WORKING PLAN OF

DEHRADUN FOREST DIVISION, DEHRADUN

(SHIWALIK CIRCLE)

PART – I VOLUME- I

(2009-10 TO 2018-19)

mRrjk[k.M ljdkj

Revised under the supervision of Dr. R.K. Shah, I.F.S.

C.C.F., Working Plan, Uttarakhand

Compiled & submitted by

Mr. S.P. SUBUDHI, I.F.S. WORKING PLAN OFFICER

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INTRODUCTION

The Working Plan of Dehradun Forest Division will be effective from 1st October, 2009 and will succeed the plan of Mr. R.P. Bharti (1999-2000 to 2008-09) under the guidance of Mr. J.S. Nayal and Mr. N.K. Upadhyay, CF, Working Plan Circle (II), U.P. The First P.W.P.R. of this plan was written & submitted by Dr. Rajendra Singh, CF, Siwalik Circle, Dehradun. The first working plan report (PWPR) was discussed on 9th April, 2008 under the chairmanship of Dr. B.S. Burfal, the then PCCF, Uttarakhand and specific directions were given to the Working Plan Officer to prepare the new working plan. Accordingly, the Second Working Plan Report of this plan was written & submitted by Mr. S. P. Subudhi, W.P.O, Dehradun Forest Division, Dehradun. The Second working plan report was discussed on 26th May, 2009 under the chairmanship of Dr. R.B.S.Rawat, PCCF, Uttarakhand and was approved by his letter no. kha-2633/ 19-1 (2) dated 16.6.09 with some amendments & modifications.

Present working plan has been prepared by Mr. S. P. Subudhi, I.F.S under my guidance as per the National Working Plan Code, 2004. The plan has two territorial working circles & eight overlapping working circles. The following working circles have been constituted in this working plan.

Sal working circle.

Conservation & Improvement working circle.

Plantation (over lapping) working circle.

Medicinal & Aromatic Plants (over lapping) Working circle.

Non-timber Forest Produce (over lapping) Working circle.

Soil and Water Conservation (over lapping) working circle.

Forest Protection (over lapping) working circle.

Wild Life Management & Biodiversity Conservation (over lapping) working circle.

Eco-Tourism (partly over lapping) working circle.

Participatory Management (over lapping) working circle.

The forests of this division have a long history of planned management from 1855 and even before. Forestry has traversed many cross-roads in the last few decades but it has never found itself in such a critical phase as it is facing today. The criticality is to decide between “ecology and equity”. A whole range of these biological resources, utilized in many different ways, is under immense pressure. The question before us is to find out a ‘Sustainable forest/ eco-system Management’ strategy to produce enough goods & services to fulfill the ever increasing demand of all the stakeholders (local, national & global). Though it is nearly impossible to address all the conflicting concerns of diverse stake holders, still this plan aims at finding strategies of resource use and mitigating conflicts by scientific management & with active participation of local community. Therefore, this plan, primarily aims at restoration of the ecological balance of the Doon valley and to address the fuel, fodder, timber & NTFP demand of the local community without destroying the natural ecosystem.

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The working plan is considered sacrosanct for scientific management of forests. This technical document being prepared for 10 years contains detail information about forest type, flora, fauna, soil and water resources, management practices to be adopted, growth & yield statistics of different forest, interference and interdependence of biotic and a-biotic factors etc. I am happy to note that in most of the working circles, simplification with practicability has been given utmost importance. The Salient features of this working plan are as follows:

• In Sal working Circle, the silviculture system adopted is “Indian Irregular Shelter wood System with Floating PBs”. The working circle has been divided in to three Periodic Blocks (P.B) viz; PB-I, PB-II (Middle) and PB-III (Regenerated); on the basis of comparative preponderance of mature, middle aged and young groups Sal crop & definite prescriptions have been given for all PBs unlike in the last plan where majority of the compartments were in PB Unalloted.

• Two types of field situations have been considered while taking compartments in PB I. Compartments having only mature & over mature crop with very less young crops and compartments having large number of very young crops along with significant numbers of over mature trees which needs to be removed to create space for the vigorous growth of the young crops.

• Regeneration felling followed by Assisted Natural Regeneration (ANR) has been prescribed in the entire PB I area.

• All the areas situated on steep, rugged & unstable hill sides of outer Mussoorie hills and are vulnerable to heavy lopping and grazing, encroachment prone areas and which the vegetation survives only in the steep side of ravines are included in Conservation & Improvement working circle. Felling & uprooting of all Eucalyptus, Teak of 50 years old & Management (Eradication) of Lantana are the main features of this working circle.

• Two planting series (Road side & Miscellaneous planting series) has been formed in plantation (over lapping) working circle in keeping sync with the Uttarakhand Forest Policy, 2001 and Plantation Policy, 2005. Plantation of shrubs, bamboo & trees of medicinal value has been given importance.

• The state has been declared as “Herbal State”. Hence, Medicinal & Aromatic Plants (over lapping) Working circle has been constituted for the first time, keeping the potential of MAP in creating livelihood opportunity in the state. Detailed guidelines for rapid mapping exercise, conservation, development & harvesting of medicinal plants have been given.

• Detailed guidelines for cultural operation in bamboo, cane, grasses & compost making etc. is given in the Non-timber Forest Produce (over lapping) Working circle to ensure systematic & sustainable conservation, development & exploitation of NTFP.

• Forest areas in each compartment having serious erosion problems have been listed and compartment wise treatment schedule is given.

• Protecting the existing forest & preventing further degradation is the top priority of the forest department. In forest protection (overlapping) working circle, detailed guidelines have been given to protect existing forest from grazing, lopping, pest and disease attack and forest and wild life crime besides forest fire. Fir zonation maps & encroachment sensitivity maps have been prepared for the first time. Guidelines to create an effective local forest intelligence system & group patrolling have been given.

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• Substantial part of the division is part of ‘Siwalik Elephant Reserve’ & situated adjacent to ‘Rajaji National Park’. Man- animal conflict has become very serious day-by-day. In the present context of habitat loss & fragmentation, increasing level of biotic pressures & diminishing resource base; Wild Life Management & Biodiversity Conservation (over lapping) working circle prescribes in detail the management principles to be adopted in the forest division.

• Eco-tourism (over lapping) working circle has been constituted for the first time to utilize the existing natural resources to create alternate livelihood opportunity for the local people without adversely affecting it. Best practice guidelines for environmental audit, Do’s & don’ts etc along with the list of sites having eco-tourism potential have been give to ensure conservation along with sustainable development.

• Participatory Management (overlapping) working circle has also been constituted for the first time as per the new working plan code.

I would congratulate Mr. S.P.Subudhi & his working plan team for their hard work & sincerity in compiling this working plan, preparing the digitized maps of this forest division along with the IT cell of the department & documenting the compartment histories. Their effort in the preparation of digitized maps showing invasion intensity of lantana, forest fire sensitivity etc. is praise worthy.

The help rendered by Mr. S.T.S. Lepcha, CCF & CEO, Bamboo & Fibre Development Board, Mr. B.K. Gangte, DFO and Mr. B.D. Singh & Mr. J.S. Rawat, SDO of Dehradun Forest Division, Ms. Neha Verma, D.C.F & Dr. Jitendra Bhatt, Reseach Associate, Silviculture Division, Uttarakhand, Mr. Dhananjay Mohan & Dr. G.S. Rawat, WII, Mr. Susant Sharma, FSI, Dr. S.P. Sinha, Wadia Institute Of Himalayan Geology, Dehradun is gratefully acknowledged. The over-all guidance & valuable suggestions given by the PCCF, Shri S. K. Chandola (APCCF), CCF, Gharwal, C.F. Siwalik & other senior officers of the department & FSI, FRI & WII is acknowledged with heart felt gratitude.

The dedication & hard work of the working plan team led by Mr. Dhananjay Prasad (WPRO) & his colleagues Mr. R.P.S.Negi, Mr. B.C. Kestwal & Mr. Mohan Singh Rawat (Dy.R.O) and Mr. Pramod Dhyani (Forester) is commended for all their works in collection & compilation of data from the field. The support given by all the staff of Dehradun Forest Division along with other staff of working plan is duly recognized.

(Dr. R.K. Shah, I.F.S.) CCF Working Plan Uttarakhand, Nainital

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LIST OF CONTENTS

S.NO. Discription Para Page No. From To

Glossaries 1 Local names of Trees, Shrubs, Climbers and

grasses commonly found in the division I XIII

2 Animals, Birds, Reptiles and fishes XIV XX 3 common terms in Local usage XXI XXIV 4 Terms concerned with the forest fire Protection XXV XXVII

Chapter-I- The Tract Dealt With

5 Name and Situation 1.1 1 2 6 Configuration of the ground 1.6 2 3 7 Geology, roacks and minerals 1.7 3 3 8 Minerals 1.8 4 4 9 Forests Soils 1.10 4 5

10 Climate 1.11-12 6 6 11 Temperature 1.13 6 6 12 Frost 1.14 6 6 13 Winds 1.15 6 6 14 Rainfall 1.16-17 6 8 15 Water supply and water table 1.18-19 8 16 16 Distribution of Area 1.20 to 1.22 17 18 17 State of Boundaries 1.23to 1.25 18 19 18 Legal Position 1.26 19 28 19 Right And Concessions 1.27 28 29

Chapter-II- The Flora and Fauna 20 General Description of Growing Stock 2.1 30 30 21 Area under Major Species 2.2 30 30 22 Composition & Condition of the Crop 2.3 31 31 23 Sub-Group 3C: North Indian Tropocal Moist

Deciduous Forests 2.4 31 33

24 Sub-Group 4C:Tropical fresh water swamp forest 2.5 to 2.6 33 35 25 Group-9 : Sub Tropical Forests 2.7 35 36 26 Group-12 : Himalayan Moist Temperate Forests 2.8 36 37 27 Exotics 2.9 37 38 28 Injuries to which the crop is liable 2.1 38 38 29 Climate 2.11 38 39 30 Fire 2.12 39 39 31 Plants 2.13 39 40 32 Human Interference 2.14 40 41

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33 Animals 2.15 41 42 34 Insects 2.16 42 42 35 Animals (Mammals) 2.17to 2.18 43 43 36 Carnivore 2.19 43 45 37 Herbivore 2.20 45 47 38 Omnivore 2.21 47 47 39 Birds 2.22 47 50 40 Reptiles 2.23 50 51 41 Fishes 2.24 51 51 42 Injuries to which the Fauna is Liable 2.25 51 52 43 Conservation and Management of Wild Life 2.26 52 60

Chapter-III- Utilization of the Produce 44 Agricultural Customs & Wants of Population 3.1 61 62 45 Human Population of the Area 3.2 62 63 46 Live Stock 3.3 63 64 47 Fuel wood Requirement 3.4 64 65 48 Scope of Tourism/Eco-Tourism 3.5 65 65 49 Need for striking balance between meeting wants

of people and conserving forests as natural heritage which is also a community asset

3.6 65 65

50 Markets and Marketable Produce 3.7 65 66 51 Figures of Outturn of Various Species Extracted

From The Division By Purchaser's Agency 3.8 66 67

52 Lines of Export 3.9 67 67 53 Methods of Exploitation and Sale 3.10 68 69 54 System of Sale 3.11 70 76

Chapter-IV- Activities of the Forest Development Corporation in Harvesting And Markeing of Forest Produces, Result of Socio-Economic Survey

55 Establishment 4.1 77 77 56 Objectives 4.2 77 77 57 Organizational Structure 4.3 77 78 58 Working of Forest Development Corporation 4.4 78 80 59 Royalty 4.5 80 80 60 Handing over & taking over of Felling Lots 4.6 81 81 61 Felling Rules 4.7 81 81 62 Transit Rules 4.8 81 81 63 Sale Rules 4.9 81 81 64 Revenue of Forest Development Corporation 4.10 to4.11 81 84 65 Transportation 4.12 84 85 66 Import and Export 4.13 85 85

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67 Use of indigenous technical knowledge: identification, documentation and application

4.14 86 86

68 Socio-economic Survey result 4.15 86 86 Chapter-V- The Five Year Plan

69 Introduction 5.1 87 87 70 Forest Resource Accounting 5.2 87 87 71 Five Year Plans 5.3 87 87 72 The 1st Five Year Plan (1951-56) 5.4 87 87 73 The 2nd Five Year Plan (1956-61) 5.5 88 88 74 The 3rd Five Year Plan (1961-66) 5.6 88 88 75 The Annual Plan (1966-69) 5.7 88 88 76 The 4th Five Year Plan (1969-74) 5.8 88 88 77 The 5th Five Year Plan (1974-79) 5.9 88 88 78 The 6th Five Year Plan (1980-85) 5.10 89 89 79 The 7th Five Year Plan (1985-90) 5.11 89 89 80 The 8th Five Year Plan (1992-97) 5.12 89 89 81 The 9th Five year Plan (1997-2001) 5.13 89 89 82 The 10th Five Year Plan (2002-07) 5.14 89 94 83 The 11th Five Year Plan (2007-2012) 5.15 95 99

Chapter-VI- Staff And Labour Supply

84 Different Categories of Staff 6.1 100 100 85 Executive Charges 6.2 101 101 86 Status of Field Staff 6.3 101 101 87 Age gradation of Beat Officers 6.4 101 101 88 Age gradation of Foresters 6.5 101 102 89 Daily Wagers in the Division 6.6 102 102 90 Labour Supply 6.7 102 102 91 Wage Rate 6.8 102 102

Chapter-VII- Past System of Management

92 Pre-Management History 7.1 to 7.5 103 105 93 Management of sal forest 7.6 105 122 94 Management of miscellaneous forest 7.7 123 126 95 Management of sisso forest 7.8 126 126 96 Management of khair 7.9 126 127 97 Management of bamboo areas 7.10 127 129 98 Management of Scrub & Unproductive Blanks 7.11 129 131 99 Management of Unworkable Open Miscellaneous

Forests (Protection Forests) 7.12 131 132

100 Management of Artificially Regenerated crops (Plantation Working Circle)

7.13 132 135

101 Exploitation of minor forest produces 7.14 135 136

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102 Fir protection 7.15 136 136 103 Vested Forests 7.16 136 139 104 Management of forest of Dehradun forest division

under R.P. Bharti (1999-2000 to 2007-09) 7.17 139 146

Chapter-VIII- Statistics of Growth

105 Growing Stock of Wood 8.1 147 147 106 Acacia Catechu (Khair) 8.2 147 149 107 Adina Cordifolia (Haldu) 8.3 149 149 108 Bombax ceiba (Semal) 8.4 150 150 109 Dalbergia Sissoo (Shisham) 8.5 150 151 110 Holoptelea integrifolia (Kanju) 8.6 151 152 111 Shorea robusta (Sal) 8.7 152 153 112 Syzygium cumini (Jamun) 8.8 154 154 113 Tectona grandis (Teak) 8.9 154 155 114 Terminalia alata (Sain) 8.10 155 156 115 Trewia nudiflora (Gutel) 8.11 to 8.12 156 157

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(I) GLOSSARY OF LOCAL NAMES OF TREES, SHRUBS, HERBS, CLIMBERS,

GRASSES, BAMBOO AND PERASITES COMMONELY FOUND IN THE DIVISION

(A) TREES

S. No. Species Common Name Family 1 Acacia catechu (L.f.) Willd. Khair Mimoseae 2 Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd. spp. indica (Benth.) Brenan Babool Mimoseae 3 Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr. Bel Rutaceae 4 Ailanthus excelsa Roxb. Ailanthus Simaroubaceae 5 Alangium salvifolium (Lamarkii Thw.) (L.f.) Wang Ankora Cornaceae 6 Albizia lebbek (L.) Benth Kala Siris Mimoseae 7 Albizia procera Benth. Safed Siris Mimoseae 8 Albizia odoratissima Benth. Bansha Mimoseae 9 Anogeissus latifolia (Roxb.) Wall. ex Bedd. Bakli Combretaceae 10 Bauhinia malabarica Roxb. Khatua Khatti Caesalpiniaceae 11 Bauhinia racemosa Lam. Mahooli Caesalpiniaceae 12 Bauhinia retusa Ham. Semla Caesalpiniaceae 13 Bauhinia semla Wund Semala Caesalpiniaceae 14 Bauhinia varigata Linn. Kachnar Caesalpiniaceae 15 Boehmeria rugulosa Wedd. Genthi Urticaceae 16 Bombax ceiba Linn. Semal Malvaceae 17 Bridelia suamosa (Lam.) Geh. Asan, Khaja Euphorbiaceae 18 Bridelia retusa (L) Spr Ekdana Euphorbiaceae 19 Broussonetia papyrifera Vent. Tutri Urticaceae 20 Buchnania lanzan Spreng. Chironji Anacardiaceae 21 Butea monosperma (Lamk.) Taub. Dhak Fabaceae 22 Caraya arborea Roxb. Kumbhi Myrtaceae 23 Casearia elliptica Willd. Chila Samydaceae 24 Casearia graveolens Dalz. Narra. Chilla Samydaceae 25 Cassia fistula L. Amaltas Caesalpiniaceae 26 Cassine glauca (Rottb.) Kuntze. Dheliri, Jangee Caesalpiniaceae 27 Celtis tetrandra Roxb. Kharik Urticaceae 28 Cocculus laurifolius DC Tilphara Menispermaceae 29 Cordia obliqua Willd. (= C. dichotoma Forster f.) Lissora CORDIACEAE 30 Cordia vestita Hook.f. & Thom. CORDIACEAE 31 Cyperus sumatrensis Cyperaceae 32 Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. Shisham, Sissoo Fabaceae 33 Diospyros cordifolia Roxb. Ebenaceae 34 Diospyros kakki L. F. Ebenaceae

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35 Diospyros malabrica (Desr.) Kostel.= Diospyros embryoteris Pers.

Kala Tendu Ebenaceae

36 Embelica officinalis Gaertn Amla Euphorbiaceae 37 Ehretia laevis Roxb. Chamror Boraginaceae 38 Engelhardia spicata Lech. var. colebrookiana (Lindl.

ex Wall.)O.ktze Gadhmawa Mauwa Juglandaceae

39 Erythrina suberosa Roxb. Dhaul Dhak Leguminosae-Papilioneae

40 Eucalyptus globulus Labillardiere Safeda Myrtaceae 41 Syzygium operculatum (Roxb.) Nied. = (Eugenia

operculata Roxb.) Kyamunda Myrtaceae

42 Ficus auriculata Lour. Timla Moraceae 43 Ficus benghalensis Linn. Bar, Bargad Moraceae 44 Ficus glaberrima Bl. Moraceae 45 Ficus glomerata Roxb Gular Moraceae 46 Ficus hispida L.f. Kaksa, Ghogsha,

Gobha Moraceae

47 Ficus inectoria Roxb Khabar Moraceae 48 Ficus palmata Forsk. Anjiri, Baru Moraceae 49 Ficus racemosa L. Gulare Moraceae 50 Ficus religeosa L. Pipal Moraceae 51 Ficus rumphii Bl. Pilkhan Moraceae 52 Ficus semicordata Buch-.Ham. ex Sm. Khiana Moraceae 53 Flacourtia cataphracta Roxb. Talisha Flacourtiaceae 54 Flacourtia indica (Burm.F) Merr Kandai Flacourtiaceae 55 Gardenia turgida Roxb. Dhareba Rubiaceae 56 Garuga pinnata Roxb. Kharpat, Titmira Burseraceae 57 Grewia elastica Royle Dhaman Tiliaceae 58 Grewia optiva Drumn. ex Burret Bhimal Tiliaceae 59 Haldina cordifolia (Roxb.) Ridsdale Haldu Rubiaceae 60 Holarrhena pubescens (Buch.-Ham.) Wall. ex Don Dudhi, Kura Holarrhena 61 Holoptelia integrifolia Planch. Kanji, Papri Ulmaceae 62 Hymenodictylon excelsum Wall. (= H. orixense

(Roxb.)Mabberley) Baurang Rubiaceae

63 Juglans regia L. Akhrot Juglandaceae 64 Kydia calycina Roxb. Pula, Papri Malvaceae 65 Lagerstroemia parviflora Roxb. Dhauri Lythraceae 66 Lannea coromandilica (Houtt.) Merr. Jhingan Anacardiaceae 67 Leucomeris spectabilis Don Phusiari, Phupara,

Pandwa Compositae

68 Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) Robins. chandana, Maidalakri

Lauraceae

69 Litsea monopetala (Roxb.) Pers. Kathmara Karkawa Lauraceae

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70 Lyonia ovalifolia (Wallich) Drude Ayar, Anyar 71 Mallotus philippensis (Lamk.) Muell.-Arg. Rohini Euphorbiaceae 72 Mangifera indica L. Aam Anacardiaceae 73 Machilus odoratissima Nees Lauraceae 74 Miliusa velutina Hook.f. & Thom. domsal Anonaceae 75 Mitragyna parviflora (Roxb.) Korth. Phaldu, Kaim Rubiaceae 76 Moringa oliofera Lamk. Sainjna Moringaceae 77 Myrica esculenta Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don Kaphal Myricaceae 78 Myrsine semiserrata Wall. Bains Myrsinaceae 79 Naringi crenulata (Roxb.) Nicols. Beli Rutaceae 80 Nyctanthus arbotristis L. Harsingar, Kurri Oleaceae 81 Oroxylum indicum (L.) Vent. Pharrai, Tantia,

Tarly Bignoniaceae

82 Ougenia.oojeinensi (Roxb) Hochr Sandan Leguminosae-Papilioneae

83 Persea gamblei (King ex Hook.f.) Kost. Ongtat Lauraceae 84 Phoebe lanceolata (Nees) Nees Bhadroi, Bhadeu,

Tumri Lauraceae

85 Phoenix loureirii Kunth Khajur, Khajur Palmae 86 Phyllanthus emblicai L. Aonla Euphorbiaceae 87 Pinus roxburghii Sargent Chir Conifeferae 88 Pitheolobium dulce Lamk Jangle jalebi Rosaceae 89 Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre Kanji, Papri Fabaceae 90 Premna latifolia Roxb. Bakar Verbenaceae 91 Psidium guajava L. Guajava Myrtaceae 92 Pterospermum acerifolium Willd. Kanakchampa Sterculiaceae 93 Pyrus pashia Buch.-Ham. ex. D.Don Mehal Rosaceae 94 Quercus leucotrichophora A. Cam. ex K. N. Bahadur Majphal Fagaceae 95 Randia dumetorium Lamk Mainfal Rubiaceae 96 Salix denticulata Anderson Lakma, Tookchong Salicaceae 97 Sapium sebiferum Roxb. Tarcharbi Euphorbiaceae 98 Sapium insigne Trimen. Khini Euphorbiaceae 99 Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Oken. Kusum Sapindaceae

100 Semicarpus anacardium L.f. Bhilawa Anacardiaceae 101 Shorea robusta Gaertn. Sal Dipterocarpaceae 102 Spondias pinnata (L.f.) Kurz Amara, Ambara Anacardiaceae 103 Sterculia villosa Roxb. Gudgudala, Undala Sterculiaceae 104 Stereospermum cheonoides (L.f.) DC Padal Bignoniaceae 105 Streblus asper Lour. Daia Urticaceae 106 Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels Jamun Myrtaceae 107 Tectona grandis L. f. Sagaon Verbenaceae

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108 Terminalia alata Heyne ex Roth Sain, Asna Combretaceae 109 Terminalia belerica (Gaertn.) Roxb Bahera Combretaceae 110 Terminalia chebula Retz. Har, Harra, Haira,

Harer Combretaceae

111 Toona ciliata Roem. Tun Meliaceae 112 Trewia nudiflora L. Gutel Euphorbiaceae 113 Wrightia arborea R. Br. Dudhi Apocynaceae 114 Xeromorphis spinosa (Thunb) Keay Mainphal,Rara Rubiaceae 115 Xylosma longifolium Clos. Kandhara,

Kandhora Bixaceae

116 Ziziphus mauritiana Lamk. Ber Rhamnaceae 117 Ziziphus xylopyra (Retz.) Willd. Kathber Rhamnaceae

(B) SHRUBS

S.No. Shrubs Common Name Family 1 Acacia caesia W. & A Aila Leguminos-

Mimoseae 2 Adhatoda zeylanica Medic Banpsa, Basinga Verbenaceae 3 Aechmanthera tomentosa Nees. Acanthaceae 4 Aerva sanguinolenta (L. f.)Blume Mada, Pahari-puro Amaranthaceae 5 Antidesma acidum Retz. 1,2,4 S Amli Euphorbiaceae 6 Ardisia solanacea Roxb. Bhatmal Myrsinaceae 7 Asparagus adscendens Roxb. Hazar-Muli Liliaceae 8 Asparagus racemosus Willd. Devdani,Satawar, Satmul Liliaceae 9 Atylosia scarabaeoides Benth. Bankulthi 10 Baliospermum montanum (Willd.) Muell.-Arg. Danti, Banbhatti Euphorbiaceae 11 Berberis asiatica Roxb. ex. DC Kingora, Kilmora Berberidaceae 12 Berberis lycium Royle Kingora, Chtroi Berberidaceae 13 Boehmeria macrophylla D. Don Bara Siaru Urticaceae 14 Boehmeria platyphylla D. Don Samrali Urticaceae 15 Buddleia noemda Buch.-Ham ex. Roxb. Agia-chita Loganiaceae 16 Callicarpa macrophylla Vahl Daia, Daya Verbenaceae 17 Cannabis sativa L. Bhang Urticaceae 18 Carissa spinarum L. Karaunda Apocynaceae 19 Caryopteris wallichiana Sch. Chingari, Karui Verbenaceae 20 Cassia glauca Lamk. Leguminosae-

Caesalpinieae 21 Cassia occidentalis L. Jhun-jhun, Chakunda Leguminosae-

Caesalpinieae 22 Cassia sophora L. Rawasan, Avirai Leguminosae-

Caesalpinieae 23 Catunaregam spinosa (Thunb.) Tirvengadum Mindhal, Moina, Phetra Rubiaceae

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24 Catunaregam uliginosa (Retz.) Sivarajan Dambaru, Pindaro Lauraceae 25 Cinnamomum tamala Fr. Nees. Dalchini Lauraceae 26 Clematis montana Ham. Kaunia- Bali Ranunculaceae 27 Clerodendrum viscosum Vent. Bhant, Addakajo Verbenaceae 28 Coffea benghalensis Roxb. Mirherai, Akubfagee-rip Rubiaceae 29 Colebrookia oppositifolia Smith. Bindu Lamiaceae 30 Coriaria nepalensis Wall. Rikhola Coriariaceae 31 Cotonoeaster bacillaris Wall. Rosaceae 32 Crotolaria tetragona Roxb. Fabiaceae 33 Cyperus brevifolius (Rottb.) Hassk. Cyperaceae 34 Cyperus kylligia Endl. Cyperaceae 35 Debregeasia longifolia (Burm.f.) Wedd. Tusara,Kapasi Urticaceae 36 Deerengia celosoides R. Br. (= D.

amaranthoides (Lam.) Merrill) Chundri Amaranthaceae

37 Euphorbia royleana Boiss. Suraj, Suni, Thar Euphorbiaceae 38 Ficus heterophylla L. f. Kuvvu-juvi Moraceae 39 Fimbristylis dichotoma (L.) Vahl. Cyperaceae 40 Flacourtia indica (Burm.f.) Merr. Kandia, Kandei, Kango Flacourtiaceae 41 Glycosmis arborea (Roxb.) DC Banbiniba, Pilu, Potla Rutaceae 42 Hamiltonia suaveolens Roxb. 43 Helicteres isora L. Kapasi, Morarphal Sterculiaceae 44 Homskioldia sanguinea Rwtz. Verbenaceae 45 Inula cappa DC Ukchha Asteraceae 46 Jatropha curcas L. Ratanjot Euphorbiaceae 47 Leucomeris spectabilis Don 48 Maoutia puya Wedd. 49 Mimosa himalayana Gamble. Al, Alay, Khinkari Mimosaceae 50 Murraya koengii (L.) Spreng. Gandhela, curry leaves Rutaceae 51 Murraya paniculata (Linn.) Jack. Kamini,Nyibumtarum Rutaceae 52 Opuntia dillenii Haw. Nagphani Cactaceae 53 Osbeckia chinensis L. Melastomataceae 54 Osyris arborea Wall. 55 Phlogacanthus thyrsiflorus Nees Jabuit, Titaphul Acanthaceae 56 Phoenix humilis Royle Kujji, Soh-kwai Arecaceae 57 Physalis maxima / micrantha Link. Kukkuti, Kupanti Solanaceae 58 Piper longum L. Pipali, Rali Piperaceae 59 Pistacia khinjuk Stocks Kakra Pistaciaceae 60 Pogostemon bengalensis (Burm.f.) Kurz Ban-tulsi,Gandhairi Lamiaceae 61 Pyracantha crenulata (D.Don)M.Roemer Ghingaru Rosaceae 62 Rauvolfia serpentina Benth.ex DC Sarpgangha Apocynaceae

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63 Reinwardtia indica Dumr Basanti Linaceae 64 Rhamnus virgatus Roxb. Gaonta Rhamnaceae 65 Rhus parviflora Roxb. tungla Anacardaceae 66 Ricinus communis L. Arandi Euphorbiaceae 67 Rosa brunonii Lindl. Rosaceae 68 Rubus ellipticus Sm. Aselu Rosaceae 69 Sageretia parviflora (R. & S.) G.Don Aamli, Rhamnaceae 70 Securinega virosa (Roxb. ex Willd.) Baillon Kodarsi Euphorbiaceae 71 Sida acuta Burm. Bala,Braphum Malvaceae 72 Sida rhombifolia L. Bagulia, Bariara Malvaceae 73 Smilax lannata Ramdantani Smilacaceae 74 Solanum surattense Burm.f. Bhakataiya Solanaceae 75 Solanum torvum Sw. padhera Solanaceae 76 Spermadactyon suveolens Roxb. Sarka-pired Rubiaceae 77 Spiraea bella Sims. 78 Stephania glabra (Roxb.) Miers Ganjaroo, Kani-korjo Menispermaceae 79 Tephrosia candida DC Boga, Lashtia Fabaceae 80 Trichodesma indicum R. Br. Aundhi, Ondhelu Boraginaceae 81 Urena lobata L. Ungoo Malvaceae 82 Urtica dioica L. Bichhubooti Urticaceae 83 Urtica parviflora Roxb. Urticaceae 84 Vitex negundo Linn. Shimalu, Semalu, Chatimal,

Wishivel Verbenaceae

85 Woodfordia fruticosa (Linn.) Kurz. Dhaula Lythraceae 86 Xanthium strumarium L. Latakni Asteraceae 87 Ziziphus mauritiana Lamk. var. fruticosa

Haines Jangli-ber Rhmanaceae

88 Ziziphus oxyphylla Edgew. Rhmanaceae

(C) HERBS

S. No. Species Common Name Family 1 Achyranthus aspera L. Latjira,Chirchit Amaranthaceae 2 Adiantum caudatum L. Chirchit Adiantaceae 3 Adiantum edgeworthii Hook.f. Adiantaceae 4 Ageratum conyzoides L. Ajgandha,Gandela Asteraceae 5 Ajuga bracteosa Wall. Neel-Kanthi Lamiaceae 6 Ajuga parviflora Benth. Namdunghor Lamiaceae 7 Alternanthera sessilis (L.) DC Gaitwar Amaranthaceae

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8 Alysicarpus vaginalis (L.) DC Davai Fabaceae 9 Anemone rivularis Buch.-Ham. ex DC Damdhora Ranunculaceae

10 Apium leptophyllum F. Muell ex Benth Apiaceae 11 Argemone ochroleuca Sweet Satyanashi Papaveraceae 12 Arthraxon spp. Poaceae 13 Artimetia roxburghiana Wallich ex Besser Kunaja Asteraceae 14 Arundinella tenella Nees ex Steudel Ppaceae 15 Anisomeles indica (L.) Kurtz. Narutami,Ramtulsi Lamiaceae 16 Artemisia nilagrica L. Kunza,Nagadona Compositae 17 Bergenia ciliata (Haworth) Sternb. Silparo Saxifragaceae 18 Bidens pilosa L. Kuro Asteraceae 19 Biophytum sensitivum (L.) DC Lajwanti Oxalidaceae 20 Blepharis maderaspatensis L. Bhangari Acanthaceae 21 Blumea lacera DC Nirmundi Asteraceae 22 Boenninghausenia albiflora (Hook.)Reichb. ex

Meisn. Ymari Rutaceae

23 Boerhavia diffusa Linn. Pumarmava Nyctaginaceae 24 Borreria articularia (L.f.) F.N. Will. Kair-kar Rubiaceae 25 Bupleurum falcatum L. Apiaceae 26 Barleria cristata L. Morani, Mukaro Acanthaceae 27 Capsella bursa-pastoris Moen. Brassicaceae 28 Cassia miomosoides L. Caesalpiniaceae 29 Cassia pumila Lam. Aabala Caesalpiniaceae 30 Cassia tora Linn. Chakunda, Panwar Caesalpiniaceae 31 Celosia argentea Linn. Kombada Amaranthaceae 32 Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. Bramhi Apiaceae 33 Chrysopogon fulvus (Sprngel) Chiovnda Poaceae 34 Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. Oont-katila Asteraceae 35 Commelina benghalensis L. Buchna Commelinaceae 36 Commelina diffusa Burm.f. Kanjura Commelinaceae 37 Corchorus aestuans L. Pat Tiliaceae 38 Corchorus olitorius L. Banpat Tiliaceae 39 Costus speciosus (Koen. Ex Retz) J.E. Keokand Costaceae 40 Crotalaria albida Heyne Banmethi Fabaceae 41 Curculigo orchioides Gaertner Kali musli Hypoxidaceae 42 Cyathula spp Amaranthaceae 43 Cynoglossum lanceolatum Forsk. Balraj Boraginaceae 44 Cynotis cristata (L.) D.Don Commelinaceae 45 Cynotis fasciculata Schult. Commelinaceae 46 Cassia absus L. Chimer, Kalso Leguminosae-

Caesalpinieae 47 Crotolaria sericea Retz. Sakesing, Xar-shunka Fabiaceae 48 Desmodium heterocarpon (L.) DC Sarivan Fabaceae 49 Desmodium laxiflorum DC Kadakatru Fabaceae 50 Desmodium triflorum (L.) DC Fabaceae 51 Dicliptera bupleuroides Nees (= Dicliptera

roxburghiana Nees) Kathmul Acanthaceae

52 Dicliptera roxburghiana Nees Acanthaceae

viii

53 Diplazium esculeutum Necha Athyriaceae 54 Drymaria cordata (L.) Willd. ex Roem Abijalo Caryophyllaceae 55 Duchesnia indica (Andr) Forcke. Bhui-ka-phal Rosaceae 56 Datura fastuosa L. Datura Solanaceae 57 Datura metel L. Datura Solanaceae 58 Desmodium gangeticum DC Salpani, Shalparni Fabiaceae 59 Desmodium parviflorum DC Fabiaceae 60 Desmostachya bipinnata Stapf. Dab, Kus Fabaceae 61 Elephantopus scaber L. Ban-mauraee Asteraceae 62 Elsholtzia ciliata (Thunb.) Hyland Chhali Lamiaceae 63 Equisetum ramosissimum Desf. Dmbro Equisetaceae 64 Eragrostis tenella (L.)P. Beauv. ex Roemer &

Schultes Bharbhusi-ghas Poaceae

65 Erigeron multiradiatus Rayhanda Asteraceae 66 Eulaliopsis binata (Retz.) Hubard Poaceae 67 Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng. Poaceae 68 Euphorbia hirta L. Dudhi Euphorbiaceae 69 Euphorbia hypericifolia L. Euphorbiaceae 70 Euphorbia prostrata Orteg Euphorbiaceae 71 Evolvulus alsinoides (L.) L. Hirankhuri Convolvulaceae 72 Evolvulus nummularius L. Chinipata Convolvulaceae 73 Flemingia bracteata Wight Fabiaceae 74 Flemingia chappar Ham. Rusia-gach Fabiaceae 75 Flemingia congesta Roxb. Fabiaceae 76 Flemingia semialata Roxb. Fabiaceae 77 Flemingia stricta Roxb. Fabiaceae 78 Gerbera gossypifolia (Royle) G. Beauv. Kapasi Asteraceae 79 Gnaphalium pensylvanicum Willd. Asteraceae 80 Goniopteris prolifera 81 Hemigraphis latebrosa var. hyneana Acanthaceae 82 Hemigraphis rupestris Heyne ex T. Anders Acanthaceae 83 Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lamk. Ajane Apiaceae 84 Indigofera cassioides Rottl. ex DC Sakina, Ghirel Fabiaceae 85 Indigofera heterantha Wallich ex Brandis Sakina Fabiaceae 86 Justicia peploides (Nees) Clarke. Acanthaceae 87 Justicia quinquengularis Koenig ex Roxb. Kana-ara Acanthaceae 88 Justicia procumbens L. var. simplex (D. Don) Kalhmai Acanthaceae 89 Lepidagathis incurva Buch.-Ham ex D. Don Charemomorkha Acanthaceae 90 Leucas lanata Benth. in Wallich Dronpushpi Lamiaceae 91 Leucus cephalotes (Roth.) Spreng. Gumma Lamiaceae 92 Linderbergia indica (L.) O.Ktze. Dhol Scrophulariaceae 93 Lygodium spp Lygodiaceae 94 Mazus pumilus (Burm.f.) Steenis. Scrophulariaceae 95 Mimosa pudica L. Chhuimui Mimosaceae 96 Mukia maderaspatana (L.) M. Roemer Ankhphor, Gawasi Cucurbitaceae 97 Murdania nudiflora (L.) Brenan Musli-siyah Commelinaceae 98 Nervilia aragoana Gaud. Orchidaceae 99 Nelsonia canescens (Lamk.) Spreng Mujari Acanthaceae

ix

100 Nepeta hisdostana (Roth.) Haines Lamiaceae 101 Oldenlandia corymbossa Hook.f. Khet-papra Rubiaceae 102 Ophioglossum spp Ophioglossaceae 103 Oxalis corniculata Linn. Khatta-mitha Oxalidaceae 104 Parthenium hysterophorus L. Gajar ghass Asteraceae 105 Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth Luchipata Peperomiaceae 106 Perilla frutescens (L.) Brott. Jangle bhangir Lamiaceae 107 Phyla nodiflora (L.) Green. Jal-butti Verbenaceae 108 Phyllanthus urinaria L. Bhui-amla Euphorbiaceae 109 Physalis divaricata D.Don Phutkanya Solanaceae 110 Phytolaca acinosa Roxb. Jaringo, Jingro Phytolaccaceae 111 Pimpenella diversifolia DC Apiaceae 112 Polygala arvensis Willd. Nilkanta, Rali Polygalaceae 113 Polygonum hydropiper L. Panijaluk Polygonaceae 114 Polygonum plebejum R. Br. Chatibhaji Polygonaceae 115 Portulaca oleracea Linn. Kulfa Portulaceae 116 Pouzulzia zelyanica (L.) Benth. Chipli Urticaceae 117 Perillia frutescens (L.) Britton Jangle bhangir Lamiaceae 118 Primulla umbellata (Lour) Benth. Primulaceae 119 Peristrophe paniculata (Forsk.) Brumitt Chirchiri, Atrilal Acanthaceae 120 Plectranthus japonicus (Brum.f.) Koidz Lamiaceae 121 Plumbago zeylanica L. Sitapari, Chitrak Plumbaginaceae 122 Rumex hastatus D.Don Bhilmora Rosaceae 123 Rungia pectinata (L.) Nees Dabari Acanthaceae 124 Salvia plebeia R. Br. Kakrondha Lamiaceae 125 Scleria ( Sage) Cyperaceae 126 Scutellaria spp Lamiaceae 127 Senecio laetus Edgew. Zerjum Asteraceae 128 Siegesbeckia orientalis L. Kanumuchi Asteraceae 129 Sida cordata (Burm. f.) Borss Bariyara Malvaceae 130 Solanum nigrum L. Makoi Solanaceae 131 Sida cordifolia L. Balu, Kungi Malvaceae 132 Thaliactrium foliolosum DC Mamiri Ranunculaceae 133 Tridax procumbens L. Patherchotti Asteraceae 134 Triemfetta rhomboidea Jacq. Nichardi Tiliaceae 135 Urginea indica Kunth (= Drimia indica

(Roxb.) Jessop) Ban-piaj Liliaceae

136 Vernonia cinerea (L.) Less. Sahadevi Asteraceae 137 Veronica anagallis-aquatica L. Schrophulariaceae 138 Veronica persica Poir Schrophulariaceae 139 Viola pilosa Blume Banapsha Violaceae 140 Vernonia anthelmintica Willd. Kalijiri Asteraceae 141 Yongia japonica (L.) DC Rumdum Asteraceae 142 Zeuxin seidenfadenii Deva & Naithani Orchidaceae 143 Zingiber roseum Rosc Jangli-adrak Zingiberaceae 144 Desmostachya bipinnata Stapf. Dab, Kus Fabaceae

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(D) CLIMBERS S. No. Climbers Common Name Family

1 Abrus precatorius L. Ratti, Gumche Leguminosae-Papilioneae

2 Abrus pulchellus Wall ex Thw. Gunj Leguminosae-Papilioneae

3 Acacia concinna DC Allah Mimoseae 4 Acacia pennata Willd. Agla or alay Mimoseae 5 Ampelocissus latifolia (Roxb.) Plachon. Panibel Vitacae 6 Argyreia roxburghii Choisy. Bidhara Convolvulaceae 7 Aspidopteris wallichii Hook.f. Jugter Rutaceae 8 Bauhinia vahlli W. & A. Maljhan Leguminosae-

Caesalpinieae 9 Calamus tenuis Roxb. Bent Palmae

10 Capparis sepiaria L. Karunjurao Capparidaceae 11 Celastrus paniculata Wild. Malkangine Celastraceae 12 Cissampelos pareira L. Parhe or harijori Rutaceae 13 Clematis gouriana Roxb Bel, Kem, Gel, Kungu Ranunculaceae 14 Clematis nutans Royle (= C. roylei Rehder) Ranunculaceae 15 Combretum roxburghii Spreng. Roel Combretaceae 16 Cryptolepis buchanani Roem & Sch. Karanta Asclepiadaceae 17 Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. Akas-bel Convolvulaceae 18 Cuscuta europaea L. Amarbel Cuscutaceae 19 Dioscorea belophylla Voigt. ex Haine Turar Dioscoreaceae 20 Dioscorea bulbifera L. Tarar-ki-bel Dioscoreaceae 21 Embelia robusta Roxb. Gaia Myrsinaceae 22 Ficus hederacea Roxb. Urticaceae 23 Gouania tiliaefolia Lamk. Rakta-Rohidaa Rhamnaceae 24 Hiptage benghalensia (L.) Kurz. Aneta, Madhanalti Malpighiaceae 25 Ichnocarpus frutescens Br. Bel, Kamu, Kali Dudhi Apocynaceae 26 Ipomaea hederacea Jacq. Kaladana Convolvulaceae 27 Jasminum arborescens Roxb. Chameli Oleaceae 28 Jasminum pubescens Willd. (= J. multiflorum

(Burm.f.) Andrews) Chameli Oleaceae

29 Leea asiatica (L.) Rids. Kunwai, Kawao, Khar Leeaceae 30 Maclura cochinchinensis (Lour) Corner Dammar, Manda Urticaceae 31 Marsdenia tenacissima W. & A. Marua-bel Asclepiadaceae 32 Millettia auriculata Baker Gauj Leguminosae-

Papilioneae 33 Porana paniculata Roxb. Safed Bel Convolvulaceae 34 Pueraria tuberosa DC Sural, Serala Leguminosae-

Papilioneae

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(E) GRASSES

S.No. Species Common Name Family 1 Alopecurus nepalensis Trin. Poaceae 2 Apluda mutica L. Poaceae 3 Arthraxon lancifolius (Trin) Hocl. Poaceae 4 Arundinella nepalensis Trin. Bichhla, Bichhara Poaceae 5 A. prionodes (Steud.) Dandy Poaceae 6 A. bengalensis (Spreng.) Druce. G O Poaceae 7 A. setosa Trin. G O Poaceae 8 Arundo donax L. G O Poaceae 9 Axonopus compressus (Sw..)P.Beauv. G O Poaceae 10 Bothriochloa intermedia (R. Br.) A. Camus Sundhaui Poaceae 11 Brachiaria racemosa (L.) Stapf Poaceae 12 B.pertusa (L.) A.Camus. G O Poaceae 13 Capillipedium assemile (Steud.) A. Camus Poaceae 14 Capparis sepiaria L. Capparidaceae 15 Chloris dolichostachya Lag. Paniri Poaceae 16 Chrysopogon serrulatus Trin. Kus Poaceae 17 Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Dule Poaceae 18 Cyperus brevifolius (Rottb.) Hassk. Cyperaceae 19 Cyperus kylligia Endl. Cyperaceae 20 C. parviflorum (R.Br.) Stapf. G O Poaceae 21 Coix lachryma-jobi L. G O Poaceae 22 Cymbopogon martinii (Roxb) Wats. G C Poaceae 23 Cyrtococcum accrescems (Trin) Stapf. G C Poaceae 24 Dactyloctenium aegyptiacum (L.) Willd. Poaceae

35 Rhynchosia minima (L.) DC Dariavel Leguminosae-Papilioneae

36 Rubia cordifolia Linn. dammar, Manda Rubiaceae 37 Rubus nievius Wall. Bhera Rosaceae 38 Scindapsus officinalis (Roxb.) Schott. Poria-bel Araceae 39 Smilax wightii DC Ram-dataun Liliaceae 40 Smilax zeylanica L. Kakadara, Ramdatum Liliaceae 41 Spatholobus roxbhurghii Benth. Malha-bel Leguminosae-

Papilioneae 42 Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Hook. f. &

Thomson AthervelGiloe, Guduchi

Menispermaceae

43 Vallaris solanacea (Roth) O.Ktze Dudhli Bel Apocynaceae 44 Ventilago calyculata Lamk. Kali-bel Rhamnaceae 45 Vitis rependa W. & A. (= Cissus rependra Vahl) Gendal, Moti thor Vitacae 46 Wattakaka volubilis (L. f.) Staph Mund bel Asclepiadaceae

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25 Dendrocalamus sps Gramineae 26 Dicanthium annulatum (Forsk) Stapf. Nalli, Janevar Poaceae 27 Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. Poaceae 28 Desmostachya bipinnata Stapf. G C Poaceae 29 D. stricta Roth ex Roem & Schult. G C Poaceae 30 D. timorensis (Kunth.) Bal. G R Poaceae 31 D. violascens Link. G C Poaceae 32 Echinochloa colonum L. Poaceae 33 Eragrostis uniloides Nees Poaceae 34 Eulalia leschenaultiana (Decne) Ohwi Poaceae 35 Eleusine indica Gaertn. G C Poaceae 36 E. stenophylla Hochst. ex Miq. G C Poaceae 37 E. viscosa Trin. G C Poaceae 38 Fimbristylis dichotoma (L.) Vahl. 39 Heteropogon contortus Linn. Kumiria, Sirwala Poaceae 40 Hackelochloa granularis (L.) O. Ktze. G C Poaceae 41 Hemarthria compressa Kunth. G C Poaceae 42 Imperata cylendrica (L.) Beauv Sirhi, Siru pula Poaceae 43 Ischaemum indicum G C Poaceae 44 Leersia hexandra Sw. G O Poaceae 45 Lolium temulentum L. G O Poaceae 46 Microstegium ciliatum (Trin.)A.Camus G O Poaceae 47 Narenga porphyrocoma (Hans. ex Trim.) Bor. G O Poaceae 48 Neyraudia arundinacea (L.) Hen. G C Poaceae 49 Oplismens burmannii Beauv Poaceae 50 Oplismenus compositus Beauv Dum dogra, Kukaria Poaceae 51 O. compositus Beauv G C Poaceae 52 Oryza sativa L. G O Poaceae 53 Panicum miliare Lamk. G C Poaceae 54 Panicum paludosum Roxb. G O Poaceae 55 Paspalidum flavidum (Retz) A. Camus. G C Poaceae 56 Paspalum distichum L. G C Poaceae 57 P. scorbiculatum L. G C Poaceae 58 P. vaginatum Sw. G O Poaceae 59 Perotis indica Retz. G C Poaceae 60 Phragmites karka Trin. G C Poaceae 61 Poa annua L. G C Poaceae 62 Pogonatherum crinitum Trin. G O Poaceae 63 Polypogon fugax Nees ex steud. G C Poaceae 64 Pseudosorghum fasciculare (Roxb)A Camus G O Poaceae

xiii

65 Rotboellia exaltata L.f. G C Poaceae 66 Saccharum bengalense Retz. G O Poaceae 67 Sacchrum spontaneum Linn Kans Poaceae 68 Setaria glauca (L.) P. Beauv. Ballu Poaceae 69 Soporobolus diander Beauv Poaceae 70 Setaria glauca Beauv G C Poaceae 71 Setaria palmifolia (Koenig) Stapf. G O Poaceae 72 Setaria verticillata (L.)P.Beauv. G O Poaceae 73 Sporobolus diander Beauv G C Poaceae 74 Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. G C Poaceae 75 Themeda gigantea (Cav) Hack. Poaceae 76 Thysanolaena maxima Ktze. Birlu Poaceae 77 Themeda arundinacea (Roxb.) Ridley G O Poaceae 78 Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash. Ganara Khas Poaceae 79 Zoysia tenuifolia Trin. Poaceae

(F) BAMBOOS

S. No. Local Name Botanical Name 1 Chay Bans Bambusa nutans 2 Deo ringal Himalayacalamus falconeri 3 Ghad ringal Derpanostachyum falcatum 4 Jamura ringal Thamnocalamus jaunsarensis 5 Kanta Bans Bambusa bambos (L.) Voss. (B.arundinacea (Retz.)Widl. 6 Kanko Bans Dendrocalamus hamiltonii 7 Lathi Bans Dendrocalamus strictus (Roxb.) 8 Thaam ringal Thamnocalamus spathiflorus

(G) PARASITS

S. No. Local Name Botanical Name 1 Banda Dendrophthoe falcata (Linn.f.) Etting. (Loranthus longiflorus Desr.) 2 Banda Scurrula cordifolia (Wall.)G.Don (Loranthus cordifolius Wall.) 3 Banda Scurrula pulverulenta (Wall.)G.Don (Loranthus pulverulenta Wall.) 4 Pand Viscum nepalense Spr. (V.articulatum Burm.) Cuscuta reflexa Roxb.

xiv

(II) GLOOSSARIES OF ANIMALS (MAMMALS, BIRDS, REPTILES, FISHES, AMPHIBIAS AND BUTTERFLIES)

(A) CARNIVORA

S. No. Local Name English Name Scientific Name

1 Bagh/Baghera/teudua/guldar Panther or Leopard Panthera pardus (Linnaeus.) 2 Bagh/billi Leopard cat Felis bengalensis (Kerr.) 3 Bhadd billk/Mach billi Fishing Cat Felis viverima(Benneth) 4 Jungli billi Wild Cat Felis Chaus affinir(Grey) 5 Sher Tiger Panthera tigris (Linnaeus)

(B) HERBIVORA

(I) Goat antelope and Deer group

S. No. Local Name English Name Scientific Name 1 Chittal Spotted deer Axis axis (Erxt.) 2 Goral/ghurar Himalayan goat antilope Nemorhaedus goral (Hardwicke.) 3 Jarao/Sambhar Sambhar Carvus unicolor (Blaninville.) 4 kakar Barking deer Muntiacus muntjak (Zimermann.)

