walk,’ she answered. x

~ sb + speech ‘I’d prefer to walk,’ she answered him. x ~ (sb)that... She answered that she would prefer to walk. x ~ sbsth Answer me this: how did they know we were here? 2 [T]~ sth ( formal) to be suitable for sth; tomatch sth: Does thisanswer your requirements?

i answer to the name of sth (especially of a pet ani-mal) to be called sth More at description

p Kanswer Lback to defend yourself against criticism:He was given the chance to answer back in a radio interview.Kanswer Lback | Kanswer sb Lback to speak rudely to sb inauthority, especially when they are criticizing you or tell-ing you to do sth: Don’t answer back! x Stop answering yourmother back! Lanswer for sth 1 to accept responsibility orblame for sth: You will have to answer for your behaviourone day. x This government has a lot to answer for (= isresponsible for a lot of bad things). 2 to promise that sbhas a particular quality or can be relied on to do sth: I cananswer for her honesty. Lanswer for sb (usually in negativesentences) to say that sb else will do sth or have a particu-lar opinion: I agree, but I can’t answer for my colleagues.Lanswer to sb (for sth) to have to explain your actions ordecisions to sb: All sales clerks answer to the store manager.

Which Word?

answer / reply

Verbs

S Answer and reply are the most common verbs used for

speaking or writing as a reaction to a question, letter,etc.

S Note that you answer a person, question or letter, notanswer to them, but you reply to somebody orsomething: I’m writing to answer your questions x I’mwriting to reply to your questions. x I’m writing to answerto your questions.

S Answer can be usedwith or without an object: I haven’tanswered her email yet. x I knocked on the door butnobody answered. Reply is often used with the actualwords spoken: ‘I won’t let you down,’ he replied.

S Respond is less common and more formal: Thedirectors were unwilling to respond to questions.

S You can only answer a door or a phone.

a see also REJOIN, RETORT, GET BACK TO SB

Nouns

S Note the phrases in answer to and in reply to: I’mwriting in answer to your letter.

a see also RESPONSE, REJOINDER, RETORT

be·hav·iour k (especially US beAhavAior) MbI-LheIvj@(r)/ noun1 k [U] the way that sb behaves, especially towards otherpeople: good/bad behaviour x social/sexual/criminalbehaviour x His behaviour towards her was becoming moreand more aggressive. 2 k [U, C] the way a person, an ani-mal, a plant, a chemical, etc. behaves or functions in a par-ticular situation: the behaviour of dolphins/chromosomes x

studying human and animal behaviour x (technical) to studylearned behaviours d beAhavAiourAal (especially US be-havAiorAal M-j@r@l/) adj.: children with behavioural difficul-ties x behavioural science (= the study of humanbehaviour)beAhavAiourAalAly (especially US beAhavAiorAal-ly) adv.

i be on your best beLhaviour to behave in the mostpolite way you can

belt·way MLbeltweI/ noun (US) a ring road, especiallythe one around Washington DC

bill k MbIl/ noun, verbS nounb FOR PAYMENT 1 k a piece of paper that shows how muchyou owe sb for goods or services: the telephone/electri-city/gas bill x We ran up amassive hotel bill. x She alwayspays her bills on time. x The bills are piling up (= there aremore and more that have still not been paid).a COLLOCATIONS at finance 2 k (especially BrE) (NAmEusually check) a piece of paper that shows how muchyou have to pay for the food and drinks that you havehad in a restaurant: Let’s ask for the bill. a COLLOCATIONS

at restaurantb MONEY 3 k (NAmE) = note (6): a ten-dollar billb IN PARLIAMENT 4 k a written suggestion for a new lawthat is presented to a country’s parliament so that its mem-bers can discuss it: to introduce/approve/reject a bill x

the Education Reform Billb AT THEATRE, ETC. 5 a programme of entertainment at atheatre, etc: a horror double bill (= two horror films/movies shown one after the other) x Topping the bill (=the most important performer) is Paul Simon.

b ADVERTISEMENT 6 a notice in a public place to advertise anevent s poster a see also handbill

b OF BIRDS 7 the hard pointed or curved outer part of abird’s mouth s beak a VISUAL VOCAB page V10 8 -billed (in adjectives) having the type of bill mentioned:long-billed waders

A a


Black plate (3,1)

school. 3 k [C] an unpleasant or dangerous possibility:When installing electrical equipment don’t take anychances. A mistake could kill. 4 k [U] the way that somethings happen without any cause that you can see orunderstand: I met her by chance (= without planning to)at the airport. x Chess is not a game of chance. x It was purechance that we were both there. x We’ll plan everything verycarefully and leave nothing to chance. a SYNONYMS atluck

i as Kchance would Lhave it happening in a way thatwas lucky, although it was not planned: As chance wouldhave it, John was going to London too, so I went with him.be Kin with a Lchance (of doing sth) (BrE, informal) tohave the possibility of succeeding or achieving sth: ‘Doyou think we’ll win?’ ‘I think we’re in with a chance.’ x He’sin with a good chance of passing the exam. by Lany chanceused especially in questions, to ask whether sth is true,possible, etc.: Are you in love with him, by any chance? thechances Lare (that)... (informal) it is likely that...: Thechances are you won’t have to pay. Lchance would be afine thing (BrE, informal) people say chance would be afine thing to show that they would like to do or have thething that sb has mentioned, but that they do not thinkthat it is very likely give sb/sth half a Lchance to givesb/sth some opportunity to do sth: That dog will give youa nasty bite, given half a chance. Lno chance (informal)there is no possibility: ‘Do you think he’ll do it?’ ‘No chance.’on the Loff chance (that) because of the possibility of sthhappening, although it is unlikely: I didn’t think you’d be athome but I just called by on the off chance. stand a Lchance(of doing sth) to have the possibility of succeeding orachieving sth: The driver didn’t stand a chance of stoppingin time. take a Lchance (on sth) to decide to do sth, know-ing that it might be the wrong choice:We took a chance onthe weather and planned to have the party outside. takeyour Lchances to take a risk or to use the opportunitiesthat you have and hope that things will happen in theway that you want: He took his chances and jumped intothe water.More at cat, dog n., even adj., eye n., fat adj.,fight v., snowball n., sporting

S verb 1 [T] (informal) to risk sth, although you know theresult may not be successful: ~ sth She was chancing herluck driving without a licence. x ‘Take an umbrella.’ ‘No, I’llchance it ’ (= take the risk that it may rain). x ~ doing sthI stayed hidden; I couldn’t chance coming out. 2 linking verb( formal) to happen or to do sth by chance: ~ to do sth If Ido chance to find out where she is, I’ll inform you immedi-ately. x They chanced to be staying at the same hotel. x itchanced (that)... It chanced (that) they were staying at thesame hotel.

i Kchance your Larm (BrE, informal) to take a risk al-though you will probably fail

p Lchance on/upon sb/sth ( formal) to find or meetsb/sth unexpectedly or by chance: One day he chancedupon Emma’s diary and began reading it.

S adj. [only before noun] not planned s unplanned: achance meeting/encounter

chan·nel k w MLtS&nl/ noun, verbS nounb ON TELEVISION/RADIO 1 k [C] a television station: What’son Channel 4 tonight? x a movie/sports channel x tochange/switch channels a COLLOCATIONS at television2 k [C] a band of radio waves used for broadcasting tele-vision or radio programmes: terrestrial/satellite chan-nels

b FOR COMMUNICATING 3 k [C] also channels [pl.] a methodor system that people use to get information, to communi-cate, or to send sth somewhere: Complaints must be madethrough the proper channels. x The newsletter is a usefulchannel of communication between teacher and students.x The company has worldwide distribution channels.

b FOR IDEAS/FEELINGS 4 [C] a way of expressing ideas andfeelings: The campaign provided a channel for protestagainst the war. x Music is a great channel for releasing youremotions.

b WATER 5 [C] a passage that water can flow along, especial-ly in the ground, on the bottom of a river, etc: drainagechannels in the rice fields 6 [C] a deep passage of water ina river or near the coast that can be used as route for ships

7 [C] a passage of water that connects two areas of water,especially two seas: the Bristol Channel 8 the Channel[sing.] the area of sea between England and France, alsoknown as the English Channel: the Channel Tunnel x

cross-Channel ferries x news from across the Channel (=from France)

S verb (-ll-, especially US -l-)b IDEAS/FEELINGS 1 ~ sth (into sth) to direct money, feelings,ideas, etc. towards a particular thing or purpose: He chan-nels his aggression into sport.

b MONEY/HELP 2 ~ sth (through sth) to send money, help,etc. using a particular route: Money for the project will bechannelled through local government.

b WATER/LIGHT 3 ~ sth to carry or send water, light, etc.through a passage: A sensor channels the light signal alongan optical fibre.

child k MtSaIld/ noun (pl. chilAdren MLtSIldr@n/)1 k a young human who is not yet an adult: a child ofthree/a three-year-old child x men, women and children x

an unborn child x not suitable for young children x I livedin London as a child. x a child star a see also brainchild,latchkey child, poster child, schoolchild 2 k ason or daughter of any age: They have three grown-up chil-dren. x a support group for adult children of alcoholics x

They can’t have children. a see also godchild, grand-child, love child, only child, stepchild a comparekid 3 a person who is strongly influenced by the ideasand attitudes of a particular time or person: a child of the90s4 (disapproving) an adult who behaves like a child andis not mature or responsible

i be with Lchild (old-fashioned) to be pregnant beLchild’s play (informal) to be very easy to do, so not evena child would find it difficult

Collocations

Children

Having a baby/childS want a baby/a child/kidsS start a familyS conceive/be expecting/be going to have a baby/childS miss your periodS become/get/ be/find out that you are pregnantS have a baby/a child/kids/a son/a daughter/twins/afamily

S have a normal/a difficult/an unwanted pregnancy; aneasy/a difficult/a home birth

S be in/go into/induce labour (especially US) laborS have/suffer/cause a miscarriageS give birth to a child/baby/daughter/son/twins

ParentingS bring up/(especially NAmE) raise a child/familyS care for/(especially BrE) look after a baby/child/kidS change (BrE) a nappy/(NAmE) a diaper/a babyS feed/breastfeed/bottle-feed a babyS be entitled to/go onmaternity/paternity leaveS go back/return to work after maternity leaveS need/find/get a babysitter/good quality affordablechildcare

S balance/combine work and childcare/child-rearing/family life

S educate/teach/home-school a child/kidS punish/discipline/spoil a child/kidS adopt a baby/child/kidS offer a baby for/put a baby up for adoptionS (especially BrE) foster a child/kidS be placed with/be raised by foster parents

cli·che (also cliche) MLkliFSeI; NAmE kliFLSeI/ noun (disap-



3 about


13 Nouns

KE YAthesis – theses, court martial – courts martial, aircraft – aircraft, salmon – salmon, crony – cronies, embryo – embryos, sister-in-law – sisters-in-law, housewife – housewives, gateau – gateaux, fungus – fungi, criterion – criteria, cul-de-sac – cul-de-sacs/culs-de-sac, deer – deer, appendix – appendices

They are all plural nouns (i.e. they do not have a singular form). They are used with ‘a pair of…’: Have you got a pair of shears?

