working time in the 5 th ewcs: some findings from the overview report greet vermeylen conference:...
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Working time in the 5Working time in the 5thth EWCS: EWCS:some findings from the some findings from the
overview reportoverview reportGreet Vermeylen
Conference: how to make a working environment more human?
Slovenia, 6 October 2011
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Working time in context
• Evolution of working conditions Diversified work patterns Life course perspective: transitions Men and women on the labour market: availability for work
• Patterns of work and social model Different cultural, social models
male breadwinner, modified male breadwinner, dual earners
Work-life balance, gender… Social infrastructure: care, schools, etc
• European competitiveness in a global economy Companies try to cope with changing market demands Flexibility practices : working time flexibility (&other forms of flexibililty)
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55thth EWCS and working time EWCS and working time
• working time duration Working time is decreasing on average
From 40.5 hrs/week in 1991 (EC12) to 37.5 hrs/week in EU27 (2010)- On average men work 7 hrs more than women in paid empl- However: paid + unpaid work: women work more
Time segregation (next to occupational/sectoral/pay segreg)- Women work more shorter hours - Men work more longer hours- But women do bulk of household work
• preferences Preferences do not always match with what we do:
Precariousness, overworked,…
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Evolution of weekly working hours, Evolution of weekly working hours, 1991 – 2010, EC12, EU15 and EU27 (%)1991 – 2010, EC12, EU15 and EU27 (%)
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
1991
1995
2000
2005
2010
1991
1995
2000
2005
2010
EC
12 (
/EU
15
from
1995)
EU
27
20 or less 21 to 34 35 to 38 39 to 41 42 to 48 more than 48
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Average working hours and Average working hours and distribution of working hours, per countrydistribution of working hours, per country
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
EL
RO
BG PL
SK
CZ
HU SI
MT
CY LT LV PT
EE LU ES
EU
27 SE FI
BE IT AT
DE
UK
FR IE DK NL
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Working time duration Working time duration and stressand stress
• Long working hours : - Slightly decreasing but still
54% of self-employed with employees,
43% of self-employed without employees and
11 % of employees - work 48 + hours per week- -> Report more health problems, work life balance problems and work
intensity
- Short working hours (particularly short part time)- Increasing, mostly female phenomenon (gender segregation)- Can be linked with other psychosocial risks mainly related to job and
financial insecurity
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Working long hours …Working long hours …
Working less than 48h Working 48 h or more
Problems with work life balance
16% 38%
Work affects my health negatively
23% 37%
Work intensity
(high speed > ½ time)
44% 54%
Work nearly every day in free time to meet work demands
3% 19%
Consulted for your work targets
22% 29%
I feel at home at work 22 % 33 %
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Working hours preference, Working hours preference, by gender, age and employment status, 2010, EU27 (%)by gender, age and employment status, 2010, EU27 (%)
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%
All
Men
Women
Less than 30 years of age
Between 30 and 49 years of age
50 or more years of age
Self-employed
Employed - permanent contract
Employed - Other
More The Same Less
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Working hours preference, by country, 2010, EU27 (%)Working hours preference, by country, 2010, EU27 (%)
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
BG
AT
RO
EE
KO
LU
BE
LT
HR
HU
PL
SI
CY
UK
NO
CZ
MT
NL
ES
FI
IT EU
FR
LV
MK
SK
DE
DK
PT
AL
IE ME
EL
TR
SE
Same as current Less than current More than current
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Working all around the clock?Working all around the clock?
• Working time organisation Standard working time still the norm for the majority of workers (9 to
5 jobs / same hours/ same nr of days etc)This is more the case for women than for men…
But a considerable proportion of workers work at ‘other times’16% of the workers work long days (5+ times/month)10% of workers do night work (+ 3 times/month)17% of the workers do shift work20% work on call53% work at the weekend at least once a month
26% work at least one Sunday a month
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Working shifts, on callWorking shifts, on call
Shift work
No shift work
On call Not on call
Problems with WLB
29% 15% 26% 17%
Work affect my health negatively
33% 23% 31% 23%
Work intensity
(high speed ½)
55% 44% 51% 44%
Consulted for your work targets
40% 48% 52% 46%
I feel at home at work
60% 62% 69% 69%
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Work intensity at very high levels: Work intensity at very high levels: working to tight deadlines working to tight deadlines
EC12, EU15 and EU27, 1991-2010 (%)EC12, EU15 and EU27, 1991-2010 (%)
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
1991 1995 2000 2005 2010
EU12
EU15
EU27
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Work intensity over time – country resultsWork intensity over time – country resultsworking at high speedworking at high speed
Q45a: Does your job involve working at very high speed?
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
2005
2010
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Q45b Does your job involve working to tight deadlines?
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
2005
2010
Work intensity over time – country resultsWork intensity over time – country resultsworking to tight deadlinesworking to tight deadlines
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Work life balanceWork life balance
Fit between working life and private life is influenced by a nr of elements… Working time arrangements
paid and unpaid work Working time capability
preferences and working hrs by gender/age/household structure
Working time fragmentation employment conditions and working time
Working time arrangements Flexitime, predictability & variability, being able
to take time off, work in free time … blurring fronteers between work and private life
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Work life balanceWork life balance
• 18% of workers have problems with work-life balance Men > women esp. men 30-49 yrs old Dissatisfaction for women more evenly spread over career Children and the partner’s work situation is determinant
• But flexibility of workers and employers One third of the workers can easily take 1 hour off
Easier for men than for women More than one third of the workers work in their free time
Slightly more men and for womenNearly 20 % (both men and women) do this more
than once per week
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Cinderella … the story continues…Cinderella … the story continues…
21.3
41.8
20.3
43.5
2.8
3.4
2.8
3.4
30.1
20.9
11.6
8.9
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
PT female
FT female
PT male
FT male
paid w ork commuting time second job unpaid w ork5th EWCS
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Thank youThank you
More info: www.eurofound.europa.eu
Survey Map Tool, overview report, secondary analyses
Data will be available through Essex Data Archive