(II)Others

S.No. Local Name English Name Scientific Name

1 Bhalu/Richh Himalayan black bear Selenarctos thibectanus (G.Guvier.)

2 Bhalu Sloth bear Mebursus urnisus (Show) 3 Chitrola Pine Marten Martes flavigula (Boddaert.) 4 Jangli suar Wild boar Susscrofa cristatus (Linnaeus.) 5 Khargosh Indian hare Lepus nigricollis (F.Cuvier.) 6 Saula/Sehi Porcupine Hystrix indica (Kerr.) 7 Bandar/banar Red faced monkey Macaca mulata (Zimmermann.) 8 Chamgadar The allied horse shoe bat Rhinolophus affinis (Horsfield) 9 Chmgadar Fruit bat Rousettus leshenaulti (Desmarest.)

10 Chachundar Horse shrew or gray musk shrew

Suncus murinus (Linnceus.)

11 Chuha/musa Common house rat Musmusculus (Linnceus.) 12 Gidar/Siar Jackal Canis aurus indicus (Hodgson.) 13 Gilhari Five stripped palm squirrel Funambulus dennanti

(Wroughton.) 14 Hathi Elephant Elephus maximus indicus.

xv

15 Lomri Ther red fox Bulpes vulpes montana (Linn.) 16 Longoor Comman langoor Presbytis entellus (Dufresre) 17 Newla The common mongoose Herpestes edwardsi (Hodgson.) 18 Gilhari Squirrel Funambulus pennanti (Wroghtor.) 19 Ood, Udbilao Otter Lutra lutra (Linneaus.)

(C) BIRDS (A) GAME BIRDS (a) Pheasants and fowls group

S. No. Local Name English Name Scientific Name 1 Murghi Red jungel fowl Gallus gallus (Linn.) 2 Kaleej The white creasted kaleej pheasant Lophura jcucomelana

(Hamiltoni.)

(b) Patridges and quail group S.No. Local Name English Name Scientific Name

1 Bater Common quail 2 Chakor Chakor partridge 3 Chanak bater Black breasted or rain quail 4 Kala titar Black partridge/Francolin Francolinus Francolinus 5 Peura Hill partridge 6 SafedTitar Grey Partridge/Francolin Francolinus pondicerianus

(c) Doves and pigeon group S.No. Local Name English Name Scientific Name

1 Ghugut Indian rufous turtle dove. Streptopelia orientalis meena (Sykes.)

2 Harial Wedge tailed green pigeon Treron sphenura. 3 Kabutorr blue Rock pigeon Coluba livia (intermedia.) (B) NON-GAME BIRDS

S.No. Local Name English Name Scientific Name 1 Ababil Crag martin Hirundo rupestries (Scopoli.) 2 Anjan Grey heron Ardea cincrea 3 Bhujang Black drongo Dicrurus macrocercus 4 Bulbul Black bulbul Microscelis psaroides (Vigors.) 5 Bulbul Red vented bulbul Pychnotus cafer (Linnacus) 6 Bulbul White cheeked bulbul Pychonotus leucogenys (Grey.) 7 Blue Jay Indian Roller Coracias benghalensis

xvi

8 Common Grey Hornbill

Indian GreyHornbill Ocyceros birostris

9 Cheel Brahmny kite Haliasture indus 10 Cheel Priah kite Milvus migrns. 11 Cheel/ Sunhara

garud Hmalayan golden eagel Aquila chrysaetos hodgoni

(Ticehurst. 12 Cheel Crested Serpent Eagle Spilornis cheela 13 Cheel/Kala garud Black eagle Ictinaetus malayensis 14 Chughu Indian great Horned owl Bubo bubu (Linnaeus.) 15 Dhanesh Common grey hornbill Tockus birostris. 16 Churiyya House sparrow Passer domesticus (Linnaeus.) 17 Gidh Himalayan griffon vulture Gyps himalayanesis (Hume.) 18 Gidh Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus

19 Gidh White-rumped Vulture Gyps bengalensis

20 Gidh Indian Long-billed, Indian Griffon Gyps indicus

21 Gidh Eurasian Griffon Gyps fulvus

23 Gidh Black Vulture/ Cinereous Vulture Aegypius monachus 24 Gidh King Vulture, Black Vulture/ Red-

headed Vulture Sarcogyps calvus

25 Hudhud Hoopoe Upups epops. (Linn.) 26 Kalchur Himalayan whistling thrush Myiophonous caerulens 27 Kalchur Red headed laughing thrush Garrulax erythrocephalus

(Vigors.) 28 Kalchur Streahed laughing thrush Thochalopteron lineaturm

(Bigors.) 29 Kalchur Variegated laughing thrush Garrulax variegatum (Vigors.) 30 Kalchur White throated laughing thrush Barrulax albogularis (Gould.) 31 Kaphal

pako/Kajuna Himalayan cuckoo Cuculus optatus (Blyth.)

32 Kathphorwa Scaly-bellied green woodpecker Picus squamatus (Gould.) 33 Kathphorwa Himalayan pied woodpecker Dendrocopos himalayensis 34 Kathphorwa Brown-capped Pygmy Woodpecker Dendrocopos nanus 35 Kasturi White collared blackbird Turdus albocinetus 36 Kathphoriya White cheeked huthatch Sitta leucopsis leucopsis (Gould.) 37 Killkila/machhmar Greater Pied king-fisher Megaceryle lugubris 38 Killkila/machhmar Common Kingfisher /Small Blue

Kingfisher Alcedo atthis

39 Killkila/machhmar White-breasted Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis

xvii

40 Killkila/machhmar Lesser Pied Kingfisher Ceryle rudis

41 Kawa Jungle crow Corvus macrorhynchos (Walger.) 42 Khanjan Wagtail Montacilla albalboides 43 Khanjan Pied wagtail Malboides 44 Lampuchhia Red billed blue magpie Kitta crythrorhyncha occipitalia

(Blyth.) 45 Lampuchhia Yellow billed blue magpie Kitta flvirostris cucullata (Gould.) 46 Maina Common myna Aeridathered trists (Linnacus.) 47 Maina Jungle myna Aeridatheres fulcus (Weglar.) 48 Mewli Great Himalayan Barbet Megalaima virens marshallorum. 49 More/Mayura Comman peafowl Pavo cristatus (Linn.) 50 Neelkanth Black throated jay Garrulus lanceolatus (Vigor.) 51 Neelkanth Bue throated jay Megalaima asiatica (Latham.) 52 Pundubi Little Grebe, Dabchick Podiceps ruficollis. 53 Pundubi Red-necked Grebe Podiceps grsegena 54 Pundubi Great Crested Grebe Podiceps cristatus 55 Pundubi Black-necked Grebe Podiceps nigricollis 56 Peelak Golden orile Oriolus oriolus kundoo. (Sykes.) 57 Phool dubki Fire breated flower pecker Dicaeum ignipectus (Blyth.) 58 Phool dubki Thick billied flower peacker Dicacum agile (Tickell.) 59 Tota Rosering parakit Psithacula krauncri. (Scopli) 60 Tota Slate headed parakeet Psittacula himalayana (Lesson.) 61 Ulloo Himalayan wood. Strixaluco nivicola (Linnaeus.

(D) REPTILE

(I) Snakes

S.No. Local Name English Name Scientific Name 1 Ajgar Python Python moluris (Linn.) 2 Dhaman Rat snake Ptyas mucosus (Cope.) 3 Doboia Russell's viper Vipera russelli 4 Gurar Common wolf snake Lycodon aulicus 5 Krait/ Kariyar Krait Bungarus cacruleus (Dand.) 6 Kauriyal/Nag The indian Cobra Naja naja (Schleg.) 7 Panika samp Common pond snake (checkeaed) Xenochroptus piscator 8 Phoorsa Saw-scaled viper Echies casinatus 9 Sanp The himalayan pit viper Ancistrodon himalayanus (Gunther.)

10 - Common trinket Elaphe helena (Daudin)

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(II) Lizards

S. No. Local Name English Name Scientific Name 1 Chhipara Comman house gecko Hemidactylus brooki (Gray.) 2 Chhipara Comman Lizard Agama tuberculata (Gray.) 3 Girgit Blood Sucker Calotes Versicolar 4 Gobilda The comman indian monitor lizard Varanus monitor (Linnaeus.)

(III) Tortoises/Turtles

S. No. Local Name English Name Scientific Name 1 Kachua Indian starred tortoise Geochelonhe elegans 2 kachua Ganga soft-shell turtle Trionyx gangeticus 3 Panko Kachua Peninsular soft-shell turtle Trionyx leithi 4 Talao Kachua Kachua North India flap-shall

turtle Lissemys pumetata

(E) AMPHIBIA

S.No. Local Name English Name Scientific Name 1 Medhak Common Toad Buyo melanostictus 2 India bull frog Rana tigerina 3 India tree frog Polypedates maculatus 4 Marbled toad Buyo stomaticus 5 Skipping frog Rana Cyanophlysis

(F) PISCES (FISHES)

S. No. Local Name English Name Scientific Name 1 Baam Tire-track spiny-cel Mastacembelus armatus (Lacep.) 2 Baktia Batia loach Nemacheilus botia 3 Balala India trout Raiamas bola 4 Bhuri Striped rasbora Parluciosoma daniconius 5 Bhuri Fire-fin barb Puntius ticto 6 Boalla Brahmputra labio Labeo dyocheilus 7 Bhangnera/Gotyala - Garra gotyla (Gray.) 8 Bhangnera Giparshadi (Hora.) 9 Bhangnera G. lamta (Ham.)

10 Chahl Aspidoparia jaya 11 Chal Flying barb Exomus danricus 12 Chalra Vagra Baril Barilius bendilisis 13 Chand Devarion danio Danio devario 14 Chedra Hamilton Barila Barilius bendilisis 15 Chhibban - Chagunius chagunio 16 Chhoti Singhi Indian Torrent catfish Amblyceps mangois

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17 Childi Barna Baril Barilius barna 18 Chilwa - Barilius dimorphicus 19 Chiri Dwarf chameleon fish Badis badis 20 Dawla Asiatic snakehead Ophiocephalus gochva 21 Dhanaura Gangetic latia Crossocheilus latius 22 Dhanura,Gotla Stone fish Garra gotyula gotyla 23 Dharidar salari Zebra danio Barachydani verio 24 Gadera Beavan's loach Nemacheitus beavani 25 Gadera Day's Loach Nemacheilus dayi 26 Gadera Dehradun loach Nemacheilus dooneusis 27 Gadera Rupecula loach Nemacheilus rupecula 28 Ghiwa Guntea loach Lepidocephalus guntea 29 kala mahseer Black nahseer Tor chelynoides 30 Kalabans Hilly labeo Labeo dero 31 Kater Days' mystus Mystus bleekeri 32 Lal par nahseer Red finned Mahseer Tor tor 33 Nauni Corica loach Nemacheilus corica 34 Pathar=chatti Sucker fish Glyptothorax pectinopterus 35 Phuta Oliver barb Puntius sarana 36 Phuti Bitter carp Puntius chola 37 Phuti Red or Rosy barb Puntius conchonius 38 Phuti Soft-fin barb Puntius sophore 39 Pila-par mahseer Yellow finned mahseer Tor putitora 40 Sauli Spotted snakehead Ophiocephalus punctatus 41 Sauna Savon loach Nemacheilus savona 42 Sua Needle fish Xenetodon cancila 43 Tengra Fiddler fish Mystus vittatus

(G) BUTTERFLIES

S. No. Local Name English Name Scientific Name 1 Blue pansy Precis orithya swinhoei 2 Blue tiger Tirumala Limniace leopardus 3 Common bushbrown Mycalesis perseus blasius 4 Common castor Ariadne merione 5 Common crow Euploea core core 6 Common emigrant Catopsilia crocale crocale 7 Common evening brown Melanitis leda ismene 8 Common gourring Ypthima ceylonica huebnoi 9 Common grass yellow Eurema hecabe fimbriata

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10 Common gull Cepora nerissa phryne 11 Common jester Symbrethia hippoclus 12 Common Jezebel Delias eucharis 13 Common lascar Pantoporia hordonia hordonia 14 Common leopard Phalanta phalanta 15 Common Moromn Papilio polytes romulus 16 Common palmfly Elymnis hypermnestra undularis 17 Comon sailer Neptis hylas astola 18 Common sergent Athyma perius 19 Common sixring Ypthima baldus baldus 20 Comon tiger Danaus genutia 21 Common wanderer Valeria valeria hippia 22 Great Blackvein Aporia agathon caplusa 23 Grey pansy Precis atlies 24 India cabbage white Artogeio canida indica 25 Lime butterfly Papilio demoleus demoleus 26 Long banded silverline Spindasis lohita himalayan 27 Motted emigrant Catopsilia pyranthe pyranthe 28 Painted lady Cynthia cardui 29 Peablue Lampides bacticus 30 Peaocock pansy Precis almana 31 Pioneer Anapheis aurota aurota 32 Plain tiger Danaus chrysippus 33 Psyche Leptosia nina nina 34 Small grass yellow Eurema brigitta rubella 35 Spot swordtail Graphium nomius nomius 36 Spotless grass yellow Eurema lacta lacta 37 Striped albatros Appia libythea libythea 38 Tawny corter Acraea violae 39 Yamfly Loxura stymnus continentatis

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(III) GLOSSARY OF COMMON TERMS IN LOCAL USAGE

GEOGRAPICAL TERMS DEFINITION Bagar/Ragar River deposit Bag Garden Bajri Fine gravel Bagan/Bahan Floating timber Balli Round (unsawn) timber of any length with 20-30 cms. Diameter butt end. Banjar Barren uncultivated land Batia Foot path Batta A fire trace Bera A raft Bhabar Gently slopping tract at foot hills composed of boulders and gravel/ Bhatti Kiln and furnace Bhotia Inhabitant of higher valleys in th northern, Also see MARCHHA Bhinki Timber affected by nsects havng large number of small wholes in wood. Bhogi A patch or small group of trees inside a grassy blank Chak Demarcated village land within a Reserved Forest. Chatta A stock of firewood, one of 7.3m x 1.8m x 1.8m is taken as standard

unit. Chatti A halting stations for the pilgrims on a pilgrim route. Chauki i- Residence of Forest Guard or PATWARI ii- Any kind of check post for control of export etc. Chaukidar Watchman. Chaur Open grass land. Chhann, Channi Temporary hut at cattle sttion Chhappar Thatched hut Chulha Fire place used for prepare food. Chunda-Munda Lops and tops Dadu Strong Cold night wind blowing down the valleys. Dauna Plate made by kanak champa leaves. Daranti A small sicle. Dehra Sahikarri A piece of Sal scantlinggenerally 3m. Long partly sawn and partly axed. Dhar Ridge, Spur Dhulan Carriage, particularly of timber Dhulanee Labour used for dhulan Diggi A small masonry reservoir

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Dotiyal People coming from Doti, a province in Nepal. Doon, Dun A valley between two hills Far Timber made by axe Gauj Rot in trees. Gaula A bolt of short log (used for wheels, axe and charpoy legs.) Gardhera/Gadhna Hill torrent Gaon Village council Garhwali A resident of any of the 4 districts of the Garhwal region viz. Pauri-

Garhwal, Tehri-Garhwal, Chamoli and Uttarkashi.

Gelt Section of tree stem for conversion into sawn timber. Gilta Short cylindrical billet upto 1.2m. Long. Ghat A place on the river side used for bathing purposes. Gharat, Ghatt Water mil. Godam Ration Goth Cattle station Gothias Inhabitants of Goth Gujars Professional buffalo graziers Gul Irrigation channel Hak Rights Kakari Small billets of wood ( in the round) Halpansi Agricultrual implements Handi Earthern pot for boiling katha. Jamadar The headman of a gang of mazdoors Jarkhod Bamboo dug out with rhizomes. Jhala A contractor's hut in forest. Jharr A sal tor entirely of heartwood. Jhota 2nd year old buffalo calf Kamela Powder of red berries of rohini Kandi A basketful of charcoal weighing about 1/2 quintal. Kanjars A nomadic tribe catching porcupines and other vermins. Kari Scantling Kath Timber Katha Extract from Khair heartwood. Kandir, Khadar Back water swampy land on river banks. Khala Deep ravines. Kharak Temporary cattle slltation inside a Reserved. Kharanja Forest used during summer Kharif Stone pitching Khol Rainy season crop Khunta Small falt bordering nala beds.

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Kirana mal Solid short butt end of bamboos for pegs. Kokat Minor forest produce. Kolhu Any inferior species of tree. Kudal A bolt without sapwood, used for crushing oilseeds. Kumhars Spade Kumainya/Kumaoni Potters using mules, donkeys. Ponies, for carriage of forest produce. Lahi Resident of Kumaon. Lambardar Mustard Lathi A village of Gujar headman. lattha A walking stick Loo A log of any length of over 30 cm diameter at but end. Mahant Hot westerly wind. Mahawat Head priest of a temple Mali One who controls and guides an elephant Mandi Gardner Mawa A large market place Moharrir Condensed and solidified milk Malguzar A clerk Maldar Village headman Mazdoor Purchaser to timber lot Muhan Chugan A labourer. Mori Mouth gazing Munshi The front part of a ghat Nadi See MOHARRIR Naib Daroga A river or a stream Nala Assistant Executive Officer Naya-bad A water course. Painth New cultivation. Pakka A temporary periodic market. Parao i- Without sapwood. ii- Build ofstone, brick orconcrete masonary camping gorund Panchayati pertaining to a vllage council. Pankatta Cross- drains Pathal State or schist slabs used for roofing Pattal Big plate made by leaves Pargana Sub-division of a tehsil. Pallu Locally used size of timber. Patraul Forest guard Patti A revenue sub-division of tehsil Patwari Revenue official in charge of a pattim

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Pharra An offcut Poola A bundle of grass with a minimum diameter of 22cm. Pradhan Chairman or president of a Gaon Sabha Rabi Winter crop Rahdari Grazing dues levied on cattle passing through a Reserved Forests. Rahdari Grazing dues on cattle on transit. Rao or Rau A stony water course which is dry over greated part of the year. Raula/Rauli Minor hill stream/brook; terms appicable according to size Rawannah Permit to extract forest produce Ringals Thin solid bamboos growing in the hills Safai jar Cleaning in bamboo culms. Serwa Gross piece of charpoy. Shilpkar Asrtisan of the back ward or depressed classes. Silli A small scantling sometimes roughtl squared with axe. Sot A narrow stream. Tappar An open grasy area in the midst of a forest. Tarai The low lying tract below the bhabar. Tal lake or pound Taungya Mehtod of cultivation in which forest species ae sown with field crops. Tehsil Sub-Division of a district. Thekan The short piece of a hut. Than Temple Thapla A plateau. Khunt muharrir Stump marker. Tillu A small balli Tor An axed piece of timber upto 4m long without sapwood. Zamindar Land lords. Zamindari Belonging to a Zamindar

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(IV) GLOSSARY OF TERMS CONCERNED WITH THE FOREST FIRE PROTECTION

Ariel fuel Include all combustible material, live or dear located in the under storey and upper canopy of tree and shrub communities. The main componenet are mosses. Lichens, epithytesb branches & foliage of trees & shrubs.

Back fire Fire spreading against the wind Combustion It is the rapid chemical reaction combining a combustibel material with oxygen,

accompained by a release of heat and luminous radiation. Control Burning Any deliberate use of fire where by burning is restricted to a predetermined area and

intensity in order to lessen fuel load. Control- line An inclusive term for all bariers natural or constructed, that are used to control a

fire. Creeping fire A fire spreading slowly over the gorund, usually with low flame. Crown fire A fire spresading through the crown of trees and consuming all or part of the upper

branches and foliage. Counter fire An attempt to extinguish an advancing forest fire by deliberately burning the forest

from the opposite direction. Down hill fie Fire spreading down hill slope. Spreadingrate of such fire is very slow. Early burning Controlled burning early in dry season before the leaves are shed, as an insurance

against later fire damage. Fire belt A strip, open of planted with trees, maintained to check the spread of fire. Fire break An existing barrier, natural or otherwise or one prepared before a fire occurs, form

which all or most of the inflammable material have been remove, designed to stop light ground or surface fires and to serve as a line from which to work and counter fire if necessary;also to facilitate the movement of men and equipment in the fighting.

Fire danger A general term expressing the sum of the factors-risk, hazard, infalmmability and safety-which determine whether fire will start, spread or damage and whether and to what extent they can be controled.

Fire intensity It is determined by the amount of available heat energy and the rate of heat energy released. It depends upon the fuel load, heat of combustion & the heat yield.

Fire line A cleared permanenet fire break intended to prevent fires crossing from one area into another.

Fier load index It is a measure of the amount of men and equipment needed to control a fire. Fire Presuppression Those fire protection activities concerned with the organization, training instruction

and maintenance of a fire control force and with the inspection and maintenance of fire control improvement, equipments and supplies to ensure effective fier suppression.

Fire prevention Those fire protection activities concerned with the attempt to reduce the number of fires through education reduction of hazard, rewards and concessions for cooperation in fire protection and imposition of penalties according to law in cases of incendiaries etc.

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Fire protection All activities concerned with protection of a forest area from damage by fire. Comprises prevention, detection, presuppression and suppression. Syn. Fire control, Fires conservancy.

Fire risk The relative chance or probability of fire starting determined by the presenece or absence of causative agencies.

Fire watcher A person employed to aid in fire protectionn. Fire scar A healing or healded-over injury, caused by fire, on the trunk or other large part of a

tree. Fire season (A) The period of year during which forest fire are likely to occur and become

dangerous. (B) The period or periods of the year during which the use of fire in a forest is

subject to legal restrictions. Fier sub-climax A stable community of vegetation, consisting of fire hardy species, established in an

area where fires are annual common. May be a sub-climax or sere-climax. Fire Suppression All the work of extinguishing a fire following its detection . Fire trace A cleared (often burnt) line used as a base from which to counter fire. According to

BCFT. It is also frequently use as a synonym for fie break Fire wound A fresh or healing injury to the combium caused by fire. Flaming combustion Ignition of the gases produced in pre-heating phase herald the second phae of

combustion known as flaming combustion. Enormous heat energy & light radiation are released.

Forest fire Any fire not employed as an indirect means of forest protection or management and which accrue on forest land.

Fuel load Denotes the quantity of the comustible elements that could fuel a fire. It takes into account the type of fuel, depoth of litter and the height of shrubs. Fire intensity is directly proportional to the amount of fuel load.

Glowing combustion Thisis the 3rd phase of combustion in which left over charcoal during flaming combustion, is burnt with the release of huge amount of heat energy and small qunatity of residual ash.

Ground Fire (A) A forest fire that burns the ground cover only. (B) in othe countries, it refers to any fire that consumes the organic material of the forest floor and also burns into the underlying soil itself, as for example, a peat fire.

Ground fuel Include all combustile material below the loose surface litter and comprising decomposig plant material. These fuel support glowing combustion in the form of ground fire.

Hazard (A) A measure of that part of the fire danger which is dependent on the materials available for burning, and its relative amount, class, character, moisture content and condition.

(B) Inflammable material constituting a threat of special suppression, difficulty or likely hood of ignition because of location.

Hazard reduction Any treatment of inflammable material, other than accindental burning that resutls in diminishing the chances of fire starting or spreading in them.

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Head fire Fires spreading with the wind direction. Hear of combustion The amount of total heat energy contained for release per unit mass of the fuel Heat yield It is defined as the amount of heat available for release per unit mass of the fuel. Heavy fuel Heavy fuels are not fast burning. Heavy fuels are slow burning. The diameter of

heavy fuels will be more than 6m.m. Ignition Index It is a measure of how easily counda fire start. Inflammability The relating susceptibility of materials to ignite readily i.e. the case with which

materilas ignite regardless of their quality. Late burning Controlled or uncontrolled burning late in the dry season, after leaf fall where the

trees are deciduous. Light Fuel The fast burning fuels are light in weight and cause a repaid spread of fire. The

diameter of light fuels will not be more than 6m.m. Mopping Up The act of marking a fire safe after it has been controlled, as by firing small

unburned area between the control line and the edge of a fire, removing unburnt inflammable materials in the area, extinguishing smouldering fires with earth or water etc. Rarely, if ever, completed untill all of the fire has been put out.

Patch burning Burning slash, grass etc, in patches for the purpose of perparing sites for planting or sowing.

Pre heating phase This is the first phase of combustion in which plant materials ahead of the flames is raised to its ignition point and involves the driving off of moisture and the generation of flammable hydrocarbon gases.

Spotting It is the initiation of a new fire ahead of main fire by an air born fire brand material. It depends upon the availability of fire brand materials and the flamability the fine fuel componenets where the fire brands land.

Spread index It denotes how fast could a fire spread. This index is used in public announcements of fire danger.

Strip burning A method of controlled burning practised on slops. The area is burnt in successive strips beginning on the uphill side.

Surface fire (A) A forest fire which burning not merely the ground cover but also the under growth

(B) In other contries, it refers to any fire that runs over the forest floor and burns only the surface litter, the Loose debris and smaller vegetation.

Surface fuels It includes standing grass, swards, shrublet communities, seedlings, forbs and loose surface letter. These are fine fuels and consupport fires in direct proportion to their qunatity per unit area.

Up-hill-fire Fire spreading from low elevation to higher on the hill slops. Its spreading from low elevationto higher on the hill slopes rate is very high depending upon the steepness of the hill slope.

1

CHAPTER -I THE TRACT DEALT WITH

1.1 Name and Situation : The working plan deals with the forests included in the Dehradun Forest Division of Shiwalik Circle lying between 300- 2' – 31" to 300- 26' North Latitude and 770- 52' to 780

East Dehradun

- 19' East Longitude falling in the Dehradun, Vikasnagar and Rishikesh Tehsil of Dehradun district. Headquarter of the division is at Dehradun. 1.2 This division has been organized and reorganized several times, the details of which are being given as under: 1.2.1 Forest conservation started in these areas in 1861. Until 1878-79 the Dehradun division included the forests of Saharanpur Forest Division also. In 1964 the Dehradun Forest Division was split into two territorial units viz; the East Dehradun and the West Dehradun forest Divisions vide G.O.No. 4052/XIV-A-575/1963 dated 29/30 June, 1964. At the time of bifurcation of Dehradun Forest Division in 1964, total area of the division was 1, 02,531 ha. After bifurcation, the area of the erstwhile Dehradun East & West Forest Division was 53010.4 and 49520.6 ha respectively. 1.2.2 According to K.N.Singh's Plan the range wise areas of East and West Dehradun division were as under:

Table 1.1

West Dehradun Range Area (ha) Range Area (ha.) Lachiwala 10397.70 Timli 9907.30 Kansrau 8800.20 Malhan 7590.20 Motichur 10751.60 Asarori 7106.10 Thano 11774.40 Choharpur 12870.90 Barkot 11498.30 Jhajhra 10926.20

Total 53222.20 48400.70 1.2.3 After the constitution of Rajaji National Park, reorganization of both Dehradun East & West Forest Divisions was done vide G.O. No. 566/14-4-86-282/76 dated 6 march, 1986. According to this reorganization, the following changes were made:

i. Kansrau Range (except Banbaha 1, 2, 3) and Motichur Range (except Chandi 1, 2) of East Dehradun Division were transferred to Rajaji National Park.

ii. Timli, Malhan and Asarori ranges of West Dehradun Division were transferred to Shiwalik Division.

iii. The organized Dehradun Division was left with the following Ranges:

Table 1.2

Range Area (ha.) Transferred From

Choharpur 12870.90 Erstwhile West Dehradun Division. Jhajhra 10926.20

Thano 11774.40 Erstwhile East Dehradun Division. Barkot (Including Chandi 1,2) 12152.30

Lachiwala (Including Bandaha 1,2,3) 7767.10 Erstwhile East Dehradun Division. Total 55490.90

2

Therefore Choharpur and Jhajhra ranges of erstwhile West Dehradun Forest Division comprising

a total area of 23797. 10 ha and Thano, Barkot and Lachiwala (partly) ranges of erstwhile East Dehradun Forest Division along with Banbaha (Compartments 1, 2 & 3) and Chandi block (Compartment 1&2) comprising a total area of 31693.80 ha were kept in newly created Dehradun forest Division. 1.2.4 Another reorganization of Dehradun forest division was done vide G.O.No. 2094/14-4-88/76 dated 13 May, 1988. Barwala, Tauli, Binhar and Batoli beats of Choharpur range and Ladpur, Dwara, Rajpur (partly), Raipur, Bakarna and Bhopalpani blocks of Jhajhra range comprising a total area of 10254.10 ha were transferred to Mussoorie Forest Division . 1.2.5 Another reorganization was again done vide G.O.No. 2129/14-1-94-30(5)/80 TC dated 25-6-94. According to this new reorganization, the area of entire Choharpur range of this division was transferred to Soil conservation Division, Kalsi and entire areas of Malhan and Asarori ranges were transferred to this division from Shiwalik Forest Division, Dehradun. 1.2.6 Again, 572.60 ha. forest area of Chandan rau 1 &2, Topoban 1 & Rishikesh 1 of Rishikesh range were transferred to Narendra Nagar Forest Division vide PCCF letter no 1379/20-13 (1) dated 1.10.2003.

1.3 The forests of the division are bounded in the North by Mussoorie Forest Division, in the South by Rajaji National Park, in the West by Shiwalik and Soil Conservation Division, Kalsi and in the East by the river Ganga. The forests of the division are interspersed by numerous fields, farms, villages and townships. After the creation of the new state; number of industrial areas has also come up in this region. The northern belt is a complicated mass, being interspersed with and intersected by a large number of ‘chaks’ and villages resulting in a number of isolated sometimes narrow finger like formations. 1.4 The forest division has a very good network of roads. The main metalled P.W.D. roads are Dehradun- Chakrata, Saharanpur-Horrawala, Sahaspur-Langha, Dehradun-Thano-Barkot, Dehradun-Mohand-Saharanpur, Dehradun-Dharmawala-Simla byepass Road, Dehradun-Doiwala-Haridwar Road, Thano-Joli motor roads. The forest department also maintains a few metalled roads. The division is also served by Dehradun-Haridwar Laskar main line of the Northern Railway and its branch, the Raiwala-Virbhadra-Rishikesh line. 1.5 The main townshps in the tract are those of Dehradun, Doiwala, Premnagar, Herbertpur, Vikasnagar, Clementown, Raiwala, Bhaniawala and Rishikesh. Mussoorie is only 35km. North of Dehradun city. 1.6 Configuration of the ground 1.6.1. The Doon valley in the foot hills of the Himalaya bounded by lesser Himalayan rocks in the North and Shiwaliks in the South and transversally bordered by the Ganga in the south-East and Yamuna in the North-West forms an inter- montane valley ecosystem extending from 290 55' to 300 30' N Lat. and 770 35' to 780

(i) N.W. and N.E. part of the valley : The lesser Himalayan-Mussoorie range

20' E Long. with the area of about 2700 sq. km. ranging from 330 m to 2710 m above mean sea level (m.s.l). 1.6.2 The Dehradun valley can be divided into three major physiographic regions as follows:

(ii) The Central Synclinal trough: Doon valley proper (iii) The continuous chain of hills in the S.W. and S.E. parts of valley: the Shiwalik range.

3

1.6.3 The forest areas along the outer Himalayan range are characterized by gentle to moderately flat tops with steep slopes and deep valleys. In a well conserved situation, Dehradun forest division has dominant multi-tier forest vegetation some what thin in the upper reaches and low density forest with grassy stretches lower down in the bhabhar plains. The gentle northern slopes are dominated by Sal forests, while the southern slopes carry a dynamic mixed tree vegetation, shrubs and grasses in different canopy, layers. Sal occurs in flatter patches in mid and lower southern slopes too. 1.7 Geology, Rocks and Minerals

1.7.1 Geology of the area: The area around Doon valley from Rajpur to Mohand is bounded by main boundary thrust (MBT) in the North and main frontal thrust (MFT) in the South. The junction between the lesser Himalaya and the outer Himalaya is marked by MBT which separates the tertiary rocks (Shiwaliks) from the pre-tertiary rocks (Krol-tal and infra-krols). The MFT is another important tectonic feature which separates the tertiary rocks (Shiwaliks) from the recent to sub-recent alluvial deposits of the Ganga basin. Geologically, the valley is divided into three ranges:

(i) The Lesser Himalayas (ii) Synclinal structural depression or Doon Valley.

(iii) The Shiwalik range

1.7.2 The Lesser Himalaya: Mussoorie mountain range is in the North-West and North-Eastern parts of the Doon valley . It comprises rocks of the Jaunsar ( Chandpur Phyllites and Nagthat Quartzites ) and Mussoorie group ( shales, sand stones, greywacks, calcareous slates, dolomite and limestones of Blaini- krol-tal sequence) of proterozoic-cambrian age.

1.7.3 Synclinal structural depression: Filled with coarse clastic fan deposits of late Pleistocene and Holocene age known as the Doon Gravels. The Doon gravels have been further sub-divided into oldest, younger and youngest Doon Gravels. The oldest Doon Gravels resting over the upper and middle Shiwalik beds and at place directly over Chandpur phyllites consist of poorly shorted pebbles and gravels set in sandy matrix and red clays. The pebbles consisting of upper Shiwalik and krol lime stone have been crushed during folding. The oldest Doon gravels consists partly of crushed Upper Shiwaliks cobbles, angular pebbles of quartzites, slates and shales from the Nagthat, Chandpur and Tal formation and lime stone pebbles from the Krol lime stones alternating with clay beds. The younger Doon Gravels, resting unconformably over the oldest Doon Gravels in northern part, are characterized by very large boulders present in debris flow and braided river deposits. The unit consists of poorly shorted mixture of clay, sands, gravels and large boulders. The major part of valley is occupied by Younger Doon Gravels occurring in the form of large fans, formed by reworking of Oldest Doon Gravels and are called as Principal Doon fans. The Youngest Doon Gravels are present day braided river deposits and sub-recent terrace deposit along Asan and Song rivers. They are less weathered and soil formation is in incipient stage. A number of coalesced fans have also descended down from the Shiwalik range forming "Piedmont Zone", are also part of Youngest Doon Gravels. 1.7.4 The Shiwalik Range: In the South of the valley, the middle and upper Shiwaliks are found. The rocks of middle Shiwalik have the characteristic facets of continental deposits of large low land reverse and consist of friable medium grained grey coloured sand stones rich in micaceous minerals with mud stones. The rocks of upper Shiwaliks indicate a change in the region of the large braided rivers and are characterized by alternate polymictic conglomerate and subordinate grey micaceous sand stone. The conglomerates consist of well rounded to sub-rounded clastic of white, pink and grey quartzite, phyllite and rare lime stone.

4

1.8 Minerals. 1.8.1 The Dehradun-Mussoorie area is an environmentally sensitive, demographically active, mineralogically rich, economically growing and sociologically sensitive region. The region lies in a crucial environmental belt. The minerals are located in the krol nappe series of rocks which lies on the geologically sensitive MBT area where the pre-tertiary and tertiary rocks of the region come in contact. It is also the watershed area of the two major rivers i.e. Ganges and Yamuna. A number of perennial and seasonal drainage channels arising from lesser Himalayas and Shiwaliks debauch into the major rivers through the river system of Tons and Asan in the West and Suswa and Song in the East which drain into Yamuna and Ganges respectively. 1.8.2 Mineralogically, the region has high grade lime stone deposit with a reserve estimate of four hundred million tons, as well as rock phosphate with reserve estimate of 45.37 million tons. The region attracted the miners in great numbers for four decades from 1950 to 1990. It was an active mining belt and as many as 101 mining leases were given out in this region out of which 72 leases were from Dehradun district covering an area of 1411.47 ha. However, lime stone mining was stopped by a Supreme Court verdict in 1984, in response to a Public interest litigation filed by an N.G.O. of Dehradun on the grounds of environmental deterioration. Mining was stopped in stages & the last lime stone mine was closed in January 1996. Apart from the major minerals, building material like boulders, shingles, bajri are also collected from river beds given on lease and for which royalty is realized by the state government. 1.8.3 Mussoorie is endowed with one of the purest lime stone deposits in the country having more than 99% purity which is claimed to be fit for producing high grade steel in the country. 1.8.4 Sporadic and small occurrence of gypsum, dolomite and marble from Blaini and krol formations are also reported. 1.9 Forest Soil: Soils of the forests of the Doon valley have been studied in the past in great detail by Shri S.D. Sharma, Shri R.M. Singhal and Dr. M.N. Jha, of Forest Soil and Land Reclamation division F.R.I. Dehradun. Their article "Characteristics of soil of Doon valley forests" was published in the joumal of Himalayan Geology, Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, Vol. 6-2-1995. The details of which are given below. 1.9.1 A major part of forest is stretched along the northern slopes of the Shiwalik ridge from the Yamuna to the Ganga as a continuous belt about 6.58 km. wide running for about 77 km. The bulk of the forests lie in 5 belts separated by Asan river in the West, and Suswa and Song river in the East. These belts are bounded, in North- West by the Yamuna river, in North-East by foot hills of outer Himalayas, in the East by the Ganga and in the South by the main Shiwalik ridge. Between these 5 belts lie the numerous fields, farms, tea gardens, villages and townships of Dehradun district. 1.9.2 Due to wide variations in topography, intensity of erosion, parent material and other factors, the soils of Doon valley have so wide variation in their properties especially texture, depth, stoniness, colour, drainage, moisture status, organic matter content and cat-ion exchange capacity. The soil overlying the bouldery mass is much variable, both in depth and richness, and is all together absent in rau beds. It is generally sandy and poor with varying proportions of locally deposited clay. Because of great thickness of underlying boulders, the permanent level of ground water is at considerable depth. 1.9.3 The forest soils of the Doon valley mainly belong to the orders Inceptisol, Mollisol and Alfisol as could be determined by their diagnostic and other properties. Lower level of classification, keeping in view the other diagnostic characteristics, have been described below:

5

1.9.3.1 Coarse Loamy Thermic Udic Haplustoll (profile I): These soils occur mainly on the gentle slopes and were identified in Dharmawala block of Dehradun forests. These soil are brownish in colour, loam to sandy in texture and acidic to near neutral in reaction without an argillic and calcic or zypsic horizons. Gravels and stones in the lower depth of these soils have adversely affected the fertility status due to reduction in effective soil volume available to roots. The effect of these soils on main vegetation- Sal on their development is evident from the Ca: Mg ratio which is higher at the surface. 1.9.3.2 Loamy Thermic Udic Argiustol (profiles II and III): These soils which occur commonly in the foot hills and lower portions of the gentle slopes are found in the Jhajhra and Sahansara blocks of Dehradun forests. The main characteristics of these soils are their fine loamy to coarse loamy texture, acidic in nature and high percentage base saturation. Calcareousness is absent from profile but the argillic horizon is present. The organic matter content and base saturation status indicate high fertility but the presence of gravels and stones, (relatively more in Sahansara than Jhajhra block) decreases the effective fertility through reduction in soil volume available to roots and also water holding capacity. The Ca:Mg ratio shows the effect of vegetation upon soil development but unlike the Haplustolles, these values do not decrease considerably with depth. 1.9.3.3 Coarse Loamy Thermic Flueventic haplumbrept (Profiles IV and V): These are the freely drained non-calcareous soils developed under very short dry season of Lambirau and Bahera blocks and situated by the side of Lambirau and Kansrau raus respectively. Their main vegetation is natural Sal. The presence of coarse stratification and lack of clay migration indicate their recent origin. These soils, which are umbric at the surface, have acidic to near neutral reaction and texture from loam to loamy sand throughout the depth, but unlike the Haplustolls, gavels and pebbles are found embedded. The organic matter content and percent base saturation of the soils indicate a high fertility status but the presence of high amount of gravel with some stone reduce the effective soil volume. The Ca: Mg ratio also does not indicate any effect of vegetation on soil development as it is inconsistent throughout the depth of the profile. 1.9.3.4 Fine Loamy Thermic Haplustalf (Profiles VI, VII and VIII): These soils occur under miscellaneous vegetation and on gentle sloppy terrains of Suswa, Lachiwala and Bibiwala Block of Dehradun Forests. The characteristics features of soils are absence of abrupt change in texture and lithic contact upto 50 cms from the surface. These soils also have a characterstic argilic horizon and high base saturation status up to 1.25 m depth or above the lithic contact. The soils are brownish in colour, acidic to near neutral in reaction and clay loam to silty loam in texture. Their exchangeable Ca: Mg ratio indicates active participation of vegetation on their development except in Lachiwala block, where these ratios are high in the lower horizons. 1.10 Lately, not only Dehradun city but the whole distict is experiencing immense population pressure. On 9 Nov. 2000, the state of Uttarakhand was created from erstwhile state of U.P. and subsequently Deradun city was declared its temporary capital. Consequently, there has been huge influx of population not only in the city but in the entire district. The very high demand for the landed property in the city increased its rate in geometric progression within a very short span of time. The administrative exigencies of the state capital, better job opportunities for the youth, up coming of a number of colleges, institutes & training centres, development of Selakuin as an industrial belt and other similar factors largely contributed to the huge increase in human population in the capital city. Due to increase in human population, the number of vehicles also increased proportionately. To increase its carrying capacity, Dehradun township is fast extending towards Herbertpur, Vikashnagar on one side and Rishikesh-Haridwar on the other. The high demand and high cost of land price has made the forest land very prone and susceptible to encroachment. To save the forest land from being encroached is a big challenge for the forest administration. In the past, these forests have immensely suffered due to various anthropogenic pressures like grazing, forest fire, fuel wood collection etc as a result of which, the regeneration is almost

6

absent in the area. Therefore, integrated effort has to be made to conserve and protect established natural forest and development has to be planned for the management of Doon valley and its watershed on the sustainable basis. Human development and their settlement should be syncronized with the conservation of the Doon valley for the ecological balance of the highly fragile Shiwalik Eco-system. At present Dehradun is experiencing a contradiction between ecological and developmental p riorities. The recent development of Dehradun as capital city in terms of huge population influx as well as high density of vehicular traffic has generated high level of pollution on one hand and deterioration of soil and water quality on the other. The heritage Basmati rice of Dehradun is the story of old days and most of the agricultural fields have turned into housing colonies. Several biotic interferences have turned good forests and tea estates into scrub vegetation with profuse weeds. The forests need full protection not only in terms of encroachment but also for retaining the soil fertility and productivity in the valley. Development has to be planned on the basis of watershed management on a sustainable basis so that the valley can be kept alive with regenerating and well managed forests. Only a rich habitat can sustain healthy wildlife. Human development strategies covering their settlement needs should be synchronized with the carrying capacity & conservation status of the valley because the interdependence of man and nature is of crucial importance in this highly fragile eco-system of Doon valley.