B1. is (are is also possible) 2. are 3. is 4. are 5. are (is is also possible)Plural: goods, odds, specifics, basics



14 Irregular verbs

Your dictionary has a lot of information on verb forms, both for irregular verbs

and for verbs where the final consonant is doubled in –ing and –ed forms

There is also a full list of irregular verbs at the back of your dictionary.

AFill in the correct form of the irregular verbs in these sentences.

1. Have you the theatre to book the tickets? (ring)

2. I’m going to wear the red dress I for the party last week. (wear)

3. That winter, the river for the first time in ten years. (freeze)

4. How much money have you ? (spend)

5. It was a lovely day and the sun brightly. (shine)

6. Prices have by 5%. (rise)

And now fill in the correct forms in these sentences. One sentence has two possible forms – can you find out why?

1. Why are you to me? (lie)

2. I onto the bus and sat down. (hop)

3. When the fire alarm went off, everyone . (panic)

4. Not everyone has with the rules (comply)

5. They have all over the world. (travel)

6. My doctor me to a specialist. (refer)

7. He disguised himself by his hair. (dye)

8. The President the Bill. (veto)

BSome irregular verbs have different past forms in Britain and the United States. Use the list of irregular verbs at the back of your dictionary to find out if these past simple forms are British or American.

dove spit pled fit spilt leant

Black plate (4,1)

proving) 1 [C] a phrase or an idea that has been used sooften that it no longer has much meaning and is not inter-esting: She trotted out the old cliché that ‘a trouble shared isa trouble halved.’ 2 [U] the use of clichés in writing orspeaking d cliAched adj.: a clichéd view of upper-class life

cour·gette MkU@LZet; kOFLZet; NAmE kUrLZet/ (BrE) (NAmEzucAchini) noun a long vegetable with dark green skinand white flesh a VISUAL VOCAB page V27

draw k MdrOF/ verb, nounS verb (drew MdruF/, drawn MdrOFn/)b MAKE PICTURES 1 k [I, T] to make pictures, or a picture ofsth, with a pencil, pen or chalk (but not paint): You drawbeautifully. x ~ sth to draw a picture/diagram/graph x

She drew a house. x He drew a circle in the sand with a stick.x ( figurative) The report drew a grim picture of inefficiencyand corruption. a COLLOCATIONS at art

b PULL 2 k [T]~ sth/sb + adv./prep. tomove sth/sb by pull-ing it or them gently: He drew the cork out of the bottle. x Idrew my chair up closer to the fire. x She drew me onto thebalcony. x I tried to draw him aside (= for example whereI could talk to him privately). x ( figurative) My eyes weredrawn to the man in the corner. a SYNONYMS at pull 3 [T]~ sth (of horses, etc.) to pull a vehicle such as a car-riage: The Queen’s coach was drawn by six horses. x ahorse-drawn carriage

b CURTAINS 4 [T] ~ sth to open or close curtains, etc: Theblinds were drawn. x It was getting dark so I switched onthe light and drew the curtains. x She drew back the curtainsand let the sunlight in.

b MOVE 5 [I] + adv./prep. to move in the direction men-tioned: The train drew into the station. x The train drew in.x The figures in the distance seemed to be drawing closer. x

Their car drew alongside ours. x ( figurative) Her retirementis drawing near. x ( figurative) The meeting was drawing toa close.

b WEAPON 6 [T, I]~ (sth) (on sb) to take out aweapon, such asa gun or a sword, in order to attack sb: She drew a revolveron me. x He came towards them with his sword drawn.

b ATTRACT 7 [T] to attract or interest sb: ~ sb The movie isdrawing large audiences. x The course draws students fromall over the country. x ~ sb to sth Her screams drew passers-by to the scene.

b GET REACTION 8 [T] to produce a reaction or response: ~sth The plan has drawn a lot of criticism. x ~ sth from sbThe announcement drew loud applause from the audience.

b MAKE SB TALK 9 [T] ~ sb (about/on sth) [often passive] tomake sb say more about sth: Spielberg refused to be drawnon his next movie.

b CONCLUSION 10 [T] ~ sth (from sth) to have a particularidea after you have studied sth or thought about it: Whatconclusions did you draw from the report? x We can drawsome lessons for the future from this accident.

b COMPARISON 11 [T] ~ sth to express a comparison or acontrast: to draw an analogy/a comparison/a parallel/a distinction between two events

b CHOOSE 12 [I, T] to decide sth by picking cards, tickets ornumbers by chance:We drew for partners. x ~ sth They hadto draw lots to decide who would go. x He drew the winningticket. x Names were drawn from a hat for the last few places.x Italy has been drawn against Spain in the first round. x ~sb/sth to do sth Italy has been drawn to play Spain.

b GAME 13 [I, T] to finish a game without either team win-ning: England and France drew. x England and France drew3–3. x ~ with/against sb England drew with/againstFrance. x ~ sth England drew their game against France.

b MONEY 14 [T] to take money or payments from a bank ac-count or post office s withdraw: ~ sth out (of sth) Idrew out £200. x Can I draw $80 out of my account? x ~sth (from sth) She went to the post office to draw her pen-sion. x ~ sth on sth The cheque was drawn on his personalaccount.

b LIQUID/GAS 15 [T]~ sth (+adv./prep.) to take or pull liquid

or gas from somewhere: to draw water from a well x Thedevice draws gas along the pipe.

b SMOKE/AIR 16 [I, T] to breathe in smoke or air:~ at/on sthHe drew thoughtfully on his pipe. x ~ sth in She breatheddeeply, drawing in the fresh mountain air.

i draw a Lblank to get no response or result: So far, thepolice investigation has drawn a blank. draw Lblood tomake sb bleed draw Lbreath (BrE) (US draw a Lbreath)1 to stop doing sth and rest: She talks all the time and hard-ly stops to draw breath. 2 (literary) to live; to be alive: Hewas as kind a man as ever drew breath. draw sb’s Lfire tomake sb direct their anger, criticism, etc. at you, so thatothers do not have to face it draw a Lline under sth(BrE) to say that sth is finished and not worth discussinganymore draw the Lline (at sth/at doing sth) to refuse todo sth; to set a limit: I don’t mind helping, but I draw the lineat doing everything myself. x We would have liked to inviteall our relatives, but you have to draw the line somewhere.draw the Lline (between sth and sth) to distinguish be-tween two closely related ideas: Where do you draw theline between genius and madness? Kdraw the short Lstraw(BrE) (NAmE get the Kshort end of the Lstick) to be theperson in a group who is chosen or forced to perform anunpleasant duty or task: I drew the short straw and had toclean the toilets. Kdraw Lstraws (for sth) to decide on sb todo or have sth, by choosing pieces of paper, etc: We drewstraws for who went first.More at battle n., bead n., dag-ger, height, horn, lot n., side n.

p Kdraw Lback to move away from sb/sth: He cameclose but she drew back. Kdraw Lback (from sth/fromdoing sth) to choose not to take action, especially becauseyou feel nervous:We drew back from taking our neighboursto court. Kdraw sthPLdown | Kdraw Ldown (especiallyNAmE) to reduce a supply of sth that has been created overa period of time; to be reduced: There are many life eventsthat can unexpectedly draw down savings. x If we don’t cutcosts our reserves will draw down. a related noun draw-down Kdraw sthPLdown (from sth) | Kdraw Ldown onsth (especially NAmE) (BrE usually draw) ( finance) to takemoney from a fund that a bank, etc. has made available:The company has already drawn down a600 million of itsa725 million credit line. x They can draw down on the loanat any time. a related noun drawdown Ldraw sth fromsb/sth to take or obtain sth from a particular source: todraw support/comfort/strength from your family x Shedrew her inspiration from her childhood experiences. KdrawLin to become dark earlier in the evening as winter getsnearer: The nights/days are drawing in. Ldraw sb intosth/into doing sth | Kdraw sbPLin to involve sb or makesb take part in sth, although they may not want to takepart at first: youngsters drawn into a life of crime x The bookstarts slowly, but it gradually draws you in. Kdraw sthPLoffto remove some liquid from a larger supply: The doctordrew off some fluid to relieve the pressure. Kdraw Lon if atime or a season draws on, it passes: Night was drawingon. Ldraw on/upon sth to use a supply of sth that is avail-able to you: I’ll have to draw on my savings. x The novelistdraws heavily on her personal experiences. Kdraw Lout tobecome lighter in the evening as summer gets nearer: Thedays/evenings are drawing out. Kdraw sbPLout to en-courage sb to talk or express themselves freely KdrawsthPLout to make sth last longer than usual or necessary:She drew the interview out to over an hour. a see alsolong-drawn-out Kdraw Lup if a vehicle draws up, it ar-rives and stops: The cab drew up outside the house. KdrawsthPLup to make or write sth that needs careful thoughtor planning: to draw up a contract/list

S nounb CHOOSING 1 (US also drawAing) [usually sing.] ~ (for sth)the act of choosing sth, for example the winner of a prizeor the teams who play each other in a competition, usuallyby taking pieces of paper, etc. out of a container withoutbeing able to see what is written on them: the draw for thesecond round of the Champions League x The draw for theraffle takes place on Saturday.

b SPORTS/GAMES 2 (especially BrE) a game in which bothteams or players finish with the same number of points:The match ended in a two-all draw. x He managed to holdSmith to a draw (= to stop him from winning when he

b bad | d did | f fall | g get | h hat | j yes | k cat | l leg | m man | n now | p pen | r red


about-turn 4

Black plate (3,1)




















Collocations

Children










3 about

Black plate (3,1)




















Collocations

Children










3 about


14 Irregular verbs

KE YA1. rung 2. wore 3. froze 4. spent 5. was shining 6. risen

1. lying 2. hopped 3. panicked 4. complied 5. travelled/traveled (travelled is the British form and traveled the American.) 6. referred 7. dyeing 8. vetoed.