1.11 Climate: The Climate of Dehradun forest division is more temperate and humid than that of the adjoining districts. The maximum day and night temperatures being 30 to 60 lower than the adjoining districts throughout the year. The months of May & June are the hottest and some of the days now go oppressive. Frost becomes severe from mid December to mid February. 1.12 Climatic data viz. rain, temperature, wind velocity, evaporation, humidity etc. not available in any range so that the range wise analysis could not be possible, though these data are very important. 1.13 Temperature: The mean annual temperature recorded in new forest in past 60 yrs is 20.4 degree celcius. The temperature as recorded in the FRI (observatory) during the last decade varies from 1.70 C in January 2007 to about 37.240 c in June 2005. The highest temperature recorded at the F.R.I., New Forest in Dehradun was 44.50C on May 28, 1988. The lowest temperature was on Feb. 1, 1935 when the temperature fell to 0. 60

1.16 Rainfall: The monsoon generally breaks out at the end of June and the rains continue until about the middle of September. The average monthly rainfall pattern over past 60 years showed that the months of January, February, March, April and May received very little amount of rainfall ranging between 1.01 per cent in April to 2.75 per cent in February. The month of June received only 9.6 per cent of annual rainfall. The month of June normally remains dry and the south-west monsoon reaches in the valley only in the last week of June. July and August received the highest amount of rainfall during the year which accounted for 30.1 and 31.1 per cent, respectively. September, being the month of retreating monsoon

C. 1.14 Frost: Frost is quite common on winter nights. Severe frost occurs in January & February and cause damage to young sal regeneration. There are many places especially in the low grass lands and within two miles on each side of the Suswa and Song rivers, where the night temperature during October to April is several degrees lower than those at Dehradun. In these places frost occur as early as during the first week of November. 1.15 Winds: The prevailing winds are from the West and are generally of moderate velocity, except when severe storms occur during the hot weather specially in April and May. In the evenings there is always a light breeze coming down the North but there is no typical 'dado' which is such a familiar feature in the adjoining divisions at the foothills of the Himalayas. The dreaded hot 'loo' rarely manages to cross the Shiwalik ridges. Night dews prevail uninterrupted throughout the year except for April, May and part of June. In occasional years there are few nights without dew even in these months.

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accounted for 13.7 per cent of annual rainfall. October and November are the post monsoon months and accounted for only 2.55 and 0.4 per cent of annual rainfall, respectively. December also received a very low percentage (1.38 per cent) of annual rainfall.

From the point of view of moisture availability the efficiency of rainfall largely depends on its frequency and intensity. The most common parameter used is the number of rainy days per unit period of time. In India, as per Indian Meteorological Department standards, this is defined as number of days with 2.5 mm of rainfall or more. The available rainfall pattern data shows that the annual number of rainy days in an year is 80 in Doon valley. 1.17 Determination of dry and wet season is most important parameters of climate. Legris and Viart defined a dry month when the total monthly rain fall expressed in mm is equal to or less than double the value of mean monthly temperature in degree centigrade. This is expressed as P<2T. Although exact quantitative data relating to forest destruction during the past century are not available, yet a crude estimate can be made by comparing reduction of reserve forest from 1887 to 1988. The recorded population of the valley raised from 20,000 in 1823 to 1,27,000 in 1901, an increase of 650% in fewer than 80 years (Beaudry, 1991). The population of Doon Valley increased sharply after independence because of influx of migrants due to indo-pak partition. Since then, rapid urbanisation and industrialization took place in the valley. A sudden increase in quarry activities in Doon valley and the Mussoorie hills devastated the hills of the natural forest cover.

Among the most far reaching and immediate effect of deforestation is the modification of micro climate. The daily variation in ground temperature is much higher in denuded areas compared to the land under forest (Mehar-Homji, 1991). Evidences from Nilgiri hills shows the night temperature during winter is as low as -100C in open grassy area and at the same time temperature under forest canopies remain above 00

Meher-Homji (1991) has also reported a reduction in rainfall and rainy days of rains of local origin (monsoon rain excluded) from Nilgiris ( a mountaineous region in south India) and attributed the cause mainly due to forest denudation in the region. Apparently conditions of local environment is primarily detrimental for local rains. Hydrologically, Doon Valley is a water rich valley. Annual rainfall is well above the evaporation, yet water is a scarce commodity. Natural water springs are drying up. Conserving the abundant downpour during the monsoon for increasing higher levels of sustainable and perennial water resources especially in pre-monsoon months is a central challenge in the management of

C (Legris and Blasco, 1969). Diurnal temperature rages in Doon Valley have shown an increasing trend, with maximum temperature increasing and minimum temperature decreasing in all the months, resulting in slight decrease in mean temperatures. The increasing maximum temperature coupled with increased frequency of extremely high temperatures in the last decade has shown some tendency of warming in the valley and its surroundings (Rawat, 1990).

Deforestation is both cause and effect of the continental warming of the earth. The mechanism

has been described at length by many writers (Whittaker, 1973,Bolin et al., 1979, Woodwell et. al,. 1983; Houghton and Woodwel, 1989). The special insight of 1980’s is that forest globally are much more important in determining the composition of atmosphere on a year to year basis than climatologists, oceanographers and others involved in climatic changes have recognized (Woodwell, 1991).The annual rainfall in the valley is declining, and the highest amount of annual rainfall was recorded during 1941-50 and the lowest was recorded during 1981-90. An 8% decline in annual rainfall from rainfall of earlier 30 years has been recorded. About 85% of rainfall in the valley is caused by monsoon rain, rest are rains of local origin. Analysis of seasonal rainfall reveals that in the recent 30 years i.e. 1961-90 although the amount of annual rainfall was lower, the contribution of monsoon rainfall was higher from the average of previous 30 years. Thus a further reduction in local rains has been resulted.

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water resources in the valley. The actual amount of water needed for household use, irrigation and industrial purpose is only a fraction of total precipitation. To protect the climatic environment of Doon Valley from further deterioration, a search for a comprehensive regional development policy has been started and this relates closely to declaration of Doon Valley as ecologically fragile zone. The Ministry of Environment & Forest, Govt. of India on 1st

1.19 Geohydrologically, the structurally controlled sub-montane Doon valley is divisible into –

Feb. 1989 under Sec 3 (2)(V) of Environment (Protection) Act 1986 has notified Doon Valley restricting location of industries, mining operation and other developmental activities.

Any planning and developmental programme without emphasis on conservation of natural resources will not fulfill the long term goals. In the words of noted ecologist Woodwell (1991) “Recognition of the importance of forest in affecting, possibly controlling, the composition of the atmosphere, therefore the temperature of the earth and global climate, moves forests and forested land into a new realm of public interest. Forests become a part of the common property, just as air and water and oceans and lakes and rivers and roads and currency and human rights and governments themselves.”

1.18 Water supply and water table: Increased demand of water despite various unaccounted anthropogenic pressure on natural environment and ecology resulting in the drying up of springs and reduction in their discharges of streams in Lesser and Outer Himalaya are the most serious problems calling for study of the groundwater resources in the Himalayan region. The deforestation and unchecked erosion have greatly affected the hydrological regime and environment of the Doon valley in Sub-Himalayan region. Disrupted water cycle can turn water from an abundant renewable source into a vanishing non-renewable source. Inadequate recharge resulting in lesser discharge of springs and wells and increased demand of water is creating scarcity of water for the townships of Dehradun, Rishikesh, Raiwala, Doiwala, Dakpathar, Vikasnagar located in Doon valley. The ground water play an important role in solving this periodic water crisis, and as it also serves as a source of uncontaminated water, therefore methods for locating good aquifers should be studied and evolved in the Himalayan belt. Further, the importance of ground water in Doon valley can be understood from the situation that more than 76% of the total supply of domestic water in city comes from ground water. Over exploitation of the ground water may lower the water table and reduce the saturated thickness of the aquifer. The rain water harvesting can prove to be very useful for meeting the increasing demand of the people.

i. Lesser Himalayan Zone

ii. Synclinal Central Zone – Doon Valley. iii. Shiwalik Zone

1.19.1 Lesser Himalayan Zone: Steeply sloping northern flank of the valley comprising rocks of the Lesser Himalayan formations, such as quartzite, schist, slates, phyllite, hard sandstone, lime stone, dolomite of the Chandpur, Nagthat, Blaini, Krol and Tal formation of the Lesser Himalaya having secondary porosity and permeability is characterized by springs and seepages. Though sedimentary in nature the rocks have very low intergranular porosity and are characterized by fissures, fracture and joints. The Zones of lineament, faults and the Main Boundary Thrust show pockets of high secondary porosity.

The groundwater/sub-surface water in this zone occurs largely as disconnected local bodies in favorably perched aquifers under both confined and unconfined conditions and also in zones of jointing

9

& fracturing. Relatively flat areas and gently sloping grounds characterized by deep weathering, such as hill-tops, ridges, saddles, spurs and bulges of old landslide-debris, river terraces and fluvial fans form the recharge area while steeper hill- slopes,1st or 2nd

order stream at slope breaks, scraps of fans are sites of discharges. The upper portion of the catchments areas are saucer shaped amphitheatres (as in NW of the Dehradun near Pashta, Kiarkuli, Masrana, Durmala-Buraskhanda-Gwar and Kothar) giving rise to large underground bodies of perched water. The springs and seepages issue out from all sides of the individual aquifers at different elevations through fracture and joints and from weathered material. The springs in the rocks of the secondary porosity show great variability in yield even within short distances. The limestone and dolomite of the Krol formation is characterized by cavities and solution channels oriented along WNW-ESE and NW-SE trending joints. Selective solutions along these fractures and joints have created networks of underground water courses leading to almost complete lack of Ist & IInd order perennial streams over ground. The yield of springs in the karst belt is very high.

The sand-gravel deposits of the fluvial and colluvial origin in the Lesser Himalayan Zone lying in the lower reaches of the stream or near the confluence of two streams in the form of fans and terraces are highly porous and permeable and therefore, hold sufficient quantities of water. Reliable ground water supplies from springs are enough to meet the needs of the small villages of 150-400 persons. These are available in almost all valleys in which terraces of sand-gravel deposits are present such as Manjgaon-Pipalasain-Nayar etc. along the Song river. The springs show wide discharge variability.

1.19.2 Synclinal Central Zone: The zone classified under piedmont zone occupied by the Doon gravels, having primary porosity and permeability, is forming the main aquifer in the area. The groundwater is present in multi-tiered aquifers under unconfined and confined conditions. The coarse sand and gravel underlain by clay beds is the main water bearing strata. The zone is characterized by high infiltration rate. A number of dug wells and tube wells are largely confined to this zone. The depth of water table varies from 3 to 90 m. below ground level.

A number of water table springs are present along the valley floor along the terrace and fan scarps contributing to the base flow of the streams during the lean period of discharge. The discharges of such springs are usually very high.

1.19.3 The Shiwalik Zone: The water is present under confined conditions and the water table is

relatively deep. Though, the conglomeratic unit of the Upper Shiwalik is porous and permeable but because of the steep slopes, due to fans forming piedmont zone along the southern fringe of the valley and moderate to steep dip of the beds, the water quickly goes as runoff.

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Table 1.3 Meterological Data Obtained from Forest Ecology And Environment Division Forest Research Institute, Dehradun.

Year 1999 Meterological parameters Jan. Feb. March April May June July August Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Rainfall(mm) 58.4 3.3 0 0 21.1 304.8 686.6 433.7 435.7 41 0 8.5 No. of rainy days 4 1 0 0 3 11 20 17 23 2 0 1 82Mean max temp (0 18.9 C) 23.3 28.5 35.5 35.5 33.5 29.7 30.1 29.7 29.1 25.8 22.8

Mean min temp (0 5.2 C) 6.9 9.2 13.5 18.3 20.5 22.5 22.1 20.5 13.1 7.3 4.8

Av. wind velocity (Km/h) 1.9 2.1 2.8 2.9 3.3 3.2 2.1 2 1.7 1.6 1.3 1.2 Mean Relative humidity (0 51 C) at 14/19 hrs.

41 28 18 34 52 78 77 75 54 46 48

Table 1.4

Meterological Data Obtained from Forest Ecology And Environment Division Forest Research Institute, Dehradun. Year 2000

Meterological parameters Jan. Feb. March April May June July August Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Rainfall(mm) 77.3 107.5 56.4 12.5 144.3 292.1 701.5 560.9 241.6 0 1 0 No. of rainy days 4 7 5 1 10 11 20 20 10 0 0 0 82Mean max temp (0 19.7 C) 19.5 26.6 33.5 33.7 31.1 29.9 30.1 29.7 29.6 25.8 22.4

Mean min temp (0 4.8 C) 4.6 9.1 14.1 19.4 21.5 22.8 22.2 19.6 14.5 9.2 4.4

Av. wind velocity (Km/h) 1.7 2.2 2.9 2.9 2.6 2.5 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.1 1.2 1.3 Mean Relative humidity (0 51 C) at 14/19 hrs.

51 38 26 48 67 78 76 68 56 48 45

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Table 1.5 Meterological Data Obtained from Forest Ecology And Environment Division Forest Research Institute, Dehradun.

Year 2001 Meterological parameters Jan. Feb. March April May June July August Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Rainfall(mm) 46.5 3.5 38.7 39.8 105.7 399.2 596.1 563 125.2 0.2 1.3 5.9 No. of rainy days 2 0 3 3 6 19 22 19 6 0 0 2 82Mean max temp (0 19.7 C) 24.2 27.5 31.9 34.3 31.4 30.9 31.2 31.3 29.9 26.7 22.6

Mean min temp (0 3.6 C) 5.4 9.2 13.7 19.1 21.3 23.3 22.7 19 14.9 8.7 5.2

Av. wind velocity (Km/h) 1.9 2.4 3.6 2.7 2.9 2.4 1.9 2 1.9 1.5 1.3 1.2 Mean Relative humidity (0 51 C) at 14/19 hrs.

32 30 29 41 69 77 71 59 53 42 44

Table 1.6

Meterological Data Obtained from Forest Ecology And Environment Division Forest Research Institute, Dehradun. Year 2002

Meterological parameters Jan. Feb. March April May June July August Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Rainfall(mm) 34.8 110.9 63.1 65.6 28.7 134.2 121.5 483.3 275.9 54.9 0 0.3 No. of rainy days 4 6 2 3 4 12 8 18 11 5 0 0 82Mean max temp (0 19.7 C) 21.9 27 32.7 35.3 33.8 32.8 30.3 29.2 29.2 25.8 22.8

Mean min temp (0 4.1 C) 6.4 10.8 14.4 18.9 21.1 22.7 22.7

Av. wind velocity (Km/h) 1.4 1.9 2 2 2.1 2 2.1 1.5 1.5 1.3 1 1.1 Mean Relative humidity (0 46 C) at 14/19 hrs.

44 41 29 39 54 64 75 70 52 45 43

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Table 1.7 Meterological Data Obtained from Forest Ecology And Environment Division Forest Research Institute, Dehradun.

Year 2003 Meterological parameters Jan. Feb. March April May June July August Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Rainfall(mm) 36 79.8 52 10.6 19.9 140.8 410.2 625 403.7 0 6.4 20.6 No. of rainy days 4 5 3 2 2 8 14 25 17 0 1 4 82Mean max temp (0 19.7 C) 21.5 25.9 33.1 35.4 35.5 31.7 30.7 30.1 29.5 25.3 21.7

Mean min temp (0 3.3 C) 6.7 9.9 13.7 15.9 21.6 22.9 22.5 20.6 11.7 7 5.1

Av. wind velocity (Km/h) 1.3 1.9 2.2 2.3 2.6 2.1 1.7 1.3 1.6 1.3 1 1 Mean Relative humidity (0 45 C) at 14/19 hrs.

44 41 28 27 46 74 76 71 44 46 49

Table 1.8

Meterological Data Obtained from Forest Ecology And Environment Division Forest Research Institute, Dehradun. Year 2004

Meterological parameters Jan. Feb. March April May June July August Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Rainfall(mm) 97.5 24.4 0 18.6 124.5 267.7 587.5 498.9 122.9 66.7 0 6.9 No. of rainy days 5 1 0 2 4 8 18 18 10 5 0 1 82Mean max temp (0 19.9 C) 23.4 30.6 34 35.4 32.6 31.4 30.8 30.8 27.6 25.2 21.7

Mean min temp (0 4.6 C) 6.7 10.7 15.3 17.8 20.4 22.3 22.4 21 13.1 8.3 5.8

Av. wind velocity (Km/h) 1.5 2.2 2.7 3.3 3.6 2.9 2.5 1.9 2.3 1.9 1.6 1.8 Mean Relative humidity (0 52 C) at 14/19 hrs.

43 30 27 32 57 71 74 66 53 52 53

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Table 1.9 Meterological Data Obtained from Forest Ecology And Environment Division Forest Research Institute, Dehradun.

Year 2005 Meterological parameters Jan. Feb. March April May June July August Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Rainfall(mm) 69.2 80.9 63.6 0.2 42.2 104.8 810.1 410 311.7 0.9 0 0.2 No. of rainy days 7 3 6 0 3 5 24 19 16 0 0 0 82Mean max temp (0 19.05 C) 20.27 26.76 32.22 34083 37.24 30.38 30.56 29.11 28.8 25.57 22.25

Mean min temp (0 4.53 C) 7.57 11.17 12.91 16.2 20.63 23.17 22.47 20.75 14.67 6.5 2.81

Av. wind velocity (Km/h) 2.17 2.51 2.93 3.2 3.52 3.96 2.68 2.5 2.26 1.95 1.81 1.47 Mean Relative humidity (0 52.32 C) at 14/19 hrs.

53.54 43.45 25.8 28.23 35.63 75.65 73.81 75.47 58.13 38.9 39.52

Table 1.10

Meterological Data Obtained from Forest Ecology And Environment Division Forest Research Institute, Dehradun. Year 2007

Meterological parameters Jan. Feb. March April May June July August Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Rainfall(mm) 1.6 123.9 94.2 15.5 18.1 99.2 843 676.7 257.8 27.8 0 15.5 No. of rainy days 0 5 7 1 4 7 21 19 9 1 0 2 82Mean max temp (0 21.3 C) 21.2 25.2 33.4 34.6 34.6 31.2 30.5 30.7 29.7 26.1 21.8

Mean min temp (0 1.7 C) 6.5 9.7 14.9 17.9 21.5 22.9 23 20.9 12.4 7.8 33.4

Av. wind velocity (Km/h) 1.9 2.4 2.8 2.9 3.3 3.4 2.8 2.5 2.1 1.8 1.3 1.5 Mean Relative humidity (0 38 C) at 14/19 hrs.

58 47 33 37 53 70 77 68 47 46 43

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15

16

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1.20 Distribution of Area: The division forms almost a complete block of 50481.90 ha which is given in appendix I. The following statement gives the summary of total area ranges.

Table 1.11

Distribution of Area Range Old

Reserved Forest In ha.

New Reserved Forest in ha.

Vested Forest in

ha.

Unclassified In ha.

Lease transfer

in ha.

Total

Asarori 2978.60 793.30 457.28 5.50 178.22 4412.90 Barkot 5284.00 1183.90 - 0.20 652.30 7120.40 Jhajhra 1816.60 3719.20 16.90 - 153.80 5706.50 Lachiwala 7380.10 277.10 1.20 0.30 52.70 7711.40 Malhan 7018.50 317.80 253.70 0.20 - 7590.20 Malsi Deer Park - 1183.60 467.50 - - 1651.10 Rishikesh 2967.5536 189.847 15.30 - 1342.2994 4515.00 Thano 5652.10 5955.20 79.30 20.60 67.20 11774.40

Total 33097.4536 13619.947 1291.08 26.80 2446.5194 50481.90

Beside above, the road side avenues of 198.80 Kms. (both sides) are also under the control of forest department. These roads were transferred from Public Work Department for scientific management. Excluding the unclassified area of 26.80 ha. and an area of 2446.5194 ha under leases and transfers, the area of the division comes to 48,008.5806 ha. for which the management plan will be applicable.

1.21 Details of areas other than reserved and vested forests which are also under the control of the forest department are shown in the following table:

Table 1.12 Range Name of the area Area

in ha. Acquired under

Asarori

Forest chauki site at Habhajwala 0.20 G.O.No.608/XIV-55 of 1904 dated October, 1904. Land for road to link Karwapani with jhajhra.

5.30 G.O.No. 198/XIV-50 dated March, 18, 1929 and no. 533/XIV-50dated June 21, 1929.

Total 5.50 Barkot Forest Guard chauki site at

Barkot 0.10 Unclassified

Old Range quarter site at Barkot 0.10 Unclassified

Total 0.20 Lachiwala Forest chauki at Lachiwala 0.10 G.O.No. 296 of 1882 dated May 3, 1882

Forest chauki at Mothronwala 0.10 G.O.No. 296 of 1882 dated May 3. 1882 Elephant shade at Lachiwala 0.10 -------do---------

Total 0.30 Malhan Forest chauki site at Sherpur 0.20 G.N.O. 608/XIV-55 of 1904 dated Oct. 1904.

Total 0.20 Thano Camping ground at Thano 3.10 Unclassified

Naugaon waste land 17.50 Deforested vide G.O.No. 283-F-777-6 dated May 28, 1888 but left under the control of Forest Department.

Total 20.60 Grand Total 26.80

18

1.22 There are a large number of leases and transfers in the old & new reserves and vested forests. In spite of the transfer of the area, the legal status continues to be either reserved or vested forest. The stipulated period of some of these sanctioned leases have expired, but the areas still remain in the possession of lease holders. Sincere effort should be made by the D.F.O. to take back the possession of such areas. A detailed list of leases and transfers is given in Appendix …….. The following table shows the range wise area under leases and transfers in the division. A compartment wise abstract is also given in Appendix ……….

Table 1.13

S. No.

Range

Area under lease and transfer in ha. Total (in ha.) Old Reserved Forests

New reserved forest (vested forest declared reserved)

Vested forest (under settlement operation)

1. Asarori 126.70 - 51.52 178.22 2. Barkot 652.30 - - 652.30 3. Jhajhra 137.10 16.70 - 153.80 4 Malhan - - - - 5. Malsi Deer Park - - - - 6. Lachiwala 52.70 - - 52.70 7. Rishikesh 1269.5464 72.753 - 1342.2994 8. Thano - 67.20 - 67.20 Total 2238.3464 156.653 51.52 2446.5194

1.23 State of Boundaries: The detail guideline for the maintenance of the forest boundary & pillars has been described in chapter-VIII. (a) Old Reserved Forests: Almost all the pre 1952 reserved forests of the division were reserved in the year 1879 and demarcated between 1881 and 1884. Most of the present masonry pillars were built around 1890 and 1894. The state of boundaries is not satisfactory at all. Pillars need replacement or repairing. The pillar number on most of pillars is missing and permanent remarking of numbers on the pillars is the need of the hour and in case it is not attended, the status of boundaries will further deteriorate. (b) New Reserved Forests- It will not be exaggeration that the state of boundaries of new reserved forests is most unsatisfactory and horrible. These pillars were mostly fixed in a preliminary demarcation, shortly after the forests came under state control and in some cases the pillars were fixed after the completion of reservation proceedings. The pillars do not bear the number and at most of the places the position on pillars seems to be altered. Even the gazette notification declaring the forests reserved does not mention the boundary pillar number bounding the forest block or compartment in serial number. It will be worth while to renotify the boundary pillar number serially which bound a particular compartment or block and then fixing up the pucca masonry pillars of 60 X 60 cm. size along with proper survey after carrying out redemarcation of the area. In the absence of number on pillars, the utility of fixing boundary pillar is hardly justified. The work needs immediate attention. (c) Vested forest: These forests are under the process of reservation. The stone pillars were fixed in preliminary demarcation. The pillars do not bear number. The forests will need redemarcation after reservation proceedings are completed.

19

(d) Roads: Road land is usually demarcated by boundary pillars. In many cases, however, these are absent and some encroachment may be possible.

1.24 The following table 1.14 gives the extent of boundaries of the old and new reserves as well as vested forests range wise in the division.

Table 1.14 Range Total length of boundary in Km. Asarori 65.00 Barkot 57.50 Jhajhra 106.56 Malhan 56.00

Malsi Deer Park 42.50 Lachiwala 47.50 Rishikesh 78.00

Thano 106.80 Total 559.80

1.25 The block and compartment boundaries are demarcated but not maintained. There, 3 m. wide line should be cleaned & maintained on the ground. The sub-compartment boundaries are generally 2m. cleared lines shown by coal tar cross marks on boundary trees. Territorial staff will have to pay special attention for maintaining such sub-compartment boundaries. 1.26 Legal Position: 1.26.1 Most of the old reserved forests of the division (as distinct from reserved forests constituted out of vested forests, dealt with in a subsequent Para) were constituted as reserves vide notification No. 184 of Feb. 27, 1879 and No. 205 of March 3, 1879 under Sec. 34 of I.F.A. These did not include the Fatehpur reserve, the Malkot forests and the Wasteland blocks which were notified in the gazette later. The settlement of rights was recorded in notification No. 702 of July 7, 1880. The Boundaries were again notified in gazette in an amended and more accurate form by notification No. 262 of April 24, 1895 and again partially amended by notification No. 6/XIV – 189 – 1906 dated Jan. 4, 1908. 1.26.2 A list of reserves which were notified in the gazette after 1879 along with their notifications is given below:

Table 1.15

Name of the Reserve Notification No. Ladwakot, Patharkhan, Sansarukhala, 193-F/28-A-45 March 2, 1892

Suridhar, Talai, Fatehpur 576/28A-28/A of July 4, 1895 Wasteland Block No.9 (Part of Tirsal reserve) 151/XIV – 540 A of March 18, 1896 Wasteland block No. 2,3,7 (Part ) 8, 10to 14. 540/XIV – 136 of December 12, 1910

Note: The Wasteland blocks are now the forest blocks of Jakhan, Bhaniawala, Chandi, Lalpani and Birbhadra. 1.26.3 The following table 1.16 gives the list of vested forest areas declared reserved till 1st

Table 1.16

January, 1998:

20

S. No.

Settlement Block

Management Block and Compartment

Partly Covered

Wholly Covered

Area as per Notification (ha.)

Compartment wise Area (ha.)

Notification No.

1 Kaunli Kaunli - Wholly Covered

29.4 Kaunli - 1 29.4 974/XIV-Kh-85-65 dated 3.12.66

Total 29.4 2 Carbery Carbery 1a, 1b,

1c, 2, 3, 4, 5 - Wholly

Covered 722.8 Carbery - 1a 85.0 No. - 23(3)/203/14-B-67 Dt. 28-2-68 Gazetted

dt/ 7-9-78 Carbery - 1b 105.0 Carbery - 1c 90.0 Carbery - 2 37.1 Carbery - 3 28.0 Carbery - 4 52.0 Carbery - 5 116.3 Total 513.4

Arcadia 1, 3, 4 - Wholly Covered

Arcadia - 1 107.2 8343/XIV/-Kh-20-(176)-71 dt 3.11.71

Arcadia - 3 85.0 Arcadia - 4 17.0 Total 209.2

3 East hopetown

Arcadia 2 - Wholly Covered

46 Arcadia 2 46.0 715/XIV-20-(15)-70 Dt. 10/3/71 Gzaetted dt. 10.7.71

Total 46.0 4 Shisham

bara Carbery 1b - Wholly

Covered 0.7 Carbery 1b 0.7 No. 23(3)-24/14-13-66 Dt. 15.5.67

Total 0.7 5 Kaunli Kaunli 2 - Wholly

Covered 2.2 Kaunli 2 2.2 No. 8874/XIV-B-20(267)/70Dt. 8-1-71

Gazetted dt. 30.7.71 Total 2.2

6 Chandrabani Chandrabani 1, 2

- Wholly Covered

334.7 Chandrabani 1 164.8 No. 23 (4) -218/14B-68 dt. 18.10.68 Gazetted dt. 30.11.68

Chandrabani 2 160.9

21

Total 325.7 Mohobewala 1,

3b - Wholly

Covered Mohobewala 1 1.3

Mohobewala 3b 7.7 Total 9.0

7 Mehuwala mafi

Chandrabani 3 - Wholly Covered

6.9 Chandrabani 3 6.9 728/XIV-B-686-65 Dt. 15.6.66

Total 6.9 8 Chaddar

wala Jogiwala2 - Wholly

Covered 7 Jogiwala 2 7.0 No. 23 (3) -225/XIV-66 dt. 10.11.66 published

in U.P Gazetted dt. 10.02.68 Total 7.0

9 Chak jogiwala

Jogiwala1 - Wholly Covered

24.8 Jogiwala 1 24.8 No. 23 (3) -80/XIV-Kha- 66 dt. 3.8.66 published in U.P Gazetted dt. 11.02.67

Total 24.8 10 Majri

Grant Ranipokhari 11 - Wholly

Covered 20.2 Ranipokhari 11 20.2 No. 23 (3)/XIV-B dt. 11.7.66 published in U.P

Gazetted dt. 3.9.1966 Total 20.2 11 Rankpokhari Ranipokhari 1a,

1b, 2, 3a, 3b, 3c, 4a, 4b, 5a, 5b, 6, 7a, 7b, 8, 9, 10a, 10b, 10c

- Wholly Covered

1131.9 Ranipokhri -1a 104.6 No. 23 (3) -126/XIV-B dt. 13.7.1967 published in U.P Gazetted dt. 2.12.1967

Ranipokhri -1b 67.1 Ranipokhri -2 40.5 Ranipokhri -3a 94.5 Ranipokhri -3b 56.5 Ranipokhri -3c 5.0 Ranipokhri -4a 50.8 Ranipokhri -4b 42.8 Ranipokhri -5a 102 Ranipokhri -5b 72.1 Ranipokhri -6 56.5

22

Ranipokhri -7a 62.1 Ranipokhri -7b 57.2 Ranipokhri -8 120.7 Ranipokhri -9 105.5 Ranipokhri -10a 77.9 Ranipokhri -10b 12.8 Ranipokhri -10c 3.3 Total 1131.9 12 Attack

Farm Doonga 1a, 1b, 2, 12

- Wholly Covered

322.1 Doonga -1a 44.1 No. 23 (3) 38/XIV-Kha dt. 20.6.1967

Doonga -1b 15.0 Doonga -2 123.0 Doonga - 12 140.0 Total 322.1 13 Bansiwala Dholkot 2 - Wholly

Covered 10.5 Dholkot 2 10.5 1319/XIV-Kha -688-65 dated 13.12.66

published in U.P. Gazette dated 2.12.67 Total 10.5 14 Dhoolkot

Mafi Dhoolkot 1 - Wholly

Covered 16.7 Dhoolkot 1 16.7 No. 23 (3) -6/XIV-Kh dt. 24.12.66

Total 16.7 15 Kandoli Kandoli 1, 2, 3,

4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17a, 17b

- Wholly Covered

1664.1 Kondoli-1 158.40 No. 23 (4) -42/XIV-B dt.5.6.68 published in U.P Gazetted dt. 23.4.1966

Doonga 8 Kondoli-2 100.00 Kondoli-3 58.30 Kondoli-4 51.40 Kondoli-5 89.40 Kondoli-6 128.00 Kondoli-7 37.20 Kondoli-8 44.00

23

Kondoli-9 183.40 Kondoli-10 84.20 Kondoli-11 106.60 Kondoli-12 89.10 Kondoli-13 70.60 Kondoli-14 57.00 Kondoli-15 108.30 Kondoli-16 98.20 Kondoli-17a 83.20 Kondoli-17b 91.70 Doonga 8 25.10 Total 1664.10 16 Majhaun Majhaun 1, 2a,

2b, 2b, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,12, 13

- Wholly Covered

1181.2 Majhaun-1 125.50 No. 2485/14-Kh-20(234)-69 dt.23.7.70

Majhaun-2a 127.90 No. 11051/14-Kh-20(274)-71 dt.11.1.1972 published in U.P. Gazette dt. 3.6.72

Majhaun-2b 48.60 Majhaun-3 61.20 Majhaun-4 37.60 Majhaun-5 44.50 Majhaun-6 26.70 Majhaun-7 25.50 Majhaun-8 28.30 Majhaun-9 93.50 Majhaun-10 113.50 Majhaun-11 138.50 Majhaun-12 196.30 Majhaun-13 113.60 Total 1181.20

24

17 Bilaspur Kandli

Galjwari 7 - Wholly Covered

7.6 Galjwari 7 7.60 No. 7322/14-2-20(125)-69 dt.20.7.76

Total 7.60 18 Galjwari Galjwari 1, 2, 3,

6, 8 - Wholly

Covered 437.8 Galjwari 1 64.2 No. 1177/14-B-20 (106)69 dt.17.6.70 Gazette

dt. 29.8.1970 Galjwari 2 80.2 Galjwari 3 90.1 Galjwari 6 158.2 Galjwari 8 45.1 Total 437.8 19 Doonga Doonga 3a, 3b,4,

5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11 - Wholly

Covered 541.3 Doonga -3a 90.40 No. 23 (4) -256/14-B-68 dt.17.11.69 and No.

1628/14-Kh-20(75)-71 dated 14.5.71 Doonga -3b 2.40 Doonga -4 40.90 Doonga -5 61.30 Doonga -6 60.10 No. 8346/14-Kh-20-(184)-71 dated 3.11.71 Doonga -7 47.40 No. 8346/14-Kha-20-(185)-71 dated 3.11.71 Doonga -9 66.40 Doonga -10 62.60 Doonga -11 109.80 Total 541.30 20 Rikholi Rikholi 1, 2, 3,

4, - Wholly

Covered 587.2 Rikholi -1 80.00 No. 2750/14-B-20 (262)-69 dt.25.7.70

Galjwari 4, 5 Rikholi -2 109.00 Rikholi -3 153.10 Rikholi -4 75.00 Galjwari 4 83.40 Galjwari 5 86.70 Total 587.20 21 Kuawala Dulhani 2, 3 - Wholly

Covered 25 Dulhani 2 15.7 8314/XIV-Kh- dt.16.2.66 published in U.P.

Gazette dt. 23.4.1966 Dulhani 3 9.3

25

Total 25 22 Mohakam

pur Khurd Dulhani 4 - Wholly

Covered 17 Dulhani 4 17 8313/XIV-B- dt.25.4.66 published in U.P.

Gazette dt. 7.5.1966 Total 17 23 Nawada Dulhani 1 - Wholly

Covered 51.5 Dulhani 1 51.5 8383/XIV-B- dt.16.2.66 published in U.P.

Gazette dt. 23.4.1966 Total 51.5 24 Phandowa

la Mohabewala 7 - Wholly

Covered 3.9 Mohabewala 7 3.9 23(3)/127/XIV-66 dt.1.8.1966 published in U.P.

Gazette dt. 3.12.1966 Total 3.9 25 Malsi Rajpur 1, 2 - Wholly

Covered 119.4 Rajpur 1 50.7 No. 1860/XIV-Kha-20/94-71 dt.31.5.71 Gazette

dt. 31.7.71 Rajpur 2 68.7 Total 119.4 26 Kharak

Mafi Raiwala 1 - Wholly

Covered 48.4 Raiwala 1 48.4 8354/XIV-B- dt.16.2.66 published in U.P.

Gazette dt. 23.4.1966 Total 48.4 27 Rishikesh Rishikesh 1, 2,

3, 4 - Wholly

Covered 222.2 Rishikesh 1 8 3067/14-2-20(60) 840 dated 14.10.85

Rishikesh 2 77.9 Rishikesh 3 122.3 Rishikesh 4 14 Total 222.2 28 Barasi

Grant Bhopalpani 4, 5 - Wholly

Covered 204.9 Bhopalpani 4 125.9 8350/XIV-B- dt.6.2.66 published in U.P.

Gazette dt. 23.4.66 Bhopalpani 5 79.0 Total 204.9 29 Bhaniawala Joli 1 - Wholly

Covered 179.7 Joli 1 179.7 23(3)-XIV/Kha-67 dt.9.6.1967 published in

U.P. Gazette dt. 5.1.1968 Total 179.7

26

30 Bhogpur Bhogpur 1a, 1b - Wholly Covered

89.7 Bhogpur 1a 35 23(3)-XIV/Kha-66 dt.11.7.1967 published in U.P. Gazette dt. 3.9.1966

Bhogpur 1b 54.7 Total 89.7 31 Bhopalpani Bhopalpani 1, 2,

3 - Wholly

Covered 255.7 Bhopalpani 1 59.1 8352/XIV-B- dt.16.2.1966 published in U.P.

Gazette dt. 23.4.66 Bhopalpani 2 76.6 Bhopalpani 3 120 Total 255.7 32 Joli Joli 2, 3 - Wholly

Covered 125.7 Joli 2 121.1 8351/XIV-B- dt.16.2.1966 published in U.P.

Gazette dt. 23.4.66 Joli 3 4.6 Total 125.7 33 Koti Chak Thano 1a, 1b - Wholly

Covered 98.4 Thano 1a 59 8316/XIV-B- dt.16.2.1966 published in U.P.

Gazette dt. 23.4.66 Thano 1b 39.4 Total 98.4 34 Pauwala

Saura Bhopalpani 7 - Wholly

Covered 2.3 Bhopalpani 7 2.3 727/XIV-B- 65 dt.28.5.66 published in U.P.

Gazette dt. 28.5.66 Total 2.3 35 Malkot Malkot 1, 2, 3,

4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 - Wholly

Covered 1288 Malkot 1 122.00 No. 22/XIV-B-20(2) dt.25.7.70

Malkot 2 124.00 Malkot 3 189.10 Malkot 4 200.40 Malkot 5 218.30 Malkot 6 108.00 Malkot 7 61.50 Malkot 8 41.70 Malkot 9 223.00 Total 1288.00

27

36 Nahi Nahi 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

Nahi 2, ,3, 4, 6

Nahi 1, 5, 7

1707.5 Nahi 1 259.70 646/XIV/Kha-20(310)-69 dt.25.7.70 and 5057/14-2-30(73/77) dated 4.9.81

Nahi 2 187.50 Nahi 3 150.60 Nahi 4 180.50 Nahi 5 258.90 Nahi 6 307.30 Nahi 7 363.00 Total 1707.50 37 Gadul Bhogpur 2, 3, 4,

5, 6, 7 Bhogpur

2, 5, 7 Bhogpur 3, 4, 6

2092.2 Bhogpur 2 187.30 6158/XIV-20(184)-70 dt.30.9.70 & 8700/14-2-20(52)-80 dated 25.5.84

Bhogpur 3 322.30 Bhogpur 4 438.70 Bhogpur 5 400.50 Bhogpur 6 434.20 Bhogpur 7 309.20 Total 2092.20 38 Kotichak Thano 1c - Wholly

Covered 10.6 Thano 1c 10.60 103/XIV/Kha-20(258)/71 dt.24.2.72 and

585/XIV-Kha-20(7)/72 dt.24.2.72 Total 10.60 39 Ramnagar

Danda Thano 2, 3 - Wholly

Covered 147.4 Thano 2 48.40 8315/XIV-B- dt.16.2.1968 published in U.P.

Gazette dt. 23.4.68 Thano 3 99 Total 147.40

28

1.26.4 The following table gives the list of vested forests for which notification under section 4 of the Indian Forest Act has been issued and the settlement operations are still in progress :-

Table 1.17 S.No.

Range Settlement Block

Management Block And Compartment

Area (ha.) Notified under Sec. 4 Under Management

Under Lease

Total

1. Asarori Arcadia grant Chandrabani

Carbery – Ib Chandrabani–1(Pt) Mohobewala -I,3a,4a,4b, 5,9

253.70

457.40

-

51.40

253.70

508.80 2. Jhajhra

Angelia Kandoli

Angelia Block Kandoli – 8 (Pt)

467.50 16.90

- 467.50 16.90

3. Lachiwala Mohobewala Mohobewala -8 1.20 - 1.20 4. Rishikesh GarhiChak

Hoshiar Pur GarhiChak Hoshiar Pur

15.30

- 15.30

5. Thano Ramnagar Thano – 3 36.50 - 36.50 Danda

Joli grant Joli – 2 42.80 - 42.80

Total 1291.30 51.40 1342.70

1.27 Rights and Concessions. 1.27.1 Old Reserves: Originally, when forests were reserved around 1879, no enquiry under Chapter 2 of the then I.F.A. (1878) was made into the right and concessions of individuals. Ross, the then Superintendent of the Dun, compiled a list of the concessions which was accepted by the Government under notification No. 702 of July 7, 1880. This gave permission to certain villages (adjoining certain forest blocks of the division Nagsidh) for the collection of fallen firewood under passes and for grazing of animals at reduced rates. The Siwalik forests of Eastern Dun and the Thano forests are free from rights but concessions in returns for services rendered in fire protection have generally been made to the villagers of Thano, Ramnagar and Kaluwala. These relate to grazing of their cattle in these forests at usual rates and the removal of firewood in head loads free of cost. In Malkot forest (Ladwakot, Patharkhan, Sansarukhala, Suridhar and Talai blocks) Notifications no. 605 of July, 13, 1892 and 582-F of July 4 , 1893 granted liberal privileges for free grazing to 1,840 cattle, collection of fallen firewood, thatching grass, green leaves for fodder and timber for houses and agricultural implements. 1.27.2 Some more rights and concessions dealing with grazing, thatching grass, hutting and agricultural timber, firewood etc were granted vide G.O.No. 10/XIV–13/61 dated 9.1.1969. All notifications concerning rights and concessions are reproduced in Appendix---- and Para dealing with rights and concessions under Miscellaneous Regulations may also be seen. 1.27.3 New Reserves and Vested Forests: At the time of vesting of the Zamindari forests in the State in 1952, some of these forests were burdened with grazing concessions and removal of fallen firewood for domestic use. In some forest, ballies and korwas for huts and cattle sheds and timber for agricultural implements were allowed to the tenants as a concession. Irrigation channels could also be made in the forest with the permission of the owner. These concessions were entirely at the pleasure of the owner of the forests and could be withdrawn at any time. 1.27.4 At the time of taking over of these forests, the government had issued order to the effect that any concessions traditionally enjoyed by the villagers in these forests were to be continued. These facilities are, therefore, being continued in areas which have not yet been reserved.

29

1.27.5 In the areas already reserved, the following rights which are common to all blocks have been admitted by the settlement officer. There are separate notifications for each settlement block and these are given in table 1.16

i. Free grazing at the ratio of one cow unit per 2.4 ha. (6 acres) of ¾th part of the total forest area of the block.

ii. Free removal of fallen firewood in head loads. iii. One cart load fallen Firewood for cremation with the permission of the forest officer. iv. Free removal of thorns for fencing. v. Free removal of sand and boulders for the domestic use with the permission of the forest Officer.

vi. Free use of water from river or stream for the domestic use but not for irrigation or other commercial purposes.

vii. Free use of all old paths and roads except motor roads.

1.27.6 In the forest blocks of Thano, Bhogpur and Bhopalpani etc of Thano range, nearly 2,000 sheep and goat belonging to the Jads of Uttarkashi were allowed grazing since Zamindari days on payment of Rs. 0.50 per head. In the settlement proceedings of these blocks which have now been reserved (Thano and part of Bhopalpani), their grazing rights have not been admitted. A large number of villages have either rights or permission to take water for irrigation from the reserved forests without payments.

**********

30

CHAPTER II THE FLORA AND FAUNA

II A- FOREST FLORA

2.1 General Description of Growing Stock: There is considerable difference in forest types in the forest division due to difference in altitude, aspect, rainfall and biotic interferences. It may be noted that forest types and sub-types over-lap each other considerably and their distribution is conditioned to a considerable extent by altitude, aspect and local conditions, especially moisture. There are 9 main types, 2 seral types and 4 degradation types of forests in this division. However, the major portion of the forests comprise of Sal, which can be broadly classified into Dun Valley Sal and Shiwalik Sal.

2.2 Area under Major Species: The table 2.1 below show the different types of forest found in the division:

Table 2.1 Sl. No.

Group or Sub- Group

Name of Sub- Group

Type Name of Type Area (in ha.)

1 2 3 4 5 6 1. Sub- Group 3C

North Indian Tropical Moist Deciduous Forests.

3C/C2a Moist Shiwalik Sal Forest. 2550.4000 2. 3C/C2b (i) Moist Bhabar-dun Sal

Forest. 22100.8800

3. 3C/C3a West Gangetic Moist Mixed Deciduous Forest.

1656.7120

4. Group 3 Tropical Moist Deciduous Forests

3/ISI Low Alluvial Savannah Wood land

2684.5470

5. Sub-Group 4C Tropical fresh water swamp forests

4C/FS2 Sub- mountain hill valley swamp forest.

103.2000

6. Sub-Group 5B

Northern tropical dry deciduous forests.

5B/Cla Dry Shiwalik Sal Forest. 6140.4000 7. 5B/C2 Northern Dry Mixed

Deciduous forests. 7187.2416

8. Group 5

Tropical dry deciduous forests.

5/DSI Dry deciduous Scrub(Degradation stage).

1280.4000

9. 5/IS2 Khair Sissoo Forest 1363.8000 10. Group 9

Sub- Tropical Pine forests.

9/Cla Sivalik Chir Pine forests 363.0000 11. 9/Clb Himalayan Chir Pine

Forest. 53.8000

12. Group 9 Sub- Tropical Pine Forests.

9/DSl Himalayan sub-Tropical Scrub.

556.3000

13. Group12

Himalayan Moist Temperate Forests.

12/Cla Ban- Oak Forest. 1378.6000 14. 12/DSl Himalayan Moist

Temperate Oak Scrub 438.7000

15. 12/DS2 Himalayan temperate secondary scrub.

150.6000

Total 48008.5806 ha. Note: - The above list does not include the 2446.5194 ha. area under lease and transfers and 26.80 ha. area of unclassified forests. The areas given under each type are only approximate, for often, more than one type may be recognized in a single compartment. Each of the above types is described below.

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2.3 Composition & Condition of the Crop: Classification According to Champion & Seth: The forests are classified according to the "A Revised Survey of the Forest Types of India" by Champion and Seth (1964). A 1:50,000 scale map of the division has been prepared to illustrate the distribution of different types and sub types of the forests. As mentioned in Para 2.1, Major portion of the forests comprise of Sal, which can be broadly classified into Dun Valley Sal and Shiwalik Sal but in order to fit in with Champion Seth Classification, the three sub types viz; Moist Shiwalik Sal Forest, Moist Bhabhar Dun Sal forest and Dry Shiwalik Sal Forest are described below along with other forest types occurring in the division. 2.4 SUB -GROUP 3C: NORTH INDIAN TROPOCAL MOIST DECIDUOUS FORESTS. 2.4.1 Moist Shiwalik Sal Forest: Type 3C/C2a (2550.40 ha.): This type occurs in the vested forests blocks of Doonga, Galjwari, Kandoli, Majhun, Rajpur, Thano and the reserved forests blocks of Lambirau, Maidan, Paled and Ramnagar. Compartment wise details are given in appendix -1. 2.4.2 It occurs on Nahan sandstone with light loamy soils. The slopes are moderate to precipitous. The over wood consists of III to III/V quality Sal and its typical associates are bakli (Anogeissus latifolia) and sain (terminalia tomentosa). Other species which occur frequently are haldu (Adina cordifolia), bahera (Terminalia belerica), jhingan (Lannea coromandelica), Kharpat (Garuga pinnata) etc. The Underwood, usually light is often absent or in- conspicuous and consists of rohini (Mallotus phillippinensis), amaltas (Cassia fistula), Sandan (Ougeinia oojeinensis), pial (Buchanania lanzen), mehal (Pyrus pashia), chamror (Ehretia laevis), Bhilawa (Semecarpus anacardim). Kachnar (Bauhinia variegata), aonla (Emblica officinalis) etc. Bamboo (Dendrocalamus strictus) also occurs. 2.4.3 The undergrowth is generally light and usually consists of karaunda (Carissa opaca), gandhela (Murraya Koenigii), bindu (Colebrookia opposititolia), dhaula (Woodfordia fruticosa), Vasinga (Adhatoda vasica), Berberis asiatica, Indigofera bulchella. Clerodendron viscosum etc. The grasses are generally gorla (Chrysopogon fulvus), kumeria (Heteropogon contours), Thysonolaena maxima, baib (Eulaliopsis binata) etc. The common climbers are malijhan (Bauhinia vahlii) and roel (Combretum decaqnfrum). 2.4.4 In the vested forests, Sal is mostly of coppice origin and occurs almost pure. It is fairly well grown and well stocked except on precipitous slopes where trees are misshapen and stocking is sparse. The seedling regeneration varies greatly from area to area. Generally it is inadequate because of heavy biotic pressure. The quality of the crop is poor in areas where the top soil has severely eroded as in Rajpur block. The reserved forest areas are equally well stocked with Sal. There is usually adequate Sal regeneration in the form of suppressed advance growth of sap longs and poles. Seedling regeneration also occurs. 2.4.5 Moist Bhabhar-Dun Sal Forest: Type 3C/C2b (I) (22100.88ha.): This type occurs in the vested forest blocks of Arcadia, Chandrabani, Dhoolkot, doonga, Kandoli, Kaunli, Majhaun, mohobewala, Dulhani, Joli, Ranipokhri and Thano. The reserved forest blocks containing this type are Asarori, bainlhala, Jhajhra, Kalyanpur, kaluwala, Karwapani, Laldhang, malhan, Sahansra, Bibiwala, Ghamandpur, Golatappar, Lachiwala, Lambirau, Nawada, Ramnagar and Sainkot. Compartment- wise details are given in Appendix I. 2.4.6 The bulk of the valuable Sal forests of the area lie within this type. The slopes are gentle to moderate and the soil is generally deep clayey loam or loam overlying Dun gravels. The Sal is typically of II/III to III quality and advance growth in the form of suppressed saplings and poles is generally adequate. Seedling regeneration is, however, unsatisfactory.

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2.4.7 Sal is the dominant species in the over wood, forming nearly pure stands. Its typical associates are sain (Terminalia tomentosa) and dhauri (Lagerstroemia parviflora). Other important associates in the over wood are haldu (Adina cordifolia), bahera (Terminalia belerica), padal (Stereospermum chelonoides), jhingan (Lannea coromandelica) and jamun (syzygium cumini) in varying proportions. The crop is usually healthy and vigorous except locally where biotic factors like heavy grazing have had adverse effects on the soil and moisture conditions. 2.4.8 In parts of Lachiwala block, there are almost pure patches of sain (Terminalis tomentosa) over small areas. These can be identified as a close approximation to the edaphic sub-type 3/El recognized by Champion and Seth. Since it occurs only locally and over small areas, it has not been separately described. 2.4.9 The under wood is generally light and consists of sandan (Ougeinia oojeinensis), dhaman, (Grewia elastica), rohini (Mallotus Philippensis), Chamror (Ehretia laevis), amaltas (Cassia fistula), Machilus odoratissima, Litsaea chinensis etc. are quite common. The under growth consists of karaunda (Carissa opaca), Ardisia humilis, Moghania spp., bindu (Colebrookia oppositifolia), gandhela (Murraya koenigii), chameli (Jasminum pubescens), gauj (Milletia auriculata), maljhan (Bauhinia vahlii), Pogostemun plectranthoides, Ageratum conyzoids, mainphal (Aeronphis spinosa) etc. The climbers are moderate to heavy and the common ones are panibel (Ampelocissus latifolia), tarur (Dioscorea belophylla), gauj (Milletia auriculata), maljhan (Bauhinia vahlii), mehasinghi (Cryptolepis buchanani), ram-dataun (Smilax parviflora), kali-dudhi (Ichnocarpus furtescens), gurch (Tinospora cordifolia) etc. The common grasses are pula (lmperata cylindrica) and baib (Eulaliopsis-binata). 2.4.10 West Gangetic Moist Mixed Deciduous forest: Type 3C/C3a (1656.712 ha) : This type occurs in the reserve forest blocks of Banbaha, Golatappar, song and the vested forest blocks of majhaun and Raiwala. The compartment-wise details are given in appendix – 1 2.4.11 The type is represented by forest, of medium to good height, including a number of dominant species comprising most of the associates of Sal such as safed-siris (Albizzia procera), sain (Terminalia tomentosa),bahera (Terminalia belerica), jhingan (Lannea coromandelica), Kharpat (Garuga pinnata), Dhauri (Lagerstroemia parviflora), padal (Stereospermun suavelens) and occasional haldu (Adina cordifolia) and tun (Cedrela toona), Sal occurs rarely. 2.4.12 The under wood is generally sparse and consists of rohini, sandan, charmror, chilla, kura, bel, amaltas, aonal and dhak etc. The undergrowth is generally light consisting mainly of gandhela, karaunda, jharberi, Pogostemon, vasinga, marorphal etc. Grasses generally consist of munj (Eriantthus munja), goria (Ghrysopogon fulvus) and khas (Vetiveria zizanoides) etc. 2.4.13 Low Alluvial Savannah Woodland: Type 3/ISI (2684.547 ha) : This type occurs in Asarori, Sahansra, Bidhalna, Dudhli, Golatappar, Lachiwala, Ramnagar and Song reserved forest blocks and Dhoolkot, Bhopalpani, Joli, Raiwala, Panipokhri and Rishikesh vested forest blocks. 2.4.14 It usually occurs on the higher and more stable alluvial terraces along banks and streams and usually succeeds the Khair-sissoo forests (Type 5/IS2). The forests belonging to this type can be divided into the following two categories:-

a. Forests occurring on the boulder ground along the banks of streams immediately above the khair-sissoo zone. The soil is usually very shallow and strewn with boulders. It is wet during rains and hot and dry during the summers. The tree growth is generally poor and he crop consists of scattered trees of ambara (Spondias mangifera), semal (Bombax ceiba), sainjana (Moringa

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oleifera), jhingan, kharpat , dhauri, siris, kanju, gutel, khair, hakdu, phakdu etc. The underwood is generally very sparse and consists of ber, aonla, mainphal bel amaltas kura pachnala (Flacourtia indica) etc.

b. Forests situated on the high banks of streams and raised plateau-land. Here the soil is

comparatively deeper and generally sandy, sometimes, however, fairly deep clayey-loam. The species present consist of the associates of Sal. Occasionally gropus of mature and middle aged trees of sal forests. The overwood generally consists of padal, bahera, sain, jhingan, kharpat, tun, dhauri,ficus etc. The underwood is usually sparse and consists chiefly of rohini, chamror, chilla, kura, bel, amaltas, aonla, dhak etc. The undergrowth in both the categories is generally very sparse and consists mainly of vasinga, marorphal, gandhela, jharberi (Zizyphus nummularia). Karaunda, Pogostemon, Plectranthoikes etc. The climbers are numerous and consist chiefly of Vallaris solanaceae, marsdenia rovlei, Cryptolepis buchannani etc.

2.4.15 The grasses are generally sparse and consist of goral (Chrysopogon fulvus) Aristada cyanantha, Vetiveria zizanoides etc. The regeneration of all important species is absent. The change from the stage described under (a) to (b) is very gradual and is often associated with a rise of a few feet in the level of the terrace and simultaneous increase in the depth of the soil. 2.5 SUB-GROUP 4C: TROPICAL FRESH WATER SWAMP FORESTS: 2.5.1 Sub-montane Hill valley Swamp Forests: (Type - 4C/FS2) (103.20 ha.): This type occurs in the reserved forest blocks of Golatappar and song and the vested forest block of Jogiwala. The soil is clayey loam, often deep and rich in humus and with perennial streams. 2.5.2 The type consists of an irregular forest of a limited number of mainly evergreen species able to withstand the wetness of the sites occupied. The trees are usually low crowned and branchy and there is usually a dense growth of Calamus tenuis (Cane). The usual species are gular (ficus glomerata), Gutel (Treiwia nudiflora), jamun (Syzygium cumini), kanakchampa (Pterospermum acerifolium), tun (Cedrela toona), Bischoffia javanica, safedsiris and occasional semal and khair. The underwood consists of kala tendu (Diospyros pregrina), Phoebe lanceolata, Machiluas gamblei and Salix tetrasperma. The undergrowth consists of Acronychia pedunculata, Ardisia solanaceae, Desmodium laburnifolium, Calamus tenuis and ferns, The common climbers are Vallaris solanceae, Combretum decandrum etc. Regeneration of all economically important species is generally absent, except that of kanakchampa and gutel. 2.6 SUB-GROUP 5B: NORTHERN TROPICAL DRY DECIDUOUS FORESTS. 2.6.1 Dry Shiwalik Sal Forest: Type 5B/Cla (6140.40 ha): This type occurs in the reserved forest blocks of Asarori, Kalyanpur, Kaluwala, Karwapani, Laldhang, majri, Malhan, Sahansara, Dudhli, Maidan and Nawada. The vested forest blocks containing this type are Carbery, Dhoolkot, Bhogpur, Bhopalpani, Malkot and Nahi. 2.6.2 The type generally occurs on the higher slopes of Shiwaliks in the south-western belt as well as in parts of the north-eastern belt. Severe erosion has exposed the underlying hard red clay with very poor moisture retentivity. Sal is usually stunted and the ground flora consists of thorny bushes of karaunda (Carissa opaca) and kathber (Zyzphus glaberrima). The type here very closely resembles the Dry Peninsular Sal Forest Type 5B/Clc.

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2.6.3 Sal is the predominant species in the over wood. Its main associates are sain (terminalia tomentosa), bakli (Anogeissus latifolia), Pial (Buchanania lanzen), kachnar (Philiostima malabaricum), guiral (Bauhinia purpurea), bahera (Terminalia belerica), padal (Sterospermum suaveolens). The proportion of Sal decreases as the crop assumes an open character higher up the slopes, till in the upper reaches it is confined only to moist depressions and sheltered spots. The canopy here is open and consists mostly of sain (Terminalia tomentosa), bakli (Anogeissus latifolia), bahera (Teminalia belerica) and pial (Buchanania lanzen). Chir (Pinus roxburghii) occurs frequently. The quality of sal is poor and is generally III/IV to IV and the regeneration is generally scarce. 2.6.4 The underwood consists sandan (Ougenia oojeinensis), dhaman (Grewia elastica), rohini (Mallotus philippinensis), chamror (Ehretia laevis), harsingar (Nyctanthes arbortristis), Glochidion etc. It is usually sparse. The undergrowth is generally scanty consisting of bindu (Colebroolia oppositiofolia), Woodfordia fruticasa. Indigofera pulchella, Tephrosia candida etc. Maljhan (Bauhinia vahlii) is usually heavy and attains enormous sizes along the Shiwalik ridges. The common grasses are baib (Eulaliopsis binata) goria (Chrysopogon fulvis), Andropongon contortus etc. Bamboo (Dendrocalamus strictus ) clumps also occur frequently. 2.6.5 Northern Dry Mixed Deciduous Forests: Type 5B/C2 (7187.2416 ha): This type occurs in the upper portions of reserved forest blocks of Asarori, Kalyanpur, Kaluwala, Karwapani, Laldhang, malhan, Sahansara, Bhaniawala, Bibiwala, Chandi, Fatehpur, Jakhan, Lalpani, Maidan, Paled, Sinsarukhala and Talai. The vested forest blocks containing this type are Bhogpur, Bhopalpani, Malkot and Nahi. This type usually occurs on the upper dry slopes along the Shiwaliks in the south-western belt and the outer, lower slope of the Himalayas in the north-eastern belt. Higher up, the type merges in the Sub- tropical Shiwalik Chir pine and the Sub- Tropical Himalayan Chir pine Forests (Types 9/Cla and 9/Clb dealt with in succeeding paragraphs). 2.6.6 The upper canopy is usually light, open or irregular, the trees having relatively short boles and poor form and a height rarely over 15 meters. This canopy is formed entirely of deciduous trees. There is usually a considerable admixture of rather smaller moist, deciduous type where these generally constitute the under wood. There is generally a thin shrubby layer of undergrowth including some ever- green xerophytes species. 2.6.7 In the plains, the areas represent a secondary seral stage occurring on terraces of comparatively recent origin in the proximity of rivers and contain immature soils. The crop generally consists of semal (Bombax ceiba), khair (Acacia catechu), kanju (Holoptelia integrifolia), bahera (Terminalia belerica), amaltas (Cassia fistula), dhauri (Lagerstroenia parviflora) bel (Aegle marmelos), kathber (Zizyphus glabberima) etc. gutel (Trewia nudiflora) occurs near the banls of water courses. Occasionally khatti (Bauhinia malabarica) is also met with. The undergrowth consists of gandhela (Murraya koenigie), vasinga (adhatoda vasica), jharberi (Zizyphus numuluna), bindu (colerbookia oppositifolia), Cassia tora with jhau (Tamarix dioica) and semla (Bauhinia retusa) near the water courses. 2.6.8 In the hills, the type represents an edaphic climax, occurring generally in southern aspects, flat hill tops, eroded ground and high intensively drained gravel terraces. It extends to fairly high altitudes, even up to 500 meters, rapid drainage and strong insolation discounting the effects of the often relatively high rainfalls. The composition of the crop generally varies due to wide variation in altitude and aspect. The slopes are generally steep and cut up by numerous nalas. The soil is generally shallow and stony loam. The common species found in these forests are bakli (Anogeissus latifolia), semla (Bauhinia retusa), jhingan (Lannea coromandelica), Behera (Terminalia belerica), khair (Acacia catechu), semal (Bombax ceiba), rohini (Mallotus philippinensis), genthi (Boehmeria rugulosa), dhaula (Woodfordia fruticosa), khinni (Sapium insigne), madara (Erythrina suberosa), amaltas (Cassia fistula), Chamror (Ehretia laevis), chilla (Casearia elliptica), harsingar (Nyctanthes arbortristis), etc. Tun also occurs in moist localities at

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low elevations. Among these species, only bakli (Anogeissus latifolia) and semla (Bauhinia retusa) form more or less pure and compact stands, other species occur sporadically. The undergrowth is light consisting of vasinga (Adhatoda vasica), bindu (Colebrookia oppositifolia), karaunda (Carissa opaca), gandhela (Murraya koenigii) etc. Grasses are fairly common, the commonest ones being goria (Chrysopogon fulvus), kumeri (Heteropogon contortus), and baib (Eulaliopsis binata). Regeneration of all important species is generally absent. 2.6.9 Dry Deciduous scrub: Type 5/DSI (1280.40 ha): This type occurs in Carbery, Doonga, Bhogpur, Bhopalpani, Malkot and Nahi vested forest blocks and karwapani Malhan, Sahansara, Ghamandpur and Bibiwala reserved forest blocks. 2.6.10 These forests represent a degradation stage of the dry deciduous forests described above and have been brought in to existence by adverse vatic factors like excessive grazing, lopping, felling and fires. Years of constant maltreatment and neglect have very nearly eliminated all tree a growth or reduced it to a stunted condition, not merely as a direct result of hacking and felling but also as a result of loss of soil due to erosion and exposure of poor, underlying gravelly and boulder base. In spite of sufficient rain moisture retention is very poor and the type has now become a stable edaphic climax. 2.6.11 The main tree species found are jhingan (Lannea coromandelica), khinni (Sapium insigne), madara (Erythrina suberosa), amaltas (Cassia fistula). Common shrubs are harsingar (Nyctanthes arbortristis), dhaula (woodfordia fruticosa), karaunda (Carissa opaca), mainphal (Xeromphis spinosa), gandhela (Murraya koenigii), bindu (Colebrookia oppositifolia), kilmora (Berberis spp), surai (euphorbia royleana) etc. 2.6.12 The other recognized degradation stages viz, the Euphorbia Scurb (Type DS3) and the Dry Grassland (Type DS4) can be identified in pockets within the main type DSI. The Euphorbia scrub generally occur on higher elevation with very dry, rocky or boulder soil. In some places even the scrub growth has disappeared giving rise to dry grass lands. 2.6.13 Khair–Sissoo Forest: Type 5/IS2 (1363.80ha.): This type occurs in the reserved forest blocks of Bidhalna, kachar, Saura and Song, and the vested forest blocks of Dhoolkot, doonga, Bhopalpani, Malkot, Nahi, Raiwala, Ranipokhri and Rishikesh. 2.6.14 The type occurs on new sandy or gravelly alluvium of streams and rivers. It is the first tree association to colonies new deposits, There is ample water supply at a moderate depth though the upper soil is generally very porous an hot and dry in summers, and is almost devoid if humus. 2.6.15 Khair and sissoo occur mixed, but sissoo generally predominates. The forests contain well stocked saplings and poles. Middle-aged and mature trees are almost absent. The undergrowth is generally thin consisting of vasinga (Adhatoda vasica), gandhela (Murraya koenigii), ber (Zezyphus mauratiana), Cassia tora etc. Seedling regeneration is quite common. 2.7 GROUP-9: SUB TROPICAL FORESTS. 2.7.1 Shiwalik Chir Pine Forests: Type 9/Cla (363.00 ha): This type occurs in the reserved forest blocks of Kalyanpur, Kaluwala, Laldhang, Malhan, Sahansara and the vested forest block of Nahi. 2.7.2 It occurs mixed with the northern Dry Mixed Deciduous Forest (Type 5B/C2) and Dry Shiwalik Sal Forest (Type 5B/Cla). It occurs locally in pockets on suitable altitudes of the south-western belt of Shiwalik forests and appears to be an edaphically climax. The ground's generally broken and steep and

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the soil is shallow, gravelly or boundary on Shiwalik conglomerates and sandstones. The pines stand singly or in groups with a scattered lower deciduous tree storey, more numerous in depressions and cool aspects. There is generally a fairly continuous low scrub growth of xerophytes species. The composition of the crop has already been described under type 5B/C2 and 5B/Cla dealt in Para 2.6.1 and 2.6.5. The area covered by the type is small and unimportant. 2.7.3 Himalayan Chir Pine Forests: Type 9/CIb (53.80 ha): This type occurs in the higher portions of Patharkhan Forest block. Chir usually occurs between the altitudinal range of 1,200 meters to 2,200 meters. The occurrence is, however, local and in small patches containing generally young and middle-aged poles. Mature trees are very rare. The quality deteriorates at higher elevations and on ridges and spurs. The area covered, is however, too small to be of any economic value. 2.7.4 Himalayan sub- Tropical Scrub: Type 9/DSI (556.30 ha): This type occurs in Rikholi and Bhogpur, vested forest blocks, and Ladwakot, Paled, Patharkhan, Talai & Kothighursal reserved forest blocks. 2.7.5 This type occurs on shallow and excessively dry soil in outer Himalayan Chir Forest Zone. The tree species are generally absent, or are few between. The over-wood has either not developed because of the extreme soil conditions or the heavy biotic pressure has destroyed both, the tree canopy as well as such upper soil exposing the underlying sub-strata of poor moisture retentively. Whatever be the reason, the type has become a stable climax. The tree species occur only along the moist ravines or nalas and consist of Pinus roxburghii, burans (Rhododendron arboreum), Quercus incana, Pyrus pashia etc. The shrubs usually consist of Indigofera, Rubus ellipticus, Viburnum, Euphorbia spp. Myrsine Africana, Carissa opaca, Rhus parviflora etc 2.8 GROUP-12: HIMALAYAN MOIST TEMPERATE FORESTS. 2.8.1 Ban- Oak Forest: Type 12/Cla (1378.60 ha): This type occurs in parts of the vested forest blocks of Bhogpur, Nahi and the reserved forest blocks of Ladwakot and Patharkhan. The altitudinal range is roughly between 1800 meters to 2300 meters on the southern aspects and ravines. The type occupies the lowermost portion of the temperate belt. Slopes are generally moderate to precipitous and the soil is deep loam except on precipitous areas where it is very shallow. 2.8.2 Banj (Qrercus incana) occurs almost pure forming a somewhat open canopy of sapling and poles of coppice origin. Middle aged and mature trees are generally rare occurring in small patches in areas which are either inaccessible or far from habitations. In these forests banj has suffered heavily due to unrestricted lopping and fellings, particularly near the villages where trees have become stunted. 2.8.3 Practically all the oak forests are subject to heavy grazing and in absence of special protective measures, equally heavy lopping. The older trees usually succumb but the smaller tend to become reduced to coppice scrub, often practically pure oak as most associated species are easily killed, but Rhododendron arboretum and Lyonia ovalifolia being both impracticable to stock and poor fuels are generally left. At the lower elevation Pyres pashia often survives owing to its thorniness. 2.8.4 Himalayan Temperate Secondary Scrub: TYPE 12/CI/DS2 (150.60 ha.): This type occurs in Rikholi, Bhogpur and Nahi vested forest blocks and Kothighursal reserve forest block and covers a very small area.

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2.8.5 It represents a degradation stage of the temperate ban-oak forest (type 12/CIa). It occurs on southern aspects on either burnt areas or abandoned sites of shifting cultivation, subject to excessive grazing and lopping near habitations etc. The type is almost stable progression is extremely slow even on the removal of adverse factors because of the deteriorated conditions of soil which builds up extremely slowly. 2.8.6 There are hardly any tree species. Years of lopping and hacking has replaced ban oak with xerophytic shrubs like kilmora (Berberis spp.), dhaula (Woodfordia fruiticosa), hinsalu (Rubus ellipticus), surai/surri/thor (Euphorbia royleana) etc. Grasses are quite common. 2.9 EXOTICS- Ever since the beginning of forest management, a large number of exotics were introduces, some as purely ornamental plants and other, as trials for field plantations. These are mentioned in the succeeding paras. 2.9.1 Teak (Tectona grandis): Tectona grandis of Verbenaceae family is indigenous in Central & Southern India. In north India it is raised as commercial plantation. In this division, Teak species was first introduced on trial basis in 1955 but it was raised as commercial plantations since 1962. Initially, these were put in as trials or were planted in the compounds. Old plantations of Ghamandpur 7, Lachiwala 7b, Laldhang 3, KalyanPur, Karwapani etc. are doing well but these are not indigenous in this area and have negative impact on ecology. Later, most of the plantations were raised by under planting in Sal areas of Barkot, Lachiwala and Rishikesh ranges where, Sal is already in predominant stage. It is discouraged in this plan. 2.9.2 Eucalyptus: Individual Eucalyptus trees are found planted various forest compounds but during sixties and seventies large scale commercial plantations were raised in a mixture of species, which is generally called the "Mysore mixture" (or Eucalyptus hybrid) to cater to the needs of industries. About 90% of this mixture is Eucalypts tereticornis, others being Eucalypts camaldulensis, Eucalypts citriodora, Eucalypts robusta, Eucalypts rudus etc. After 1983, further planting of Eucalyptus has been stopped in the forest areas of this division. The growth of Eucalyptus has been found to be unsatisfactory in most of the areas. 2.9.3. Chir: Chir (Pinus roxburghii) was planted in Lachiwala range compound and Lachiwala 6 during 1962-63. Both these plots of chir are doing well. The plots in the range compound are a F.R.I. sample plot. Pinus patula was planted during 1975 in Lachiwlala 2 by F.R.I. on experimental basis. During 1977, some experimental trials of tropical pines in Ranipokhari 5b were done. The result is not encouraging so far. 2.9.4. Paper Mulberry (Broussonetia Papyrifera): At one time this species was introduced in plantations all over the state but suddenly the interest declined. Several compartments of erstwhile East Dehradun forest division contain paper mulberry trees and in some they have become almost naturalized and are also regenerating. It is not being planted now. 2.9.5. Poplars: Several species and clones of Poplars were tried by the Silviculturist in the division in Dudhli 20b, Lalpani 1& 2, and Chandi 1. 2.9.6 Besides this, a large number of exotics like Sterculia alata, silver oak (Grevillia robusta), Cupressus semepervosa, Eucalyptus draponophylla, chakrasia tabularis & Acrocarpus faxinifolius exist in Lachiwala Forest Rest House compound. Jacaranda, Gold Mohar (delonix regia), Kigelia pinnata etc. are other common species which are also found in the compound. Gamble planted up a large number of exotic species in Lachiwlal 8, including bamboos (from 1892-1897). During seventies planting of

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Poplars, Eucalyptus, Jacranda, Goldmohar, Cassia siamea, Cassia Javanica, Cassia glauca and other exotics were extended to roadside avenues. 2.10 Injuries to which the crop is liable: The injuries caused to the forests may be studied under following categories:

i. Climatic agents such as frost, drought, storms, floods, torrents & soil erosion. ii. Fire.

iii. Plants (weeds, climbers, fungi, parasites). iv. Man- by lopping, grazing, illicit felling, encroachments. v. Animals-domestic as well as wild.

vi. Insects. 2.11 Climate: 2.11.1 Frost: Frost is quite severe in the Doon Valley even in normal years, and causes damage to Sal regeneration in exposed areas. In bad years, however, the frost causes serious damage to Sal saplings and poles; killing off their leading shoots and causing brachiness and bushy form at the top. Most of the frost occurs in December- January and late February, the latter is invariable severe and is responsible for considerable damage to Sal crop. The damage by frost is more conspicuous in grassy blanks. 2.11.2. The severest frost was experienced in year 1905, 1927 & 1935, when unprecedented low temperatures occurred continuously from mid January to first week of February. Excepting sissoo, tun, sandan and rohini all other species suffered heavily, Sal being the worst sufferer. Branches and sometimes whole crown of large trees and poles even up to 20 cm. diameter were killed. 2.11.3. Ordinarily sal saplings and poles do not suffer damage by frost in normal years. However, bad frosts damage saplings and poles even up to 14 metres in height and more. Experience has shown that 25 standards per 0.4 ha. as compared to no standards, afford definite protection to the regeneration when mild frosts occur. Jhajhra, Lachiwala, Barkot ranges are particularly liable to serious frost damage in bad years. 2.11.4. Drought: Damage by drought is usually negligible as the Doon Valley receives heavier rainfall distributed over a longer period than the neighboring division. In recent years the rainfall is becoming erratic due to climate change. The effect of drought especially in hilly part of the division needs to be monitored. 2.11.5. Storms: Winds are not particularly severe in the Doon Valley. However, some damage is caused to the sal poles especially where they are thinned. 2.11.6. Floods & Soil Erosion: Every year, considerable damage is done to the forests adjoining Bidhalna rau, Jakhan rau, Nun rau, Nim rau, Saurna rau, Gulati rau, Sherpur rau, Khajnaur rau, Sukh rau, Kaluwala rau, Ramgoth rau, and Chorkhala raus. Also, Song and Suswa rivers extend their width resulting in uprooting of the trees. The forests of Bidhalna, Song, Joli, Fatehpur, Bandaha, Jakhan, Chandnarau, and Knadoli blocks are the worst victims of widening of raus/rivers. Deep nalas have been formed inside the compartments and every year these are widening. Soil & water conservation works will have to be done on priority basis. 2.11.7. Apart from the above, large scale die-back of Sal in Barkot Range has been mentioned in the last plan. Forest Ecology division of FRI conducted research on this phenomenon. The extent of mortality revealed that its effect varied from place to place. According to survey conducted by Dr. J.D.S Negi (Sr.

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Scientist FRI); " The problem of sal mortality is an ecological succession with time & space. The nature is taking care of itself of the past treatments. It will be better to protect these forests. Care should be taken that no new aggressive plant species are introduced so that they may not alter the ecosystem". 2.12. Fire: 2.12.1. Fire is a major cause of damage to forests. A single forest fire can ruin a forest and finish the

work of generations because it does not only damage the vegetation cover but also deteriorates the habitat of area. The trees, herbs and shrubs damaged by fires are prone to insect attack. It also reduces humus of the soil. About 95% of the forest fires are caused intentionally & deliberately by men. The main causes of such fires may be any of the following:

• Burning the undergrowth and grass to collect non-timber forest produce, such as horns, which

otherwise, is not visible. • Inducing new shoots of grass in summer by burning the dry grass. • Scaring away wild animals from nearby villages. • Destroying or at least charring the stumps of illicit felled trees in a forest.

2.12.2. Extensive fire usually occurs in very hot and dry years. In recent years, the forests are becoming more & more vulnerable to forest fires. The climate is steadily becoming warmer. Winter rains are scanty & very erratic. It is also apparent from the field observations that some fire incidences are not being reflected in the records of the division. Now-a-days, special emphasis is being given to control & manage forest fire. However, the fire lines need to be cleared and burnt timely to prevent & minimize the incidence of forest fire. The local community needs to be motivated to co-operate field staff in effectively fighting the forest fires. Strict action like suspension of rights may be taken if local community does not cooperate deliberately. 2.13. Plants: 2.13.1. Weeds: Evergreen weeds, particularly vasinga and kalabasinga, usually occur as the principal undergrowth in the damper Bhabar Dun Forest and inhibit natural regeneration of Sal to a considerable extent. Lantana camara (Kurri) of family Verbenaceae is a perennial weed affecting pastures, grassland & forests of this division. It was introduced as an ornamental plant by a foreigner, has invaded a sizeable area of the division. It was estimated during the preparation of the plan that total area infested in the division by lantana is 7843.00 ha. It spreads very fast and is harmful to natural regeneration of all species and it eradicates all the grasses thereby reducing the grazing area. Lantana management/ eradication has been prescribed in this working plan for the first time. 2.13.2. Climbers: Climbers are generally heavy in the upper portions of the Shiwalik belt and in the moist areas like Golatappar and Suswa. The two common climbers are Maljhan and guaj, which when cut systematically, can be kept under control. 2.13.3. Fungi: The damage from fungi is not a serious factor but it will be pertinent to mention the common fungus on sal. The main species of fungi attacking sal, khair and sissoo are enumerated below: 2.13.4. Fungus on Sal trees:

a. Thread blight: It is caused by Merasmium carementosus. It fructifies on slash and humus and attacks young whippy shoots of sal growing under a close canopy. The fine stands of fan-shaped mycelia lodge in leaves and ends of twigs, finally killing them.

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b. Root and collar rot: This is caused by Polyporus shoreae. The fungus attacks finer rootlets and gradually spreads to larger roots. The attacked trees show symptoms of die-back and are finally girdled. Sapwood starts rotting and later disintegration of lignified element of the thicker roots sets in. The anchorage being weakened, the trees fall as an easy victim to storms.

c. Heart-rot fungi: The principal heart rot fungi of a sal are Fomes caryophylly, Hymenochaeta rubiginosa and Fomes faustuosus. They cause a great deal of damage and are locally known as "gauj fungus". Most of these fungus attacks are caused by infection from wounds or damage caused by frost, fire, felling, unhealthy growth due to suppression etc. Fomes spp. is a common parasite in young regeneration areas. Hymenochaete affected stems present a characteristic bottle shaped swollen appearance. In addition to the above, there are some more fungi which also cause heart-rot, although their incidence is not high. These are Trametes incerta, Polyporus silvus, Polystictus tabacinus and Trametes cubenesis. All these cause white pocket rot, except the last one which produces brown cuboidal rot. A detailed article appearing in the Indian Forester Vol. 83 No. 11 (pages 651-660) by Dr. B.K. Bakshi gives methods of prevention and control of the heart-rot fungi.

d. Hypoxylon annualatum: Occasionally healthy sal trees die from attack by this fungus. A thick charcoal like incrustation spread inside the bark resembling scorching by fire. The fungus destroys the cambium and may cause death of the entire tree.

2.13.5. Fungus on Khair:

a. Ganoderma lucidum: A serious root disease due to Ganoderma lucidum is reported in pure khair plantations raised after clearing natural forests without removal of residual roots and stumps. The fungus which remains endemic in natural forests spreads to the residual roots and stumps and subsequently causes mortality up to 55 percent in a year old plantation . It infects healthy roots when they come in contact with decayed roots. In a susceptible pure crop, therefore, the spread is rapid from plant to plant through root contact. Control measures include raising mechanized Plantations which help in the removal of infection centers like decayed residual roots and stumps. Mechanical extraction of stumps particularly in lines, planting resistant species in the first rotation or mixing them with susceptible species helps to check the rapid spread of the disease.

b. Fomes badus: The fungus is heartwood rot and attacks khair of all ages in the heartwood, affecting katha yield.

2.13.6 Wilting of Sissoo trees: Sissoo can withstand drought for as long as six months but cannot withstand water logging even for a short duration. The primary cause of mortality of sissoo in these areas therefore, appears to be due to water logging, which kills the finer roots subsequently exposing them to attack by Fusarium solani. The fungus colonises the conducting tissues resulting in the wilting of affected plants. 2.14. Human Interference: 2.14.1. Human interference is the most critical factor in the overall conservation of flora. Apart from the intentional fires and thefts of the forest produce by the people, severe damage to the forest is caused by unrestrictive and destructive lopping of valuable species like bahera, bakli, sandan, sain, padal, tun and khair. Lopping is practised both by the professional gujjars as well as by the local villagers. Although lopping of trees is not allowed to the villagers, it is freely done by both men and women, inspite of fines and confiscation of sickles etc. Gujjars are permitted mostly in Shiwalik belt of forests. Lopping is very severe in almost all forest blocks of the division. Indiscriminate lopping has left no scope for “seeds” in the associates of Sal. The lopping rules prescribed in the working plan needs to be followed strictly. Presently, sain is freely lopped not only in the compartments allotted to the gujjars but even in the neighboring compartments. Sandan trees are drying up because of excessive lopping.

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2.14.2. Local villages are gradually adopting the practices of gujjars and the lopping damage by them is even more serious as they enter any compartment and lop mercilessly, there being hardly any chance of fixing any responsibility on anyone, unless caught red handed. Lopping is done in early morning or late evening and even at night. Even the main species like sal are not spared. Sal is particularly lopped in Thano range. Lopping is further carried out for the collection of fire wood, as fallen fire wood is rarely available, Fire wood is freely collected not only for the bona-fide use of villagers but also for commercial purposes. With the growing demand of firewood and its sale price in the town of Hardwar, Rishikesh, Doiwala, Premnagar, Bhaniawala and Dehradun, many people have made it a profession of collecting firewood from the neighboring forest, transporting it to the marketing centres and selling it. Now fallen wood is rarely seen in the forest and thus, the pressure has mounted on the standing trees. The whole division is adversely affected by lopping and its intensity is severe in the areas situated near the habitations. 2.14.3. After the creation of the state, there has been a very rapid increase in the developmental activities is this region. Large chunks of forests are being sacrificed for river valley projects, industrial area, erection of transmission lines, construction of roads and other developmental works. This has led to severe fragmentation of wild life habitat & wild life corridors. Similarly the encroachment tendency on forest land is also increasing day by day. These problems pose serious threat to environmental and ecological balance in an already fragile eco-system. 2.15. Animals: 2.15.1. Domestic animals: Grazing by domestic animals in the forest is a serious problem. Grazing affects the forests in three ways viz.

i. Through physical injury to the plants in seedling & sapling stages by browsing and trampling. ii. Through compaction of soil, making it inhospitable for plant growth, reducing water

permeability, increasing run off and erosion of precious top soil. iii. Indirectly through forest fires. Local villagers burn the forests for getting new flush of succulent

grass. In fact, it reduces the productivity of grass, hastens erosion and causes fire damage to the seedlings & pole crops.

2.15.2 Damage by domestic animals can be further divided into three heads :

i. Village cattle. ii. Cattle of Gujjar.

iii. Migratory sheep & goat herds.

The number of village cattle is multiplying by leaps and bounds and the villagers are damaging the neighboring forests. The area of the division is subjected to much heavy grazing than the safe grazing capacity (2.42 ha. of forest land is required for the grazing of a cow (1 unit) and the unit of a bullock, calf, buffalo, sheep & goat is 1, 1/2, 2, 2 & 2 respectively) of the forests. During seventies migratory gujjars were allowed to graze only 822 buffaloes but at present much larger number of cattle have been kept by the gujjars. The division does not have a true list of number of cattle kept by the gujjars inside the forest areas. The gujjars lop the tree mercilessly and feed their cattle under the lopped trees; thereby a lot of fodder material is wasted by trampling etc. The injury to the crop is further added by grazing by migratory sheep and goat herds. These animals have the most devastating effect as they do not leave even a blade of grass and leave the forest floor bare and barren. The degradation stages of forest types found in several blocks and compartments are the direct result of such past damage. In areas subjected to such a heavy pressure of grazing, the natural regeneration of sal & its associates and other valuable species is not able to make any headway. Even many of the regeneration areas of this division could not be protected

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and are still devoid of adequate regeneration. No management can succeed if the forests of the division are not protected against heavy pressure of lopping and grazing. 2.15.3. Wild animals: Wild animals are an important part of the forest ecosystem and they exist in nature without any serious repercussions to vegetation. It is only when the balance is disturbed then the trouble starts. While some animals cause only mechanical damage, others browse on the foliage, destroy the seeds or fruits, strip the bark or kill the plants by gnawing at the collar or cutting the roots. The damage also varies with the size of the plant. The damage to the flora is mainly caused by the herbivores animals. The most destructive of the flora is mainly caused by the herbivores animals. The most destructive of the herbivores are wild elephants, Cheetals and wild boars. Sambhars also damage young seedlings and coppice shoots of sal . 2.15.4. The division is known as a abode for the wild elephants since more than a century. The forests of the division were subjected to damage by wild elephants from time to time, but this damage do not find mention in the compartment histories till late fifties. The damage by elephants has appeared in the compartment histories for the first time in 1961-62. It may be either due to insignificant damage of elephants before sixties or due to the thick density of the forests where the impact of elephant damage was not felt. The damage by the wild elephants is gradually increasing. Prior to fifties the damage was mainly confined to rohini and kokat but now the elephant damage almost every species. Besides feeding on leaves and small branches, they take pleasure in breaking small trees or even uprooting them. The elephants enter the Barkot range from Rajaji national Park and cause damage to the trees and sometimes plantations in Golatappar, Bibiwala and Ghamandpur blocks. White objects attract their attention particularly and they find pleasure in destroying them altogether. Wild boars and porcupines also cause damage to the plantations. 2.16. Insects: There are four major groups of insects which cause injury to sal trees. These are i. borers of bark & wood, ii. Defoliators of leaves, iii. Sap-suckers and iv. Fruit & seed eaters. 2.16.1. There are a large number of primary & secondary borers attacking the standing trees of Sal. The most important borer of Sal trees is heartwood borer, Hoplo (hoplocerambyx spinicornis Newman). Sal forests in Thano & Asharodi range have a long history of sal heart wood borer "Hoplo". The worst attacks were observed in the year 1916 to 1919, 1952-53, 1964, 1976-77, 1978-79, 1993-94 and 1997-98. According to the divisional note book, hoplo attack was spread to the entire division during 2000-01. The forests of Asharodi, Malhan & Jhajra were under severe attack in 2001-02. Several “trap tree’ operations were conducted during this period as per the recommendations given by Forest Research institute, Dehradun. The detail information is given in the ‘Protection working circle’ of this plan. 2.16.2. Aeolensthes Holosericea: The borer does not attack healthy trees and confines itself only to dead and felled timber. It is quite often confused with Hoplo. The incidence however, is negligible. 2.16.3. Ageometrid Caterpillar: The Ascotis selenasis causes some damage to sal leaves by defoliation but its attack is not severe in the division.