Bdove – American, spit – American, pled – American, fit – American, spilt – British, leant – British



15 Adjectives and adverbs

Your dictionary shows you how to form the comparative and superlative forms of adjectives.

ACheck the entries for these words and find the comparative and superlative forms.

hot good

red bad

tidy far BAdjectives are often used with specific nouns. Look at the examples at the entries for the adjectives in the left-hand column below, and match them with the nouns they go with.

a perfect golda full fita steady refundchubby boyfriendsolid cheeks

CSome adjectives are only used before the noun, or after the noun. Look up the adjectives in bold and decide whether the sentences are correct.

1. They tiptoed past the asleep guard. 4. The afraid children hid in the cellar.2. Which problem is chief? 5. The trip was a downright disaster.3. The pilot survived the crash unscathed. 6. There was an alone tree on the horizon.

DYour dictionary also provides information about the prepositions which are used with adjectives.

Look up the adjectives in the sentences below and decide which of the prepositions in the box is correct. Sometimes more than one preposition is possible.

about at to with on

1. I’m so fed up her. She does nothing but complain.

2. Is he still mad me?

3. He was delighted the present I gave him.

4. Are you serious leaving your job?

5. I can’t understand why she’s so keen him.

Black plate (5,1)

























Synonyms

happy











5 absorbed

Black plate (1,1)









Which Word?

answer / reply

Verbs








Nouns












A a



15 Adjectives and adverbs

KE YAhot hotter hottest good better bestred redder reddest bad worse worsttidy tidier tidiest far farther/further farthest/furthest

Ba perfect fit, a full refund, a steady boyfriend, chubby cheeks, solid gold

C1. wrong 2. wrong 3. right 4. wrong 5. right 6. wrong

D1. with 2. at/with 3. at/with 4. about 5. on



16 Grammar patterns

Your dictionary not only tells you about the meanings of the words that you look up. It also gives you a lot of information about the words and patterns that are used with them.

AWhich prepositions are used with these nouns? Put each noun in one of the three columns.

the moment TV the evening vacation trial homebed the shore impulse a/the mood a guess night

at in on

the moment

Now check your answers in your dictionary.

BStructures with verbsUse the information in the verb patterns to decide whether these sentences are acceptable 3 or not 7.

1. He hacked the bush. 7 7. Who’s parked in front of our entrance?

2. He hacked the bush down. 8. Where did you park?

3. Pam handled the situation well. 9. They faxed us the invoice.

4. Pam always handles well in these situations. 10. Can you spare me a minute?

5. A bit a fresh air won’t harm. 11. They served us drinks in the garden.

6. The dog won’t harm you.

CDelete the form of the verb which is incorrect in these sentences. 1. They are considering to build/building a new motorway. 2. We expect to arrive/arriving about two. 3. She denied to take/taking the money. 4. They discussed to change/changing the company’s name. 5. He resolved to try/trying harder next time. 6. I couldn’t resist to eat/eating the last biscuit. 7. Do you miss to see/seeing the children every day? 8. She suggested to go/going out for a meal. 9. I waited to see/seeing what he would do next.10. He neglected to tell/telling us that he had no money.

DLook at the patterns in the entries for the verbs in these sentences and complete them with a suitable preposition.

1. I concluded his remarks that he disapproved the idea.

2. They promoted him assistant head head.

3. The hotel provided us towels and bathrobes.

4. She quarrelled her brother money.

5. It’s good to quote the text in your essay.


16 Grammar patterns

KE YAat: at the moment, at home, at a guess, at nightin: in a/the mood, in the evening, in bedon: on trial, on impulse, on TV, on vacation, on the shore

B1. no 2. yes 3. yes 4. no 5. no 6. yes 7. yes 8. yes 9. yes 10. yes 11. yes

C1. building 2. to arrive 3. taking 4. changing 5. to try 6. eating 7. seeing 8. going 9. to see 10. to tell

D1. from, of 2. from, to 3. with 4. with, about 5. from



17 Synonyms and opposites

Your dictionary can help you increase your vocabulary by giving you information about synonyms and opposites, at individual entries. There are also many notes which show the differences between synonyms.

ALook up the words in column A and match each one to the word in column B which is closest to it in meaning.

A Bpreposterous reveallone individuallydramatist fortunatelysynthetic outrageoussingly playwrighthappily projectdisclose man-madejut solitary

Now check your answers by looking up the words in your dictionary.

BLook at the note at the entry trip, and complete these sentences using each of the words once.

trip journey tour expedition excursions

1. What are you doing for your holiday? We’re going on a coach of Belgium.

2. There will be plenty of opportunities for making from the cruise ship.

3. She’s leading a scientific in the Himalayas.

4. It was a long , over difficult terrain.

5. I’ve got another business at the end of the month.

CIn each line below, four out of the five words form their opposites with the same prefix. Which one is different?

1. mature mortal plausible practical relevant2. connect agree mount comfortable satisfied3. armed fortunately intentional logical manageable4. humane articulate excusable flammable sane5. custodial fiction remarkable returnable compliance

Black plate (7,1)





















a sink school





Collocations

Travel and tourism






7 accept

Black plate (6,1)




JOYFUL OR BLISSFUL?


PATTERNS


contented









Synonyms

luck









FATE OR DESTINY?


PATTERNS





absorbent 6


17 Synonyms and opposites

KE YApreposterous = outrageous, lone = solitary, dramatist = playwright, synthetic = man-made, singly = individually, happily = fortunately, disclose = reveal, jut = project

B1. tour 2. excursions 3. expedition 4. journey 5. trip

C1. relevant 2. comfortable 3. logical 4. flammable 5. remarkable



18 Notes

In the Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary a lot of extra information is given in special notes which help you decide which word to use, build up your vocabulary, avoid grammatical mistakes and find out more about English and the English-speaking world.

AIn this paragraph there are eight mistakes that the writer could have avoided if he had read the notes about the words which are underlined. Can you correct his errors?

BChoose a better word in each sentence to replace the word in bold.

1. During the war they had to live in bad conditions.

2. There was a bad smell coming from the drains.

3. He was involved in a bad accident and broke both legs.

4. The smell of coffee wafted out of the kitchen.

5. On holiday last summer we had nice weather.

6. She always wears very nice clothes.

7. How many pieces of bread would you like?

8. Her optimism is a thing she inherited from her mother.

9. What things do the exam questions cover?

CPut these words in order to make good grammatical sentences. You will find a grammar note to help you at the entry for the word in bold.

1. enjoy/we/much/playing/very/tennis .

2. half/had/an/in/wait/the/hour/I/to/queue .

3. used/our/go/Wales/to/holidays/we/to/for .

4. much/much/but/don’t/house/i/i/love/my/spend/there/time/very .

5. one/Henry’s/was/old/the .

DComplete these sentences with a suitable word.

1. I wish I where he’s got to.

2. He was sitting a hard wooden chair his desk.

3. None of the music they play very modern.

4. We really enjoyed on holiday.

At the weekend, I lastly had the chance to see a play that I had been wanting to see for long. I am very interesting in the theatre, and my friend was playing the leading role. Afterwards I met my friend and complemented him on his performance, specially his amazing calmness. He said me that when he first started acting he was used to get very nervous, but now he was less effected by nerves.


18 Notes

KE YAAt the weekend, I finally/at last had the chance to see a play that I had been wanting to see for a long time. I am very interested in the theatre, and my friend was playing the leading role. Afterwards I met my friend and complimented him on his performance, especially his amazing calmness. He told me that when he first started acting he used to get very nervous, but now he was less affected by nerves.

B1. appalling 2. foul 3. horrific, fractured 4. aroma 5. beautiful 6. fashionable7. slices 8. characteristic or trait 9. subjects or topics

C1. We very much enjoy playing tennis or We enjoy playing tennis very much.2. I had to wait half an hour in the queue.3. We used to go to Wales for our holidays.4. I love my house very much but I don’t spend much time there.5. Henry’s was the old one or The old one was Henry’s.

D1. knew 2. on, at 3. is 4. ourselves



19 Pronunciation

The pronunciation of English words is shown in the dictionary after the headword, inside the slashes //. You can find the symbols at the bottom of each dictionary page and there are two pages on pronunciation at the back of the dictionary. On the CD-ROM that goes with the Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary you can hear all the headwords pronounced.

AWhich of these words is not pronounced like the other two?

hear her herewhole hole haildeer dire dearfloor flower flourpair pear peerwish witch which

BWhich of these words begin with the sound /k/ and which with /tS/? Put the words into one of the two columns and then check in your dictionary.

chord character chirp chinchisel cello chiropodist Celticchoir chipmunk cholera chemist

/k/ /tS/

CThe combination gh can be pronounced in three different ways. Put the words into one of the three groups.

cough ghetto laughter though enoughthorough gherkin plough ghost

/f/ /g/ not pronounced

DUnderline the consonant that is not pronounced in the following words.

comb honour receipt write knowpalmtop debt castle psychology

Black plate (7,1)





















a sink school





Collocations

Travel and tourism






7 accept


19 Pronunciation

KE YAher, hail, dire, floor, peer, wish

B/k/ /tS/chord chirpcharacter chinchiropodist chiselCeltic cellochoir chipmunkcholerachemist

C/f/ /g/ not pronouncedcough ghetto thoughlaughter gherkin thoroughenough ghost plough

Dcomb honour receipt write knowpalmtop debt castle psychology



2 Headwords and derivatives

Your dictionary has some features that help you to find a word quickly and easily. Headwords are in blue so they stand out from the rest of the text. Look at the guide letters at the sides of the pages to find the letter you need. Then you can look at the ‘running heads’ at the top of the pages to check whether the word you want is on that page.