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II B. FOREST FAUNA

2.17 According to Wild Life Institute, Dehradun (1998), the fauna of this forest division falls under the 2.BWest Himalaya Biotic Province Biogeographical Zone of India. The forests of this Division, with their wide altitudinal range, provide a varying degree of cover and different types of plants to inhabit a wide variety of animals, birds, reptiles, rodents and fishes. The important species of animals commonly found in the division are classified as under:- I- ANIMALS (MAMMALS) (a) Carnivore (b) Herbivore (c) Omnivore II- BIRDS (a) Land birds (b) Aquatic birds III- REPTILES IV- FISHES 2.18 Animals (Mammals): The original mammalian fauna of this region comprised sizable populations of a varied array of species typical of forest, woodland and montane habitats. There was a time when tiger and leopards were quite common in Doon valley. Gradually their number declined, so much so that the tiger is, today, a rare sight in the valley. The position has gradually deteriorated due to increase in biotic interference. The last century has seen many changes. With the advent of British rule, introduction of railways, telegraphs, roads and other amenities have resulted in a steady increase in the population with more and more land being brought under the plough. This has led to considerable destruction & fragmentation of the wild life habitat. ‘Yakuli Khan’ of Afganistan who was entered by the British in Dehradun shot many tigers. ‘Raja Ranbir Singh’ has also substantially contributed in reducing the number of tigers. In 1928, one shikari bagged 6 tigers by sitting on a machan in an hour's time. The story does not end here. After independence the competition for development and commercialization of shikar combined with the invention of the high power rifle had a far reaching effect on the occurrence, distribution and population of wild life. Animals which used to be common in certain localities have disappeared altogether. Four horned antelope which was quite common during pre-independence period, has now become extinct in this area. It is clear that it was a time when the tiger (Panthera tigris tigris-Linn) and panther or leopards (Panthera pardus fusca Mayer) were quite common in Doon Valley but gradually their number declined. The main cause of decline in the numbers of tigers appears to be the serious reduction in the numbers of the deer family, mainly cheetals and sambhars and the wild boars. Its habitat has also declined & fragmented due to plantation activities. The one time famous habitat of the tiger, the Golatappar is no longer the grassy tappar that it was years ago; there is no swamp, there are no heavy grasses and shrubs and it is a flourishing plantation today. 2.19 Carnivore: 2.19.1 THE TIGER (Panthera tigris tigris. Linnacus)- Locally known as "Sher", it is the most magnificent animal of the forest. According to the census report, 2005; two tigers were sighted in

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‘Kadwapani West Beat’ of the forest division. Also, during the preparation of plan it was reported by the field staff that movement of one tiger is observed in the forest areas of Golatappar & Bibiwala forest blocks. The average size of the male is between 2.75 metres to 2.90 metres and weight around 180-230 kg. The size of female tiger is about 2.60 metres and weight is around 135-185 kg. It preys mostly on deer, wild boar and porcupine. An old disabled or wounded tiger may turn into man-eater, but such cases are not reported in this division. The mating season of tigers is May-June and cubs are generally born in October- November. The life span of a tiger is estimated to be about 30 years. 2.19.2 The Leopard or Panther (Panthera pardus fusca Mayer): The common Indian panther or leopard, locally know as bagh, is one of the most beautiful animals of these forests. The average size of the male is about 2.15 meteres and that of the female is about 1.85 metres. Ordinarily, the weight of the male is 52 kg. and that of female about 39 kg. Panthers are not restricted to forests like tigers. They are very frequently seen in forests bordering village. Panthers usually prey on deer, monkey, langoors, porcupines and sometimes, birds-peafowl, jungle fowl and reptiles. In the vicinity of villages they prey on domestic animals like cattle, sheep, goats, ponies, donkeys and quite commonly, dogs. Panthers breed all the year round and produce two to tour cubs in a litter. 2.19.3 The Jungle Cat (Felis chaus affinis Gray): The Jungle Cat is locally known as jungli billi. It is little over 90 cms. long and weighs about five to six kg. With its long legs and comparatively short tail the jungle cat has a very distinctive appearance. The colour of fur varies from sandy grey to yellowish grey. It inhabits the drier and more open part of the forest. It chiefly prays on birds, small mammals and on poultry in the vicinity of villages. Litter size is usually three but occasionally up to 5 kittens. 2.19.4 The Himalayan Jackal (Canis aureus indicus Hodgson): The jackal is locally known as sial or gidar. Its total length is between 0.8 m to 1.0m, height is about 40 cms and it weighs about 8 to 11 kgs. The animals in this region have more buff in their coats and a deeper tan on ears and legs and are on the average bigger and heavier in built. Jackals live in almost any environment but generally keep to forests bordering villages and cultivation, taking shelter in holes, ruins or in dense grass and scrubs. They generally come out at dusk and retire at dawn, sometimes forming packs, but usually go about solitary. They are scavengers by nature, feeding on carcasses and offal but their hunting instinct is not wholly dormant. They take to killing of birds and small animals and also feed on fallen ber fruits, Cubs are born at any time of the year and the litter consists of three to four. The life span is about 12 years. 2.19.5 The Common Mongoose (Herpestes edwardsi nyula Hodgson): The common mongoose, locally known as newla, is tawny yellowish grey without any stripes on the side of it neck and has a fuller and darker winter coat. The alternate light and dark rings on its hair give its coat a grizzled "pepper and salt" tinge. The tail, which is as long as its body is tipped white or yellowish red. Its total length is nearly 90 cms. and it weighs about 1.5 kgs. The females are considerably lighter and smaller than the males. This animal generally inhabits open scrub forests near cultivation and takes shelter under rocks, bushes, in hollows in the base of tree trunks or even in holes in the ground. They generally prey on rats, mice, snakes, lizards, frogs, insects, scorpions, centipedes, bird eggs and also on fruits and roots, as well as on carrion. The mongoose is very deft at killing snakes. It is sometimes kept as pet for getting rid of vermin and snakes. It breeds all the year round, producing three litters in a year. 2.19.6 The Hyena (Hyaena hyaena hyaena Linnaeus): The hyena, locally known as Lakar bagha, is dog-like, in build with massive head and fore- body, but weak hind- quarters. A heavy dorsal crest of long hair, sharply defined from the rest of the coat distinguishes this animal. The colour varies from cream, buff or tawny to the grey or dirty white of the harsh scanty summer coat. Transverse stripes on body and limbs are usually well-defined, but less so in the winter coat. The average length of male is about 1-5 meters and height about 90 cms. The average weight of the male is about 38-5 kgs while that of the female is 28.5 kgs or so. The hyena does not inhabit dense forests and generally keeps to open-country in

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the neighborhood of habitation, dwelling in holes dug in ravines. They feed largely on carrion and occasionally prey on sheep, goats, calves and stray dogs and also clear up the remains of "Kills" of tigers and panthers. They are said to possess remarkable powers of scent but have indifferent sight and hearing. Little is known about their mating habits. The young are usually born in hot weather and the litter consists of two to four. 2.19.7 The Indian Fox (Vulpes bengalensis Shaw): Locally known as Lomri or feun. It is a pretty, slender-limbed animal distinguished by the black tip of its tail, rufous limbs and grey winter coat. It measures between 70 cms and weighs about 2-3 kgs. It keeps to open-country bordering villages and habitation, living in burrows having several openings. It feeds on small rats, reptiles, insects including termites and white ants, bird's eggs and also relishes ber fruits and pods of gram (Cicer arietum). It is exceedingly swift footed and active in every way, which are main defenses against its enemies. Its mating season is winter and the litter, generally consisting of four cubs, is born in spring. 2.20 Herbivore 2.20.1 The Elephant (Elephas maximus indicus Cuvier): It is known as Hathi, is the largest animal found in this area, about 2.75 metres high at the shoulder. According to the census of 2005 & 2007, maximum numbers of elephants are visible in Barkot & Rishikesh range. This is because, a 2km stretch of forests between Laltappar & Chiddarwala village on the Dehradun- Haridwar highway connects Kansrau range of RNP and Barkot range. Elephants are a highly wide ranging animal traversing long distances for its basic requirements as its body size and needs more food and water with wide range of habitats. The male, female ratio is quite healthy in this region. 2.20.2 The Goat Antelope (Nemorhaedus goral goral Hardwicke): Locally known as ghural, it stands 65 to 70 cms. high at the shoulder, weighs 25 to 30 kgs and its horns are about 13 cms long. It is a stocky goat like animal having coarse hair forming a small crest on the neck. The general colour is yellowish grey suffused with black. The horns are short and insignificant. They diverge slightly, curve backwards and are marked with rings or ridges for the greater part of their length. These cliffs of the big gorges are its favorites haunts. Gorals are seen in the ridges of Thano, Asharodi & Malhan ranges. It usually associates in small parties of 4 to 8, feeding on rugged, grassy, hill-sides or rocky and precipitous ground, usually in mornings and evenings. The young ones are born in May and June. 2.20.3 The Sambar (Cervus unicolor niger Blainville): The sambar is the largest deer and caries the grandest horns. It averages 140 cms. high at the shoulder and a full grown stag weighs about 225 to 230 kgms and the horns are about 90 cms. long. Its coat is coarse and shaggy and the general colour is brown with a yellowish or grayish tinge. Females are lighter in tone and old stags tend to become very dark to almost black. The antlers are stout and rugged. Forested hill sides are their favorites haunts. They are chiefly nocturnal and feed mainly on grass, leaves and various kinds of fruits. They are the worst browsers of natural sal regeneration and sal coppice shoots. Their power of sight is moderate but hearing and sense of smell is acute. They do not associate in large numbers and are generally seen solitary. The stags fight for territory and their harem is limited to a few hinds. The horns commence to grow in May and are in velvet during the rains. The stags rub their horns against the bark of small poles and trees leaving a long blaze on the stem and sometimes kill the young plant by debarking. The young are born in rains. It is mainly found in forest areas adjacent to Rajaji National Park. 2.20.4 The Spotted Deer (Axis axis Erxleben): The Chital is the most beautiful of the deer. Its coat is a bright refocus fawn, profusely spotted with white at all ages and in all seasons. A well-ground stag stands about 90 cms. at shoulder and weight 85 kgms or so. The antlers measure 75 cms 85 cms. The Chital is found wherever there is cover, good grazing ground and plenty of water. They are gregarious and move in large herds of 20 to 30 while assemblages numbering a hundred or more are not infrequent. They are less

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nocturnal then sambar and feed till late in the morning and again in the afternoon. They do not shun the proximity of villages but enter cultivation & do considerable damage to crops. They also do considerable damage to young sal seedlings and plantations. The mating season is chiefly in winter but fawns are met with at any season. Usually the mother gives birth to a single fawn but chitals are prolific breeders. It is mainly seen in Sainkot, Golatappar, Ghamandpur, Lachhiwala, Jhajra & Ramnagar forst blocks. 2.20.5 The Barking Deer (Muntiaous muntiak vaginalis Boddaert): The barking deer, locally known as kakar, is smaller than cheetal; standing about 50-75 cms high at the shoulder and weighing 22-23 kgs. The horns rarely exceed 13 cms. Its coat is reddish brown in colour while that of old males is browner. The kakar lives in thickly wooded hills and usually moves singly or in pairs. They generally keep to the dense forests and graze in outskirts or in small open clearing within. They are fairly diurnal in habit. The kakar appears to breed at all seasons but the rut takes place mainly in winter. The young, one or two a mother, are born at the beginning of the rains. It is not very common in the division. At times is seen in Golatappar & Ghamandpur forest blocks. 2.20.6 The Common Langur or Hanuman Monkey (Presbytis entellus schistaceus Hodgson): Locally known as langoor. It is 60 to 70 cms high when seated; its tail is 90 to 100 cms long and feet 20 to 25 cms long. It weighs from 16 to 21 kgs. It is black-faced and is found in the forests, as well as, in the vicinity of villages and towns. These are more heavily whiskered and coated than other races of this species and are larger and heavier in built. Their pale, almost white heads stand out in sharp contrast to the darker colour of their body. They are arboreal in habit and pure vegetarian, eating wild fruits, flowers, buds, shoots and leave. A troop of langurs is said to return to the same roosting place every night. There is much quarreling for places till the party settles down to sleep. The inveterate enemy of the langur is the panther. The sight of a tiger or of any animal that arouses suspicion produces the guttural alarm note which sends the whole troop bolting. Mating takes place at any time of the year but apparently there is a marked breeding season. These are commonly seen throughout the forest division. 2.20.7 The Monkey (Macaca Mulatta villosa True): Locally known as bandar, the common monkey found in this tract belongs only to the race villosa but it also blends with the typical Macaca mulatta mulatta (Zimmermann). Its head and body measure about 50 cms, tail about 25 cms and feet about 18 cms. The male weighs about 10 kgs. and the female about 6 to 7 kgs. It has orange red fur on its loins and rumps which distinguishes it from other monkeys. The yillosa is heavier and slightly larger and has a longer and fuller winter coat than the typical mulatta. It prefers a more open country and within forests is generally found in the neighborhood of villages and towns. It generally feeds on ground plants and its fare includes insects and spiders, unlike that of a langur. Little is known about their social and breeding habits they, however, breed at any time of the year but most of the young are born between March and May. These are commonly seen throughout the forest division. Lately, they have become a serious man-animal conflict issue. 2.20.8 The Indian Hare (Lepus nigricollis ruficaudatus Geoffroy): Locally known as khargosh, this animal has rufous brown coat much mixed with black on back and face; breast and limbs are rufous; chin, upper throat and lower parts are white, and upper surface of tail is refocus brown and hence the name rufous-tailed hare. Its head and body measure 40-50 cms and it weighs about 2 kgs. Hares usually live in the neighborhood of villages and cultivation. During summer, when grass is scarce, they are often seen along roadsides and even enter compounds to feed on the grass growing there. They are mainly nocturnal and, while driving by night, their fleeting glimpses are seen in the car sight. They have many enemies e.g. foxes, mongoose, wild cats and even village dogs. The particular breeding season of hare is not recorded. It is said to have one or two young at a birth. It is frequently seen in the entire division. 2.20.9 The Porcupine (Hystrix indica indica Kerr): Locally known as Sehi, its head and body measure 70-90 cms., tail 80.10 cms and spines 18-20 cms. It weighs 11-18 kgs. This animal is easily recognized by

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its hair which is modified, more or less, completely into spines. Its neck and shoulders are crowned with a crest of bristles 15 to 30 cms. long and the quills on the back are very profuse. Each quill is ornamented with deep brown or black and white rings. The porcupine adapts itself to any kind of country, moist, arid, open land and forest. They commonly take shelter in grass & in burrows. They are nocturnal in habit & have a keen sense of smell. Vegetables of all kinds, grain, fruit and roots are their food. They are very fond of young semal roots and are known to have wiped out semal plantations. The entrance to their burrows is strewn with bones which they gnaw just as they gnaw the dropped horns of deer. Horns and bones contain calcium and lime which help in the growth of quills. When irritated or alarmed, porcupines erect their spines, grunt, puff & rattle their hollow tail quills. While attacking, this animal launches itself backwards with incredible speed and clashing its hind quarters against an enemy, drives its erect quills deep into it with painful or even fatal results. Porcupines are known to have killed panthers and even tigers in this manner. The young ones are born in early spring and may number two to four. It is quite common in the division. 2.21 Omnivore. 2.21.1 The Wild Boar (Sus scorfa cristatus Wagner): The wild boar, locally known as suar, when full grown stands about 90 cms. high at the shoulder and may weight well over 230 kgs. The lower tusks may vary between 20-30 cms on the outside curve. The Indian wild boars have a sparser coat but a fuller mane. The colour of the adult is black mixed with grey rusty brown and white hairs. The young are browner and old boars greyer. New born wild pigs are brown with light or black stripes. The tusks are well developed in the males. The suar generally lives in grass bordering well-wooded forests. It is an omnivorous animal and lives on roots, tubers, insects, snakes, offal and carrion. It is quite destructive to sal seedlings which often suffer considerable damage by uprooting. The wild boar is believed to have an acute sense of smell while its sight and hearing are moderate. They display great intelligence, courage and determination. They move in herds generally in the early morning and late evening. The young are born at two periods, shortly before and shortly after the rains, and the litter numbers four to six. 2.21.2 The Small Indian Civet (viverricula indica wellsi Poocock): The small India civet, locally known as Malpusa, is a tawny grey or grayish brown animal, lined and streaked on back and crops, spotted more or less in rows along the flanks. There are usually some cross bars on the neck. A well grown adult male is slightly over 90 cms in length and weighs about three to four kgs. It generally keeps out of heavy forest and prefers grasslands or scrub forests to live in, taking shelter in holes or under rocks. It is nocturnal in habit and preys on rats, squirrels, small birds, lizards, insects and their grubs. It also feeds on fruits, roots and other vegetable matter. The young are seen at all times of the year and there is no marked period of breeding activity. Four to five young ones are produced in a litter. 2.21.3 The Yellow Throated Marten (Martes flavigula flevigula Boddaert): Locally known as chuthrol, its head and body measure 45-60 cms and tail about 40 cms. The colour varies among individuals and with the season. They keep to forested areas, are expert tree climbers and exhibit great agility while on trees. They are restless creatures and hunt both by day and night. In the tree tops they hunt squirrels and birds and raid nests for eggs and young birds. On the ground, their usual quarry is rats, mice, hare, pheasants and partridges and some times defenseless young deer. When pressed for food, they eat carrion, snakes, lizards and even insects. In the vicinity of villages they are known to prey on domestic cats also. Speed of movement and great boldness in attack make them a real menace to all the small creatures living in their neighborhood. Their food also includes fruits and nectar of flowers. Nothing is recorded about their breeding habits. 2.22.1 BIRDS: Osmaston (1935) was the first to publish a detailed account of the birds of Dehra Dun and adjacent hills, enumerating about 400 species from the area. Ornithological records from Dehra Dun valley and adjacent hills in Dehra Dun district in Uttaranchal state, India, have been previously published

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by Osmaston (1935), Wright (1955), George (1957), Fleming (1967), Pandey et. al (1994), Mohan (1997), Gandhi and Singh (1995), Tak et al.(1997), Singh (2000, 2002) and Singh et al. (2001). A checklist of the birds of Dehra Dun and adjacent hills, compiled by Bikram Grewal in 2002 and revised in 2003 by the author is also available (at http://64.6.246.114/ checklists/Uttaranchal/checklists_dehradoon. htm), but this is not authoritative and contains a number of highly improbable records. A study was carried out on the birds of the Dehra Dun valley and neighbouring hills (between 77°35' and 78°15'E and between 30°04' and 30°45'N) from June 1982 to February 2000 by Mr. A.P.Singh. A total of 377 species were recorded, including 11 categorized as globally Near-threatened and two as Vulnerable (Collar et al. 1994) thus increasing the checklist for Dehra Dun District to 514 species. Mr. A.P.Singh & others again studied the areas around Kalu Sidh Temple along the Song river in Thano range, Kansrao-Satyanarayan tract in Rajaji National Park, Rikhauli etc. from May 2002 to March 2006. With some new additions a total of 551 species are now confirmed for Dehra Dun district, which is c.40% of the total number found in the Indian subcontinent. This list includes 11 globally threatened species and 11 Near Threatened species, representing c.15% of the total number of such species found in the Indian subcontinent. Dehra Dun valley may be an important stopover for many migratory birds that briefly halt here while migrating south (in autumn passage) to winter in the Indian mainland, and while returning north (in spring passage) to their breeding grounds in the Palaearctic region. The present records include at least three significant westward range extensions of species that are known from the central Himalayas and further east. 2.22.2 Habitat Preference: According to Dr. A. P. Singh; the habitat preferred by the majority of species is moist deciduous vegetation (199), followed by scrub (117), dry deciduous (92), aquatic (76), subtropical pine (73), moist temperate (68), building, rock, cliff (37), habitation (24) and subalpine (7). Preference for habitats amongst different ‘status groups’ indicated that resident species mostly preferred moist deciduous and scrub habitats. Some of the common resident birds are described below: 2.22.3 The Common Pea Fowl (Pavo cristatus Linnaeus): Commonly known as ‘mor’, they inhabit dense scrub and open miscellaneous forests near streams and rivers. They usually keep in small flocks of a cock and four to five hens and emerge into forest clearings, fire lines and roads in the morning and evenings to scratch the ground for food. They have keen sight and hearing and are excessively wary and slink away on the least suspicion. They are the first to detect the presence of the larger cats on the prowl and give out a warning call to other animals. They are omnivorous, feeding on seeds, grains, shoots, insects, lizards and small snakes. It is the national bird of India and is completely protected. The nesting season is from January to October, three to five eggs, glossy, broad oval, pale cream or white-coffee coloured are laid and hatching takes about a month. They are found all over the division. 2.22.4 The Red Jungle Fowl (Gallus gallus murghi Robinson and Kloss): The ‘murgi’ is a resident of sal forests interspersed with patches of scrub jungle and clearings. The birds keep in small parties of a cock and four hens feeding in openings in the mornings and in the afternoon. They are very shy and sulk away through the thickets on the least suspicion. They generally frequent roads, fire-lines and cart-tracks to feed on the dropping of animals. Their usual diet consists of seeds, grains, shoots, insects, worms and lizards. They are very fond of bamboo seeds. The nesting season if from March to May. The nest is a shallow scrape in dense undergrowth lined with dry leaves. Five to six eggs are laid and hatching takes place in about three weeks. They are found in the entire division. However, their numbers are decreasing day-by-day. 2.22.5 The Kaleej Pheasant (Lophura leucomelana hamiltonii J.E. Gray): The kaleej pheasant is not very common. Mainly found in Thano ranges. It inhabits areas of heavy undergrowth and bushes in the vicinity of streams. Pairs or small family parties come into the open in the mornings and afternoons to feed on forest roads, tracks and clearings. It often associates with the red jungle fowl. Its diet is mainly vegetarian consisting of shoots, tubers and berries but also includes insects and small reptiles. The nesting season is usually from March to June, the nest being a crude collection of leaves and rubbish in a shallow

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scrape in the ground under shelter of an overhanging tuft of grass or stone. Six to nine eggs, creamy white to reddish buff in colour are laid. 2.22.6 The Black Partridge (Francolinus francolinus asiae Bonararte): The ‘Kala titar’ largely inhabits scrub and grass land in the vicinity of streams and rivers and is often seen in the miscellaneous forests. They keep in pairs, though three to four birds may be frequently found together, while at best a good patch may produce more than a dozen. They are exceedingly swift runners and usually trust to their legs for escape. Their food is chiefly grain, grass seeds and tender shoots but white ants and other insects are also eaten. The nesting season is from April to July. The nest is a shallow depression scraped in the ground and lined with grass. It is situated amongst the roots of grass clumps and bushes. The eggs are pale olive brown to almost chocolate brown and six to eight are laid. They are not very common. Some can be seen in Rishikesh, Thano, Barkot & Jhajra ranges. 2.22.7 The Grey Quail (Coturnix coturix coturnix Linnaeus): The common ‘bater’ is a bird of open country frequenting grass lands and agricultural fields. It usually keeps in pairs but numbers may increase in a spot where food is plentiful and shelter is good. It generally feeds on grain and grass seeds and also eats termites and other insects. It is partly resident and partly migratory. It is a prolific breeder, the normal breeding season being between March to May. Its nest is a shallow scrape sparsely lined with grass usually well concealed in grass. Six to fourteen eggs which are reddish or yellowish buff, speckled with dark brown are laid. 2.22.8 The Black Breasted or Rain Quail (Coturnix coromandelica Gmelin): These baters inhabits dry grass lands and scrub and differs little from the common bater described above except that it is slightly smaller and both of them are frequently found in association. The nesting season is from March to October but most gees are laid after the break of monsoons. The nest is similar to that of the common bater. The eggs six to eight in number, are slightly glossed pale creamy, buff or stone colour with varying shades of brown and are much smaller than those of the common bater. 2.22.9 The Jungle Bush-quail (Perdicula asiatica puniaubi Whistler): The ‘lawa bater’ inhabits fairly open deciduous forest and grass lands. The birds live in coveys of five to twenty. It is almost equal in size to the rain-quail. Food consists mainly of grain, grass-seeds and shoots. The breeding season is not well defined and ranges from August to April. The nest is a scrape in the ground lined with grass, under shelter of a bush or grass tussock. The eggs, four to eight in number, are creamy white in colour and fairly glossed. Hatching takes place in about a fortnight. 2.22.10 The Common Green Pigeon (Treron phoenicoptera phoenicopters Latham): The ‘harial’ is exclusively arboreal and inhabits well wooded forests. They keep in flocks of ten to fifty birds and sometimes collect in enormous numbers on fig trees. Their food consists entirely of fruits and berries, mostly wild figs, buds and shoots. The nesting season is mainly March to June. The nest is made of twigs in moderate sized trees concealed in foliage. Eggs are two, white and glossy. The other species of pigeons are the wedge tailed green pigeon (Tereron sphenura sphenura Vigors) and the pin-tailed green pigeon (Treron apicauda apicauda Blyth). 2.22.11 The Common Grey Horn Bill (Tockus birostris Scopoli): ‘Dhanesh’ inhabits open miscellaneous and sal forests. It is exclusively arboreal, frequenting mostly fig trees, and is seen in pairs or family parties of 5 to 6 birds. It feeds mainly on figs but also eats large insects and lizards. The nesting season is between March and June. The nest is a natural hollow on some old tree-trunk usually fairly high up. The eggs, two or three in number, are dull, glossless white. The great Pied Horn Bill (Buceros bicornis homrai Hodgson), the garud and the Indian Pied Horn bill (Anthracoceros malabaricus malabaricus Gmelin) are also found. The former extends to slightly higher altitude.

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2.22.12 Number of birds also migrates to this valley during winter. Winter migrants showed a preference for aquatic and scrub habitats, while summer migrants were found mainly in moist deciduous vegetation. However, a few species of migrants inhabited scrub and rock country. Passage migrants are generally aquatic or preferred moist deciduous vegetation. Some of the common migratory waterfowls are described below. 2.22.13 Common Pochard (Arthya ferina): Head and neck darkish red in male; female has buff around the eyes and throat. Fairly common. Found in marshy lakes near Song & other rivers. 2.22.14 Common Teal (Anas crecca): Small in size (38 cm.) and green speculum. Seen, usually in pairs or in small flocks with other ducks. It has a rapid, compact, wheeling flight. 2.22.15 Tufted duck (Arthya fuligula): Male has diagnostic tufted head. Note white at base of bill of the dark brown female, swims low in water and driver after aquatic plants. Often seen in larger flocks but also single or in pairs. 2.22.16 Shoveller (Anas clypeata): Male has wide bill, green head, white breast and flanks, Rufous sides and blue wing patch. Female motted throughout; has blue-gray wing patch. Swims with heavy bill pointed downward. 2.22.17 Brahminy Duck (Tadorna ferruginea): Locally known as ‘Surkhab’ are fairly common. It has distinctive redish-tan, white wing patch and size of a small goose. 2.22.18 Pintail (Anas acuta): Pointed tail distinctive in both sexes. A surface feeder, its tips rump up when eating. 2.22.19 Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos): It is distinguished by dark-green head of male and a blue-green speculum edged with white in both sexes. Call repeated quack becoming faster and softer. 2.22.20 Red-Creasted Pochard (Netta rufina): Male has a large, distinctive orange-red head. Female has brown head with white sides. They are usually shy and seen in small flocks. 2.23 REPTILES 2.23.1 The Python (Python molurus molurus Gray): Commonly know as ‘ajgar’, it is sluggish in disposition and grows to a length of 8 to 9 metre but generally most specimens average 5 to 6 metres weighing about 100 kgs or more. It has a bold pattern of broad dark brown Marians on alight brown ground colour. Its skin is very much sought after. Its food consists of mammals, birds, reptiles of suitable size and even large frogs. The number of eggs varies greatly, from 8 to over 100 or more. The eggs measure about 11 cms by 5 to 6 cms. The female python stacks her eggs into a heap and then coiling herself around, incubates them with the help of the heat of her body by a long wait of twelve weeks or so. They are generally found in the foot hills of outer Himalayan belts. 2.23.2 The Rat snake (Ptyas mucosus Cope): The ‘dhaman’ is fairly common but is non-poisonous. It grows to about 2.20m. and feeds on rats and eggs of birds and reptiles. It is widely distributed in the division & frequently seen in the beginning of rains. 2.23.3 The Cobra (Naja naja): The cobra is easily recognized by its hood when it assumes a defensive or a warning posture. It is a poisonous snake but the danger from cobra bite is primarily form treading upon one at night. It apparently is not capable of aiming its strike accurately at day time, moreover, the

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day time strikes are usually made with the mouth shut. It grows to about 2-3 metres or more. They are found throughout the division. 2.23.4 The Krait (Bungaurs coeruleus Dand): The common krait grows to a length off about 1.50 metres. Its colour above is deep lustrous blue-black uniform streaked and reticulated with white; below it is white. It is certainly very dangerous if stepped on at night. When encountered by day, it has the seemingly stupid habit of coiling up with its head beneath its coils; it may be kicked and even killed with a stick without defending itself. Kraits have extremely potent venom. They are fairly common in the entire division. 2.23.5 The Pit viper (Trimeresurus monticela Gunther): The green pitted viper grows to about a metre and is one of the most handsome tree snakes. It is poisonous but is not necessarily fatal to man. They are rarely seen in the forests of the division. The Russel viper (Vipera russalli) is again a pretty snake with bright coloured pattern. It has also a potent venom & are rare. 2.24 FISHES 2.24.1 Mahaseer (Barbus tor Hamilton): Among the fishes the mahaseer merits special mention. It is found in Ganga & other hill streams like Song etc. They are good both for sport and for food. Its mouth is arched; colour is silvery or grayish along the upper half of the body. Their number is declining rapidly. Steps should be taken at the division lenel to conserve them & to increase their population. 2.24.2 The other fishes found in this region are kalimachi (Barbus chilinoides Cuvier); blackish in colour & found in Song, Suswa besides Ganga; the common carp (Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus), rohu (Labeo rohita Gunther ), Chilwa (Barilius bendelisis), Baam (mastacembalus), Patholi (Chegunius chagunae), Sewal (Vphicephalus punctatus), Potto (Barbus ticts), Gotyala (Garra gotyala) and calbasu (Labee Calbasu Gunther). They are generally found in Ganga, Song, Suswa etc. rivers and pools. 2.25 INJURIES TO WHICH THE FAUNA IS LIABLE 2.25.1 The biggest enemy of wild life is human interference. The other hazards to the fauna are epidemics, atmospheric influences, animals and fires. A brief resume of the damage by the chief agencies are enumerated below. 2.25.2 Human Interference: Fauna has suffered the most at the hands of mankind since ancient days, when fauna used to form the main source of food for them. With the pace of development and with the increasing industrialization injury of fauna increased manifolds, as the invention of new powerful weapons added with increased lust for monetary considerations proved more fatal for the wild life. Thus the man has damaged the wild life maximum by his direct and indirect actions. 2.25.3 The direct injuries to the fauna by human activities are by hunting, poaching, snaring, capturing and poisoning. There is hardly any village in the vicinity of forests where at least three to five villagers do not possess a weapon. Those weapons can be used in indiscriminate shooting and poaching. The development of Doiwala, Bhaniawala, Hardwar, Premnagar, Vikasnagar and Rishikesh townships have facilitated poachers in providing them marketing centres where the meat of the wild fauna can be disposed of easily. Cheetals were found in abundance till early sixties in Bibiwala, Golatappar, Lalpani, Rishikesh, Ghamandpur, Dudhli, Lachiwala, Chandi, Jakhan Sahansara, Kaluwala, Kalyanpur, Laldhang, Karwapani, Chandrabani and Jhajhra blocks, but the lease holders raising agricultural crop in plantation areas killed animals on the pretext of protection of the crops. Poaching by organized gangs is also serious problem in this region. Division should concentrate on intelligence gathering & intensive patrolling of the forest area.

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2.25.4 The indirect injuries are caused by altering the habitat by disforestation, planting grassy tappars, invention of high power weapons and use of jeeps, tractors etc. in poaching. The one time famous habitat of the tiger, the Golatappar is no longer the grassy tappar that it was years ago. There are no heavy grasses and it is a flourishing plantation today. The large miscellaneous forests of Bibiwala, Rishikesh, Jakhan etc. have all been planted up, so also parts of Ghamandpur, Jakhan, Chandi, Banbaha, Suswa etc. construction of Bhaniawala- Satyanrain and Doiwala- Dudhli P.W.D. roads have further added constant headache of disturbances to the wild life. These roads have further exposed the fauna to poachers. Four laning of Dehradun- haridwar road Ano upgadation of the road to Jyoligrant airport will further detoriate the condition. Many transmission lines have been erected in the division by disforestation. Construction of I.D.P.L. and large scale disforestation for rehabilitating Tehri Dam oustees, have substantially contributed towards the decline of fauna. The disforestation has not only reduced the areas of the habitat of fauna but also fragmented them preventing their smooth migration from one forest to other. The clearings near water holes have created conditions unfavorable to the wild life. Extensive overgrazing has resulted into exhaustion of the natural food source and destruction of insects, the eggs and the young ones of many species from the forest areas. 2.25.5 Epidemics: Epidemics amongst wild life is not a common feature but cheetal, sambhar and other member of deer family may suffer from infectious and contagious diseases like rinderpest through the domestic cattle grazing in the forest. Fortunately, cases of epidemics are not reported in the Doon Valley. 2.25.6 Atmospheric Influences: The adults are seldom affected by the climatic disturbance but the young ones suffer casualties mostly from frost. The hatching of the birds is badly affected by heavy rains. It is reported that two to three decades before, female jungle fowls use to hatch twice a year i.e. firstly in March-April and secondly in July-August; but the hatching period has been restricted only to March-April now. It needs thorough investigation by wild life conservationists. Drought reduces the number of water sources. 2.25.7 Animals: The predator – prey relationship is responsible for maintaining ecological balance. Any imbalance to it leads to devastating damage. Carnivore prey on herbivores, reptiles on birds and eggs, others prey on fish and some birds like owl, hawk and falcons prey on small rodents and small birds. Jackals prey upon jungle fowls, partridge and quail, Indiscriminate poaching of cheetals, sambhar, kakars during fifties, sixties and seventies has recoiled on the depletion of food for tigers and is one of the main cause for decline in their numbers. 2.25.8 Forest Fire: The wild animals especially reptiles and young pheasants are sometimes trapped in fire and are killed. Forest fire destroys the eggs and the young ones in the hollow of rocks, dead stumps and nests built in shrubs and on the ground. The loss of ground fire & surface fire is immense if we consider the destruction of wild life & their habitat. All possible steps should be taken at the division level to prevent & minimize forest fire. 2.26 Conservation and Management of Wild Life: It is a challenge for the forest managers to prove that ‘good wildlife management is good forest management’ and to meet this challenge, it is high time to change the traditional forestry outlook to the holistic view. The laws of ecology say that “everything is connected to everything else”. Therefore the need for interventions to improve the viability of habitats for wildlife is essential. The detail prescriptions are given in Wild Life management & Biodiversity Conservation (Overlapping) working circle.

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Management Plan for Asan Conservation Reserve for the period 2009-10 to 2013-14

Wildlife Life Institute of India

Birds reported from Asan Conservation Reserve

Contributors: Dhananjai Mohan, Arun P Singh, D.K. Chet Singh, Suresh C Sharma, Bikram Grewal, Bill Harvey, Nikhil Devasar, Pratap Singh and Satpal Singh Gandhi

S.No. Name Common Name/Hindi Name Scientific Name 1 Black Francolin Black Partridge/dkyk rhrj Francolinus francolinus

2 Grey Francolin Grey Partridge/lQsn rhrj Francolinus pondicerianus

3 Barred Buttonquail /?kkfj;k xqyw Turnix suscitator 4 Lesser Whistling Duck Lesser Whistling-teal/NksVh flYgh Dendrocygna javanica 5 Lesser White-fronted Goose /NksVh lQsneq[kh lou Anser erythropus 6 Greater White-fronted Goose / cMh lQsneq[kh lou Anser albifrons 7 Greylag Goose /flysVh lou Anser anser 8 Bar-headed Goose /ljiVVh lou Anser indicus 9 Ruddy Shelduck Brahminy Duck/lq[kkZc Tadorna ferruginea

10 Common Shelduck /'kkg pdok Tadorna tadorna

11 Cotton Pygmy-goose CottonTeal /fxjhZ cRr[k Nettapus coromandelianus

12 Gadwall /cs[kqj cRr[k Anas strepera 13 Falcated Duck Falcated Teal/dVk flU[kqj cRr[k Anas falcata 14 Eurasian Wigeon /fi;klu cRr[k Anas penelope 15 Mallard /uhy flj cRr[k Anas platyrhynchos 16 Spot-billed Duck Spotbil Duck,Spotbill/xqxjy cRr[k Anas poecilorhyncha 17 Northern Shoveler Shoveller/frnkfj cRr[k Anas clypeata 18 Northern Pintail Common Pintail,Pintail/lhs[kij cRr[k Anas acuta 19 Garganey Blue-winged Teal/psrk cRr[k Anas querquedula 20 CommonTeal /NksVh eqxkZch Anas crecca

21 Marbled Duck /lsxejejh cRr[k Marmaronetta angustirostris

22 Red-crested Pochard /ykyflj cRr[k Netta rufina 23 Common Pochard / NksVh ykyflj cRr[k Aythya ferina 24 Ferruginous Pochard White-eyed Pochard/dqfpZ;k cRr[k Aythya nyroca 25 Baer's Pochard /cs;jh cRr[k Aythya baeri 26 Tufted Duck Tufted Pochard/vcyd cRr[k Aythya fuligula 27 Common Goldeneye /lksu vf{k Bucephala clangula

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28 Common Merganser Goosander /vkjh pkasp cRr[k Mergu merganser 29 Long-tailed Duck Old Squaw /yEciwN cRr[k Clangula hyemalis

30

Brown-capped Pygmy Woodpecker

Brown-crowned PigmyWoodpecker/Hkwjk flj dBQksfM;k

Dendrocopos nanus

31 Yellow-crowned Woodpecker Yellow-fronted Pied

Woodpecker/fiyrkt dBQksfM;k Dendrocopos mahrattensis

32 Grey-headed Woodpecker Black-naped Green Woodpecker/flysVh

flj dBQksfM;k Picus canus

33

Black-rumped Flameback Lesser Golden-backed Woodpecker/ dkyiqB vsxkjk dBQksfM;k

Dinopium benghalense

34 Eurasian Wryneck /xnZu ,asBk Jynx torquilla 35 Brown-headed Barbet Green Barbet/ cMk clUFkk Megalaima zeylanica 36 Lineated Barbet /dksVqj clUFkk Megalaima lineata

37 Coppersmith Barbet Crimson-breasted Barbet/BBsjk clUFkk Megalaima

haemacephala 38 Great Barbet Great Hill Barbet/ ++=sgks clUFkk Megalaima virens 39 Indian Grey Hornbill CommonGreyHornbill/flysVh ?kus”k Ocyceros birostris 40 Common Hoopoe /gqngqn Upupa epops 41 European Roller /foyk;rh uhyd.B Coracias garrulus 42 Indian Roller Blue Jay/ns”kh uhyd.B Coracias benghalensis 43 Common Kingfisher Small Blue Kingfisher/NksVk fdyfdyh Alcedo atthis

44 White-throated Kingfisher White-breasted Kingfisher/lQsn Nkrh

fdyfdyk Halcyon smyrnensis

45 Crested Kingfisher GreaterPied Kingfisher/rktnkj fdyfdyk Megaceryle lugubris 46 Pied Kingfisher Lesser Pied Kingfisher/dkSfjYyk fdyfdyk Ceryle rudis 47 Green Bee-eater Little Green Bee-eater/gjk irjax Merops orientalis 48 Blue-tailed Bee-eater /uhy nqek irjax Merops philippinus 49 Common Hawk Cuckoo Brain fever Birds/lkekU; iihgk Hierococcyx varius

50

Eurasian Cuckoo The Cuckoo,Common Cuckoo/dwQw dqgqd

Cuculus canorus

51 Grey-bellied Cuckoo Indian Plaintive Cuckoo/lqjebZ dqgqwd Cacomantis passerinus 52 Asian Koel Koel, Common Koel/ dks;y Eudynamys scolopacea 53 Greater Coucal Crow-pheasant/ cMk egksd Centropus sinensis 54 Alexandrine Parakeet Large Indian Parakeet/ghjkeu rksrk Psittacula eupatria 55 Rose-ringed Parakeet /lkekU; rksrk Psittacula krameri

56 Plum-headed Parakeet Blossom-headed Parakeet/Vqba;k rksrk Psittacula

cyanocephala 57 Alpine Swift /cMh vckchy crklh Tachymarptismelba 58 House Swift Little Swift/|jsyw vckchy crklh Apus affinis 59 Common Swift /lkekU; vckchy crklh Apus apus 60 Jungle Owlet Barred Jungle Owlet/taxyh MqUMqy Glaucidium radiatum

55

61 Spotted Owlet /lkekU; [kwlV Athene brama 62 Rock pigeon Blue Rock Pigeon//lkekU; dcwrj Columba livia 63 Spotted Dove /fprjks[kk Qk[krk Streptopelia chinensis

64 Little Brown Dove (Laughing Dove)P-100 /VqV:

Streptopelia senegalensis

65 White-breasted Waterhen /lQsn Nkrh tyeqxkZ Amaurornis

phoenicurus

66 Purple Swamphen Purple Moorhen ,Purple

Gallinule/tkequhtyeqxhZ Porphyrio porphyrio

67 Common Moorhen Moorhen,Indian Gallinule/lkekU;

tyeqxhZ Gallinula chloropus

68 Common Coot Coot, Eurasian Coot/fVdMh Fulica atra 69 Black-tailed Godwit /cMk xqnsjk Limosa limosa 70 Eurasian Curlew /cMk xqfyUnk Numenius arquata 71 Spotted Redshank /cMk lwjek pkSckgk Tringa erythropus 72 Common Redshank /NksVk lwjek pkSckgk Tringa totanus 73 Marsh Sandpiper / NksVk fVefVek pkSckgk Tringa stagnatilis 74 Common Green shank / cMk fVefVek pkSckgk Tringa nebularia 75 Green Sandpiper /gjk pkSckgk Tringa ochropus 76 Wood Sandpiper /Hkwjk pkSckgk Tringa glareola 77 Terek Sandpiper /Vsjsd pkSckgk Xenus cinereus 78 Common Sandpiper /lkekU; pkSckgk Actitis hypoleucos 79 Little Stint / NksVk iuyok Calidris minuta 80 Temminck’s Stint /Vsfesd iuyok Calidris temminckii 81 Ruff /jQ jho Philomachus pugnax

82 Pheasant-tailed Jacana /figks Hydrophasianus

chirurgus 83 Great Thick-knee Great Stone Plover/cMk dokZu Esacus recurvirostris

84 Black-winged Stilt /xtikao Himantopus himantopus

85 Pied Avocet / dL;k pgk Recurvirostra avosetta

86 Little Ringed Plover Little Plover, Little Ring Plover/thjk

ckVu Charadrius dubius

87 Kentish Plover /dkyj okyk ckVu Charadrius alexandrinus

88 Northern Lapwing Peewit, Lapwing/dkyh fVVgjh Vanellus vanellus 89 White-tailed Lapwing White-tailed Plover/lQsn iqaNh fVVgjh Vanellus leucurus 90 River Lapwing Spur-winged/ty fVVgjh Vanellus duvaucelii 91 Red-wattled Lapwing / “kjkfj fVVgjh Vanellus indicus 92 Small Pratincole LittlePratincole/NksVh /kkscSpk Glareola lactea 93 Pallas’s Gull Great Black-headed/cMk /kksejk Larus ichthyaetus 94 Brown-headed Gull /lkekU; /kksejk Larus brunnicephalus

56

95 Black-headed Gull Common Black-headed Gull/dky”kh’kZ

/kksekjk Larus ridibundus

96 Gull-billed Tern /xypapq dqjjh Gelochelidon nilotica 97 River Tern Indian River Tern/ty dqjsjh Sterna aurantia 98 Black-bellied Tern /dyisVh dqjsjh Sterna acuticauda 99 Whiskered Tern /eqPNy dqjsjh Chlidonias hybridus

100 Osprey /eNyhekj Pandion haliaetus 101 Black-shouldered Kite Black-winged Kite/diklh phy Elanus caeruleus

102 Black Kite Pariah Kite,Black-eared Kite/lkekU;

phy Milvus migrans

103 Pallas’s FishEagle Pallas’s Fishing Eagle/irjl eN x:M Haliaeetus leucoryphus 104 Egyptian Vulture SmallWhite,Scavenger/lQsn fx) Neophron percnopterus 105 White-rumped Vulture Indian White-backed Vulture/pej fx) Gyps bengalensis

106 Indian Vulture Indian Long-billed, Indian Griffon/ns”kh

fx) Gyps indicus

107 Himalayan Griffon Himalayan Griffon Vulture/fgeky;h

fx) Gyp shimalayensis

108 Eurasian Griffon Griffon Vulture/;qjsf”k;kbZZ fx) Gyps fulvus 109 Cinereous Vulture Black Vulture/dkyk fx) Aegypius monachus 110 Red-headed Vulture King Vulture, Black Vulture/jkt fx) Sarcogyps calvus 111 Crested Serpent Eagle / Mksxjk phy Spilornis cheela 112 Eurasian Marsh Harrier Western Marsh Harrier/ nynyh iRrbZ Circus aeruginosus 113 Crested Goshawk /xksj csljk Accipiter trivirgatus 114 Shikra /f”kdjk Accipiter badius 115 Eurasian Sparrowhawk Sparrow Hawk/ck”kk Accipiter nisus 116 Greater Spotted Eagle /dkyta|k Aquila clanga 117 Steppe Eagle /jxM mdkc Aquila nipalensis 118 Bonelli’s Eagle Bonelli’s Hawk Eagle/eksjaxh ckt Hieraaetus fasciatus

119 Common Kestrel Kestrel, Eurasian Kestrel/lkekU; [ksjeqqfr;k Falco tinnunculus

120 Red-necked Falcon Red-headed Merlin/ ykyflj rq:eqrh Falco chicquera 121 Eurasian Hobby Hobby, Northern Hobby/eksjkLluh Falco subbuteo 122 Little Grebe /NksVk MqcMqch Tachybaptus ruficollis 123 Red-necked Grebe /ykyxyk MqcMqch Podiceps grisegena 124 Great Crested Grebe / f”kok MqcMqch Podiceps cristatus 125 Black-necked Grebe /dkyh xnZu MqcMqch Podiceps nigricollis 126 Darter Indian Darter, Snakebird/ ckuoS Anhinga melanogaster 127 Little Cormorant /NksVk iudkSok Phalacrocorax niger

128 Indian Cormorant Shag/ns”kh iudkSok Phalacrocorax fuscicollis

129 Great Cormorant Large Cormorant/cMk iudkSok Phalacrocorax carbo

57

130 Little Egret /djfN;k cxyk Egretta garzetta 131 Grey Heron /flysVh vatu Ardea cinerea 132 Purple Heron /ujh vatu Ardea purpurea 133 Great Egret Large Egret/ eyax cxyk Casmerodius albus

134 Intermediate Egret Smaller Egret, Plumed Egret/ iVks[kk

cxyk Mesophoyx intermedia

135 Cattle Egret /xk; cxyk Bubulcus ibis 136 Indian Pond Heron Pond Heron /va/kk cxyk Ardeola grayii

137 Cinnamon Bittern Chestnut Bittern/yky cxyh Ixobrychus cinnamomeus

138 Little Heron Little Green Heron, Striated

Heron/dapk cxyk Butorides striatus

139 Black-crowned Night Heron Night Heron/okd cxyk Nycticorax nycticorax

140 Black-headed Ibis White Ibis/lQsn cqTtk Threskiornis melanocephalus

141 Black Ibis /dkyk cqTtk Pseudibis papillosa 142 Painted Stork /tkaf/ky Mycteria leucocephala 143 Asian Open bill Asian Open-billed Stork/|ksaf|y Anastomus oscitans 144 Woolly-necked Stork White-necked Stork/gkth yxyx Ciconia episcopus 145 Black Stork /lqjey yxyx Ciconia nigra 146 Bay-backed Shrike /efV;k ygVksjk Lanius vittatus 147 Long-tailed Shrike Rufous-backed Shrike/yEc iwaN ygVksjk Lanius schach 148 Southern Grey Shrike Grey Shrike/ nf{k.kh flysVh ygVksjk Lanius meridionalis 149 Rufous Treepie Indian Treepie/yky r:fid Dendrocitta vagabunda 150 HouseCrow //kjsyw dkSok Corvus splendens 151 Large-billed Crow Jungle/Black Crow /yEcpksap dkSok Corvus macrorhynchos 152 Eurasian Golden Oriole Golden Oriole/Lo.kZ ihyd Oriolus oriolus 153 Black-hooded Oriole Black-headed Oriole/Vksihnkj ihyd Oriolus xanthornus

154 Small Minivet /NksVk jktkyky Pericrocotus cinnamomeus

155 Long-tailed Minivet / NksVk igkMh jktkyky Pericrocotus ethologus 156 Scarlet Minivet Orange Minivet/cMk igkMh jktkyky Pericrocotus flammeus 157 Common Iora /lkekU; “kkschxh Aegithina tiphia

158 Yellow-bellied Fantail Yellow-bellied Fantail Flycather/ihyh

upuh Rhipidura hypoxantha

159 White-throated Fantail White-throated Fantail

Flycatcher/pdfny upuh Rhipidura albicollis

160 White-browed Fantail White-breasted Fantail Flycatcher/lQsn

upuh Rhipidura aureola

161 Black Drongo /lkekU; Hkqtax Dicrurus macrocercus 162 Ashy Drongo Grey Drongo/flysVh Hkqtax Dicrurus leucophaeus 163 Spangled Drongo Hair-crested Drongo/Ñ’.kjkt Hkqtaxk Dicrurus hottentottus

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164 Asian Paradise-flycatcher Paradise-flycatcher/nw/kjht Terpsiphone paradisi

165 Common Wood shrike Lesser Wood-shrike/lkekU; rjrh Vqab;k Tephrodornis

pondicerianus

166 Blue-capped Rock Thrush Blue-headed Rock Thrushuhylj “kSy

dLrwjk Monticola cinclorhynchus

167 Blue Rock Thrush /dz”ehjh “kSy DLrwjk Monticola solitarius

168 Dark-throated Thrush Black-throated Thrush/?kuxyk iobZ

dLrwjk Turdus ruficollis

169 Red-throated Flycatcher Red-breasted Flycatcher/ flfQ;k

eNfj;k Ficedula parva

170 Verditer Flycatcher /oMhZVj eNfj;k Eumyias thalassina

171 Tickell’s Blue Flycatcher Orange-breasted Blue

Flycatcher/fVDdyh eNfj;k Cyornis tickelliae

172 Grey-headed Canary Flycatcher Grey-headed Flycatcher/fiyisVh eNfj;k Culicicapa ceylonensis 173 Bluethroat /uhyd.Mh ywlhfu;k Luscinias vecica 174 Oriental Magpie Robin Magpie Robin, Dayal/n;ky Copsychus saularis 175 Indian Robin Black Robin, Indian Chat/dypwjh Saxicoloides fulicata 176 Black Redstart /dkyk fFkjfFkjk Phoenicurus ochruros

177 White-capped Water Redstart White-capped Redstart/lQsn Vksiiu

FkjfFkjk Chaimarrornis leucocephalus

178 Plumbeous Water Redstart Plumbeous Redstart/lhfl;k iu FkjfFkjk Rhyacornis fuliginosus 179 Common Stonechat Collared Bushchat/lkekU; HkV fiNk Saxicola torquata 180 Pied Bushchat Pied Stone-chat/vcyd >kMh Saxicola caprata 181 Grey Bushchat Dark-grey Bushchat/lqjeMZ >kMh fiNk Saxicola ferrea 182 Chestnut-tailed Starling Grey-headed Myna/ioMZ eSuk Sturnus malabaricus 183 Brahminy Starling Black-headed/ Brahminy Myna/iqg;;k Sturnus pagodarum 184 Asian Pied Starling Pied Myna/vcydh eSuk Sturnus contra 185 Common Myna /ns”kh eSuk Acridotheres tristis

186 Bank Myna /xaxk eSuk Acridotheres ginginianus

187 Jungle Myna /taxyh eSuk Acridotheres fuscus 188 Chestnut-bellied Nuthatch /[kSjkisV fljh Sitta castanea

189 Velvet-fronted Nuthatch Velvet-fronted Blue Nuthatch/e[keyh

fljh Sitta frontalis

190 Wallcreeper /fnokjjasxuh Tichodroma muraria 191 Great Tit Grey Tit/flysVh jkexaxjk Parus major 192 Sand Martin Collared Sand Martin/jsrkckyh Riparia riparia 193 Plain Martin Plain Sand Martin/lkekU; vckfy Riparia paludicola 194 Dusky Crag Martin //kqfey “kSy vckchy Hirundo concolor

195 Barn Swallow Swallow, Common Swallow/ lkekU;

vckchy Hirundo rustica

196 Wire-tailed Swallow /yh”kjk vckchy Hirundo smithii

59

197 Red-rumped Swallow Striated/ykyiqëh vckchy Hirundo daurica 198 Streak-throated Swallow Indian Cliff Swallow/ugj vckchy Hirundo fluvicola

199

Northern House Martin House Martin, Common House Martin/ePNhnqe dcjh vckfy

Delichon urbica

200 Red-whiskered Bulbul /flikgh cqycqy Pycnonotus jocosus 201 Himalayan Bulbul White-cheeked Bulbul/fgeky;h cqycqy Pycnonotus leucogenys 202 Red-vented Bulbul /xqynqe cqycqy Pycnonotus cafer