AWhich of these words would you find on the pages that start with abstain and end with accept?

accent accident abstract

absorb AC access

academic abuse acclaim

absolutely

BFinding the right part of speech.In the Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary the first line of each entry lists all the possible parts of speech for a particular word. Then each part of speech has its own section.

Look at these entries and write down what parts of speech these words can be.

bridge fool

green prior

extra so

CSome words which are spelt the same but pronounced differently have separate entries.Study the entries for the words in the box and decide where the words in the sentences would fit.

1. The musicians took a bow. bow1

2. The violinist raised his bow.

3. She tied the ribbon in a bow.

4. He had a row with his father.

5. Can you see that row of trees?

6. They decided to row across the lake.

7. The lead in my pencil’s broken.

8. Where does this road lead?

9. France took an early lead.

10. Wait a minute! I’m nearly ready.

11. They found minute particles of dust in the air.

12. There were tears in her eyes.

13. Be careful you don’t tear your trousers on those bushes.

14. Strong winds and heavy rain are forecast for all areas.

15. The road winds its way up the mountain.

bow1 /baU/; bow2 /beU, boU/

row1 /reU, roU/; row2 /raU/

lead1 /li;d/; lead2 /led/

minute1 /%mInIt/; minute2 /maI

%nju;t/

tear1 /te@(r), ter/; tear2 /tI@(r), tIr/wind1 /wInd/; wind2 /waInd/

3

Black plate (5,1)

























Synonyms

happy











5 absorbed

Black plate (5,1)

























Synonyms

happy











5 absorbed



DWhen you are looking up inflected forms, you need to decide which headword to look under.Write down the headword where you would look to find these words.

jetties jetty fretting

intensifies bumpier

cruellest frolicked

grabbed fatter j If an irregular verb is very different from its base form, and comes at a different place in the alphabet, you will find a cross-reference there.

EChoosing the right meaningAnswer these questions:1. How many meanings are given for the noun lodge?2. Which of them is connected with animals?3. How many meanings are given for the noun lobby?4. Do any of them refer to people?5. How many meanings can you find for the verb drill?6. Which of them is to do with making holes?7. For the verb dribble, three meanings are to do with liquids. In what context is the fourth meaning used?8. The adjective rambling can be used to describe buildings. In what two other contexts is it used?

FDerivativesSome words derived from headwords do not have their own entries in the dictionary. Their meaning is closely related to that of the headword and you can work it out from the definition of the headword.Write down the entries where you can find these words.

bafflement, baffling epidemic (adj.)

destabilization greenness

deterrence magenta (noun)

drowsily, drowsiness racketeering

GFollowing up cross-referencesLook for the cross-references in these entries to answer these questions. 1. Where can you find a picture of bagpipes? 2. Where is the definition of racoon? 3. Where can you find out what a rarebit is? 4. What is the word usually used in Britain for a letter opener? 5. What is another word for politics, the subject of study? 6. Where can you find the meaning of radii? 7. What verb does the form woven come from? 8. Of which verb is flew the past tense? 9. Where can you find out what laughing gas is?10. Can you find the definition of the idiom separate the men from the boys at the entry for separate, men,

man, or boy?11. Where can you look up an expression with a related meaning to restraining order?12. Where can you find a note about words like yell?



KE YAaccent, academic, AC, abuse and abstract are on these pages.

Bbridge: noun, verbgreen: adjective, noun, verbextra: adjective, noun, adverbfool: noun, verb, adjectiveprior: adjective, nounso: adverb, conjunction, noun

C1. bow1 2. bow2 3. bow2 4. row2 5. row1 6. row1 7. lead2 8. lead1 9. lead1 10. minute1 11. minute2 12. tear2 13. tear1 14. wind1 15. wind2

D1. jetty 2. intensify 3. cruel 4. grab 5. fret 6. bumpy 7. frolic 8. fat

E1. six 2. meaning 5 3. four 4. meaning 3 5. three 6. meaning 1 7. football (soccer) 8. a speech or piece of writing, a plant

F1. baffle 2. destabilize 3. deterrent 4. drowsy 5. epidemic (noun) 6. green 7. magenta (adjective) 8. racketeer

G1. pipe 2. raccoon 3. Welsh rarebit 4. paperknife 5. political science 6. radius 7. weave 8. fly 9. nitrous oxide 10. man 11. injunction 12. shout



20 Stress

Your dictionary shows the pronunciation for English words, and this includes the stress. Stress is very important, because it is hard to understand a word pronounced with the wrong stress.

The symbol % before /eISn/ tells us that the main stress in the word is on the following syllable. The symbol % before

/nVn/ shows that this is the secondary stress in the word. In compound headwords, the stress is also shown with these marks.

AUnderline the syllables that have the main stress in these words.

half-time far-sightedness hold-up eye-catching right-angled user-friendly

Now look at the phonetic transcriptions for these words and decide which are not stressed on the first syllable.

camouflage conclude eliminate eyewitnessphenomenon philosophy prevalent spellbinding

BPut the words into the boxes so that the syllable that has the main stress comes in the box with the hammer.

photograph photography photographic

democracy democratic democrat

demonstrate demonstration demonstrative

emphasis emphasize emphatic

ecology ecological

a

b

c

CSome words have different stress depending on whether they are used as nouns, verbs or adjectives. Use your dictionary to help you underline the stressed syllable in the words in bold.

1. Harris holds the world hundred metres record.2. The band was recorded live in concert.3. Would anyone object if I changed the date of the meeting?4. I thought I saw a strange object in the sky.5. We’ve made a lot of progress since last week.6. Work on the new parliament building is progressing slowly.7. We haven’t had a chance to perfect the technique yet.8. It was a perfect day for fishing.

e

d

Black plate (7,1)





















a sink school





Collocations

Travel and tourism






7 accept

Black plate (5,1)

























Synonyms

happy











5 absorbed


20 Stress

KE YAhalf-time, far-sightedness, hold-up, eye-catching, right-angled, user-friendlyNot stressed on the first syllable: conclude, eliminate, phenomenon, philosophy

Bi. e ii. b iii. c iv. a v. d

C1. record 2. recorded 3. object 4. object 5. progress 6. progressing 7. perfect 8. perfect



21 British and American English – Vocabulary

There are many cases where different words are used in British and American English. Your dictionary shows the British word (labelled BrE) and the American word (labelled NAmE), too. North American English includes the English used in Canada. If a word is only used in the United States, but not in Canada, it is labelled US.

AAre the following words used in British or American English?

1. tram 2. roundabout 3. row house 4. sidewalk 5. chemist’s 6. tights 7. sales clerk 8. railroad 9. eggplant10. estate agent

Check your answers in your dictionary.

BUse the notes at rubbish, platform, holiday and floor to decide whether these statements are true or false.

1. Garbage is the word American speakers use when British speakers say rubbish.2. An American speaker could ask ‘Is this the right platform for the train to Chicago?’3. Some American friends might tell you about their holiday in Florida.4. An elderly British lady who can’t walk upstairs very well would ask for a room on the first floor.

CSome words mean different things in British and American English. Look at the words below. Check their entries in the dictionary and explain the differences.pantsfootballathleticsbraceshomely

Black plate (4,1)

proving) 1 [C] a phrase or an idea that has been used sooften that it no longer has much meaning and is not inter-esting: She trotted out the old cliché that ‘a trouble shared isa trouble halved.’ 2 [U] the use of clichés in writing orspeaking d cliAched adj.: a clichéd view of upper-class life

cour·gette MkU@LZet; kOFLZet; NAmE kUrLZet/ (BrE) (NAmEzucAchini) noun a long vegetable with dark green skinand white flesh a VISUAL VOCAB page V27

draw k MdrOF/ verb, nounS verb (drew MdruF/, drawn MdrOFn/)b MAKE PICTURES 1 k [I, T] to make pictures, or a picture ofsth, with a pencil, pen or chalk (but not paint): You drawbeautifully. x ~ sth to draw a picture/diagram/graph x

She drew a house. x He drew a circle in the sand with a stick.x ( figurative) The report drew a grim picture of inefficiencyand corruption. a COLLOCATIONS at art

b PULL 2 k [T]~ sth/sb + adv./prep. tomove sth/sb by pull-ing it or them gently: He drew the cork out of the bottle. x Idrew my chair up closer to the fire. x She drew me onto thebalcony. x I tried to draw him aside (= for example whereI could talk to him privately). x ( figurative) My eyes weredrawn to the man in the corner. a SYNONYMS at pull 3 [T]~ sth (of horses, etc.) to pull a vehicle such as a car-riage: The Queen’s coach was drawn by six horses. x ahorse-drawn carriage

b CURTAINS 4 [T] ~ sth to open or close curtains, etc: Theblinds were drawn. x It was getting dark so I switched onthe light and drew the curtains. x She drew back the curtainsand let the sunlight in.

b MOVE 5 [I] + adv./prep. to move in the direction men-tioned: The train drew into the station. x The train drew in.x The figures in the distance seemed to be drawing closer. x

Their car drew alongside ours. x ( figurative) Her retirementis drawing near. x ( figurative) The meeting was drawing toa close.

b WEAPON 6 [T, I]~ (sth) (on sb) to take out aweapon, such asa gun or a sword, in order to attack sb: She drew a revolveron me. x He came towards them with his sword drawn.

b ATTRACT 7 [T] to attract or interest sb: ~ sb The movie isdrawing large audiences. x The course draws students fromall over the country. x ~ sb to sth Her screams drew passers-by to the scene.