203 Black Bulbul /dkyh igkMh cqycqy Hypsipetes leucocephalus

204 Zitting Cisticola Streaked Fantail Warbler/ftVftV ftVQqndh Cisticola juncidis

205 Grey-breasted Prinia Franklin’s Wren Warbler/flysVh Nkrh nqe Qqndh Prinia hodgsonii

206 Ashy Prinia Ashy Wren Warbler/ flysVh nqe Qqndh Prinia socialis 207 Plain Prinia Plain Wren-Warbler/lknk nqe Qqndh Prinia inornata 208 Oriental White-eye White-eye/iwohZ ccwuk Zosterops palpebrosus

209 Blyth’s Reed Warbler /iksnsuk ujdqy Qqndh Acrocephalus dumetorum

210 Clamorous Reed Warbler Indian Great Reed Warbler/cMh ujdqy

Qqndh Acrocephalus stentoreus

211 Common Tailorbird /lkekU; njftu Orthotomus sutorius

212 Common Chiffchaff Brown Leaf Warbler, Chiffchaff/lkekU;

fpifpi irQqndh Phylloscopus collybita

213 Tickell’s Leaf Warbler Tickell’s Warbler/fiyisV irQqndh Phylloscopus affinis

214 Lemon-rumped Warbler Pallas’s Leaf Warbler/fiyiqëh irQqndh Phylloscopus

chloronotus 215 Hume’s Warbler Yellow-browed Warbler/gw;e irQqndh Phylloscopus humei

216 Greenish Warbler Dull Green Leaf Warbler/gjh irQqndh Phylloscopus trochiloides

217 Western Crowned Warbler Large Crowned Leaf Warbler/ifNeh

flj irQqndh Phylloscopus occipitalis

218 Yellow-eyed Babbler /lksup”e pj[kh Chrysomma sinense 219 Common Babbler /Mwejh xkSxkbZ pj[kh Turdoides caudatus 220 Striated Babbler /xsaxk xkSxkbZ pj[kh Turdoides earlei 221 Large Grey Babbler /cMh xkSxkbZ pj[kh Turdoides malcolmi 222 Jungle Babbler /taxyh xkSxkbZ pj[kh Turdoides striatus

223 Hume’s Lesser Whitethroat Hume’s Whitethroat/NksVh fVdfVdh

Qqndh Sylvia althaea

224 Indian Bushlark Red-winged Bushlark, Indian

Lark/Hkkjrh; >kM Hkjr Mirafra erythroptera

225 Ashy-crowned Sparrow Lark Ashy-crowned Finch Lark/LysVhflj

ncdfpjh Eremopterix grisea

226 Sand Lark Indian Short-toed Lark/jsrys cxsjh Hkjr Calandrella raytal

60

227 Crested Lark /pksVhnkj paMwy Hkjr Galerida cristata 228 Purple Sunbird /cSxuh “kDdj[kksjk Nectarinia asiatica

229 Crimson Sunbird Yellow-backed Sunbird/flijktk “kDdj[kksjk Aethopyga siparaja

230 House Sparrow /|jsyw xkSjS;k Passer domesticus 231 Chestnut-shouldered Petronia Yellow-throated Sparrow/yyda/kk xkSjS;k Petronia xanthocollis

232 White Wagtail Pied Wagtail/lQsn [katu Motacilla alba personata

233a White Wagtail Pied Wagtail/ lQsn [katu Motacilla alba alboides

233b White Wagtail Pied Wagtail/ lQsn [katu Motacilla alba dukhunensis

233c White-browed Wagtail Large Pied Wagtail/lQsnHkkSag [katu Motacilla maderaspatensis

234 Citrine Wagtail Yellow-headed/hooded Wagtail/ihyk

[katu Motacilla citreola citreola

235a Citrine Wagtail / ihyk [katu Motacilla citreola calcarata

235b Yellow Wagtail /fiyfd;k [katu Motacilla flava 236 Grey Wagtail /lysVh [katu Motacilla cinerea 237 Paddy field Pipit Indian Pipit/[ksr pjpjh Anthus rufulus 238 Tawny Pipit /Hkw fj;k pjpjh Anthus campestris 239 Tree Pipit Eurasian Tree Pipit/r: pjpjh Anthus trivialis

240 Olive-backed Pipit Indian Tree Pipit, Olive Tree

Pipit/gjhihB pjpjh Anthus hodgsoni

241 Rosy Pipit Vinaceous-breasted Pipit/xqykch pjpjh Anthus roseatus 242 Water Pipit /ty pjpjh Anthus spinoletta

243 Streaked Weaver Streaked Weaver/Striated

Weaver/rsfy;k c;k Ploceus manyar

244 Baya Weaver /lkekU; c;k Ploceus philippinus 245 Red Avadavat Red Munia/yky eqfu;k Amandava amandava

246 Indian Silverbill White-throated Munia/ Silverbill/lknk

eqfu;k Lonchura malabarica

247 Scaly-breasted Munia Spotted Munia, Nutmeg

Mannikin/fpRrh eqfu;k Lonchura punctulata

248 Yellow-breasted Greenfinch Himalayan Greenfinch/fiyisV gjh rwrh Carduelis spinoides 249 Common Rosefinch /lkekU; yky rwrh Carpodacus erythrinus 250 Crested Bunting /pksVh iRFkj fpjVk Melophus lathami

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CHAPTER III

UTILIZATION OF THE PRODUCE

3.1.1 Agricultural Customs & Wants of Population: Demographically the region has 759 villages and 11 towns holding a population of 12.82 lacs as per 2001 census. It is one of the fastest growing districts in Uttarakhand as can be seen by the comparative decennial growth rate between Uttarakhand and Dehradun from 1901 and 2001. After the creation of the new state this district is growing faster as Dehradun is functioning as temporary capital of the state. 3.1.2 The major land use of the area is forest. The net cultivated area accounts for only 17.45% of the land. 75% of the cultivated area is under cereals. Most of the field areas are small. The farmers have an average land holding of 0.5 to 1 ha. A large number of Industries are coming up in the district; especially in Selakui, Lal tappar & Patel Nagar etc. However, the economy is mainly based on the agro-forestry. Some tea gardens are also in the area though in a depleted condition. Generally, people combine the agricultural produce with live stock resource. According to the census report of 2003, the district has a population of 3.59 lac cattle and 1.39 lac sheep and goats. The major occupation of the people is cultivation. Only 1.26% of the population is involved in industrial work. After the creation of the state & the new industrial package, industrial activity has gone up manifold leading to a large scale conversion of agriculture land for nor agricultural purposes. Avenues for employment in this sector have significantly increased in the region. The important townships are Dehradun, Mussorie, Rishikesh etc. Mussorie is a prime hill station of India bringing in revenue from tourism round the year. Tourist activities in Dehradun & Rishikesh have grown manifold. In addition, small settlements like Rajpur, Subbash Nagar, Prem nagar, Herbertpur, Vikash Nagar, Doiwala, Bhaniawala, Selakui, Ranipokhri, etc. have developed into sizable urban units. Dehradun, at present is a fast developing township in Northern India having numerous educational, research institutions and government offices. 3.1.3 With the gradual industrialization and urbanization of the rural areas, agriculture by and large is also developing. Big farmers have taken to mechanical means of tillage, transport and use of chemical fertilizers but the small land holder is still dependent on the age-old plough and the pair of bullocks to till his land. Till date, a large number of cattle moves into the nearest forest in the morning and emerge after an indifferent browsing and grazing in the forest floor in the evening. Along with them, large number of head-loaders enters in to the forest to collect fuel wood everyday. Men, women and children, old and young, firm and infirm, carry outsized burdens of firewood and sale it as a source of their livelihood. The processions of men and animals symbolize the value & dependence; forests have in their daily lives. 3.1.4 It is now well recognized that ‘Doon Valley’ and its adjacent areas are eco-sensitive and deserve special attention and treatment. The area has been notified as a " Eco Sensitive /Eco Fragile Area" calling for applying the stringent norms for Air Pollution, Water Pollution, Solid Waste Management, Hazardous Waste Management & Industrial effluents. The doon valley has been notified under the ‘Environment Protection Act 1986’ where 'orange' and 'red' industries are restricted. The Supreme Court Monitoring Committee regularly monitors this valley. In the Valley in general, the irreversible damage is being done to the natural resources and environment, much of it ostensibly in the name of development while the basic problems like soil erosion, Industrial pollution, water management, increasing urbanization etc. are being side tracked. Notification under 3(2)(v) of Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, and Rule 5(3)(d) of Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986, restricting location of industries, mining operations and other development activities in the Doon Valley on 1st February 1989 is given in appendix…

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3.1.5 The urgent need of the hour is to entrust the planning and management of Ecologically Sensitive Areas (ESAs) to localized monitoring committees or authorities. In addition, State Level Environment Impact Assessment Authority should be set up for the implementation of the Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) Notification, 2006. Reforestation in the area is a matter of national urgency. The package of development measures needs to combine afforestation with economic upliftment and life style changes of the local people through appropriate managerial and technical inputs.

3.2.1 Human Population of the Area: The whole of the division falls in ‘Dehradun Tehsil’ of Dehradun district. The following table 3.1 gives the block wise area, number of villages, house holds, total population along with the population of scheduled castes & scheduled tribes based on 2001 census:

Table 3.1

Block Area in sq.

km. No. of

Villages No. of House Holds

Total Population

Populations of Schedule

Castes

Populations of Schedule

Tribes 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Chakrata 144.3 154 6364 59466 17784 36774 Kalsi 131.7 204 6698 55127 15271 35432 Vikash Nagar 224.3 71 15811 124246 14412 17930 Sahas Pur 354.5 114 19001 120048 15022 1631 Raipur 287.9 115 20102 88628 10664 145 Doiwala 175.5 80 18129 151236 18018 2937 Vangrum 1477.1 21 2227 4650 862 61 Uraban 148.4 - 169237 678742 81415 4419 Rural 2795.3 - 166775 603401 92033 94910 Total 3088.0 759 336012 1282143 173448 99329

The above figure shows that the population of scheduled castes and schedule

tribes are 13.52% and 7.75% respectively. After the creation of the state, their development has been ensured by providing Special Component Plan (SCP) for Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Tribal Sub Plan (TSP) for Scheduled Tribes (STs).The aim is to benefit them by ensuring flow of fund from general sectors of the plans to SCs and STs at least in proportion to their population both in physical and financial terms. In the 11th Five year plan, the ongoing and new schemes focus on environmental conservation, enhancing contribution of the forest based resources to the economy of the State, providing the basic needs of the people like fuel wood, fodder, small timber, bamboo etc. Mostly schemes are employment oriented and implemented in reserved forest. Employment through peoples’ participation from weaker section of society (schedule caste & schedule tribes) is a major component of managerial strategy reflected in the schemes. During 11th five year plan, under TSP the works will be carried out in Chakarata, Kalsi, Joshimath, Dunda, Sitarganj, Khatima, Munsyari & Dharchula (8 Tribal development blocks) areas. Under SCP the works will be carried out in the villages having schedule caste 50% or more of the total population of the village.

3.2.2 The following table 3.2 gives the available census figures from 1901 to 2001 and their percentage increment over previous census.

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Table 3.2

Census Year

No. of Villages

Population Increase % over previous census

Total Rural Total Rural Urban 1901 416 177465 137999 - - - 1911 423 204534 148880 15.30 7.90 41.00 1921 466 211877 145567 3.60 -2.30 19.10 1931 424 229850 165458 8.50 13.70 - 2.90 1941 835 265786 172057 15.60 4.00 45.60 1951 804 361689 190090 36.10 10.50 83.10 1961 761 429014 231179 18.60 21.60 15.20 1971 767 577306 305529 34.60 32.20 37.40 1981 743 761668 389527 31.90 27.40 37.00 1991 764 1025679 510199 34.70 31.00 38.50 2001 738 1282143 603401 25.00 18.27 31.67

It is obvious from the above figures that there has been steep rise in the population of the area in the recent past. In 2001 census out of total population there were 6.80 lac males and 6.02 lac female. 78% of males and 59.3% of females were found literate.

3.3.1 Live Stock: The following table 3.3 gives the available cattle census figures of Dehradun district.

Table 3.3

Year Cows Buffaloes Sheep & Goat

Horses & Others

Total

1961 73525 107905 73214 - 254644 1966 74160 107330 766109 - 258109 1971 41020 217060 113469 - 371549 1976 59716 208343 100906 - 368965 1982 159005 51832 114655 2549 328041 1988 162484 64354 114151 3959 344948 1993 149893 51527 134835 2848 339109 2003 148117 71685 139848 9844 369494

In the above table, the figures from 1961 to 1993 are taken from last plan; figures of 2003 are

taken from current statistical report for Dehradun district. The figures of total cattle population from 1961 to 2003 indicate that the cattle population has gone up enormously. It also clearly indicates that this population is beyond the carrying capacity of total agriculture, horticulture and forest land available. Steep increase in cattle population will cause deterioration to the forest by uncontrolled grazing and lopping.

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3.3.2 Following table 3.4 gives the available block wise cattle population converted into cow units in 2003:

Table 3.4

The cattle mainly cows, are kept by villages for the purpose of milk production and farm yard

manure. They are generally of inferior breed and despite their low milk yield, are kept in large number mainly for manure. They graze freely over the nearby forest areas and the uncontrolled excessive grazing results in depletion of vegetation leading to unchecked soil erosion. Beside the cattle of the local villages, the cattle of Gujjars cause a lot of damage to the vegetation. Indiscriminate lopping by the Gujjars, have left no scope for “seeds” in the associates of Sal.

3.3.3 Fodder Requirement: There are around 298179 cattle (in cow units) in the division (Table 3.4). According to World Band aided project, the fodder requirement per cattle unit per year is 2.35 M. Ton. As per the Forest Survey of India report, 1996; only 30% of the fodder is met from the forest. However, the cattle are dependant in the forest mainly. This clearly shows the present pressure & the future demand in the forest area. The fodder requirement should be either met by planting fodder species or by suggesting alternate methods to reduced fodder demand from the forest. 3.4.1 Fuel wood Requirement: Till date, fuel wood is the basic source of energy for the local community in the villages as it can be sourced from nearby forests easily. Cooking gas as an alternative fuel can not be every household. Kerosene is used by villagers for lighting purpose mainly. Electrification has been done even in remotes area but electric supply is erratic because of frequent break-down of supply and poor maintenance. People are still using fuel wood directly in their conventional ‘Chullah’ and Charcoal is rarely made. There were around 3,36,012 households in Dehradun district in 2001 census as shown in table 3.1. According to Forest Survey of India report 1996, the annual house hold fuel wood consumption in forested rural areas of U.P.Hills (Now Uttarakhand) is 65.2 quintal per capita per annum. It is assumed that if about 50% of households use fuel wood; the total demand of the fuel wood is 109 lac quintals during 2009. This demand of fuel wood far exceeds the annual increment of the forest; and thus the natural resources are being adversely affected.

Tehsil Developmental Cows Baffaloes Sheep Goats Others Remarks Chakrata Chakrata

Kalsi 64594 10442 18841 91625 3365 Figure

for whole Tahsil

Dehradun Vikash Nagar Sahas Pur Raipur Doiwala Urban Area Vangram

22255 18156 15572 18371 6139 3030

14754 11928 6277 17470 6408 4406

555 893 625 668 170 524

10371 3968 4043 2646 3430 589

472 230 138 204

4570 325

Figure are grouped for Tehsil

Total 148117 71685 22176 116672 9844 Conversion Cow Units per

animal 1 1.5 0.2 0.2 1.5

Total Cows units 148117 107527 4435 23334 14766 Total Cattle in Cows Units =298179

65

Considering the average sale cost of fuel wood is Rs. 210/- per quintal (cost fixed by Uttarakhand Van Vikas Nigam); the value of these fuel wood per year is almost 228 crore rupees. Serious planning is needed to meet the demand. Alternative source of energy should be provided on top priority basis. 3.4.2 Timber for House Construction and Wood for Agricultural Implements: The people around forests need timber for house construction and other purposes. The wood of sal is used for door frame, teak and shisham for door palla, roof balli. For agricultural implements and commercial use they use haldu, sandan, gutel, sain, tun, semal, eucalyptus etc. The wood of these species is available in Uttarakhand Van Vikas Nigam depots by auction. Now a day the timber for house construction is being imported from other countries also. After the creation of the state, construction activities have gone up manifold. The trees in the villages are being cut ruthlessly without thinking about the future. However the utilization of trees is not optimum. Even the felling & conversion by Van Vikas Nigam needs improvement. The tendency needs to be checked by allowing extraction in the presence of forest field staff. There is no large scale wood based industry (except for furniture making units) in this area. How ever, there are about 80 saw mills with in this division. List of saw mills are given in appendix… 3.5 Scope of Tourism/ Eco- Tourism: Another important section of the population mainly middle and upper classes, wants recreation and sport. With the increase in population and industrialization, more people tend to flock to the forests on weekends to spend a few quiet hours in communion with nature, in the company of murmuring streams and singing birds. More and more people are getting engaged themselves on short holidays in fishing and trekking in the forests to refresh their mind and body. Already one can see crowds arriving in buses, taxis, scooters and cycles on Sundays to places like Lachiwala, Rishikesh, Sahastradhara, Barkot and Malsi deer park to spend the day by the Sulpur spring or in the midst of the forest. This basic need of recreation and sport of the people requires the importance it deserves in the future management of our forests. 3.6 Need for striking balance between meeting wants of people and conserving forests as natural heritage which is also a community asset: Today forestry is in a difficult cross- road. The biggest question with it is ‘which road to go’. Led by Ecology? Socio-Economics or institutions? Is it possible to produce all the goods & services in the quantities and at a rate various stake-holders would like to have? Commercial exploitation in the past have definitely played prominent role in their degradation but the havoc done by indiscriminate exercise of rights by the local people can hardly by undetermined. Administratively it is easy to check exploitation of these forests for market by deciding not to do any kind of felling but it seems extremely difficult to control misusing exercise of rights, cutting and lopping of trees for fuel wood, regulating grazing, vacating encroachments etc. this is the area where challenge lies not only for foresters but also for local community, Non-Governmental organizations and administrators. Masses need to be made aware of consequences of ecological destruction and they should be guided, assisted and helped in getting their livelihood in such a way that it has minimal adverse effect on natural resources. 3.7 Markets and Marketable Produce: The local markets are Dehradun and township of Rishikesh, Doiwala, Raiwala, Herbertpur, Vikansnagar, Premnagar etc. The external markets are in western U.P., Haryana, Punjab and Delhi. The extraction and sale of timber and other forest produce is done by the Uttarakhand Van Vikas Nigam. The produce is taken to the various depots by the Forest Corporation. The Forest Corporation has established its main depot at Raiwala, Herbertpur, Selakuin, Chandrabani. As per the survey conducted by working plan field staff, the timber species like Pinus radiata, Pinus carsicarpine, Tunisian Teak, Malayasian sal etc.are being imported from Newzeland, Nigeria and Malaysia respectively. The chief marketable produce in Dehradun are timber, industrial wood, fire wood and minor forest produce. A brief description of the marketable produce of each category is given below:

66

3.7.1 Timber: The main species required for this purpose are sal, sain, shisham, jamun, teak, and tun. Sal is the main species of the division used for this purpose. Besides meeting the local demand, a major portion of sal timber is exported to Dehli, Saharanpur, Meerut and Ghaziabad. Sal is mainly converted into logs. In addition, sal balli, tor & pharras find a ready market. Sain & jamun scantlings also have great demand in various markets of U.P. and Dehli. Shisham, teak and tun are also extracted in small quantities and mostly consumed locally. The demand of Sandan has also increased due to utility in making T.V. frames and other valuable articles. 3.7.2 Industrial Wood :

a. Khair: Khair has become a important species like sandalwood due to high cost of produce like pan parag, katha, kuch etc. It is extracted in small quantities and exported in log form by the Uttaranchal Van Vikas Nigam and transported to Raiwala depot where it is disposed of through public auction. Some quantity of khair is allotted to recognized factories.

b. Semal: This is a soft wood species and is extensively used in plywood and match factories and transported to Bareilly and other places.

c. Haldu: This yellow colored wood is extensively used for manufacturing mathematical instruments, combs, bobbins, scale etc. It is exported in log form. This is also softwood species.

d. Gutel: It is used in match box and sports goods industries. Gutel wood is exported in log form to Bareilly, Kashipur and Meerut.

e. Sandan: It is used by the local villagers for the manufacturing of wood utensils, agricultural implements, cart wheels, beds and plough-shares. A fair quantity of sandan wood is consumed locally. It is mainly exported in the form of planks and logs of various sizes to make the television chassis and other important work.

f. Kanju: It is softwood species and is extensively used for the manufacturing of plywood products and packing cases. It is mainly exported in log form. Some of the small diameter lops and tops are converted into slabs for packing cases.

g. Teak: Teak is an important household timber. Only small quantities of this wood are available. This is very costly wood. Thinned material has a great demand for use as casing material for electric lines and for furniture.

h. Other Species: The other species which find ready market are dhauri, siris, bakli, and bahera. These are mostly used for plywood and packing cases. Bakli is suitable for making tool handles.

3.7.3 Firewood/Fuel wood: As discussed in Para 3.4.1 of this chapter, the demand of the firewood has increased considerably. Most of the fuel wood is extracted from the forests by Uttarakhand Van Vikas Nigam and exported of Dehradun, Doiwala, Herbertpur, Mohobewala depots from where it is auctioned. Most of the fire wood is consumed locally. Besides the local consumption a fair quantity of fuel wood is utilized in the sugar mills, brick kilns and during local festivals. 3.7.4 Non Timber Forest produce: The main items of NTFP that merit mention are Medicinal & Aromatic plants, baib grass, fodder & thatching grasses, boulder & bajri, honey & wax etc. Fodder and thatching grasses age marketed locally, the non-timber forest produce is disposed by allotment and public auction. 3.8 Figures of Outturn Of Various Species Extracted From The Division By Purchaser's Agency: The following table 3.5 gives the figures of outturn of timber, industrial wood, exported from the division by the Uttarakhand Van Vikas Nigam and the table 3.6 gives the figures of non-timber forest produce extracted from the division by different agencies from 1999-2000 to 2008-09.

67

Table 3.5

Species 1999-2000

2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09

Sal - 14355.53 15266.83 20871.86 33298.51 20156.84 11288.17 7956.10 7274.197 6033.65 Shisham - 648.44 1555.95 1262.17 578.19 645.18 186.90 256.57 90.88 146.90

Sandan - 12.23 7.52 69.62 22.34 - 8.02 12.91 8.32 - Sain - 103.95 159.31 221.45 166.38 156.53 501.02 66.02 23.66 8.70 Teak - 298.60 13.74 103.70 458.72 55.36 7.43 27.40 22.48 10.42 Khair - 896.23 2860.82 1706.17 806.27 1143.27 160.14 252.58 84.60 491.14 Jamun - 21.37 44.10 55.98 57.30 24.40 39.35 115.13 59.18 - Eucalyptus - 270.10 1121.53 577.31 96.12 7034.33 49.15 993.59 3623.14 452.52 Mango - - 2.32 8.16 8.05 - 7.29 3.14 - - Kokat - 379.54 359.70 285.41 83.53 236.64 163.69 182.41 105.42 1080.42 Softwood - 253.86 286.42 731.59 363.44 431.84 28363 133.53 173.64 182.19 Chir - - - - - - - 15.10 - -

Figures of outturn of various Non-Timber Forest produce extracted from the division by the

purchaser agency are given below:

Table 3.6 Year Bamboo,

Cane, Narkul (Qtls)

Medical herbs (Qtls)

Kanakchampa Maljhan leaves (Qtls)

Bhabar grass (Qtls)

Honey & wax (Qtls)

1999-2000 - - - - - 2000-2001 10.00 10.00 200.00 250.00 - 2001-2002 7.00 5.00 600.00 250.00 260.00 2002-2003 3.00 2.50 250.00 800.00 - 2003-2004 2.00 1.50 300.00 600.00 185.00 2004-2005 3.00 21.40 250.00 - 100.00 2005-2006 295.45 82.82 118.45 - 101.60 2006-2007 990.00 51.94 100.74 - 30.32 2007-2008 2.00 31.20 200.00 - - 2008-2009 - - 667.00 - -

3.9 Lines of Export: The forests of the division are served by a number of metalled and fair weather roads of the P.W.D., Zila Parishad and the forest department. These, link up with the main roads viz; the Dehradun-Chakrata, Dehradun-Doiwala-Rishilesh, Dehradun-Doiwala-Hardwar roads. In addition to that the export roads in the forests are also used for the transport of the forest produce. The division is also served by Dehradun-Hardwar railway line of the Northern Railways. The forest produce is also transported to various parts of the country through this rail system.

68

3.10 Methods of Exploitation and Sale: 3.10.1 Timber: It is done by Uttaranchal Van Vikas Nigam in whole of the division. Trees are felled very low with a minimum of stump and generally with the help of saw or with saw and axe combined. Timber extraction is done exclusively in the form of logs after felling, cutting sections and debarking them in the sections. Lopping is usually done before felling. Logs are converted in to the marketable sizes. 3.10.2 Fire wood: The fire wood is extracted in the form of round billets. These are generally sawn to a length of about 0.9m. Occasionally axe is also used for billeting but it is becoming rare. During last decade no charcoal was manufactured by contractors or by Forest Corporation. 3.10.3 Cost of Exploitation: As already stated, the conversion, extraction transportation and sale are done by Uttarakhand Van Vikas Nigam. So the prevalent rates of Van Vikas Nigam for these activities will be given in the following Para. 3.10.4 The following table 3.7 compares the rate of conversion of various items as prevalent in 1997-1998 with those of 2008-2009.

Table 3.7

Item Cost per cu.m. in Rupees during

1997-1998 2008-09 3.10.5 The following table 3.8 compares the rates of road transport from forest to Depot as prevalent in 1997-98 with those of 2008-09.

Table 3.8

A- Felling & Logging Eucalyptus Sal Sal hand sawing Sal machines sawing Making ballies with out bark in round 21-30 cm. 31-40 cm. 41-50 cm. Making tor with out bark in round 21-30 cm. 31-40 cm. 41-50 cm. B- Extraction (a) Carriage from forest to forest road by Bullock cart For logs - up to 1km. up to 2km. up to 3km. For Firewood- up to 1km. up to 2km. up to31km.

44.00 60.00

800.00 800.00

58.00 45.00 45.00

61.00 45.00 45.00

54.50 per km for

all. 11.50

per km. for all.

70.00

112.00 130.00

1345.00

118.00 78.00 65.00

88.00 71.00 65.00

70.00 per km. for all

23.0 per km. for all

69

S. Item Unit Rates in 1997-98 Rates in 2008-09 Km. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0-5 6-10 11-15 16-20 21-25 26-30 31-35 36-40 41-45 46-50 51-60 61-70 71-80 81-90 91-100 A Timber Percu.m. 54.60 26.50 18.40 14.40 12.10 11.30 10.15 152 176 187 198 215 227 239 305 317 329 356 390 430 469 502 B Firewood

Stacked Per K.m.

13.65 6.95 4.70 3.90 3.10 2.90 2.55 28 36 48 54 66 73 88 90 100 109 127 148 169 190 211

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - A Timber Percu.m. 9.35 8.60 7.95 7.65 7.20 6.80 6.45 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - B Firewood

Stacked Per K.m.

2.35 2.20 2.05 1.95 1.85 1.85 1.85 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

15 16 17 18 19 20 21 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - A Timber Percu.m. 6.25 6.00 5.95 5.75 5.70 5.60 5.55 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - B Firewood

Stacked Per K.m.

1.05 1.70 1.70 1.70 1.60 1.55 1.60 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

22 23 24 25 26 27 28 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - A Timber Percu.m. 5.55 5.55 5.55 5.55 5.40 5.40 5.40 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - B Firewood

Stacked Per K.m.

1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.40 1.40 1.40 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

29 30 31 32 33 34 35 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - A Timber Percu.m. 5.40 5.40 5.30 5.30 5.30 5.30 5.30 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - B Firewood

Stacked Per K.m.

1.40 1.40 1.40 1.40 1.40 1.40 1.40 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

36 37 38 39 40 41 42 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - A Timber Percu.m. 5.15 5.15 5.15 5.15 5.15 5.00 5.00 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - B Firewood

Stacked Per K.m.

1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.25 1.25 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

43 44 45 46 47 48 49 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - A Timber Percu.

m. 5.00 5.00 5.00 4.90 4.90 4.90 4.90 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

B Firewood Stacked

Per K.m.

1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

50 51-55 55-60 61-65 66-70 71-75 76-80 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - A Timber Percu.m. 4.90 4.70 4.75 4.20 3.95 3.80 3.65 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - B Firewood

Stacked Per K.m.

1.25 1.25 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

81-85 86-90 91-95 96-100 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - A Timber Percu.m. 3.50 3.35 3.20 3.05 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - B Firewood PerK.m 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

70

3.11 System of Sale: From the beginning of scientific management of forests, the system of sale had generally been by public auction of standing marked trees. Auction was done by forest department. In 1974 the U.P. Forest Corporation was constituted and extraction and sale of timber and fuel wood was done by the corporations since then. After the creation of the state the task is being done by Uttarakhand Van Vikas Nigam. Trees in the form of lots are allotted to the Van Vikas Nigam and the Corporation has to pay royalty to the forest department for the standing trees allotted to it. 3.11.1 Past And Current Prices: The sale rates are decided by the Van Vikas Nigam in the form of

floor price for all species. Though the floor price basically is an indicator of market rate but the actual rate varies in the auction from place to place and time to time. It is generally correlated with the demand and supply. The following tables compare the floor prices of the main species as prevalent in 1998-99 with those of 2008-09. 'A' and 'B' in the tables, denote floor price on 1998-99 and 2008-09 respectively.

Table No.

Floor Prices of

3.9 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 3.16 3.17

Sal round timber Teak round timber Shisham round timber Firewood, Roots and Charcoal Cane Baib grass Floor Price of softwood species for 2008-09 only. Floor Price for Eucalyptus fencing posts for departmental use. Floor Price for Eucalyptus logs.

TABLE 3.9

FLOOR PRICE OF SAL ROUND TIMBER

Price in Rs./Cum. Length

in meter

Mid Girth in cms. 31-60 61-90 91-120 121-150 151 & Above

1997-98 2008-09 1997-98 2008-09 1997-98 2008-09 1997-98 2008-09 1997-98 2008-09 0.95 4300 7180 6230 10390 7650 12770 9070 15160 10350 17290 1.25 4300 7180 6440 10750 7930 13230 9240 15420 10550 17610 1.55 5330 8890 6780 11320 8430 14070 9850 16460 11660 19480 1.85 7020 11720 9350 15620 9750 16290 11370 18990 12560 21120 2.15 7800 13020 9530 15920 11740 19590 12230 22450 13290 2.45 7830 13070 9750 16290 12230 20420 12430 22830 14470 24410 2.75 8010 13380 10490 17520 12530 20920 13060 24000 15110 26580 3.05 8010 1380 10600 17700 12530 20920 13060 24000 15110 27750 3.35 8340 13920 10600 17700 14210 23730 14570 26760 16410 27750 3.65 8340 13920 10600 17700 14210 23730 14570 26760 16460 30140 3.95 8670 14480 11030 18410 14740 24610 18440 27250 16920 30220 4.25 8980 1500 10280 18830 15050 25130 15290 28080 17070 31080 4.55 8980 15000 11530 19250 15280 25520 15530 28610 17220 31360 4.85 9320 15550 11810 19720 15810 26400 16290 29920 17780 31630 5.15 9540 15930 12060 20140 16380 27350 16800 23860 18330 32660 5.45 10290 17180 12610 21060 16940 28280 17070 31400 18590 32660 5.75 10690 17850 13140 21930 17160 28670 18020 33090 18120 35110 6.25 10690 17850 13700 22830 18040 30120 9060 35010 18930 36700

(Source- Office Van Vikas Nigam)

71

TABLE 3.10 FLOOR PRICE OF TEAK ROUND TIMBER

Price in Rs./Cum. Length

in meter

Mid Girth in cms. 31-60 61-90 91-120 121-150 151 & Above

1997-98 2008-09 1997-98 2008-09 1997-98 2008-09 1997-98 2008-09 1997-98 2008-09 0.95 10860 15770 16050 23320 22140 32140 26260 38140 27690 40210 1.25 10860 15770 16050 23320 22140 32140 26260 38140 27690 40210 1.55 10860 15770 16050 23320 23660 34360 27610 40100 27690 40210 1.85 13150 90100 16530 24000 26300 38180 28080 40780 28940 40210 2.15 16860 24480 20160 29220 28860 41900 32200 48200 35240 51160 2.45 16860 24480 20910 30360 30990 45000 33900 49220 35630 51730 2.75 18000 26140 20910 31810 34710 50400 36540 53050 39030 56660 3.05 18000 26140 20910 31810 34710 50400 36690 53280 39030 56660 3.35 18300 26570 20910 31810 36360 53230 37940 55080 39030 56660 3.65 18300 26570 22610 32830 37200 54010 37940 55080 39030 56660 3.95 19160 27830 23330 33880 38030 55210 38990 56620 41400 60110 4.25 19440 28220 23560 34210 38850 56410 40090 58210 42290 61400

4.55 & above

20010 29050 24750 35940 39680 57610 41240 59880 43400 63010

(Source- Office Van Vikas Nigam)

TABLE 3.11

FLOOR PRICE OF SHISHAM ROUND TIMBER Price in Rs./Cum.

Length in

meter

Mid Girth in cms. 31-60 61-90 91-120 121-150 151 & Above

1997-98 2008-09 1997-98 2008-09 1997-98 2008-09 1997-98 2008-09 1997-98 2008-09 0.95 4230 7360 7390 12860 9240 16060 10160 17680 11980 20850 1.25 4230 7360 7390 12860 10330 16060 10580 18410 11980 20850 1.55 4790 8330 8260 14870 10580 18410 10720 18650 11980 20850 1.85 5290 9200 9050 18260 10720 18650 12340 21460 15960 27760 2.15 6320 10990 10500 18260 10390 21560 14180 24660 16770 29000 2.45 6320 10990 10500 18300 12460 21570 14180 24660 17750 30360 2.75 7380 12840 10520 18300 13790 23990 15000 26090 18120 31520 3.05 7380 12840 10520 18850 13790 23990 15000 26090 18120 31520 3.35 7610 3520 10840 18850 15860 27600 16110 28020 19130 33280 3.65 7610 3520 10840 19360 15860 27600 16110 28020 19130 33280 3.95 7810 14650 11130 20870 16620 28900 16720 29170 19380 33700 4.25 8430 14650 12010 20870 16900 29390 17100 29740 19870 34560

4.55 & above

8430 14650 12010 20870 17140 29810 173390 30250 21320 37080 [

(Source- Office Van Vikas Nigam)

72

TABLE 3.12 FLOOR PRICE OF FIREWOOD, ROOTS AND CHARCOAL

S.

No. Species Unit Price for Year 1997-98 (in

Rs.) Prices for Year 2007-08 (in Rs.)

For Plains

For Hills For Plains

For Hills

1 Sal. Asna Cu.m.(Stacked) 560.00 560.00 670 670 2 Jamun Cu.m.(Stacked) 380.00 380.00 460 460 3 Eucalyptus Cu.m.(Stacked) 430.00 430.00 520 520 4 Kokat, Shisham Cu.m.(Stacked) 400.00 400.00 480 480 5 Sandan Firewood Cu.m.(Stacked) 830.00 830.00 1000 1000 6 Softwood (pure) Cu.m.(Stacked) 260.00 260.00 420 420 7 Oak Firewood Cu.m.(Stacked) -- 710.00 -- -- 8 Roots

(i) Eucalyptus (ii) Kokat (iii) Softwood (iv) Sagoun

Per quintal Per quintal Per quintal Per quintal

156.00 for all the regions 90.00 for all the regions 80.00 for all the regions 170.00 for all the regions

660 380 340 720

660 380 340 720

9 Charcoal (i) Oak (ii) Eucalyptus(roots) (iii) Miscellaneous

Per quintal Per quintal Per quintal

900.00 610.00 390.00

-- -- --

1440 1080 1080

1440 1080 1080

(Source- Office Van Vikas Nigam)

TABLE 3.13

FLOOR PRICE OF CANE

S.No. Length in metre

No. of canes in one bundle Price in Rs. Per bundle 1997-98 2008-09 1997-98 2008-09

1 Over 6 60 1.45 210 72 2 4.6 to 6 120 1.30 210 130 3 3.1 to 4.5 120 1.10 190 220 4 Up to 3 240 0.95 170 190

(Source- Office Van Vikas Nigam)

TABLE 3.14 FLOOR PRICE OF BAIB GRASS

S.No. Item Price in Rs. Per quintal

1997- 98 2008-09 1 Rope 210 273 2 Pulpable Quality:

(i) Baled 70 105 (ii) Loose 60 85

(Source- Office Van Vikas Nigam)

73

TABLE 3.15 FLOOR PRICE OF SOFT WOOD SPECIES FOR YEAR 2008-09

Mid girth

Up to 60 cm. (Rs. Per cms.) More than 60 cm. (Rs per cms.)

Jhingan 752 Siras 4298 Tun 7095 Gutel 389 Dhak 1698 Semal 1355 Haldu 8682 Malbari 3025 Bahera 652 Bakuli 6042 Kanju 1130 Pula 611 Kharpat 6942 Alenthas 532 Bargad 585 P.Malbari 1189 Borang 1119 Poplar 875 Gular 214

(Source- Office Van Vikas Nigam)

TABLE 3.16 FLOOR PRICE FOR EUCALYPTUS FENCING POSTS

FOR DEPATMENTAL USE

S. No. Length in meter Mid girth in cms. Supply rate (Rs. Per pole) 1. 1.25 31-40 20.00 2. 1.55 31-40 25.00 3. 1.85 31-40 29.00 4. 2.10 31-40 31.00 5. 2.40 31-40 34.00

(Source- Office Van Vikas Nigam)

TABLE 3.17 FLOOR PRICE FOR EUCALYPTUS LOGS (Year 2008-09)

S.No. Mid girth in cms. More than 60 c.m.(Rs. Per cms.)

1 31-60 2950 2 61-90 3100 3 91-120 3420 4 121-150 4320 5 151 over 5400

(Source- Office Van Vikas Nigam)

74

3.11.2 Royalty -As already stated that the exploitation and sale is done by Uttarakhand Van Vikas Nigam and Forest Corporation pays the royalty to the forest department. The royalty is paid on per annum basis. Royalty rate is revised every year as per government order No. 6477/16-1-3/Adhar Mulya dated 31-03-2009, Increase in the royalty rates depends on the weight age average of the cost received by Forest Corporation and specially can be evaluated from he audited annual balance sheet of the Forest Corporation. It can be both minus or plus trend. It is fixed zone wise now a days. The table 3.18 compares the royalty rates of the main species of year 2006-07, 2007-08 and 2008-09 for Garhwal zone.

TABLE 3.18

Species Royalty rate in Rs. Per cu.m. 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09

Sal Shisham Teak Khair Sandan Haldu Eucalyptus

9307 10914 6333 12562 3716 6581 1102 2175 Kokat

10439 13447 6413 13527 3835 8662 1180 3457

13203 17254 5566 14893 4733 8709 1271 3137

(Source- Office Van Vikas Nigam) 3.11.3 Relation with average price and royalty - The table 3.19 shows the difference between average floor price and royalty of some of the main species :-

TABLE 3.19

S. No. Species Royalty rate in Rs.

(1997-98) Average floor price in Rs. (2008-09)

Difference between floor price & Royalty price in Rs.

1. Sal 14210 13203 1007 2. 12460 Shisham 17254 4794 3. 34710 Teak 5566 29144 4. 6550 Sandan 14893 8343 5. 8265 Haldu 8709 444 6. 2290 Eucalyptus 1271 1019

(Source- Office Van Vikas Nigam) The above table shows that the difference between Royalty and Average Floor price fixed by UP Forest Corporation for species only is about 62 % Hence it is presumed that the overhead expenditure and profit of Uttarakhand Van Vikas Nigam is 62 %.

3.11.4 Schedule of Rates fixed by C.F. Shiwalik Circle Dehradun-

The Royalty rate is fixed by committee constituted by state government and floor price for sale is fixed by

Van Vikas Nigam Uttarakhand. Apart from the royalty and floor prices, the schedule of rates also fixed by concerned conservator of forest. These rates are applied for realising the cost of trees felled illicitly and petty demands etc. The Tables 3.20 and 3.21 give the current schedule of rates fixed by CF Shiwalik Circle, Dehradun.

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TABLE 3.20 SCHEDULE OF RATES FIXED BY CF SHIWALIK CIRCLE, DEHRADUN

TABLE 3.21

SCHEDULE OF RATE FIXED BY CF SHIWALIK CIRCLE, DEHRADUN

Year 1997-98

Dia Class (cm) 0-5 5-10 10-15 15-20 20-25 25-30 30-35 35-40 40-45 45-50 50-55 55-60 60 & Over Rate in Rs. 20.00 30.00 130.00 300.00 600.00 700.00 1100.00 1700.00 2100.00 3000.00 3500.00 4000.00 5000.00

Year 2008-09

(i)Eucalyptus :-

Dia Class (cm) 0-5 5-10 10-15 15-20 20-25 25-30 30-35 35-40 40-45 45-50 50-55 Rate in Rs. 25.00 40.00 160.00 300.00 750.00 850.00 1350.00 2050.00 2500.00 3600.00 4200.00

Species Year 1998-99 Year 2008-09 Diameter Class Diameter Class

0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-over 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-over Sal 50 200 760 2600 5900 10400 15600 22000 70 270 1900 5350 11480 19390 31540 131170 Shisham 40 200 1000 3100 6200 11000 16000 22000 50 240 1500 4300 8700 14500 21700 123600 Khair 50 200 1900 4400 8100 12600 17300 --- 60 240 2100 5000 9000 6560 8800 59100 Semal 30 120 700 1400 2300 3700 5500 8300 35 150 800 1550 2500 4100 6000 30400 Bargad/Pula 20 100 400 1100 2000 3400 4800 6300 25 120 400 900 1900 3000 4500 24750 Jhingan 20 100 550 900 1800 4300 4800 6200 25 120 600 1000 2000 4800 5300 22400 Kharpat 20 100 700 1500 3000 4900 7500 9700 30 150 1000 2000 4130 6750 10380 39700 Kanju 20 100 550 900 1800 4300 4800 6200 25 120 450 1200 2200 3700 5300 23100 Haldu 20 100 500 1500 3400 5800 8700 11900 25 120 1100 2800 6400 11000 16600 88600 Gutel 20 100 400 1100 2000 3400 4800 6300 25 120 450 1200 2200 3700 5300 23100 Sain 40 180 700 2300 4800 8300 13800 19300 50 210 800 2600 5300 9200 15000 69300 Tun 40 100 700 2500 5100 8400 12000 12400 65 150 1380 4780 9680 15980 23760 86400 Teak 140 350 900 3300 7200 12700 19700 28300 185 430 1080 4220 9190 16110 24975 148460 Kokat 20 60 300 800 1700 2800 4100 6900 25 80 420 940 1980 3130 4690 25820

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(ii)Miscellaneous :-

(a) Fuel wood: i. Rs. 75/= Per head load ii. Rs. 125/= Per Mule load iii. Rs. 750/= Per Bullock cart iv. Rs. 3000/= Per tractor Trolly v. Rs. 15000/= Per Truck

(b)Boulder/Bajri /Reta: i. Rs. 500/= Per Tractor trolly. ii. Rs. 2000/= Per truck

(c) Bamboo Culture i. Rs. 200/= Per clump (for uprooting) ii. Rs. 50/= Per bamboo clump ( for cutting)

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CHAPTER IV

ACTIVITIES OF THE FOREST DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION IN HARVESTING AND MARKETING OF FOREST PRODUCES, RESULT OF

SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY 4.1 Establishment: The Forest Development Corporation was established by G.O.No. 8845/14-1-1978, 10/127/14-1-1-17 dated February 2, 1976, in the then state of Uttar Pradesh. After the bifurcation of the state in 2000, the Uttarakhand Forest Development Corporation (UAFDC) continues to function in the state.

4.2 Objectives: As per the preamble of the "UP Corporation Act (Uttaranchal Amendment Act,) 2001, the Forest Development Corporation(UAFDC) was formed for the 'better preservation, supervision and development of forests and better exploitation of Forest produce within the State of Uttarakhand and for matters connected there with." The UAFDC has, therefore, been engaged in the harvesting of the forest produce, allotted to it by the Forest Department along with the sale of timber, firewood, bamboo & other NTFP and minor-minerals. The main objectives are:

• Removal of dead, dry, uprooted & other marked trees from the forest areas to support the Silvicultural aspects of the management and working plans of forests for assisting the natural regeneration.

• To meet the requirement of timber and fire wood for public and industries. • To meet the silvicultural requirement of the rivers by scientific collection of minor minerals

and making it available to the consumers. • Creating awareness among the people especially students for the environment ecologically

through our Eco- Tourism program. • Scientific removal of NTFP & their marketing.

4.3 Organizational Structure: The apex body of the forest development corporation is its governing body headed by the chairman. The present organizational structure of UAFDC is as under:

GOVERNING BODY (GB) (Headed by Chairman)

MANAGING DIRECTOR (MD)

ZONE (General Manager)

REGION (Regional Manager)

LOGGING DIVISION SALE DIVISION ECO- TOURISM/ (DFDM) (Divisional Marketing Manager, DMM) MINOR-MINRAL

COLLECTION DIVISION

SECTION DEPOT (Section Officer) (Depot Officer)

UNIT PLOT (Scalar) (Plot In-charge)

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4.3.1 The Divisional Forest Development Manager (DFDM): The office of the Divisional Forest Development Manager, previously, Divisional Logging Manager, Dehradun, which is doing extraction and harvesting of forest produces of the Dehradun Forest Division is based at Dehradun. The list of officers holding the post of Divisional Forest Development Manager (Divisional Logging Manager till 2009) since the creation of the state is given in the following table 4.1:

Table 4.1

No. Name Fr To 1 S.K.Chaturvedi 04/2001 06/2001 2 S.P. Singh, PFS 06/2001 07/2001 3 Sarvan Kumar, PFS 07/2001 07/2005 4 S.K.Chaturvedi 07/2005 10/2005 5 S.P. Singh,PFS 10/2005 Till date

4.3.2 Clerical Staffs: With the Divisional Forest Development Manager the following clerical staffs are posted in Dehradun. The sanctioned posts and present strength of the clerical staffs, as on 31.3.09 are given in table 4.2 below:

Table 4.2 Post Sanctioned Posted

Accountant 1 1 Asst. Accountant 2 2 Assistant (Gr -2) 1 1 Assistant (Gr -3) 2 2 Driver 1 1 Dakia 1 1

4.3.3 Field Staffs: Besides, the following field staffs are presently posted with the Divisional Forest Development Manager. There are no sanctioned posts of the field staffs, but depending on the work load they are adjusted from time to time. As on March 31, 2009, the strength of the field staffs are as shown in Table 4.3 below:

Table 4.3 Post Sanctioned Posted

Logging Officer 1 - Dy. Logging Officer 1 2 Logging Assistant 4 4 Scalar 19 69 Chawkidhar 24 36 Khalasi 1 1

4.4 Working of Forest Development Corporation: 4.4.1 In the past, felling lots of marked standing trees used to be sold by public auction on lump-sum contract. The system of selling of standing trees by auction broke down as a result of severe slump during the period of 1923-24 to 1930-31. Contractors were employed to work in all timber felling areas. In 1931-32, the system of selling of standing tree lots by auction was restarted. Prior to the establishment of the U.P. Forest Corporation in1976, the usual method of disposing of forest produce was by open auction under an agreement with contractors, who make their own arrangements for removing the produce. The most common form of contract was that in which a lump sum is paid by the purchaser. Sale by tender system was resorted to only when sale by auction was not practicable or successful. Occasionally system of sale by private treaty was adopted. Under this system, the purchaser used to pay royalty at rates fixed by the Government for each unit of forest produce extracted. No sale was made by private treaty except under orders of the Government. Sale either by lump sum or monopoly system used to be accompanied by a guarantee of a certain minimum outturn.