b GET REACTION 8 [T] to produce a reaction or response: ~sth The plan has drawn a lot of criticism. x ~ sth from sbThe announcement drew loud applause from the audience.

b MAKE SB TALK 9 [T] ~ sb (about/on sth) [often passive] tomake sb say more about sth: Spielberg refused to be drawnon his next movie.

b CONCLUSION 10 [T] ~ sth (from sth) to have a particularidea after you have studied sth or thought about it: Whatconclusions did you draw from the report? x We can drawsome lessons for the future from this accident.

b COMPARISON 11 [T] ~ sth to express a comparison or acontrast: to draw an analogy/a comparison/a parallel/a distinction between two events

b CHOOSE 12 [I, T] to decide sth by picking cards, tickets ornumbers by chance:We drew for partners. x ~ sth They hadto draw lots to decide who would go. x He drew the winningticket. x Names were drawn from a hat for the last few places.x Italy has been drawn against Spain in the first round. x ~sb/sth to do sth Italy has been drawn to play Spain.

b GAME 13 [I, T] to finish a game without either team win-ning: England and France drew. x England and France drew3–3. x ~ with/against sb England drew with/againstFrance. x ~ sth England drew their game against France.

b MONEY 14 [T] to take money or payments from a bank ac-count or post office s withdraw: ~ sth out (of sth) Idrew out £200. x Can I draw $80 out of my account? x ~sth (from sth) She went to the post office to draw her pen-sion. x ~ sth on sth The cheque was drawn on his personalaccount.

b LIQUID/GAS 15 [T]~ sth (+adv./prep.) to take or pull liquid

or gas from somewhere: to draw water from a well x Thedevice draws gas along the pipe.

b SMOKE/AIR 16 [I, T] to breathe in smoke or air:~ at/on sthHe drew thoughtfully on his pipe. x ~ sth in She breatheddeeply, drawing in the fresh mountain air.

i draw a Lblank to get no response or result: So far, thepolice investigation has drawn a blank. draw Lblood tomake sb bleed draw Lbreath (BrE) (US draw a Lbreath)1 to stop doing sth and rest: She talks all the time and hard-ly stops to draw breath. 2 (literary) to live; to be alive: Hewas as kind a man as ever drew breath. draw sb’s Lfire tomake sb direct their anger, criticism, etc. at you, so thatothers do not have to face it draw a Lline under sth(BrE) to say that sth is finished and not worth discussinganymore draw the Lline (at sth/at doing sth) to refuse todo sth; to set a limit: I don’t mind helping, but I draw the lineat doing everything myself. x We would have liked to inviteall our relatives, but you have to draw the line somewhere.draw the Lline (between sth and sth) to distinguish be-tween two closely related ideas: Where do you draw theline between genius and madness? Kdraw the short Lstraw(BrE) (NAmE get the Kshort end of the Lstick) to be theperson in a group who is chosen or forced to perform anunpleasant duty or task: I drew the short straw and had toclean the toilets. Kdraw Lstraws (for sth) to decide on sb todo or have sth, by choosing pieces of paper, etc: We drewstraws for who went first.More at battle n., bead n., dag-ger, height, horn, lot n., side n.

p Kdraw Lback to move away from sb/sth: He cameclose but she drew back. Kdraw Lback (from sth/fromdoing sth) to choose not to take action, especially becauseyou feel nervous:We drew back from taking our neighboursto court. Kdraw sthPLdown | Kdraw Ldown (especiallyNAmE) to reduce a supply of sth that has been created overa period of time; to be reduced: There are many life eventsthat can unexpectedly draw down savings. x If we don’t cutcosts our reserves will draw down. a related noun draw-down Kdraw sthPLdown (from sth) | Kdraw Ldown onsth (especially NAmE) (BrE usually draw) ( finance) to takemoney from a fund that a bank, etc. has made available:The company has already drawn down a600 million of itsa725 million credit line. x They can draw down on the loanat any time. a related noun drawdown Ldraw sth fromsb/sth to take or obtain sth from a particular source: todraw support/comfort/strength from your family x Shedrew her inspiration from her childhood experiences. KdrawLin to become dark earlier in the evening as winter getsnearer: The nights/days are drawing in. Ldraw sb intosth/into doing sth | Kdraw sbPLin to involve sb or makesb take part in sth, although they may not want to takepart at first: youngsters drawn into a life of crime x The bookstarts slowly, but it gradually draws you in. Kdraw sthPLoffto remove some liquid from a larger supply: The doctordrew off some fluid to relieve the pressure. Kdraw Lon if atime or a season draws on, it passes: Night was drawingon. Ldraw on/upon sth to use a supply of sth that is avail-able to you: I’ll have to draw on my savings. x The novelistdraws heavily on her personal experiences. Kdraw Lout tobecome lighter in the evening as summer gets nearer: Thedays/evenings are drawing out. Kdraw sbPLout to en-courage sb to talk or express themselves freely KdrawsthPLout to make sth last longer than usual or necessary:She drew the interview out to over an hour. a see alsolong-drawn-out Kdraw Lup if a vehicle draws up, it ar-rives and stops: The cab drew up outside the house. KdrawsthPLup to make or write sth that needs careful thoughtor planning: to draw up a contract/list

S nounb CHOOSING 1 (US also drawAing) [usually sing.] ~ (for sth)the act of choosing sth, for example the winner of a prizeor the teams who play each other in a competition, usuallyby taking pieces of paper, etc. out of a container withoutbeing able to see what is written on them: the draw for thesecond round of the Champions League x The draw for theraffle takes place on Saturday.

b SPORTS/GAMES 2 (especially BrE) a game in which bothteams or players finish with the same number of points:The match ended in a two-all draw. x He managed to holdSmith to a draw (= to stop him from winning when he



about-turn 4

Black plate (8,1)

S plan a trip/a holiday/a vacation/your itineraryS book accommodation/a hotel room/a flight/ticketsS have/make/cancel a reservation/(especially BrE)booking

S rent a villa/(both BrE) a holiday home/a holiday cottageS (especially BrE) hire/(especially NAmE) rent a car/bicycle/moped

S stay in a hotel/a bed and breakfast/a youth hostel/avilla/(both BrE) a holiday home/a caravan

S cost/charge $100 a/per night for a single/double/twin/standard/(BrE) en suite room

S check into/out of a hotel/a motel/your roomS pack/unpack your suitcase/bagsS call/order room serviceS cancel/cut short a trip/holiday/vacation

Foreign travelS apply for/get/renew a/your passportS take out/buy/get travel insuranceS catch/miss your plane/train/ferry/connecting flightS fly (in)/travel in business/economy classS make/have a brief/two-day/twelve-hour stopover/(NAmE also) layover in Hong Kong

S experience/cause/lead to delaysS check (in)/collect/get/lose (your) (especially BrE)luggage/(especially NAmE) baggage

S be charged for/pay excess baggageS board/get on/leave/get off the aircraft/plane/ship/ferry

S taxi down/leave/approach/hit/overshoot the runwayS experience/hit/encounter severe turbulenceS suffer from/recover from/get over your jet lag/travelsickness

The tourist industryS attract/draw/bring tourists/visitorsS encourage/promote/hurt tourismS promote/develop ecotourismS build/develop/visit a tourist/holiday/(especially BrE)seaside/beach/ski resort

S work for/be operated by a major hotel chainS be served by/compete with low-cost/(especially NAmE)low-fare/budget airlines

S book sth through/make a booking through/use atravel agent

S contact/check with your travel agent/tour operatorS book/be on/go on a package deal/holiday/tourS buy/bring back (tacky/overpriced) souvenirs

web·site k MLwebsaIt/ nouna place connected to the Internet, where a company or anorganization, or an individual person, puts information: Ifound this information on their website. x For currentprices please visit our website. a COLLOCATIONS at emaila VISUAL VOCAB page V55

web·zine MLwebziFn/ noun a magazine published on theInternet, not on paper

wed Mwed/ verb (wedAded, wedAded or wed, wed) [I, T](not used in the progressive tenses) (old-fashioned or usedin newspapers) to marry: The couple plan to wed next sum-mer. x ~ sb Rock star to wed top model (= in a newspaperheadline).

we’d MwiFd; wid/ short form 1 we had 2 we wouldwed·ded MLwedId/ adj.1 ~ to sth ( formal) if you arewed-ded to sth, you like or support it so much that you are notwilling to give it up: She’s wedded to her job. 2 [usually be-fore noun] ~ (to sb) (old-fashioned or formal) legally mar-

ried: your lawfully wedded husband x to live together inwedded bliss 3 [not before noun] ~ (to sth) ( formal or liter-ary) combined or united with sth

wed·ding k MLwedIN/ nouna marriage ceremony, and the meal or party that usuallyfollows it: a wedding present x a wedding ceremony/re-ception x Have you been invited to their wedding? x Shelooked beautiful on her wedding day. x All her friends couldhear wedding bells (= they thought she would soon getmarried). a COLLOCATIONS at marriage a see also dia-mond wedding, golden wedding, shotgun wed-ding, silver wedding, white wedding

ˈwedding anniversary noun the celebration everyyear of the date when two people were married: Today’sour wedding anniversary.

ˈwedding band noun a wedding ring in the form of aplain band, usually of gold a VISUAL VOCAB page V53

zuc·chini MzuLkiFni/ noun (pl. zucAchini or zucAchiAnis)(NAmE) (BrE courAgette) a long vegetable with darkgreen skin and white flesh a VISUAL VOCAB page V27



acceptable 8

Black plate (1,1)









Which Word?

answer / reply

Verbs








Nouns












A a



21 British and American English – Vocabulary

KE YABritish tram, roundabout, chemist’s, tights, estate agentAmerican row house, sidewalk, sales clerk, railroad, eggplant

B1. true 2. false 3. false 4. false



22 British and American English – Spelling

Many words are spelt differently in Britain and the US, and your dictionary can help you to learn more about them. The dictionary shows American English spellings when they are different from British spellings:

AYou can use British spellings or American spellings, but it is important to use only one or the other, not a mixture! Look up these words in your dictionary and fill in the table below.

British spelling American spelling

centre

colour

pajamas

traveller

tire (noun)

mold

fulfil

catalog

defense

manoeuvre

medalist

analyse

BThere are some common differences in spelling. Match the two forms below. Which one is British and which one American?

All the words below contain one of these forms. Use your dictionary to complete the words.

British spelling American spelling

fav fav

off off

paral paral

channe channe

lit lit

Can you think of any other words that follow a similar pattern to the words above?

Black plate (1,1)









Which Word?

answer / reply

Verbs








Nouns












A a


Black plate (5,1)

























Synonyms

happy











5 absorbed

Black plate (6,1)




JOYFUL OR BLISSFUL?


PATTERNS


contented









Synonyms

luck









FATE OR DESTINY?


PATTERNS





absorbent 6

-tre

-ense

-or

-elling -our

-yze

-og

-ter-ogue

-ence-eling

-yse


22 British and American English – Spelling

KE YABritish spelling American spellingcentre centercolour colorpyjamas pajamastraveller travelertyre tiremould moldfulfil fulfillcatalogue catalogdefence defensemanoeuvre maneuvermedallist medalistanalyse analyze

BBritish spelling American spelling-tre -ter-ence -ense-our -or-elling -eling-yse -yze-ogue -og

favour favoroffence offenseparalyse paralyzechannelling channelinglitre liter

Similar patterns:favour/favor: humour/humor, labour/laboroffence/offense: licence/license, pretence/pretenseparalyse/paralyze: catalyse/catalyze, breathalyse/breathalyzechannelling/channeling: cancelling/canceling, travelling/travelinglitre/liter: theatre/theater, metre/meter



23 British and American English – Pronunciation

The most important difference between British and American English is probably pronunciation. Many words sound quite different in the two countries. Your dictionary shows these differences.

ASome sounds are pronounced differently in Britain and the US. Look up these words and find out how they are pronounced in each country. Write down the phonetic transcriptions in the table below.

GB USA

past /pA;st/ /p&st/

hot

boat

new

aunt

BLook at these phonetic transcriptions and write the words beside them. Now try to speak the words. Which three words sound American to you ?

/'dA;mIn@nt/ /'p&tri@t/

/'bA;Tru;m/ /'li;Z@r/

/'t3;nteIbl/

In each word above, underline the syllable that is pronounced differently in British and American English.

CSome words contain similar sounds, but the stress is different. Look at the entry for cliché.

Underline the part of the words below which has the main stress a) in British English, and b) in American English.

a)BritishEnglish b)AmericanEnglishcafe caferotate rotatebrochure brochureperfume perfumedebris debrisberet beretlaboratory laboratorydecor decor

Black plate (1,1)









Which Word?

answer / reply

Verbs








Nouns












A a


Black plate (3,1)




















Collocations

Children










3 about


23 British and American English – Pronunciation

KE YApast /pA;st/ /p&st/hot /hQt/ /hA;t/boat /b@Ut/ /boUt/new /nju;/ /nu;/aunt /A;nt/ /&nt/

B/'dA;mIn@nt/ dominant/'bA;Tru;m/ bathroom/'t3;nteIbl/ turntable/'p&tri@t/ patriot/'li;Z@r/ leisure

American : dominant, leisure

CBritishEnglish AmericanEnglishcafe caferotate rotatebrochure brochureperfume perfumedebris debrisberet beretlaboratory laboratorydecor decor



24 Cultural matters

Knowing about the culture of English-speaking countries is part of knowing the language. Your dictionary contains a lot of information on aspects of life in English-speaking countries, and also notes to tell you more about specific cultural areas.

AUse your dictionary to find out where these people come from. Some of the nouns are informal – is there an ‘official’ form?

Scousers Liverpool

Aussies

Brummies

Geordies

Glaswegians

Kiwis

BCan you match the names of institutions and events with the activity with which they are connected?

Oxbridge universities in the USeisteddfod religious festivalsPremiership music and poetryIvy League schoolHanukkah sportGCSE universities in the UK

CRead the following sentences about festivals and special days in Britain and the United States.

1. The celebration of American independence takes place on the 14th of July.2. In a famous British festival, people light fires and have fireworks.3. Many public holidays in the UK take place on a Monday.4. There is a special day in the US related to the hibernation of a rodent.5. In Britain there is another public holiday immediately after Christmas Day.

Match each sentence with one of the days below:

bank holiday Bonfire Night Groundhog Day Boxing Day Independence Day

Now check the entries in your dictionary to see whether the sentences are true or false.

Black plate (2,1)






Synonyms

bill






BILL OR INVOICE?



PATTERNS








More About

the British



a note at SCOTTISH








abbot 2


24 Cultural matters

KE YAScousers Liverpool informal Aussies Australia informal also AustralianBrummies Birmingham informal Geordies Tyneside informal Glaswegians Glasgow Kiwis New Zealand informal also New Zealander

BOxbridge = universities in the UK, eisteddfod = music and poetry, Premiership = sport, Ivy League – universities in the US, Hanukkah = religious festivals, GCSE = school

C1. Independence Day – false 2. Bonfire Night – true 3. bank holiday – true 4. Groundhog Day – true 5. Boxing Day – true



25 Spelling

Nowadays we have spellcheckers on our computers to help us with our spelling, but a dictionary is still a useful tool, as spellcheckers are not always reliable!

ASome words have two possible spellings. Find another spelling for the words in bold.

1. Have some chamomile tea before bed – it’ll help you sleep.2. A holiday with her wouldn’t be much fun – she’s so straight-laced.3. He’s too busy eying up other girls to take any notice of me.4. Can I borrow your hairdrier, please?5. I hope you don’t think I’m nosey, but are you from Norwich?6. The castle dates back to mediaeval times.

BSome words have non-standard or informal spellings, like the words in bold below. Write the word with the standard spelling.

1. Wot a goal!

2. He’s gonna have an accident one day.

3. I ain’t as young as I was.

4. I’m tired cos I went to bed late.

5. ‘Where’s Mum?’ ‘I dunno.’

6. Tell us yer name!

7. Give ’em back!

8. Happy birthday. Lots of luv from Tracey.

CSome words are commonly misspelled by native speakers too. Can you find the six wrong spellings in these sentences?

New security measures have lead to unexpected problems in the music world. Many musicians have old and valuable instruments which they cannot put in the aircraft hold, so in the past they payed for an extra seat in the cabin where there cello or horn could sit. Now it is the airlines’ practise to ban all hand luggage larger than a laptop, so musicians are refusing to fly to overseas engagements. The airlines say the new measures are regretable, but neccesary.


25 Spelling

KE YA1. camomile 2. strait-laced 3. eyeing 4. hairdryer 5. nosy 6. medieval

B1. what 2. going to 3. am not 4. because 5. don’t know 6. your 7. them 8. love

Clead (should be led), payed (paid), there (their), practise (practice), regretable (regrettable), neccesary (necessary)



26 Punctuation

Your dictionary can help you with English punctuation too. In the Reference section you can find a clear description of how common punctuation marks are used in English.

AAre these sentences about English punctuation true or false? Work with a partner.

1. The colon is used to introduce a quotation.2. Decimals in English are written with a comma, not a full stop.3. The hyphen is sometimes used to form words.4. The apostrophe is sometimes used to form plurals.5. A comma is never used inside quotation marks.6. Noun phrases do not contain commas.

BCan you correct these sentences by using the right punctuation?

1. He called her at the office but she wasnt there2. Do you know where she is he asked3. Season the soup with salt pepper and paprika4. You like tulips dont you5. What it cost sixty five dollars6. Have you read Jane Austens Pride and Prejudice

CWhen you write in English, it is important to use punctuation, as it makes your English easy to understand. The postcard below is hard to understand – can you make it easier by adding the correct punctuation?

Now compare your text with a partner. Are there any differences? Try to come to an agreement together about the right punctuation.

dear anna how are you im here in tenerife on holiday its really nice because the sun shines every day and the hotel is great theres a lovely big open air swimming pool and im sitting beside it writing this postcard yesterday we went on a trip and climbed a huge high bare volcano covered with dust and rocks it was really tiring because it was quite hot and there was nowhere to rest but the view on top was amazing our tour guide michael was very funny he said climbing this is like winning the world cup im a bit sad though because tomorrows our last day and were going to the beach all day hope youre having fun too lots of love james

Anna Jones12 High StreetNEWTOWNNT23 6EJReino Unido


26 Punctuation

KE YA1. true 2. false 3. true 4. true 5. false 6. true

B1. He called her at the office but she wasn’t there. 2. ‘Do you know where she is ?’ he asked.3. Season the soup with salt, pepper and paprika.4. You like tulips, don’t you?5. What? It cost sixty-five dollars?6. Have you read Jane Austen’s ‘Pride and Prejudice’?

CPossible answer – there are other possibilities!Dear Anna How are you? I’m here in Tenerife on holiday. It’s really nice and I love it, because the sun shines every day and the hotel is great. There’s a lovely big open-air swimming pool, and I’m sitting beside it writing this postcard. Yesterday we went on a trip and climbed a huge, high, bare volcano, covered with dust and rocks. It was really tiring because it was quite hot, and there was nowhere to rest. Our tour guide, Michael was very funny – he said ‘Climbing this is like winning the World Cup’. But tomorrow’s our last day and we’re going to the beach all day. Hope you’re having fun too! Lots of love, James



27 The Oxford 3000Tm

The Oxford 3000Tm is a list of the 3000 most useful and important words in English.

ALook at the extract from OALD (right) and answer the questions.

1. What differences do you notice between the entries website and wedding and the others?

2. Why do you think the two entries are highlighted in this way?3. Why do you think wed and wedded are not highlighted?4. How many compounds with wedding are mentioned in the extract?

BFind a word from the Oxford 3000™ which fits both sentences in each of these pairs.

1. You shouldn’t be so on yourself.

It was to understand her.

2. What is the of carrying on?

At that I decided to leave.

3. Which country will be the next to send a man into ?

I found a parking in front of the school.

4. That is the of rudeness!

The width of the cupboard is greater than the .

5. I had a as a taxi driver when I was younger.

How do you your surname?