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The explanation of the working of this guaranteed minimum outturn system is given in Government resolution NO. 322, dated August 9, 1912. 4.4.2 However, after the establishment of the U.P. Forest Corporation in 1976, the Corporation is carrying out the entire operation of the removal of timber including fuel wood in the entire State from 1982-83. Since then, it was decided that after marking, timber felling lots will be allotted to the UP Forests Corporation for felling and marketing the produce under certain conditions the details of which are given in Appendix…… The Corporation is presently engaged in the harvesting of the forest produce, allotted to it by the Forest Department along with the sale of timber, firewood, bamboo & other NTFP including medicinal herbs and minor-minerals. 4.4.3 With the over all restriction on green felling in areas since 1980s, the Corporation is mainly engaged in salvage felling of dry and up-rooted trees only except in Tarai- Bhabhar areas. During the last two plan period, green felling has not been done in the division except for ‘Trap tree operation”. So, the extraction and harvesting got spread and scattered within the division. Obviously, harvesting can be done only in areas where dry and up-rooted trees are available in the forests. Mechanized harvesting could not be resorted to due to the nature of the terrain & spread of the area. The control year for forestry operations is from 1st October to 30th

Article 146 (3):

September. Working in the forest areas is generally allowed throughout the year except during fire season. In case a given work is not completed during the prescribed period, corporation seeks extension of time from the divisional forest officer. The work of extraction and harvesting is done manually. Vehicle is the main mode of transport in the motorable roads till the main sale depot at Herbertpur, Selaquie, Chanderbani, Raiwala. 4.4.4 Marking Rules: For the purpose of marking the trees for felling and preparation of divisional sale list, the provision has been made in article 146 of the Forest Manual. The relevant portion of the said article is reproduced below:

(a) The compilation of the divisional Sale List should invariably be done by a gazetted forest officer (if available) or under the personal supervision of the D.F.O. Its accuracy in effect must depend largely on the correctness or otherwise of the markings, which are carried out (under the prescriptions of the working plan) in accordance with the executive orders of the Conservator. The regular inspection of markings, by the R.O., S.D.O./A.C.F. & DFO and as much as feasible by the Conservators, is of the utmost importance so far as general technique and particularly the correct allocation to quality classes, right diameter classes and the proper classification into sound, fit and unfit, of the trees, or forest being marked is concerned. (b) Main markings should be initiated by the D.F.O. personally or his gazetted assistant in the presence of all the marking officers of the division and marking done, if any, by the non-gazetted executive staff should frequently be checked by the gazetted officers (A.C.F.s, S.D.O.s, or D.F.O.s). Marking should be entrusted only to experienced or trained staff of above the rank of Foresters and never to Forest Guards. Important and representative markings should be entrusted to gazetted officers and especially to new gazetted officers, in order to train them in marking in all types of forests. (c) Marking in the plains forests should be completed as early as possible as and in any case not later than May 15, so that contractors may get a whole month for inspection of marked lots before monsoon sets in and the Divisional Forest Officers may get time to attend to complaints about wrong markings. (d) Marking should be certified for its correctness by the marking officer before it is handed over to the Range Officer. The Range Officer, in his turn should give a certificate in the abstract for having checked the same and tallied with the marking list. Similarly, the officer in charge for preparation of sale list should give a certificate in the master copy of the sale list in token of having checked the same with the original marking abstract and found correct. This should also be

80

verified before the sale list is issued to the press or for distribution to contractors and the verification certificate recorded in the office copy of the sale list. In other words, no lot should be put to auction without fulfilling these formalities. CFs should also ask D.F.O.s to send a report with confidential estimates that sale lists were fully checked by him or an officer before issuing to press or distribution to contractors. Article-146(4): (a) As regards marking hammers, these should be kept carefully in the personal custody of the marking officer, and should be locked when not in use, and sealed when issued from or being returned to head office. The facsimile of every marking hammer used should be clearly imprinted on the contract agreement deed, and not merely sketches of it. Marking hammers should not be defaced until the contracts to which they pertain are finally concluded. (b) All marking hammers should be got made each year only from a reliable firm duly approved by the Conservator of Forests. An undertaking should also be taken from the firm that hammer with similar impressions will not be manufactured by the firm for any other department institution or private individuals.

4.5 Royalty: 4.5.1 The Forest Development Corporation has to pay royalty to the Forest Department for the extraction and harvesting of forest produces allotted to it. The royalty to be paid by the Forest Corporation to the Forest Department is calculated as provided under article-153(c) of the Forest Manual as reproduced below:

i. Royalty fixed for the previous year. Add ii. The percent increase in timber sale rate of the current year sale price in comparison to the

rate of last year’s sale. Add iii. Abnormal increase in market rate if any. iv. Negative increase in the sale rate will be taken into account in royalty fixation.

4.5.2 Royalty from the Forest Corporation is to be fixed species wise based on the Weighted average of royalty fixed for the year for the following six regions as provided in article-153(d) of the Forest Manual:

i. Yamuna, Bhagirathi and Garhwal circles except broad leave species of Lansdown. ii. North and South Kumaon circles.

iii. Broad leave species of Shiwalik and lansdown division of Garhwal circle. iv. Western circle.

4.5.3 Presently, fixation of royalty rate is done as per G.O.No. 2977/XIV – 4 – 89 (7)/79 dated October 31, 1989 which provides for the constitution of the committee consisting of the following members:

1. The Principal Chief Conservator of Forests as Chairman. 2. The Managing-Director of the Forest Corporation as member. 3. The Conservator of Forests of the concerned circle as member.

4.5.4 A meeting is held every year generally in the month of September/ October by the committee to take decision about fixation of the royalty. Increase in royalty rates depends specially on the balance sheet of the Forest Development Corporation. Auction done at Herbertpur depot, Chanderbani depot, Raiwala depot of the Forest Corporation shows that many buyers and customers for the two species come from far off places like Delhi, Saharanpur, Meerut, Dehradun, Lucknow etc. 4.5.5 The following table 4.4 lists species wise royalty paid by the Forest Development Corporation to the Forest Department in the last three years:

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Table 4.4 Year Royalty (Rs/m3)

Sal Shisham Teak Khair F&S 2006-07 9360 10914 6333 12562 2175 2007-08 10439 13447 6413 13527 3457 2008-09 13203 17254 5566 14893 3137

4.6 Handing over & taking over of Felling Lots: Rules applicable to a normal contractor will be applied for the forest corporation allotted a particular lot. Before starting the work, corporation has to sign in the boundary register (in the range office) & will formally take over the lot. It will be responsible for all sorts damage in the area during this period. Within 7 days after completion of the work in the lot, corporation will have to give resignation letter (taking over of the area by the forest department) to the range officer. Range officer must inspect the site & send his report within 15 days. However, it will be the discretion of the DFO to accept or deny the resignation letter within a specified time (as decided by the territorial CF) & to initiate action (if required) as per the field situation. 4.7 Felling Rules: The broad guide lines are as follows:

• Felling has to proceed from one end in sequence. • Felling of only properly marked trees & listed in the sale list will be done. Any deviation in

this will require written permission of the DFO. • The felling of the tree will be done as close to the ground as possible, but above the marking at

the root/ground level. DFO & range officer must check this periodically as this yields the best timber.

• The cut stump of the tree should be sloppy and plain & it is not so, then it has to be made sloppy and plain by the corporation.

• The trees will be felled in the direction of least damage to the young crop. If it is not done properly, then DFO will initiate action against the corporation.

• It will be the responsibility of the beat officer to check the felling lot every day to ensure that felling is being done as per rules. He has to report to his senior officer everyday. Range officer must visit the site every week. DFO & ACF should inspect the site as frequently as possible.

4.8 Transit Rules: The broad guide lines are as follows:

• Every lot will have a separate property hammer registered at division office. • Every log will have to bear the designated hammer marks. • Transit permit will be duly signed by the designated staff of corporation & forest department. • Corporation has to remove all the material of the lot within the prescribed time limit & after

the expiry of the set time limit, any remaining material within the lot will be taken over by the forest department.

• Heavy logs will neither be dragged nor rolled on the forest floor. Transportation will only be done on the forest roads/motor roads prescribed by the DFO.

• The provisions of the Transit Rule in force in the state will be applicable. 4.9 Sale Rules: The guide lines for marking, felling, handing & taking over of the lots etc. given in this working plan is broad in nature. Territorial conservator of forest may include other provisions in the sale rules. However, it is prescribed that the sale rule will be published every year before the start of the control year. Presently the sale rule of 1987-88 is in operation in the division (as reported by the division office). 4.10 Revenue of Forest Development Corporation: As per the data given by the Divisional Forest Development Manager, the revenue generated by the Forest Development Corporation from the sale of forest produces from the division during the last plan period is as given in table 4.5.

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Table 4.5 Year Income (in Rs) Expenditure (in Rs)

2001-02 8829981.00 5442347.00 2002-03 10251006.00 1838082.00 2003-04 25521895.00 2541205.00 2004-05 102472435.00 2508987.00 2005-06 155865404.00 3000650.00 2006-07 126442087.00 2714858.00 2007-08 76303449.00 1983551.00

4.11 The revenue is generated mainly from timber extraction. The main species are sal, shisam, khair & teak. Some revenue is also received from the harvest of NTFP & minor minerals. Harvest of some main species during the last plan period is given below:

1. Sal: Sal is the most important and more popular species in terms of commercial values. The quantity of Sal harvested by the Forest Development Corporation is shown in Fig 4.1 below.

Fig. 4.1

2. Shisham: It is also one of the important species having very good market value. The quantity of Shisham removed during the last plan period is as given in Fig. 4.2 below.

Fig.4.2

Sal (in cubic metre)

14355.53 15266.83

20871.86

33298.51

20156.84

11288.17 7956.1 7274.19 6033.65

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09

Sal

Shisham (in cubic metre)

648.44

1555.95

1262.17

578.19 645.18

186.9 256.57

790.88

146.9

0 200 400 600 800

1000 1200 1400 1600 1800

2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09

Shisham

83

3. Teak: Teak is an important household timber, only small quantities of his wood is available in this division. The market value is quite high. Thinned material has a great demand for use as casing material for electric lines and for furniture. The quantity of Teak removed during the operation of the last plan is as given in Fig. 4.3 below.

Fig. 4.3

4. Khair: Khair has become a important species like chandan due to its use for the products like pan parag, katha, kuch etc. It is extracted in small quantities and exported in log form by the Corporation and transported to Raiwala depot where it is disposed of through public auction. Some quantity of khair is allotted to recognized factories. The quantity of Khair removed during the operation of the last plan is as given in Fig. 4.4 below.

Fig. 4.4

Teak (in cubic metre)

298.6

13.74

103.7

458.72

55.36 7.43 27.4 22.48 10.42

0 50

100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500

2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09

Teak

Khair (in Cubic metre)

896.23

2860.82

1706.17

806.27 1143.27

160.14 252.58 84.6

491.14

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09

Khair

84

5. Other Species: The other species which find ready market are dhauri, siris, bakli and bahera. These are mostly used for plywood and packing cases. Bakli is suitable for making tool handles. The quantity of other Species removed during the operation of the last plan is as given in Fig. 4.5 below:

Fig.4.5

6. Non Timber Forest Produce: Besides, timber harvesting, the Corporation also harvests medicinal and aromatic plants and other NTFP from the division. The extraction of NTFP from the division during the last plan period in quintals is as shown in Table 4.6 below.

Table 4.6 (Quantity in quintals)

Year Bamboo, Cane, Narkul

Medical herbs

Kanakchampa Maljhan leaves

Bhabar grass

Honey & wax

1999-2000 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09

- 10.00 7.00 3.00 2.00 3.00

295.45 990.00

2.00 -

- 10.00 5.00 2.50 1.50

21.40 82.82 51.94 31.20

-

- 200.00 600.00 250.00 300.00 250.00 118.45 100.74 200.00 667.00

- 250.00 250.00 800.00 600.00

- - - - -

- -

260.00 -

185.00 100.00 101.60 30.32

- -

4.12 Transportation: The extraction of timber is done by manual means. The division is served by a large number of motor roads through which almost all of the forest produce of this division is exported. The roads maintained by Public Works Department are black topped ones & are maintained by them. The forest roads are all weather motorable roads & require repair every year. During the last plan period, the Forest Development Corporation has also maintained some roads to facilitate transportations of timber. The following table 4.7 lists the motorable all weather forest roads which needs assistance from the corporation for maintenance:

Other Species (in cubic metre)

379.54 359.7 285.41

83.53

236.64 163.69 182.41

105.42

1080.42

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09

Other Species

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Table 4.7

Name of the Forest Roads Length (in Km) Wilson motor road 11.40 Golatappar-Ghamandpur 8.60 Golatappar-Chandi 7.07 Barkot-Golatappar 11.30 Golatappar-Teen pani 3.00 Jhajhra FRH road 0.97 Jhajhra-Manduwala 5.40 Khoolkot-Naugaun 5.60 Link road (Jhajhra-Manduwala road to Dhoolkot-Naugaun road)

1.225

Paudha chauki forest motor road 7.00 By pass road (FRH road Jhajhra to Manduwala road)

0.595

Rishikesh-Bibiwala 3.25 Bibiwala-Barkot 5.82 Gola-Barkot 3.90 Bholagate-Bibiwala 2.00 Lalpani-Bibiwala chowk 1.20 Birbhardra forest motor road 1.70 Chandnawa forest motor road 2.00 Bidhalna road 4.50 Thano to Lachiwala 9.00 Kaluwala-Sain chauki 1.50 Nursery road 3.50 Sain chauki to Bidhalna 5.00 Thano to Siriogaun 3.00 Rahadkhala to Badasi 1.02 Plasi link road 1.90 Kurli link road 1.90 Joli-Thano-Bidhalna road 5.70 Laxman shidh road 6.50 Lachiwala-Thano road 2.00 Kaning forest motor road 6.60 Safari motor rod 3.00 Piterson motor road 14.00 Hathiwala motor road 13.00 Sukh rau fair control road 5.40

4.13 Import and Export: As mentioned earlier, there are three depots of the Forest Development Corporation to which sale of forest produces from the division are done. These depots are located at Herbertpur, Dehradun, Selaquie, Rishikesh, Raiwala. Most of the timber sale is done at Herbertpur , Selaquie , Chanderbani & Raiwala depots only. The timber and other forest produces are sold by open auction twice a month. Buyers and customers come from Dehradun, Vikasnagar, Saharanpur, Meerut and even from Delhi. Other forest produces like ringal, bamboo, are sent to Saharanpur in Uttar Pradesh and Delhi for different purposes. Medicinal plants found in the division are not export as such but used by the local people for their bona-fide purposes.

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4.14 Use of indigenous technical knowledge: identification, documentation and application: In the past axe was used regularly for felling and conversion. This resulted in wastage of valuable timber and wood. Efforts are now to use saw for the same purpose. Presently, the axe is used to convert the round timber to rectangular cross-section beam. For further conversion into standard timber sizes, the saw is used. Previously, the timbers are float down the Tons and the Yamuna rivers. Many were lost on the way down the rivers. Some locked and other got stolen by the people. So, very small percentage of the timber reaches the intended location. With the improvement of communication in and around the division this wasteful practice is creditably abandoned. Loss in road transport is minimum and there is less chance of pilferage. There are number of forest barriers on the way and every truck have to be checked and receipt obtained for no illicit transit. This is strictly followed by both the department and the corporation as we observed during our field visits. Further, harvesting of timber and other forest produces is a time-bound activity; the Divisional Forest Development Manager needs to be delegated with good financial power for execution of work. He should be in a position to execute work as the season, availability and local condition of the areas. This will save his time to run from his head quarter to Dehradun to seek sanction and permit for works. 4.15 Socio-economic survey result: Due to shortage of time and staff, besides the usual financial problem of the working team, socio- economic survey could not be conducted during the preparation of the plan. However, data generated during the preparation of micro-plans for FDA (Forest Development Agency) villages & ANR areas were analyzed. Also, data obtained from relevant blocks regarding human population & cattle population were analyzed. This has led to the following findings:

• The overall demand of fuel wood far exceeds the annual increment of the forest. People are still using fuel wood directly in their conventional ‘chullah’ for preparation of food & other things. The growth of major city centres like Dehradun, Rishikesh, Doiwala, Premnagar, Selaqui etc. has led to commercial sale of fuel wool. The pressure of fuel wood is very high in Bibiwala forest block of Rishikesh range and Dudhli & Lachhiwala forest blocks of Lachhiwala range. The pressure in Laldhang forest block of Asharodi Range & Jhajra forest block of Jhajra range is also quite high.

• The overall pressure of fodder in the division is beyond its carrying capacity. Only 30% of the total fodder required can be met from the forest on a sustainable basis. Archadia forest block of Asharodi range, Ranipokhri block of Badkot range & Lalpani block of Rishikes range are severely affected due to grazing.

• Indiscriminate lopping by Gujjars & local community has reduced the seed bearing capacity of trees to a large extent. The regeneration of associates of sal has been adversely affected by this. Lachhiwala, Dhudli & Nawada forest bloks of Lachhiwala range and Kalyanpur, Malhan & Kalluwala forest blocks of Malhan rage are severely lopped areas. The lopping is mainly done by Gujjars. The forests of Ranipokhri blocks are severely lopped by the out sees of Tehri. Forest areas of Majhaun & Dunga forest blocks are lopped by local villagers.

• The level of participation by the local people in protecting the forest during fire season has declined. This may be due to the reason that the dependence on forest has increased while the over all availability of usufructs has lessened.

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Chapter V The five year plans

5.1 Introduction: The various five year plans have laid emphasis on accelerating the speed of forestry development and creating fresh avenues for each expansion. In the beginning it was the commercial role of the forests that was overwhelm in the mindset of the people. The National Forest Policy 1952 was made during the period of the first five year plan itself. The important link between forests and wild life was realized and the Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972 was enacted during the fifth five year plan. As time pass, the ecological and environmental role of the forests are given more emphasis as is clearly stated in the National Forest Policy 1988. To protect the forests from the onslaught of development, the Forest (Conservation) Act was enacted in 1980. As prelude to the joint forest management, social forestry was started in 1970s in community lands, degraded lands, village lands, road side, railway lines etc. The important role played by the people who are living in and around the forests was realized by the policy makers and a new form of forest management i.e. joint forest management was started in the 1990s with aid of the World Bank. After this, the centrally sponsored scheme of Forest Development Agency was started on the same pattern of joint forest management. 5.2 Forest Resource Accounting: Forests are generally used and accounted for the direct and tangible benefits like wood and non-wood products. But other intangible products and services from the forests like the ecological functions, aesthetic, or eco-tourism etc. are left unaccounted. This disparity in the accounting system of the forests should be reviewed and appropriate accounting system be evolved to evaluate the forest resources appropriately. As stated above, the mechanism for the accounting of these intangible benefits of the forests is yet to be developed even in the advanced countries. Even many tangible resources of the forests like fire wood, fodder, grasses, and leaves are not properly accounted for. Many of the water sources of the nearby villages are from the forests, but they are not accounted. The contributions of the flora and fauna in cleaning the environment are not accountable right now. The oxygen produced by the trees is unaccountable as on today. The role of forest in maintaining the temperature of the atmosphere and its role in attenuation of global warming is not account for.

5.3 Five Year Plans: When India gained independence, its economy was groveling in dust. The British had left the Indian economy crippled and the fathers of development formulated 5 years plan to develop the Indian economy. The five years plan in the country is framed, executed and monitored by the Planning Commission of India. Currently, 11th five year plan is in operation in the country. 5.4 The 1st

• Ensuring that the production of both fuel wood and fodder is maintained to meet the growing needs of the people.

Five Year Plan (1951-56): This plan was launched at a time when the two World Wars had drawn upon heavily on the forest resources. Major river valley projects, industries development, defense and other projects vital for the development of the country relied heavily upon forests and forest areas. Thus, the first plan encompassed all these aspects while taking into account, the further development of forests and forestry. Forest planning and policy guide lines made in 1884 was further reshaped as the National Forest Policy in 1952. Under this plan the emphasis was laid upon the following points.

• Attaining a maximum sustained yield of timber for railways, defense, industries and the common man.

• Rehabilitation of forests which had been over-exploited in the two world wars. • To raise plantation for industries.

88

5.5 The 2nd

• Creation of commercial plantations.

Five Year Plan (1956-61): The works started in the first plan was continued in this plan. Some new schemes which were launched are continued in this plan. Some new schemes which were started are:

• Establishment of Wild Life Sanctuaries and National Parks. • Expansion in Forestry Organization.

5.6 The 3rd

• Change in the purely conservative and biological management of forests to increasing production by creation of plantations of fast growing species.

Five Year Plan (1961-66): In this plan emphasis shifted along the following lines:

• Rational use of forest resources, keeping in view their long term requirements. • In this plan a number of Programmes were launched with central assistance and aide from funding agencies like FAO, SIDA etc. 5.7 The Annual Plan (1966-69): The work initiated in the third plan was carried out during these plans. Emphasis was laid on the harvesting techniques and training of forest personnel at different levels. 5.8 The 4th

• To raise adequate forest cover to prevent floods, conservation of soil and moisture, protection of water sources.

Five Year Plan (1969-74): During this plan period also, emphasis was placed on creation of plantations. The main thrust of this plan was:

• To ensure adequate supply of raw materials for forest based industries and cottage industries. • To meet the requirements of fuel, fodder and timber of villagers living around forests. • To preserve the natural environment for scenic beauty, recreation and nature study. • To extend scientific management to hitherto unorganized and private forests. • To enforce strict measures against illicit felling, pilferage, over-grazing, encroachment, forest fires etc. so that the existing forest resources can be protected. • To create manageable units in the Forest Department and train adequate personnel. • To afforests hitherto barren lands. • To introduce improved methods of planting, harvesting and utilizations of forest raw materials. • Creation of wild life sanctuaries, nature reserves and national parks for better management of wild life. The Wild Life (Protection) Act 1972 was enacted. • To formulate and launch Social Forestry schemes. 5.9 The 5th

• Raising of plantations along roads, canal banks, waste lands etc. to meet the local requirement of fodder, fuel and timber.

Five Year Plan (1974-79): This plan brought about an important change in forestry in India. Conservation oriented forestry developed into a dynamic plantations forestry, so as to bring about an increase in the production of industrial raw materials and other forest produces of economic importance. Large scale plantations were done under different schemes with the help of institutional financing. Great emphasis was laid on social forestry during this plan period. The main thrust of social forestry was:

• Development of mechanisms for publicity and extension work.

89

5.10 The 6th Five Year Plan (1980-85): The sixth plan, however, saw the beginning of emphasis on management of forests for their economic as well as ecological functions. The major thrust of the plan was on saving natural forests from further depletion, creation of more protected areas for wildlife, and meeting the fuel and fodder needs of the local population.

• Further expansion of social forestry in India, into one of the most successful social forestry Programmes in the world.

This plan saw a very rapid development of forests and forestry in India. Major achievements of this plan were:

• Extending strict measures for the protection of forests and wild life, quick detection of forest offences and stricter legislation.

• Providing employment to the ever increasing rural population in various forestry works like plantations, nursery management etc.

• Complete nationalization of forest harvesting. • Development of training and research facilities. • Creation of general awareness with regards to the need of forest conservation. • Meeting the demands of fuel, fodder and timber of the villagers. • The Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 came into force. 5.11 The 7th

• To continue and expand the social forestry Programmes launched in the previous plan.

Five Year Plan (1985-90): The Seventh Plan marks the major transition towards participatory forest management for meeting the subsistence needs of the forest-dependent communities. The main thrusts of this plan were:

• Carry out large scale afforestation of wastelands. • Expansion of forestry research and training facilities.

5.12 The 8th Five Year Plan (1992-97): The eighth and the ninth plans further strengthened the concept of participatory forest management. Forestry works were carried out in large scales under the World Bank aided programme of joint forest management. Local people were involved in the forestry programme under decentralized schemes. 5.13 The 9th

• Abatement of pollution - prevention and control of industrial, vehicular and noise pollution, mandatory enforcement of laws under various provisions of the Water, Air and Environment (Protection) Acts.

Five Year Plan (1997-2001): During the Ninth Plan, the spirit of Agenda 21 was reflected in the entire Plan document. The Ninth Plan put major thrust on environmental issues such as:

• Mandatory environmental clearance for 30 categories of developmental projects and environment impact assessment.

5.14.1 The 10th Five Year Plan (2002-07): Tenth plan highlighted the need for reduction of poverty ratio, increase in literacy rates, reduction in infant mortality rate, economic growth and increase in forest and tree cover. The focus was to consider all activities, current and potential, that can influence forests and related social, economic, and environmental outcomes. It was emphasized that growth alone cannot combat poverty effectively. More focused interventions are required that address issues relating to opportunity, empowerment, and livelihood security of the poor people who depend on forests in different ways. A broader livelihood approach, covering productive capacity, institutional and legal structures, market access and tenure, must be adopted that puts forests into the broader context of rural development.

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5.14.2 The state of Uttarakhand was created on 9th November 2000 after carving out thirteen districts from erstwhile ‘Utter Pradesh’. The state is mostly hilly, with subsistence agriculture in the hills and low levels of industrialization. The geographical area of the state is 53483 sq. km. Out of this total geographical area; recorded area under forest is 34650.565 sq. km. constituting about 64.79% of the land area. However, the area under the control of forest department is 24413.063 sq. km; which constitutes about 70.46% of the total forest area and about 45.65% of the total Geographical area. The remaining 29.54 % of the Forest area is under Civil, Soyam, Panchayat and Private forests. (Ref: Uttarakhand Forest Statistics 2007-08). Forests and wildlife of the state are under the constant threat from the timber mafias, encroachers and user of forest produce. Also, the state of Uttarakhand is water tower of India. Three major rivers system viz. Ganga, Yamuna and Sharda have their origin in Uttarakhand. Forests of Uttarakhand are responsible for perpetual supply of water to these river systems. Hence special emphasis was given during the 10th

5.14.3 In addition to the on going schemes of the 9

Five year plan for the conservation and development of the forest areas in the state.

th plan a number of new schemes were introduced at the state level in Annual Plans of 10th

Plan. They are:

• Strengthening of forest roads. • Construction of residential and non-residential buildings of forest department. • Afforestation of bamboo species. • Afforestation of biofuel species (Jatraopha). • Gujjar’s rehabilitation. • Special Strengthening of forest roads (Project mode). • Establishment of super specialty center. • Management of conservation reserve. • Relocation of habitation (Khatta, Goht etc.) located inside forest areas. • Establishment of geographical information system (GIS) unit for forest fire control. • Establishment of herbal garden and center of excellence • Management and rehabilitation of problem wild life species. • Disaster management preparedness for forest department. • Providing alternate energy support for Forest Rest Houses (FRH) and touring

Officers’ quarters and medical support for staff and visitors in Uttarakhand. • Wildlife management on outside forest protected areas. • Development of habitat of wild animals. • Medicinal plantations for livelihood activities. • Employment generation plantation scheme for village livelihood issues. • Establishment Wildlife Board. • Strengthening of Van Panchyats of Uttarakhand. • Strengthening of Forest ranges and Forest Chaukies in sensitive areas. • Strengthening of bridle paths of forest areas. • Supply of food grains on subsidized rates to field employees of the forest department. • Compensation against the acquiring land between forest area and national park. • Purchase of elephants to improve eco-tourism and forest protection. • Maintenance of departmental buildings.

(Ref: 11th

5.14.4 The following table gives the Physical & Financial achievements by the forest division during 10

Five year Plan document prepared by CCF, Planning & Financial Management, Uttarakhand).

th Plan period:

91

Table 5.1

Physical & Financial Achievements from 2002-03 & 2006-07

S. N.

Name of the Scheme

Financial year (2002-03)

Financial year (2003-04)

Financial year (2004-05)

Financial year (2005-06)

Financial year (2006-07)

Physical

Achievements Financial Achievement(Rs. In lakh)

Physical Achievements

Financial Achievement(Rs. In lakh)

Physical Achievements

Financial Achievement(Rs In lakh)

Physical Achievements

Financial Achievement (Rs. In lakh)

Physical Achievements

Financial Achieve

ment (Rs. In lakh)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

1- Distt. Sector 1. Forest

Communication

- - Footpath/Road Jirnodhar-71 km bridge/pulliya-2 No. Jirnodhar-1no Jirnodhar-40 no.

7.36 Footpath/Road Sudhirikaran-100 km. Pakikaran-2No bridge -2 No.

14.00 Footpath/Road Sudhirikaran-60 km. , bridge/pulliya -2 No.

13.63 Footpath/Road -82 km.

10.00

2. Building Construction

- - - Building,Girnodhar-20No., Extra-2 No.

14.38 Building-42 No. Girnodhar-37 No.

12.90 Building-2 No., Girnodhar-85 No.

39.39

2- State Sector

1. Forest fire protection

Fire line -1804 Km.,

39.97 Fire line maintanance -61 Km., hoplo trap-605 No.

11.22738 Fire line maintanance -919 Km.,

6.25 Fire line maintanance -919 Km.,

24.90 Fire line maintanance -919 Km., fire reporting cnter-2 No., jhari katan-315 ha.

12.8

2.

Employement generation plantation scheme for village livelihood issuses

- - - - - - - - ASW-25 ha.,nursery work-2 no,mist chamber in pothalay-1 no, green house-1 no,

28.55

3.

Development of bharat ratna Pt. G.B. Pant high altitude zoo nainital, kanchula

- - Lachiwala picnic spot,malsi deer park-2 no.

13.12825 Lachiwala picnic spot, malsi deer park-2 no.

13.00 Lachiwala picnic spot,malsi deer park-2 no.

11.65 Lachiwala picnic spot,malsi deer park-2 no.

20.65

92

khark musk deer breeding center, Mehroori musk deer farm & other awareness centers in Uttarakhand

4.

Relocation of habitations (KHAT, GOHT etc.) located inside forest areas of Uttarakhand

- - - - - - - - Survey-588 ha. 3.5

5.

Exgratia payment for loss caused to human life and property by wild animals

J.F.M. -73 village, soil cons. work-25 no., ANR-1385ha.

1.96 - - - - - - - -

6.

Development of habitate of wild animals

- - - - - - - - Water holl-2 no., devlopement of habitated of wild animales-50 no.

6.00

7.

Strensthing of forestboundires afferestation in areas vacatul from encro. and forest protection

- - Khayi khudan-1480 r.m., boundary pillar-50 No,

3.14 Khayi khudan/boundary wall-2700 r.m.,

12.00 - - Gherbar-5 ha., boundary wall /khayi-1750 r.m.

5.32

8.

Construction of Residinnag and non residential buildings

- - - - Building construction-6 no.(by P.W.D)

2.00 Building construction-(by PWD)-4 no. full, 1 no, half

41.70 - -

9.

Strengthining of forest roads

- - - - Forest road sudhirikaran-7.65 Km.

7.65 Road-7.73 Km. 52.88 Road construction in ndira nagar forest compound (by PWD)

20.54

Eco Tourism - - - - - - - - FRH-1 no., out house-1 no.

8.2

93

11

Establishment of hearbal garden and center of exceelance

- - - - - - - - Maintenance-1 no., stablishment-1no.

6.0

12

Assisted natural regeneration of OAK,FIR,SPRUCE & other forest

- - A.N.R. work-400 ha., J.F.M. fire prot.-28900 ha.

19.600 - - - - - -

13

Afforestation and soil conservation works in reserve and civil soyam forests

- - Plantation-150 ha.,city plantation-6710 No.

19.90057 Plantation-150 ha., A.S.W.-100 ha. ext.

48.82 Plantation-100 ha.,A.S.W.-35 ha. City plantation1555 no.hitecnercery-1 no.

23.63 Plantation-35ha., A.S.W.-100 ha.,city plantation-2294 no.,hitecnercery-1 no.,ext.

61.69

3- Centrally Sponsored

1. Integrated forest protection (90%:10%)

- - - - building -10 no.(by P.W.D.)

37.87 Control burning-800 ha.,building-5 no.,water holl-3 no.,fire line maint- 10 km.

21.36 J.F.M. cametty-46 no.,boundary pillars-550 no.,building construction-1 no., fire line mainte-40 km.,building construction type 3-2 (by P.W.D.)

23.57

2. Project elephand A.S.W.-16 ha.,road maintenance-89 Km.,fire line mainte-nance-40km.

96.6 Plantation-16 ha. 1.01911 Drinking water arrangement-6 no.,staff qourter-2 no.

4.03 - - Water holls-3 no.,fire line maintenance-1000 ha.,wireless battery-10 no.ext.

7.40

4- Others 1. Development of

civil soym forest Plantation-240 ha., ASW-225 ha.

36.35 - - - - - - - -

2. Integrated development project

Plantation-750 ha.,soil conservation work-365 no.

63.37 - - - - - - - -

94

3. Forest fire fight center scheme

Croo station construction-2 no tank nirman-2 no fire line-20 k.m.

11.80 - - - - - - - -

4. Natural regeneration by bio boundary

- - Boundary wall-97ha. 6.82 Boundary wall-185 ha. 13.90 - - - -

5. Catchment plantation(THDC)

- 3.64 Plantation-140 ha. 8.72611 Maintenance-450 ha. 20.800 - - - -

6. Catchment plantation Jolli

- - Maintenance-450 ha. 12.80897 Maintenance-140 ha. 2.84222

Maintenance-450ha croo station-150 no., hoplo trap-33 no jhari katan-580 ha.

0.28 - -

7. AIMS (Rishikesh)

- - - - - - - - ASW-82 ha. 13.95

8. Tourism Teen pani

- - - - - - - - Teen pani piknic spot-1 no.

27.00

9. Tourism Kali ki dhal

- - - - - - - - Kali ki dhal-1 no. 10.00

10. Tourism Lachiwala

- - - - - - - - Piknic spot-1 no. 21.02

11. Ritha vikas yojena(FRI)

- - - - ASW-2 ha. 0.46492 Maintenance- 2 ha. 0.155 - -

12. FDA - - - - ASW-950 ha. 31.41 - - Plantation-250 ha. 38.21

13. Road Transfer - - - - - - Plantation-2km., Maintenance-158 ha.

0.31 - -

14. Surdhar-Sungram road transfer

- - - - - - - 2.42 - -

15. Malsi Jaintan road pakakaran

- - - - - - - - - 2.52

(Source: Annual report of DFO Dehradun)

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5.15.1 The 11th

• Himalayas are fragile eco-system, which needs special care for the maintenance of the environment and ecological stability by conserving the forest and increasing the forest cover by afforestation in the blank and degraded areas.

Five Year Plan (2007-2012): The major objectives of the eleventh five year plan are income generation, poverty alleviation, education, health, infrastructure, environment etc. It was emphasized that protection of the environment has to be a central part of any sustainable inclusive growth strategy. The issue has assumed special importance because of the accumulation of evidence of global warming and the associated climate change that it is likely to bring. 5.15.2 The following long-term strategies are earmarked in the state in the direction of utilizing the full potential of the natural resource and fulfilling ambitions and expectations of the local people:

• To increase the productivity of the forest to meet the ever increasing demand of forest produce by use of genetically superior plants and clonal technology.

• To seek cooperation of the local people through Joint Forest Management and the local institutions viz. village forest committees, Forest Panchayats.

• To meet for demand of local people of fodder fuel wood and timber through afforestation and scientific management.

• Conservation of bio diversity by providing best protection to the areas of national parks and sanctuaries and to minimize animal and human conflicts through eco development committees and compensating people for their loss of life and property.

• Special emphasis to those biodiversity rich areas which are outside the protected area network of the state.

• To provide self-employment through eco-tourism, composting of leaf litter, N.T.F.P. including a medicinal plants, Bamboo & Ringal, Jatropha (Bio-fuel species) and forest based cottage industries.

• To provide treatment for soil and water conservation in the catchments areas of the river valley projects Viz. Kalagarh, Tehri Dam etc. and reduce the silt discharge in the dam areas.

• To provide research back up for improving the forest crop and do proper planning of forest area in order the obtain sustainable yield from the forest.

• To maintain the health of the river and other aquatic systems under the jurisdiction of forest department.

5.15.3 The objectives of 5 year plans are implemented through district sector, state sector & Central sector (90%: 10% basis – Uttarakhand being given special status) schemes. Thirteen new schemes in the state sector & one new scheme in the central sector (Integrated Forest Protection scheme: encompassing the scheme of fire control & management together with forest protection issues such as working plan preparation, survey and demarcation and support to research set up) has been incorporated in the 11th Plan. (Ref: 11th Five year Plan document prepared by CCF, Planning & Financial Management, Uttarakhand). Following table lists all the schemes of 11th Five year plan.

Table 5.2

Schemes of 11th

S.No.

Five Year Plan

Name of the Scheme Status in 11th plan

Distt. Sector 1. Forest Communication On going 2. Building Construction On going

96

State Sector 1. Forest fire protection On going 2. Strengthing of forest ranges and forest chaukies in sensitive areas New 3. Establishment of IT Cell & Geographical information System (GIS) On going 4. Disaster management preparedness for forest department staff On going 5. Bamboo & Ringal Plantation On going 6. Plantation of Biofuel species (Jatropha) On going 7. Medicinal plantation for livelihood activities On going 8. Employment generation plantation scheme for village livelihood issues On going 9. Development of bharat ratna Pt. G.B. Pant high altitude zoo Nainital,

kanchula khark musk deer breeding center, mehroori musk deer farm & other awareness centers in Uttarakhand

On going

10. Relocation of habitations (KHAT, GOHT etc.) located inside forest areas of Uttarakhand

On going

11. Exgratia payment for loss caused to human life and property by wild animals

On going

12. Gujjar rehabilitation On going 13. Management and rehabilitation of problem wildlife species. On going 14. Wildlife management in outside protected areas On going 15. Development of habitate of wild animals On going 16. Establishment of wildlife strengthening of forest boundaries, afforestation

in areas vacated from encroachment & forest protection On going

17. Strensthing of forest boundires afferestation in areas vacatul from encroachment and forest protection

On going

18. Construction of Residinnag and non residential buildings On going 19. Strengthining of forest roads On going 20. Special sensitive area of forest roads (project mode) On going 21. Strengthining of bridle paths of forest areas On going 22. World food programme On going 23. Enviorment awareness and pollution control On going 24. Management of conservation reserve On going 25. Traning for van panchyat members and for the officers and employees of

forest department. On going

26. Eco Tourism On going 27. Establishment of hearbal garden and center of exceelance On going 28. Strenghtining of van panchyats of uttaranchal On going 29. Providing alternate energy support for FRHs and touring officer quarters

and medical support for staff and visitors in uttaranchal On going

30. Supply of food grains on subsidized rates to field employes of the forest department

On going

31. Award to injured/dead employees of forest department during confrontation to mafias

On going

32. Maintenance of elephants for eco-tourism and forest protection On going 33. Protection of bugyals (meadows) and evergreen traditional practices to

conserve sensitive area of alpine pastures and community land On going

34. Grant to uttaranchal forest hospital trust and sensitive area of medical college at Haldwani

On going

35. Assisted natural regeneration of OAK,FIR,SPRUCE & other forest New

97

36. Conservation & Devlopment of medicinory plants in forest areas. New

37 Afforestation and soil conservation works in reserve and civil soyam forests

On going

38. Research & Technology On going Centrally Sponsored

1 Integrated forest protection ( 90:10) New

2 Development of parks & sanctuaries On going 3 Project Elephant On going 4 Project Tiger On going 5 Development of Nandadavi biosphere reserves On going 6 Kedarnath Kastura deer park On going 7 Macro management of agriculture suplementation/complementation of

states through work plan On going

8 Integrated watershed management in the catchment of the flood prone river (upper ganga & upper yamuna)

On going

5.15.4 The following table gives the Physical & Financial achievements by the forest division in the financial years 07-08 & 08-09 of 11th

S.No

plan period:

Table 5.3

Physical & Financial Achievements in 2007-08 & 2008-09

Name of the Scheme Financial year (2007-08)

Financial year (2008-09)

Physical Achievements

Financial Achievement (Rs. In lakh)

Physical Achievements

Financial Achievement (Rs. In lakh)

Distt. Sector 1. Forest

Communication Road /Footpath sudhrikaran-50 Km.

8.66 Road /Footpath -50 km. Pakakaran-0.7 Km.

20.22

2. Building Construction

Girnodhar-47 No. 19.25 Girnodhar-53 No. 19.81

State Sector 1. Forest fire protection Watch tower-2 No.,

Road sensitive area-7 Km.

11.00 Fire line-565 Km., Control burning-65 Km., Fire line(Road Side)-135 Km., Footpath-55 Km.

8.00

2. Employement generation plantation scheme for village livelihood issuses

Plantation-30.75 ha., ASW-41 ha.

11.09 Plantation-41 ha., Nursery-1 No.

8.00

98

3. Development of bharat ratna Pt. G.B. Pant high altitude zoo nainital, kanchula khark musk deer breeding center, mehroori musk deer farm & other awareness centers in Uttarakhand

Lachiwala picknice spot & malsi deer park maintenance-2 No.

27.77 Lachiwala picknice spot & malsi deer park maintenance-2 No., Animal hospital building construction-1 No.

32.75

4. Wildlife management in outside protected areas

Lentena eradication 24 ha.

4.35 Lentena eradication 125 ha.

7.50

5. Development of habitate of wild animals

Lentena eradication 119 ha.

8.50 Lentena eradication 295 ha., water hole-7 No., Chekdam-4 No.

23.00

6. Establishment of wildlife strengthening of forest boundaries, afforestation in areas vacated from encroachment & forest protection

Boundaries Pillars-53 No., boundry wall-khayi khudan-508 running metter

5.00 boundry wall-khayi khudan-23 running metter

8.00

7. Construction of Residinnag and non residential buildings

6 building maintanance

119.52 - -

8. Strengthining of forest roads

Forest roads stregthining 1.06

8.05 Forest roads maintenance-8 Km., Chekdam-22 No., Side wall-22 No,Espare-4 no.

53.66

9. Eco Tourism F R H Maintinance- 2 No, Water storage tank- 4 No, Solar Power Hitting system-4 No.

19.66 - -

10. Establishment of hearbal garden and center of exceelance

Sal exceelance building maintenance-1 No.

1.27 Sal exceelance building maintenance-1 No

2.00

11. Providing alternate energy support for FRHs and touring officer quarters and medical support for staff and visitors in uttaranchal

- - Solar light-22 no. 4.24

12. Assisted natural regeneration of OAK,FIR,SPRUCE & other forest

- - Anurakshan-315 ha. 8.24

99

13. Afforestation and soil conservation works in reserve and civil soyam forests

Plantation-100 ha., percolation tank-82 No., ASW-95 ha., chakdam-119 No. city plantation-1820 No. ect.

54.00 Plantation-100 ha., percolation tank-100 No., ASW-32 ha., chakdam-150 No. tarjal-45 no., side wall-54 no.ect.

67.38

Centrally Sponsored

1. Integrated forest protection (90%:10%)

JFM cametty-10 no., building cons.-1 no., watch tower-1 no.

34.73 JFM cametty-8 no., building cons.-2 no., Fire line- 24 km., training camp-4 no., Fire mainagement plane-1no., fild survey-300 km., enumreration-120 km.

29.18

2. Project elephant Coridor devlopement-2 no., water holl maintenance- 2 no.

4.20 Coridor devlopement-1no., water holl maintenance-5 no., water holl-1 no. , building maintenance-3 no.

6.23

3 AIIMS (Rishekesh) Compensatory plantation

8.30 Plantation-82 ha. 2.21

Other sources

1 12th Water Holl-14 no.,boundary pillar-499 no.,Culture work(Bamboo)-910 no., Chek dem-20 no., building maintenance-1no.

finance commission

20.96 Culture work (Bamboo)-174 ha., Cane/Ringal plantation-8 ha.,FRH (Girnodhar)-1 no.

3.94

2 Vidhayak Nidhi Crate wire chek dem-8 no. 2.50

100

CHAPTER VI STAFF AND LABOUR SUPPLY

6.1 Different Categories of Staff: Following table shows the sanctioned strength of officers and staffs in the division after the reorganization of the department as issued by PCCF, Uttarakhand vide letter no. Ka-2305/1-7 dated 19.5.2007 and the number of officers & staff posted in the division as on 31st

Designation

march, 2009.