6. Do you think we can all into the car?

two lemons and add the juice to the mixture.

CAnswer these questions about the high-frequency verb say.

1. Say is a verb. But what other parts of speech can it be?

2. Is the exclamation say formal or informal? Where is it used: in Britain or the US?

3. Is the vowel sound in say the same as the vowel sound in said?

4. Is it correct to say They say to her to be a hard worker?

5. Which is correct: She said me the news or She told me the news?

6. Where is the idiom you can’t say fairer than that used? In Britain or the US?

DAnswer these questions about the high-frequency noun time.

1. Time is a noun. But what other parts of speech can it be?

2. If something happens at the wrong time, you can say it was timed.

3. Which is correct: We arrived in time for tea or on time for tea?

4. Which is correct: in ancient times or in ancient time?

Black plate (8,1)

























acceptable 8

Black plate (8,1)

























acceptable 8


27 The Oxford 3000Tm

KE YA1. Website and wedding are printed in larger type and are followed by a key symbol.2. Because they occur more frequently and are more important for learners.3. Wed is old-fashioned, or only used in newspapers. Wedded is formal.4. Twelve compounds with wedding are mentioned.

B1. hard 2. point 3. space 4. height 5. spell 6. squeeze

C1. noun, exclamation 2. informal, US 3. no 4. no 5. She told me the news. 6. Britain

D1. verb 2. badly 3. in time 4. in ancient times



3 Definitions

The definitions in the Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary are all written using a limited number of words, which makes them easy to understand.

This worksheet practises some key vocabulary that occurs again and again in definitions.

AMatch up the items on the left with something from the list on the right. Say what you think the things are. Then read the definitions in the dictionary and see whether you were right. It’s a type of… It’s a kind of…American football vegetableChinese cabbage illnessFrench horn dogGerman measles cakeAfghan hound sportDanish pastry musical instrumentTurkish delight sweet/candy

BCheck that you know the meaning of the words in the box and then decide which fits best into the sentences below.

machine quality organization instrument act substance device state process container tool feeling

1. A vat is a large for holding liquids.

2. A stapler is a small for putting staples into paper.

3. A stethoscope is an that a doctor uses to listen to sb’s heart and breathing.

4. A chisel is a used for shaping wood, stone or metal.

5. A blender is an electric for mixing soft food or liquid.

6. Gel is a thick like jelly.

7. Desalination is the of removing salt from sea water.

8. Horror is a of great shock, fear or disgust.

9. Wealth is the of being rich.

10. Beauty is the of being pleasing to the senses or to the mind.

11. A union is an of workers that exists to protect their interests.

12. Ambush is the of making a surprise attack on someone.

CPut the words in the box into the right categories.

lava glider satin haggis ozone tikka helium venom SUV ingot microlight tweed rickshaw wax

vehicle aircraft dish cloth solid liquid gas


3 Definitions

KE YAAmerican football is a type of sport.Chinese cabbage is a type of vegetable.A French horn is a type of musical instrument.German measles is a type of disease.An Afghan hound is a type of dog.A Danish pastry is a type of cake.Turkish delight is a type of sweet/candy.

B 1. container 2. device 3. instrument 4. tool 5. machine 6. substance 7. process 8. feeling 9. state10. quality11. organization12. act

Cvehicle: SUV, rickshawaircraft: glider, microlightdish: haggis, tikkacloth: satin, tweedsolid: ingot, waxliquid: lava, venomgas: ozone, helium



4 Shortcuts

Sometimes it can be difficult to find the meaning you are looking for, especially in longer entries. The Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary contains shortcuts to help you find the right meaning quickly.Here is an example of these shortcuts:

ASome words or phrases used as shortcuts in the Oxford Advanced Leaner’s Dictionary are shown below. Can you guess what the headword is? The first one is done for you, and the answer is in bold.

1. PURPOSE – SHARP END – MAIN IDEA – OPINION/FACT – IN COMPETITION point2. MUSIC/DANCING – SOCIAL – WEAPON – IN GOLF – IN CARD GAMES3. NOT PRISONER – NO PAYMENT – ANIMAL/BIRD – TRANSLATION – NOT BUSY4. NEWSPAPER – EXAM – FOR WRITING/WRAPPING – ARTICLE – ON WALLS5. OF CHILDREN – MUSIC – SPORTS/GAMES – ACT/PERFORM – TRICK

Now look up your answers in your dictionary and see if you were right!

BLook at the entry set (noun) in your dictionary. There are twelve shortcuts. Use the shortcuts to match the sentences below with the sense number, and write the number after each sentence. The first one has been done for you.

a. Federer won the first two sets but Nadal fought his way back to win the match. 7 b. My parents bought me a new set of cutlery for my birthday.

c. We’ve just bought a new high-definition TV set.

d. When she moved up to London, she started to go around with a very smart set.

e. The set was beautifully designed, but unfortunately the acting wasn’t great.

f. If you do well in the exam, I’m sure you’ll get into the top set next year.

g. The band played a brilliant set and came back for an encore.

Black plate (1,1)









Which Word?

answer / reply

Verbs








Nouns












A a



4 Shortcuts

KE YA1. point 2. club 3. free 4. paper 5. play

Ba. 7 b. 1 c. 4 d. 3 e. 5 f. 10 g. 9



5 Idioms

Idioms often have a meaning which is very different from the sum of their parts. Your dictionary contains a large number of idioms, shown by the symbol .You can usually find an idiom if you look at the entry for the first word in the idiom, unless the first word is a very common word.

AMany idioms mean something different from what you might think at first. What do these idioms mean? Check in your dictionary.

a nasty piece of work talk shopbe plain sailing bring home the baconput sb in their place get sb’s goat

BAll of these phrases below are common idioms. Can you guess the missing words? Then check your answers.

1. like father, like 2. two heads are better than

3. boys will be 4. easy come, easy

5. first come, first 6. the end justifies the

7. don’t judge a book by its 8. where there’s a will there’s a


CThe idioms below can be used in short versions as well as their full versions. Match the beginnings with the correct ends.

1. Two’s company a. but the flesh is weak2. An eye for an eye b. three’s a crowd3. The proof of the pudding c. that blows nobody any good4. If you can’t stand the heat d. and a tooth for a tooth5. When in Rome e. is a friend indeed6. It’s an ill wind f. is in the eating7. A friend in need g. get out of the kitchen8. The spirit is willing h. do as the Romans do

Black plate (2,1)






Synonyms

bill






BILL OR INVOICE?



PATTERNS








More About

the British



a note at SCOTTISH








abbot 2

Black plate (2,1)






Synonyms

bill






BILL OR INVOICE?



PATTERNS








More About

the British



a note at SCOTTISH








abbot 2

Black plate (2,1)






Synonyms

bill






BILL OR INVOICE?



PATTERNS








More About

the British



a note at SCOTTISH








abbot 2

Black plate (2,1)






Synonyms

bill






BILL OR INVOICE?



PATTERNS








More About

the British



a note at SCOTTISH








abbot 2


5 Idioms

KE YB1. son 2. one 3. boys 4. go 5. served 6. means 7. cover 8. way

C1 – b, 2 – d, 3 – f, 4 – g, 5 – h, 6 – c, 7 – e, 8 – a



6 Phrasal Verbs

You can find phrasal verbs in your dictionary by looking for the symbol towards the end of each entry.

AAll the following phrasal verbs are formed with the verb put and one or more particle. Match the phrasal verbs with their meanings, and then check in the dictionary that you were right.

1. put sb up to ignore or forget sth2. put sth off to accept sb/sth that is annoying3. put up with sb/sth to change sth to a later time or date4. put sb down to let sb stay at your home5. put sth aside to make sb look or feel stupid

BInsert the words in brackets into these sentences in the correct place.

1. Can you copy in on your email (me)?2. We checked into (the hotel).3. Can I phone in (my order)?4. Give me the parcel. I have to pass by on my way home. (the post office)5. She turned off (the light that had been shining in her eyes). 6. They want to chop down (that old oak tree).7. The report singled out as the key figure in the affair (him).8. You’ve missed out (an m in accommodation).

CLook at these phrasal verbs and check their meanings in the dictionary. Then put them into one of the two categories.

check out try sth on set out take sth offwear out get away take off pick sb upchange back into sth grow out of sth put sth on touch down

Travel Clothes

Black plate (2,1)






Synonyms

bill





invoice (rather formal) a bill for goods that sb hasbought or work that has been done for sb: The builderssent an invoice for £250.

BILL OR INVOICE?


check (NAmE) a piece of paper that shows howmuchyou have to pay for the food and drinks that you havehad in a restaurant: Can I have the check, please? nIn British English the usual word for this is bill.

PATTERNS


boil k MbOIl/ verb, nounS verb 1 k [I, T]when a liquid boils or when you boil it, it isheated to the point where it forms bubbles and turns tosteam or vapour: The water was bubbling and boilingaway. x ~ sth Boil plenty of salted water, then add the spa-ghetti. a VISUAL VOCAB page V24 2 k [I, T] when a ket-tle, pan, etc. boils or when you boil a kettle, etc., it isheated until the water inside it boils: (BrE) The kettle’sboiling. x ~ sth I’ll boil the kettle and make some tea. x +adj. She left the gas on by mistake and the pan boiled dry(= thewater boiled until there was none left).3 k [I, T] tocook or wash sth in boiling water; to be cooked or washed

in boiling water: She put some potatoes on to boil. x ~ sthboiled carrots/cabbage x to boil an egg for sb x ~ sb sth toboil sb an egg a COLLOCATIONS at cooking 4 [I] ~ (withsth) if you boil with anger, etc. or anger, etc. boils insideyou, you are very angry:He was boiling with rage.i seeblood n., watch v.

p Kboil Ldown | Kboil sthPLdown to be reduced or toreduce sth by boiling Kboil sth Ldown (to sth) to make sth,especially information, shorter by leaving out the partsthat are not important: The original speech I had writtengot boiled down to about ten minutes. Kboil Ldown to sth(not used in the progressive tenses) (of a situation, prob-lem, etc.) to have sth as a main or basic part: In the end,what it all boils down to is money, or the lack of it. KboilLover 1 (of liquid) to boil and flow over the side of a pan,etc. 2 (informal) to become very angry 3 (of a situation,an emotion, etc.) to change into sth more dangerous orviolent s explode: Racial tension finally boiled over inthe inner city riots. Kboil Lup if a situation or an emotionboils up, it becomes dangerous, worrying, etc: I could feelanger boiling up inside me. Kboil sthPLup to heat a liquidor some food until it boils




More About

the British



a note at SCOTTISH


i butter wouldn’t melt (in sb’s Lmouth) (informal)used to say that sb seems to be innocent, kind, etc. whenthey are not really a more at knife v.



chance k MtSAFns; NAmE tS&ns/ noun, verb, adj.S noun 1 k [C,U] a possibility of sth happening, especiallysth that you want: ~ of doing sth Is there any chance ofgetting tickets for tonight? x She has only a slim chance ofpassing the exam. x ~ that... There’s a slight chance thathe’ll be back in time. x There is no chance that he will changehis mind. x ~ of sth happeningWhat chance is there of any-

body being found alive? x ~ of sth Nowadays a prematurebaby has a very good chance of survival. x The operationhas a fifty-fifty chance of success. x an outside chance (=a very small one) x The chances are a million to one againstbeing struck by lightning. 2 k [C] a suitable time or situ-ation when you have the opportunity to do sth: It was thechance she had been waiting for. x Jeff deceived me once al-ready—I won’t give him a second chance. x This is your bigchance (= opportunity for success). x ~ of sth We won’t



abbot 2

Black plate (2,1)






Synonyms

bill





invoice (rather formal) a bill for goods that sb hasbought or work that has been done for sb: The builderssent an invoice for £250.

BILL OR INVOICE?


check (NAmE) a piece of paper that shows howmuchyou have to pay for the food and drinks that you havehad in a restaurant: Can I have the check, please? nIn British English the usual word for this is bill.

PATTERNS


boil k MbOIl/ verb, nounS verb 1 k [I, T]when a liquid boils or when you boil it, it isheated to the point where it forms bubbles and turns tosteam or vapour: The water was bubbling and boilingaway. x ~ sth Boil plenty of salted water, then add the spa-ghetti. a VISUAL VOCAB page V24 2 k [I, T] when a ket-tle, pan, etc. boils or when you boil a kettle, etc., it isheated until the water inside it boils: (BrE) The kettle’sboiling. x ~ sth I’ll boil the kettle and make some tea. x +adj. She left the gas on by mistake and the pan boiled dry(= thewater boiled until there was none left).3 k [I, T] tocook or wash sth in boiling water; to be cooked or washed

in boiling water: She put some potatoes on to boil. x ~ sthboiled carrots/cabbage x to boil an egg for sb x ~ sb sth toboil sb an egg a COLLOCATIONS at cooking 4 [I] ~ (withsth) if you boil with anger, etc. or anger, etc. boils insideyou, you are very angry:He was boiling with rage.i seeblood n., watch v.

p Kboil Ldown | Kboil sthPLdown to be reduced or toreduce sth by boiling Kboil sth Ldown (to sth) to make sth,especially information, shorter by leaving out the partsthat are not important: The original speech I had writtengot boiled down to about ten minutes. Kboil Ldown to sth(not used in the progressive tenses) (of a situation, prob-lem, etc.) to have sth as a main or basic part: In the end,what it all boils down to is money, or the lack of it. KboilLover 1 (of liquid) to boil and flow over the side of a pan,etc. 2 (informal) to become very angry 3 (of a situation,an emotion, etc.) to change into sth more dangerous orviolent s explode: Racial tension finally boiled over inthe inner city riots. Kboil Lup if a situation or an emotionboils up, it becomes dangerous, worrying, etc: I could feelanger boiling up inside me. Kboil sthPLup to heat a liquidor some food until it boils




More About

the British



a note at SCOTTISH


i butter wouldn’t melt (in sb’s Lmouth) (informal)used to say that sb seems to be innocent, kind, etc. whenthey are not really a more at knife v.



chance k MtSAFns; NAmE tS&ns/ noun, verb, adj.S noun 1 k [C,U] a possibility of sth happening, especiallysth that you want: ~ of doing sth Is there any chance ofgetting tickets for tonight? x She has only a slim chance ofpassing the exam. x ~ that... There’s a slight chance thathe’ll be back in time. x There is no chance that he will changehis mind. x ~ of sth happeningWhat chance is there of any-

body being found alive? x ~ of sth Nowadays a prematurebaby has a very good chance of survival. x The operationhas a fifty-fifty chance of success. x an outside chance (=a very small one) x The chances are a million to one againstbeing struck by lightning. 2 k [C] a suitable time or situ-ation when you have the opportunity to do sth: It was thechance she had been waiting for. x Jeff deceived me once al-ready—I won’t give him a second chance. x This is your bigchance (= opportunity for success). x ~ of sth We won’t



abbot 2


6 Phrasal Verbs

KE YA1. to let sb stay at your home2. to change sth to a later time or date3. to accept sb/sth that is annoying4. to make sb look or feel stupid5. to ignore or forget sth

B1. copy me in2. checked into the hotel3. phone in my order/ phone my order in4. pass by the post office5. turned off the light that had been shining in her eyes6. chop down that old oak tree/chop that old oak tree down7. singled him out8. missed out an m in accommodation

CTravel Clothescheck out try sth onset out take sth offget away wear outtake off put sth onpick sb up change back into sthtouch down grow out of sth



7 Abbreviations

Your dictionary contains not only full words, but also abbreviations. The entries for abbreviations appear in the dictionary at the correct alphabetical position.

ADo you know what the following abbreviations mean?

YWCAUNGNPGMTIMF


BPut the following abbreviations in one of the three categories business, education or politics.

GCSE COD MEPFE CBI GDPLtd WHO MSPM.A. NCT PAYEUN RE MOD

Business Education Politics

Black plate (5,1)

























Synonyms

happy











5 absorbed


7 Abbreviations

KE YBBusiness Education PoliticsCOD GCSE MEPCBI FE WHOGDP M.A. MSPLtd NCT UNPAYE RE MOD



8 Geographical names

In your dictionary you can find a list of geographical terms, including the countries of the world and their corresponding adjectives, and the names and pronunciation of cities in Britain, the US, Australia and elsewhere.

Peru SenegAL ecuADOr ThAiLAnD POrTugAL chinA

AHow are the names of these countries pronounced in English? Write them below, with the correct pronunciation. And how do you say the names of the people from these countries?

Country Nationality Peru /p@

%ru;/ Peruvian /p@

%ru;vi@n/

BSometimes is is hard to know how to pronounce the names of cities in English. All the cities below have a silent letter (a letter which is not pronounced). Underline the silent letter.

Durham Connecticut Lincoln Pittsburgh Warwick

cWhich one is different? Find the odd one out in each set of geographical terms.

1. Arizona Montana Oregon Chicago New Jersey2. Bath Albany Austin Philadelphia New Orleans3. Brisbane Perth Edmonton Adelaide Darwin


8 Geographical names

Ke YAPeru /p@

%ru;/, Peruvian /p@

%ru;vi@n/; Senegal /%senI

%gO;l/, Senegalese /%senIg@

%li;z/;

Ecuador /%ekw@dO;(r)/, Ecuadorian /%ekw@

%dO;ri@n/; Thailand /

%taIl&nd/, Thai /taI/;

Portugal /%pO;(r)tSUgl/, Portuguese /%pO;(r)tSU

%gi;z/; China /

%tSaIn@/, Chinese /tSaI

%ni;z/

BDurham, Connecticut, Lincoln, Pittsburgh, Warwick

C1. Chicago – the others are all states in the US, and Chicago is a city. 2. Bath – Bath is in Britain, and the other cities are all in the US. 3. Edmonton – the others are all in Australia and Edmonton is in Canada.



9 Examples

Examples are very important in a dictionary because they show you how a word is used.

AUse the examples in the dictionary to find out information.1. Look at the entry for advice and find :

a. four verbs that are used with adviceb. two expressions that mean ‘some advice’

2. Look at the entry riot.a. Find a noun phrase for a particular type of riot, when people

protest because they do not have enough to eat.b. Find a noun which can follow riot, when it is used in a figurative sense to mean ‘a collection of a lot of

different types of the same thing’.3. Look at bitter (Adj).

a. Name two nouns to do with weather that can be used with bitter.b. What other things can be bitter?

BReplace the part of these sentences which is in italics with an expression using the words in brackets. Look at the examples in the entries for the words in brackets.

1. She accepted the decision without complaining. (murmur)2. The words of Goethe’s poem were made into a song by Schubert. (music)3. It is usual to send a copy of your CV when you apply for a job. (practice)4. I’ll do it as well as I can. (ability)5. I suppose it has a certain attraction because it is new. (novelty)

CLook at the entry for the word ‘luck’.Important phrases and collocations (words that go together) are printed in bold type within the examples. Label the highlighted examples using the following phrases.

1. having unexpected luck2. being lucky3. not being lucky4. hoping someone else will be lucky5. hoping you will be lucky

Black plate (6,1)




JOYFUL OR BLISSFUL?


PATTERNS


contented









Synonyms

luck









FATE OR DESTINY?


PATTERNS





absorbent 6

Black plate (6,1)




JOYFUL OR BLISSFUL?


PATTERNS


contented









Synonyms

luck









FATE OR DESTINY?


PATTERNS





absorbent 6


9 Examples

KE YA1. a) give, ask, seek, take b) a piece of advice, a word of advice 2. a) a food riot b) colour 3. a) cold, wind b) dispute, disappointment, experience, taste

B1. without a murmur 2. set to music 3. common/current/standard practice 4. to the best of my ability 5. novelty value

C1. I could hardly believe my luck; a stroke of luck 2. in luck 3. out of luck 4. wish her luck 5. with any luck; with a bit of luck

worksheets- dictionary skills

Documents

t o s o b

o g y r

t y r o f

sth toadvertise

e n b i g

c e n c

ordescribe sbsth

english words