Table 6.1

No. of Staff Sanctioned Posted

Field Staff DCF (DFO) 1 1 ACF 3 2 Rangers 11 6 Deputy Rangers 9 17 Foresters 50 32 Beat Officer 128 95

Clerical Staff Ad. Officer (AO)-II 1 1 Chief Assistant 2 2 Draughtsman 1 1 Stenographer - I 1 1 Compiler 1 - Senior Assistant 4 4 Junior Assistant 5 4 Accountant 1 0 Assistant Acct 1 1 Surveyor 1 1

Other Staff Driver 5 2 Chaukidar 2 14 Orderlies 5 4 Zamadar Orderlies 1 1 Dak Runners 4 7 Sweeper 1 1 Mali 7 5

6.2 Executive charges: The division is at present divided into two sub divisions namely (i) Dehradun sub-division headquarter at Dehradun and (ii) Rishikesh sub-division, headquarter at Rishikesh. The forest division is divided into 8 Territoral ranges, namely: Asharori, Jhajra, Malhan, Malsi, Lachhiwala, Barkot, Rishikesh & Thano. During the reorganization of the department as issued by PCCF, Uttarakhand vide letter no. Ka-2305/1-7 dated 19.5.2007; posts of 2 range officers have been sanctioned for ‘Maintenance Unit and Timber Depot’. Also, posts of 1 deputy ranger, 2 foresters & 5 beat officers have been sanctioned for “Protection Unit” in the sensitive range Rishikesh. There were 58 beats in the division in the last plan. After the reorganization of beats; the division area has been divided into 74 beats (as per the letter No. 1064/24-2 dated 6.2.2009 of C.F. Shiwalik Circle, Dehradun). It has also been proposed that each 2 beats will constitute one section. The following table gives the Sub Division and Range wise area distribution of beats after the reorganization:

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Table 6.2

Name of Sub Division Name of Range Area under Management in (ha.) No. of Beats Dehradun Asarori 4412.90 7 Jhajhra 5706.50 9 Malsi 1651.10 4 Malhan 7590.20 10

Total 19360.70 30 Rishikesh Barkot 7120.40 10 Lachiwala 7711.40 15 Rishikesh 4515.00 6 Thano 11774.40 13

Total 31121.20 44 Grand Total 50481.90 74

6.3 Status of Field Staff: After the reorganization of beats in the year 2009, the average size of the beats is 682.18 ha while earlier it was 870.37 ha. This will definitely improve the effective management & protection of the forests. However, as on 31st

Age class

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

25-30 30-35 35-40 40-45 45-50 50-55 55-60

age class

num

ber o

f sta

ff

March, 2009, the difference between sanctioned strength & actual strength is significant. 95 beat officers, 32 foresters & 4 range officers are posted in the division against sanctioned strengths of 128, 50 & 11 respectively. The status of deputy rangers is positive. 17 deputy rangers are posted against sanctioned strength of 9. Of course some of them are presently given the charge of ranges. Also, the over-all ages of the front line staff (beat officer & forester) are quite high and recruitment of new and young blood is very necessary for effective protection and implementation of the prescribed works. Recruitment of beat officers from the daily wagers was made recently. But these people have been engaged in the Department for last one or two decades. They are old and almost on the verge of retirement ages. Besides recruitment, regular training and refresher courses must be conducted to up-date them in the latest technologies and new management tools. 6.4 Age gradation of Beat Officers: The over-all ages of the front line staff (beat officer) are quite high and recruitment of new and young blood is very necessary for effective protection and implementation of the prescribed works. Recruitment from the daily wagers was made a few years back. But these people have been engaged in the Department for last one or two decades. They are old and almost on the verge of retirement ages. The fig.6.1 shows the age gradation and number of beat officers in the division as on March, 2009.

Fig 6.1

Age class

25-300%

30-350%

35-4014%

40-4515%

45-5013%

50-5550%

55-608%

6.5 Age gradation of Foresters: The age gradation of the Foresters in the division is no better than that of the beat officer. Within 10 to 15 years most of them will attain superannuation and retire. New recruitment to the post is utmost importance for effective management and protection of the forests. When the condition of the front line staffs are such then nothing much can be expected from them at this ages. Besides recruitment, regular training and refresher

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courses must be conducted to up-date them in the latest technologies and new management tools. The numbers of Foresters in different age classes in the division are shown in fig. 6.2 below.

Fig 6.2

Age class

-2

0

2

4

68

10

12

14

16

25-30 30-35 35-40 40-45 45-50 50-55 55-60

age class

nu

mb

er

of

sta

ff

Age class

25-300%

30-350%

35-406%

40-4531%

45-5048%

50-559%

55-606%

6.6 Daily Wagers in the Division: Besides the permanent staffs of the Forest Department, there are many persons employed on daily basis as plantation guards, fire watchers, beat watchers etc. These persons are engaged on a monthly basis as & when required. In compliance of the order issued by the Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, Uttarakhand vide letter no. Ka-2113/1-14 (4) Dt. 11-05-2009, presently the wage of the daily wagers is fixed at Rs.3514 per month. There are 128 such daily wagers in the division as on today. These daily wagers are engaged in different works by the division as and where it is required. 6.7 Labour Supply: The labour employed on forest works is partly local and partly Nepali. The works like plantation, fire protection, road repair and soil conservation are done mostly by local labour. During winter the labour availability is adequate because of Nepali labours which return to their homes with the start of the summer season become available during this time. However the scarcity of labour is felt during sowing and harvesting of agricultural crop. The extraction works like felling, lopping, debarking, loading etc of timber and fuel wood is done by the Uttarakhand Van Vikas Nigam who generally engages labour locally through the 'Pradhan Sramik'. National forest Policy, 1988 strongly advocates Protection & management of forest with the active co-operation & support of local communities. In sync with this policy it is prescribed in the working plan to seek active support of local people. Also the “Gujjars” residing in different ranges of the division should be roped in for various activities. 6.8 Wage Rate: The wage rates of the labours are fixed by the Conservator of Forests, Shiwalik Circle, Dehradun from time to time. The daily wages from October 1994 to June 1997 was Rs. 45. From July 1997 to August 2003 it was Rs 49. After this the wage rate from September 2003 to September 2004 was Rs. 58. The wage rate was revised in October 2004 and increased to Rs. 93. Note: For building and roads the rates of the P.W.D will be considered as standard. Other rates are according to the departmental schedule of rates.

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CHAPTER 7

PAST STYSTEM OF MANAGEMENT

7.1 Pre- Management History :

7.1.1 1714-1744: The Dehradun valley fell to the British in 1714. Prior to the British occupation, the local rulers derived an income from the forests in the form of a royalty; which was realized at the points of export on the Ganga, the Yamuna and at the Shiwalik passes. During 1709-10 an pamount of Rs. 16,000.00 was collected as royalty. Under British control, this royalty was abolished and 'transit-duties' were levied at the same points. In 1719, Moore, the Collector of Saharanpur reintroduced the royalty, which averaged Rs. 4,000.00 per annum for the three years, i.e.1719 to 1721. Major Young, the political agent, later sold the right to collect the royalty at these points by public auction and succeeded in raising the revenue to Rs. 16,021.00. In 1739 the right was leased out to the Mahant of Hardwar, Atma Gir, for Rs. 37,500.

7.1.2 1744-1755: In 1744, Vansittart, the Supdt. of the Dun, discontinued the lease and undertook the collections through his own staff. This arrangement lasted till 1755 during which period the revenue varied from Rs. 70,000 to Rs. 1,00,000 annually. The colossal destruction and waste of forest resources still continued unabated.

7.1.3 1755-1763: In 1755, the Forest Department was born and its first concern was to organize the proper collection of revenue rather than to adopt and organize some system of forest conservancy. Heavy felling continued and there was no control of any kind.

7.1.4 1764-1771: The first comment on the condition of the forests was highlighted by Mr. G.R.C. Williams, the Commissioner of Meerut, who wrote in his ' Memoirs of Dehradun' (1774), "there was no control on felling and any one could fell any tree anywhere and export by paying royalty. The system was absolutely devoid of conservancy and consisted of colossal destruction and waste of forest resources which abounded in fine trees 100 to 200 years old and upwards."

7.2 Beginning of the management of the forest: Mr. I.F.O. Callaghan was the first Deputy conservator of Forests appointed in 1964. He remarked in 1777 that "there can be no doubt that sal, tun and sissoo were the trees chiefly felled, for even now there is no demand for any other kind of timber and when I entered the Department in 1764, the ground was everywhere studded with stumps of these trees". He initiated management of forest by organizing the forest by survey, demarcation, making of roads and buildings and securing and defining the rights of the people and the Govt. over the forests.

7.2.1 Survey and demarcation itself was a gigantic task, and was completed in 1777. The forests which were within the boundaries of the large wasteland grants and those which were not reserved by the Forest Department, were declared to be the property of “Zamindars” of the villages to which they pertained and were first assessed to revenue in 1764. These forests were either clear felled for cultivation in subsequent years or continued to remain as private forests until Zamindari abolition in

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1952, when they vested in the State. These forests were brought under scientific forest management for the first time under Upadhyaya's Working Plan (1955-56 to 1964-65).

7.2.2 In the forests that were taken up for reservation, restrictions on felling were gradually imposed from 1764 onwards though no real forest measures were adopted until after 1770. Proper forest management was started in 1771 and the demarcation and mapping of boundaries was given first priority. The work was completed by 1777. Regular fire protection was instituted in 1972-73 over a small area or 123.7 ha. only. In 1776, heavy thinning was carried out and felling was undertaken departmentally. Contractors were allowed to remove only the slash left on the ground from the past unregulated felling.

7.2.3 In 1770, forest blocks were constituted and the road and building work was pushed ahead. Felling of Sal was generally not allowed. The system of collecting royalty on export of forest produce at export chowkies, generally known as the "kham-Tehsil System" was finally abolished in 1771.

7.3 From the preceding paras it is obvious that the forests included in the various working plans consist of two distinct groups as below:

A. Reserved Forests: Forest which were reserved between 1777 and 1910 and which have continued under systematic management since 1777 with the first working plan of Fernandez (1777-1902).

B. Vested Forests: Erstwhile Zamindari forests which came under State control with the abolition of Zamindari in 1952 vide notification GO.No.617/XIV dated October 11, 1952 and which were brought under scientific forest management with the first working plan of Upadhyay (1955-56 to 1964-65). Most of these vested forests have already been reserved and some areas are still under settlement operations for declaring them reserved.

7.4 The reserved forests have been managed separately from the vested forestsin the initial working plans. However, since Misra's plan the old reserves as well as vested forests are managed together under one working plan. Table 7.1 lists all the working plans previous to this working plan.

Table 7.1 Sl. No Name of Plan Period of Plan Actual period in force in

Years. 1. Femadez's Plan 1777-1902 15 2. Milward & Jackson's Plan 1903-1927 20 3. Bhola's Plan 1923-24 to 1932-33 7 4. Champion's Plan 1931-32 to1940-41 10 5. Sen's Plan 1941-42 to1950-51 7 6. Sahai's Plan 1949-50 to 1957-59 10 7. Kuber Nath's Plan 1959-60 to1967-69 10 7. Misra's Plan 1969-70 to 1977-79 10

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9. K.N.Singh's Plan 1979-70 to 1977-79 10 10. Rajindra Kumar's Plan 1979-90 to 1997-99 10 11. R.P. Bharti’s Plan 1999-00 to 2007-09 10

7.5 The discussion of the Past systems of management will be facilitated by recognizing the following broad sub-divisions of forests:

1. Sal Forests. 2. Miscellaneous Forests. 3. Khair-Sissoo Forests. 4. Bamboo areas. 5. Scrub and unproductive blanks. 6. Unworkable open miscellaneous forests. 7. Artificially regenerated crops. 8. Minor (Non-Timber) Forest produce.

7.6 MANAGEMENT OF SAL FOREST

7.6.1 Fernandez's Plan (1777-1902): During course of plan preparation Fernandez undertook stock mapping of the forests to ascertain the main forest types and carried out partial enumerations varying from 5% to 30%. Enumeration of all important species viz., sal. sain, sissoo, khair over 7.6 cm diameter were carried out in 45 cms girth classes. Thano forests comprising Lambirau and Ramnagar blocks which were selected to be the demonstration areas were divided into small compartments averaging about 36.3 ha each and were completely enumerated. Some trees were felled to prepare local volume tables. Under the above plan the sal forests were worked under improvement felling. The entire sal forests were divided into seven feeling series to be worked under a feeling cycle of 15 years, the yield was regulated on area basis. No work was to be done on the broken ground in the Shiwalik i.e. above Hathiwala fire line and the hilly ground in the Nagsidh Forests. The exploitable diameter for sal and sain was fixed at 60 cm and these were to be marked only if silviculturally available. Smaller trees could be marked down to 10 cms diameter if unsound and unhealthy. After main felling, the damaged and unpromising stems up to 15cms diameter of sal and sain were to be coppiced. Thinning, cultural operations and climber cuttings were prescribed. At first, these felling were very heavy but the intensity was later on reduced, because of deficiency of sal regeneration.

7.6.2 Results: The improvement felling under the above plan resulted in the removal of a great deal of unsound stock, and the crop was greatly benefited by such cultural operations as climber cutting, coppicing of injured and unpromising stems and girdling of minor miscellaneous species interfering with sal.

7.6.3 Milward and Jackson's Plan (1903-1927): Four working circles were constituted for working of sal forests as below:

i. Working circles under Improvement feeling. ii. Tirsal Working circle.

iii. Experimental Working circle.

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iv. Sal fuel supply working circle.

7.6.4 The system of improvement felling started under Fernandez's plan continued in the forests along the Shiwalik belt and the Nagsidh forests. Selection system was prescribed for the Tirsal forests comprising the present Sainkot, Golatappar, Ghamandpur and Bibiwala blocks. The exploitable girth was fixed at 1.7 m and the annual yield at 760 trees of class I and class II. Marking was to be cautious in frosty localities and had to take into consideration regeneration over 3.6 m in height. Grazing was prohibited for eight years after the main felling.

7.6.5 The 'Thano Forests' were allotted to the Experimental working circle for treatment under the Uniform and Group Selection system. The rotation was fixed at 144 years, corresponding to an exploitable girth of 1.7 m. Six periodic blocks, of 24 years each, were formed. The forests allotted to P.B.I. were to have secondary and final felling after seeding feeling at intervals of 12 years. P.B. IV was to be regenerated by the group method. The groups consist of sal advance growth of at least 3.7 m. height. In these two P.Bs all trees of I, II and III classes were to be removed to introduce as much uniformity as possible in the new crop. In P.B. IV no coupes were fixed but the yield was fixed at 1,000 trees of I, II and III class trees. P.B.IV was to be closed to grazing permanently. P.B.I was to be closed for 12 years after the seeding felling and other P.B's for eight years after the main felling. The usual cultural operations viz., climber cutting, cutting back and cleaning after the main felling, weeding and thinning were prescribed. Soil was to be hoed up in bare patches at the break of the rains in the year following the main felling.

In 1909 a new plan was made for the Thano forest by Troup in which the whole forest was put under the Uniform system. Allotments were made to all P.Bs. As regeneration was already well established in the area allotted to P.B.I, it was decided to remove overwood in two operations, viz; secondary and final felling. Final felling was to follow secondary felling after 12 years. Trees over 75 cms girth were to be removed. In other P.Bs. selection and improvement fellings were prescribed. There was an epidemic of “Hoplo cerambyx” in 1912 which became very serious between 1916 and 1917 and continued for many years afterwards with gradually diminishing virulence. Thousands of these insects attacked trees of all ages had to be removed and this upset the prescriptions of the Plan.

7.6.6 Sal forests near Dehradun comprising Nawada, Mohamadpur, Asarori and Laldhang blocks were allotted to ‘Sal Fuel Supply working circle’ to supply fuelwood to Dehradun. These areas were to be worked under coppice with standards. Three series were formed as ‘Chandrabani’ corresponding to Lakdhang block, ‘Ram Nagar’ corresponding to Asarori & Mohamadpur block and ‘Nagsidh’ corresponding to Nawada block. Out of these three series, Nagsidh felling series is relevant to present dehradun division. The rotation was fixed at 24 years. Standards were kept to protect the coppice growth from frost, to serve as seed bearers and to supply timber. The yield was regulated by area. This system continued only upto 1917 and was then given up in favour of improvement felling.

7.6.7 Results: The forests continued to improve under the improvement felling, climber cutting, coppice of unsound stock etc. The crops resulting from coppice of the fuel supply working circle were especially fine. The Thano forests were rather heavily felled under the Uniform and Group Selection systems and also because of the severe ‘Hoplo cerambyx’ attack.

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7.6.8 Bhola's Plan (1923-24 to 1932-33): From 1923 onwards, the management of the forests was intensified and almost all the workable Sal areas were brought under ‘Conversion to Uniform under Shelter wood system’. Two working circles were formed.

7.6.9 Sal Working Circle: Almost all the workable sal forests were allotted to sal working Circle and these were to be converted under Uniform Shelter wood system. The rotation was originally fixed at 120 years with six periodic blocks, each of 20 years. Subsequently, a conversion period of 96 years was fixed with three periodic blocks, each of 32 years. The P.B.I and P.B.VI were combined to form the regeneration area. As a large part of the area was already regenerated, the rest of the area was to be regenerated in 20 years, considering 12 years of the regeneration period has already passed. P.B III, IV and V were not allotted separately and were lumped together to form P.B Intermediate. Areas were reduced for quality by using reduction factors for various quality classes, quality III being taken as unity. The whole of the regeneration area of P.B.I and P.B.VI was enumerated over 30 cms dia. in 10 cms diameter classes.

7.6.10 Treatment: The areas allotted to P.B.I. contained mature and over mature crop of Sal with or without regeneration in the form of saplings and poles and required new regeneration where ever it was deficient, either through coppice or seed. In P.BVI, which contained areas well stocked with saplings and poles needed drastic removal of over wood combined with thinning. In P.B.II which contained crops approaching maturity, final thinning was to be done combined with cutting back of the advance growth and under wood to obtain good coppice regeneration. In P.B. Inter, only thinnings were prescribed and the removal of mature trees under selection was prohibited.

Yield - The yield in regeneration area (P.B.I. and VI) was regulated by volume based on the formula:

Volume + Increment X ½ regeneration Period Yield = ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Regeneration period

Coupes were not fixed and the fellings were to be regulated by the volume yield which could be taken out any where in the area. Group of good poles up to 20cm d.b.h. could be kept as part of the future crop if not less than I square chain in extent. In P.B. II and inter, yield was fixed by area.

7.6.11 Thano Working Circle: The treatment was exactly the same as for the Sal working circle except that the yield was fixed by Heyer's formula.

7.6.12 Results: The Sal working circle included many Sal forests which were not fit for conversion to uniform either because of their being situated on hills or because of a very low proportion of Sal in them and therefore, had to be taken out of this working circle in the subsequent plan. As a consequence the regeneration area (under P.B.I. and VI.) swelled up greatly and caused over felling. The assumption that twelve years of the regeneration period had already passed, as there was plenty of advance growth, had a similar effect.

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7.6.13 Champion's Plan (1931-32 to 1940-41): Under Champion's plan, the Sal forests were managed under Sal conversion & selection-cum- Improvement working circle. All the better, more or less pure Sal forests, suitable for conversion to uniform were allotted to Sal conversion working circle & mixed hill forests were included in Sal selection-cum-Improvement working circle. No enumeration was done except in area regenerated during previous plan.

7.6.14 Sal Conversion working circle: In the Sal Conversion working circle, the conversion period was fixed at 90 years and divided into nine P.Bs of 10 years each. The areas successfully converted to uniform forest during the previous plan were allotted to P.B IX. In these areas, only over wood was to be removed, Areas containing mature over wood and the greatest percentage of advance growth were allotted to P.B I. and the next best to P.B II. The rest of the areas were allotted to P.B Inter. The yield was regulated by reduced areas. There were two felling series corresponding to present East and West Dehradun Forest Divisions.

7.6.15 Treatment of Sal Conversion Working Circle: In P.B I. fellings, poles up to 30 cm in diameter were to be retained as part of the future crop and the rest of the over wood was to be removed unless such removal created blanks of more than one acre (0.4 ha.). No felling was allowed in P.B II. In P.B Inter, light thinning were prescribed on a 20 years cycle but later in 1936, the prescription was changed to permit the removal of 33% of selection trees on a 20 years cycle in Eastern felling series and 20% of such trees on a 10 years cycle in Thano felling series. In P.B.IX, half the number of standards was to be removed on a 10 year cycle. No coupes were prescribed but the actual number of standards to be removed was given for each felling series. This prescription was cancelled in 1936 when selection fellings were introduced in P.B Inter.

7.6.16 Selection cum Improvement Working Circle: The felling cycle was fixed at 15 years. Exploitable diameter for Sal was fixed at 50 cm, when the mature trees attained a height of 21.3m and above. Exploitable diameter was 40 cm, where the height was below 21.3m. The yield was regulated by area and definite annual coupes were prescribed. No limit was placed on the number of selection trees to be felled. In 1936, the percentage of selection trees to be removed was fixed at 50%.

7.6.17 Results:

i. In Champion's Plan the area of Conversion working circle was almost reduced to half of the previous plan and the remaining areas were put under the Selection cum Improvement working circle. This resulted in a disproportionately large area brought under conversion. Champion made an effort to compensate this by taking a proportionally less area under P.B.I. and it was thought that this adjustment would be maintained in the subsequent plans as well.

ii. The division of the Sal forests into Conversion and Selection cum Improvement working circles resulted in applying proper treatment to the two categories of forests and attempted to correct the mistakes made in the preceding plan.

iii. There was no difficulty in regenerating P.B I areas unlike in Bhola's plan, as the areas allotted to P.B I were only those which contained sufficient regeneration in the form of advance growth. It needed only cutting back and tending.

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iv. The only draw back was a large number of reduction factors based on insufficient data in an attempt to make equiproductive coupes which did not produce the desired results.

7.6.18 SEN's PLAN (1941-42 To 1950-51) - Three working circles were formed:

A. Sal Conversion working Circle (32,416 ha.)

B. Sal Interim Working Circle (1,197.6 ha).

C. Sal Selection Working Circle (25,474.7 ha).

The Sal Conversion and the Sal Selection working circles were on the same pattern as those under Champion's Plan. The additional Sal Interim working circle was formed to include regeneration areas of Bhola's Plan which had failed to respond to seeding and regeneration felling for one reason or another. These areas needed intensive care. Enumerations were carried out in 10 cm diameter classified as ' sound' 'fit' and 'hollow'. Areas enumerated covered most of the working circle but excluded the areas felled under the previous two plans.

7.6.19 Sal Conversion Working Circle: The conversion period was maintained at 90 years and as before divided into 9 P.Bs of 10 years each. The areas felled under Champion's Plan were put in P.B IX and those felled under Bhola's plan under P.B.VIII. Definite allotments were made to P.Bs I,II,VIII and IX and the remaining areas were amalgamated into P.B. Inter. Areas with profuse advance growth and over wood in urgent need of removal were allotted to P.B.I. Areas containing mature over wood with little or inadequate regeneration were allotted to P.B.II. Some parts of the P.B.I. of older plans which had failed to regenerate were also included under P.B. II.

i. Treatment of P.B.I: The existing over wood was to be removed as much as possible retaining health and vigorous advance growth upto 30 cm. d.b.h. Shelter wood, consisting of 20-25 trees of sal and some light crowned miscellaneous species were to be left for frost protection. Yield was regulated by reduced area and definite allotment or annual coupes were made. Subsidiary silvicultural operations were prescribed.

ii. Treatment of P.B.II: Sen adopted the standard prescriptions for obtaining seeding in sal forests as laid down by Hole, Champion, and Smithies, which consisted of the celebrated "Pepper Pot" openings in the over wood, thinning of the middle story kokat, annual shrub cutting and burning till 50:50 mixture of grasses and miscellaneous undergrowth was obtained and subsequent opening of over wood when sal regeneration reached the large leaf whippy stage.

iii. Treatment of P.B.Inter: In P.B.Inter, controlled felling of selection tees and C/D grade thinning in younger age classes were prescribed. The diameter of selection trees were fixed at 50 and 40 cm depending on the height of dominant trees. The yield was calculated to 33% of selection trees by Smithies Formula, but it was reduced to half and fixed at 16% of the 'green' 'sound' and 'fit' selection trees to counter balance the excess felling of selection trees in P.B.II. The yield was regulated by reduced areas. Definite annual coupes were made and an attempt was made to make them equi-productive.

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iv. Treatment of P.B.VIII: In P.B. VIII areas, cleanings and thinning were prescribed. The yield was regulated by reduced area and definite annual coupes were made. Sal standards over 30 cm dia. Were also to be removed if silviculturally available for which coupes based on enumerations under Champion's Plan were given.

v. Treatment of P.B.IX - Cleaning and thinning were prescribed for the young crop on a 5 years cycle, and for older poles which were to be retained as part of the future crop, on a 10 year cycle. The over wood was to be removed in the second cycle of 5 years. The yield was regulated by the net area under sal and annual coupes were fixed.

7.6.20 Sal Interim Working Circle: Large areas of Bhola's Plan in which P.B.I. felling were carried out had failed to respond and regeneration had failed to establish in those areas. Compartments had been allotted to this working circle where the inhibiting factor was frost or fire, with the object of putting them under intensive treatment. No regular tending or feeling scheme was prescribed. The treatment was left to the discretion of the Divisional Forest Officer. The areas were fire-Protected and closed to grazing.

7.6.21 Selection Working Circle: In the Selection working circle, the felling series and the exploitable dia. were the same as under Champion's plan. The felling cycle was ten years. The yield was regulated by reduced areas. 33% of the selection trees were to be marked if silviculturally available. Definite coupes were fixed. The main fellings were to be followed by the usual subsidiary cultural operations.

7.6.22 Results:

I. During World War II, the demand for timber, poles and firewood were so abnormally heavy from 1942 to 1945 that it was impossible to adhere to the prescriptions of the working plan. The forests have not been able to recover from these excessive and unscientific war time felling which were carried out from any convenient area, completely upset the prescriptions from 1942-43 onwards. The areas most affected were those containing the largest proportion of mature trees, viz; P.B.I. and Inter of the Sal Conversion working circle and the selection working circle. In order to meet the heavy demand for firewood. Most of the miscellaneous species were also removed in cleanings and thinning. In P.B.I. areas, only Sal and sain poles up to 35 cm dia. were retained and the miscellaneous species were removed in main or subsidiary operations. Certain areas were also felled heavily to produce ballies (under 20 cm dia.).

II. P.B.II: In P.B.II, heavy fellings were made to create 'pepper pot' openings in the canopy without observing the working plan prescriptions about obtaining sal regeneration. Thus most of these areas remained unregenerate and continue to be deficient in sal regeneration.

III. P.B. Inter- In P.B. Inter, most of the selection trees were removed though the removal of only 16% was prescribed resulting in over felling of mature trees.

IV. Sal Interim working circle was completely neglected and no working was done.

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V. In the Selection working circle, most of the selection trees were removed, though removal of only 33% of the silviculturally available, trees were prescribed.

7.6.23 Sahai's Paln (1949-50 to 1957-59): Three working circles were constituted as before with the difference that the Sal Interim working circle was renamed as Sal Experimental working circle. To assess the growing stock, 20% partial enumerations were carried out in parallel strips, 2 chains wide, and 7 chains apart in plain and foothills, and 10% by the same method in the hilly area, where distance between the strips was 17 chains. All Sal trees were enumerated in 10cm dia. Classes from 30 cm upwards and were classified as sound, fit and unfit.

7.6.24 Sal Conversion working circle: The conversion period remained 90 year but only three periodic blocks P.B.I., P.B. Young and P.B. Inter of 30 year each were formed. Yield was fixed by area in all P.Bs. and definite annual coupes were laid down:

i. Treatment of P.B.I: The areas allotted to this P.B. were those in which the growing stock over 40 cm d.b.h. was in excess. In the area of main felling, which consisted of about one-third of the total P.B.I; all promising young poles of sal and sain up to 30 cm d.b.h. were to be retained as part of the future crop and also as frost cover. The balance crop was to be removed, if silvicilturally available. Thinning of 'D' grade intensity was prescribed in the crop retained. Subsidiary cultural operations consisting of coppicing back of malformed and all damaged trees if saleable, cleaning and tending were prescribed. Tending and cultural operations in first, third and seventh years after the main felling were started. In the rest of the area light crown thinning was prescribed and advance growth was to be nursed.

ii. Treatment of P.B. Young: P.B. Young felling consisted of removal of shelter wood where no longer required together with 'D' grade thinning in the sal poles retained as part of the future crop. Inferior miscellaneous species interfering with sal were to be cut back, lopped or girdled but a suitable (15-30%) mixture of light crowned species was to be maintained.

iii. Treatment P.B. Inter: Light crown thinning was prescribed along with the removal of dead, dying and such available mature and over mature sal trees which could not survive the next 10 years. Trees of 30-40 cm and 40-50 cm were not to be felled except when dead or dying or when their removal would benefit the future crop. Subsidiary silvicultural operations comprising of removal of damaged crop, climber cutting etc. were also prescribed.

7.6.25 Results:

i. P.B.I: The stress on the cultural and tending operations in the last 3rd and 7th

ii. P.B. Young: The crops allotted to P.B. Young consisted of two kinds, one where the crop was very young with considerable over wood and the other, where the crop was mostly of poles with major portion of over wood removed. In the former case intensive cultural and

year after the main felling in P.B.I. were of immense benefit to the young crops. Area in which only thinning were prescribed did not have the benefit of these cultural operations and the young crops in them remained generally unattended and consequently suffered.

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tending operations on the pattern of P.B.I were essential to nurse up the young crops. In the later type adequate thinning were essential. None of these operations were prescribed and hence the crops suffered.

iii. P.B. Inter: Here also the cultural operations prescribed did not meet requirement of the crops, specially in area which contained dense advance growth in the form of saplings and poles. Thinning in the main crop, essential in many place, were also not prescribed.

7.6.26 Sal Experimental Working Circle (2,109.0 ha): This working circle included well stocked area in which the over wood was nearly mature, Sal regeneration was either absent or deficient. It contained some areas of the Interim W.C. of Sen's plan. The method of obtained regeneration 'denovo' was to be followed in the light of the experience obtained from ‘Haldwani and Ramnagar’ forest divisions. One-tenth of the total area in each range was to be taken up annually but it was not rigidly followed.

7.6.27 Sal Selection W.C. (24,170.3 ha): This working circle included all the areas which were considered unsuitable for Sal Conversion and Sal Experimental working circle. The silivicultural system adopted was selection with thinning on a 10 year felling cycle. The exploitable diameter for sal was fixed at 50 cm in the flatter and 40 cm in the steeper areas. For sain, haldu etc. it was 50 cm and for sandan 30 cm. The yield was regulated by areas. Subsidiary silvicultural operations were prescribed in the year after the main felling and climber cutting operations as often as necessary.

7.6.28 Results: Felling and cultural operations were carried out according to the prescriptions and helped the crops except that climber cutting was generally inadequate.

7.6.29 Kuber Nath's Plan (1959-60 To 1967-69): Kuber Nath continued with three working circles but the Sal Experimental working circle of Sahai's Plan was replaced by Sal Rehabilitation working circle.

7.6.30 Sal Conversion Working Circle (32,715.2 ha): This included all the well-stocked areas situated in the plains (duns) or on gentle slopes. Partial enumerations by stratified random sampling by whole compartments were carried out in various P.Bs. P.B.I areas were totally enumerated whereas in P.B.II, Inter, V and VI. 76%, 30%, 20% and 24% areas were enumerated respectively.

I. Conversion period and converted areas :

i. The conversion period and the proportion of the crop converted under each preceding plan were discussed in detail and tabular statement showing the progress of conversion during the preceding plans and the proportionate excess of converted areas over the unconverted was given the proportion of converted area to the total unconverted changed under each plan subsequent to Bhola, because of a. Change in the total area of the working circle, b. Change in the conversion period and c. Correct proportion of P.B.I. area not having been worked.

ii. The imbalance started right from Bhola's plan. His total area of the working circle was 53,037.7 ha excluding 5,094.9 ha area as unworkable. Since his plan was for 10

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years, his P.B.I. should have been 10/96 (53,037.7) = 5,524.7 ha. As against this his P.B.I area was 7,707.9 ha.

iii. Champion redistributed and reallotted the compartments to various P.Bs irrespective of their allotment under Bhola's plan. At the beginning of Champion's plan, the total area under P.B.IX (converted areas) was 7,015.6 ha. Since only 7 years of the conversion period has elapsed out of 90 years (conversion period adopted in Champion's Plan), the area converted at the beginning of Champion's plan should have been only 7/90(29,537.70) = 2,625.60 ha. Thus there was an excess of 5,390.0 ha in the converted area at the beginning of Champion's plan.

iv. Similarly under Sen.'s Plan, the converted area was 7,729.90 ha where as the correct proportion of converted areas should have been 17/90 (32,416.3) = 6,473.2 ha. Thus there was an excess of 2,345.7 ha at the beginning of Sen.'s Plan in the area converted.

v. At the beginning of Sahai's and Kuber Nath's Plan the imbalance increased at 4,273.1 ha and 5,446.1 ha respectively. As already remarked, any discussion of the excess in the converted area becomes complicated because of the change in the allotment, changes in conversion period and the failure of P.B.VI. areas which have been relegated to P.B.II or P.B. Inter as shown by the past history.

vi. Kuber Nath increased the conversion period from 90 to 120 years as there was no justification to keep it lower than rotation, especially when most mature and over mature stock had either been removed during 2nd

II. Felling Series: The working circle was divided into four felling series, for covering the areas covered with this plan.

World War or in unconverted crop during subsequent Plans. More over there was paucity of advance growth in unconverted areas, best areas having been taken in P.B.I. earlier. The conversion period of 120 years was divided into 6 P.Bs. out of which P.B.III and P.B.IV were amalgamated as P.B Inter. Areas with adequate advance growth and sufficient mature over wood formed P.B.I, P.B.II consisted of areas which had a reasonable prospect of passing on to P.B.I in the next plan. Areas successfully converted and with almost no over wood went to P.B. V and areas in which regeneration felling were carried out during past 15 years were put under P.B.VI. Rest was P.B Inter.

III. Yield: Yield was fixed by reduced area in all P.Bs after compensating for excessive non-prescribed felling. A volume yield was however also calculated for the whole working circle using Von Mantel's Formula and also on the basis of diameter class wise C.A.I. Strictly speaking this latter method in not applicable in irregular crops.

IV. Treatment of P.B.I: The felling rules in P.B.I prescribed removal of over wood only when the advance growth consisting of sal and sain saplings up to 30cm d.b.h. in growth or singly was above frost damage level i.e. was 15cm in diameter and at least 12 metres in height. Bigger diameter trees, preferably of 30-40 cm diameter were to be retained as future crop

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where there were less than 4 healthy, vigorously growing saplings of at least 3 meters height. Also where advance growth retained was liable to frost damage, adequate frost cove consisting of 50-60 trees per hectare of miscellaneous species like dhaman, dhauri, bakli or sal poles of 20-30 cm diameter or higher was to be retained. A 10 to 15% mixture of light crowned species was to be maintained even at the cost of sal. Subsidiary cultural operations as well as tending and cleaning operations in the 3rd, 5th (if necessary) and 7th

V. Results: It appears the marking rules were at times not correctly followed and clarifications issued by the Divisional Forest Officers were at variance with the spirit of the Plan. On the whole treatment of P.B.I. was adequate and satisfactory.

years were prescribed.

VI. Treatment of P.B.II: The treatment prescribed was removal of dead, dying and deteriorating mature (50 cm d.b.h) and over mature trees not likely to survive the next 10 years unless required silviculturally; light crown thinning to be carried out in even aged groups of poles and middle aged trees; and retention of light crowned miscellaneous species not to be interfering with sal over 1.7 meter in height. Subsidiary cultural operations and climber cutting were to be carried out in the year following the main felling.

VII. Results: The prescriptions concerning this P.B. were generally adequate.

VIII. Treatment of P.B. Inter: The treatment comprised of light crown thinning in the congested even aged crops and removal of all dead, dying and diseased trees. Trees of 30-40 and 40-50 cm diameter were not to be marked unless dead or dying or removal necessary under thinning. Subsidiary cultural operations in the year following main felling and special cultural and climber cutting operation in Dudhli 6b, 10, 14, 15 and 17 were prescribed.

IX. Results: The usual tendency had been to mark trees even where there was nothing to mark and this resulted in heavy felling in some areas

X. Treatment of P.B.V: In addition to the areas which were felled under Bhola's and champions Plan, this P.B. contained a large portion of the Hathiwala fire line in Lachhiwala and Kansrau ranges. Only light crown thinning was prescribed with removal of dead, dying, mature and over nature trees.

XI. Results: In the prescription of over wood removal leading to removal of crop retained as future crop under earlier plans and in thinning the best dominants were removed resulting in excess felling due to defective markings. In some compartments heavy thinning caused serious wind damage.

XII. Treatment of P.B.VI: In addition to removal of all dead and dying trees light crown thinning were to be carried out in the crops up to 40 cm diameter. All trees over 30cm diameter standing over saplings and poles reasonably safe from frost danger were to be removed. Healthy sal or sain trees of 30-40 cm diameter occurring in groups or merging with the crop were to be retained. Subsidiary silivicultural operations were prescribed to be carried out in the second and the sixth year following the main felling. Special climber

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cutting and cultural operations were prescribed in Balindawala 2, Lachiwala 5(a), Nawada 7 and Phandowala 6 and 9 a.

XIII. Results: The prescriptions were adequate and carried out satisfactorily except in Balindawala 2, Lachiwala 5a, Nawada 7 and Phandowala 6 and 9a, where climber cutting and cultural operations were neglected. Also areas like Phandowala 6 and 9c were allotted to this P.B., even though status of regeneration did not justify it.

XIV. General regulations: Besides specific treatment for individual P.Bs general regulation comprising of climber cutting, lopping, fire protection and grazing were laid down. Ficus trees were not to be marked within 3 miles of forest rest houses.

XV. Results: These were satisfactorily enforced except for the provision regarding grazing. The regeneration suffered badly on account of ineffective enforcement of grazing regulations.

7.6.31 Sal Rehabilitation working circle (1,574.2 ha): This working circle was formed to carryout intensive experiments to evolve a way of obtaining sal regeneration in areas which had failed to regenerate during the period of the past plans. Representative compartments were selected and various operations like shrub-cutting, burning, hoeing, ploughing, planting of sal transplants and sowings were prescribed. Control plots were also kept for comparison and evaluation of results. All the above areas were to be fenced and the experiments were to be continued for 3 years, when the D.F.O. was to submit a detailed report on the progress of the work to the Conservator working plans circle and who was to arrange joint inspection with the territorial C.F. and the Silviculturist.

7.6.32 Results: The operations were not carried out with the meticulous care as is required in experimental work of this nature and thus no conclusion could be drawn. Prescribed closure to grazing was not enforced and even the Joint inspections were not carried out.

7.6.33 Sal Selection working circle (15,975.1 ha): The working circle included all those sal forests which were not allotted to either Conversion or Rehabilitation working circle. Four felling series were formed. The exploitable diameters were fixed as below: Sal - 40 cms Bakli, bahera, haldu, chir and sain - 50 cms Sandan - 30 cms

Yield was fixed by net sal area controlled by Smythies formula. One out of every six selection diameter trees was to be removed if silvicultrally available. Detailed marking rules were laid down and Site Specific Operations (SSO) were prescribed.

7.6.34. Results: The prescriptions were generally adequate & were carried out except those relating to lopping and grazing. Reckless lopping of sain, bahera, harra, pula, padal & bakli resulted in death of the trees. The prescriptions concerning cutting back of several areas especially the lower portions of Dharmawala, Dararit, Aduwala and Kulhal deteriorated very fast because of heavy pressure of grazing.

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7.6.35 Misra's Plan (1969-70 to 1978-79): Misra prepared a combined working plan for the reserved and vested forests. Misra continued with the Sal Conversion and Sal Selection working circles of the past plan of the reserved forests and abolished Sal Rehabilitation working circle of Kuber Nath's plan. The areas of the High Forest working circle and Coppice with Standards working circle of Upadhyay's plan were also included in Sal Conversion and Selection working circles, constituted for managing sal forests.

7.6.36 Sal Conversion Working Circle (41,230.1 ha): This included all the commercially important and better quality sal forests suitable for management under the uniform shelter wood system. Partial enumeration by stratified random sampling by whole compartments was carried out in various periodic blocks. P.B.I areas were totally enumerated, 50% enumeration was carried out in P.B IIa, III, IV, V & VI while the intensity of enumeration adopted was 40 % in case of P.B IIb.

I. Conversion Period & Converted Areas :

i. The Conversion period and the proportion of crop coveted under each preceding plan was discussed in detail and tabular statement showing the progress of conversion during the preceding plans and the proportionate excess of converted area to the unconverted was given. Misra continued with a conversion period of 120 years.

ii. At the beginning of Misra's Plan, 56 years of the conversion period had already elapsed and only 64 years remained. Misra felt that it was not correct to say that conversion started with Bhola's Plan from 1923 because regeneration felling had been carried out prior to Bhola's Plan and an area of 7,417.6 ha, was allotted to P.B.VI under his Plan. Since Bhola's conversion period was of 96 years and there were six periodic blocks, 16 years should have been deemed to have elapsed at the beginning of plans by Bhola. So, Misra worked out the average age of the oldest converted crop at 60 years and thus assumed that 60years of conversion period had already elapsed at the time of revision by him.

iii. Felling Series: Two felling series viz.; Eastern & Western were constituted.

iv. Yield: It was fixed by area in all P.Bs.

v. Treatment of P.B.I: Definite annual coupes varying in size from 94.1 to 177.4 ha. were prescribed. Removal of over wood above 30 cm. in diameter leaving behind 35-60 trees per ha. as shelter wood was prescribed. Sal and sain trees up to 30 cm d.b.h. were to be retained as future crop. In areas having adequate advance growth but inadequate shelter wood, the best possible specimen from amongst the advance growth were to be selected as shelter wood. Miscellaneous species favorable to sal growth were to be retained to the extent of 10-15%. Subsidiary silvicultural operations as well as tending and cleaning operations in the 3rd, 4th and 7th

vi. Results: The prescriptions, concerning creation of openings where over wood was heavy resulted in the creation of gaps and blanks at places. Such openings did not help

year were prescribed.

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in inducing regeneration. Except for the above observation, treatment prescribed for P.B.I was adequate and met the requirement of the crop.

vii. Treatment of P.B.VI (type A): Only tending and cultural operations in the 3rd, 4th, 5th, 7th and 10th

viii. Results: The prescriptions concerning tending and cultural operations were sound but not implemented under the pretext of paucity of funds. The coups after inspection were not considered suitable for felling. Transferring the areas to P.B.VI before completion of regeneration operations was not correct.

year similar to P.B.I felling areas were prescribed. Removal of over wood if any was to be carried out in 1973-74 over the first five years coupes in which P.B.I felling were carried out during 1959-60 to 1963-64.

ix. Treatment of P.B.VI (type B): The felling rules in P.B.I type 'B' prescribed the removal of shelter wood over 35 cm diameter only where the regenerated sapling and pole crop had reached a minimum height of 10 meters. In addition to the removal of all dead and dying trees, light crown thinning was to be carried out in the sapling and pole crop. A 10-15% mixture of light foliage species was to be maintained Subsidiary silvicultural operations were prescribed to be carried out in the 2nd

x. Results: The felling rules were at times not followed properly. The prescriptions concerning SSO were sound but were not implemented under the pretext of inadequacy of funds.

year following the main felling.

xi. Treatment of P.B.V: All over wood above 37 cm was to be removed to free the young regenerated sapling and pole crop. Light crown thinning in young sapling and pole crop was prescribed.

xii. Results: On the whole, treatment of P.B.V was adequate and satisfactory but in a few cases; trees below 37 cm. dia were also removed even where they were not justified under thinning.

xiii. Treatment of P.B.IV: In addition to the removal of all dead and dying trees, existing over wood above 40 cm diameter was to be removed if two poles of 20 cm diameter were present within a radius of 10 m. Light crown thinning in the upper canopy were prescribed, but SSO was not prescribed and left at the discretion of the territorial D.F.O.

xiv. Results: Removal of over wood which in fact formed part of the future crop resulted in heavy felling and depletion of future growing stock.

xv. Treatment of P.B.III: In addition to the removal of all saleable dead, dying, diseased and suppressed growing stock, light crown thinning in the upper canopy were prescribed. Trees of miscellaneous species causing congestion and suppression of sal

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and sain were to be removed leaving behind 10-15% mixture of miscellaneous species. SSOs were not prescribed.

xvi. Results: The prescriptions concerning removal of suppressed growing stock down to the lowest diameter was not correct and thus deleted. The thinning prescriptions were not followed correctly and best stems were removed under thinning.

xvii. Treatment of P.B.II (A): The treatment comprised of removal of all dead and dying trees and opening of overhead canopy wherever it was dense in such a way that not more than one crown space was created. Drastic thinning of rohini, chamror, phaldu, kusum, and bhilawa, were prescribed. Special cultural operations were also prescribed.

xviii. Results: Openings with a view to induce regeneration did not result in inducing regeneration and enlargement of already existing gaps took place. Special cultural operations proved very beneficial for the crop wherever grazing was not a problem.

xix. Treatment of P.B.II (B): The felling rules comprised of removal of all dead, dying, diseased and deteriorating mature and over mature stems not likely to survive for the next ten years. Thinning was prescribed wherever compact groups of saplings and poles occurred.

xx. Results: The prescriptions concerning removal of dead, dying, mature and over mature trees were not followed in true spirit.

7.6.37 The Sal Selection Working Circle (23,170.3 ha): This working circle included all those areas which were unfit for allotment to the Sal Rehabilitation working circle of Kuber Nath's Plan and vested forest areas of Upadhaya's Plan. Two felling series viz, Eastern & Western were formed. 40% enumerations by stratified random sampling method were carried out in 10 cm diameter classes. The silvicultural system adopted was U.P. Selection System. The exploitable diameter was fixed for Sal, sain at 40cm, Chir, dhauri, gutel, haldu, kharpat, siris and tun at 50 cm and Khair at 30 cm. Felling cycle of ten years was adopted and yield was fixed by area. Felling was controlled by Smithies formula. One out of every six selection diameter trees of sal and sain was to be removed, if silviculturally available. Silvicultural availability was also defined and detailed marking rules were laid down.

7.6.38 Results: The definition of silvicultural availability was found to be defective. Excessive felling was carried out in the field which created permanent gaps. At times, marking prescriptions were ignored by the field staff and trees below the exploitable diameter were also felled under the garb of top broken, top dry and dying. No artificial regeneration was prescribed and areas were also not closed for grazing.

7.6.39 K.N. Singh's Plan (1979-80 to 1977-79): Singh prepared separate management Plans for East and West Deharadun Forest Divisions and continued with Sal Conversion to Uniform under shelter wood and Sal Selection working circles for managing the Sal.

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7.6.40 Sal Conversion Working Circle (41245.50 ha): This comprised of all commercially important and well stocked forests of sal suitable for management under the Uniform Shelter wood system. Crop was divided in two categories viz. converted & unconverted as in earlier plan. Each compartment was partially enumerated by systematic sampling by means of 0.05 ha. or 0.1 ha. by selecting circular plots in parallel cruise lines. Rotation & conversion period were kept at 120 years each as of last plan. The conversion period and the proportion of the crop converted under each preceding plan were discussed in detail & it was calculated that out of 41245.50 ha. in this working circle, 25795.30 ha. has been converted and 15450.20 ha. remains unconverted. 72 years conversion period had elapsed.

7.6.41 Silvicultural System: Conversion to Uniform system under Shelter wood with modification that, where the natural regeneration was not adequate, plantation of sal and its associates was prescribed.

7.6.42 Yield Calculation:

i. West Dehradun Forest Division: Yield was not calculated in PB I A areas as felling was not prescribed. The yield was calculated in PB IB by area with a volume check. Yield was also calculated in PB VI. In other PB the yield was not calculated.

ii. East Dehradun Division – No yield was prescribed in PBI and in PB III, IV, V & VI , yield was to be regulated by area.

7.6.43 Allotment to PBs: The unconverted crop was allotted to PB IA, PB IB and PBII and converted crop was allotted to PBIII to PBV on the basis of mean crop diameter and age classes. The areas of last plan where regeneration was still young were allotted to PBVI.

i. Treatment of PB I: PB I area was divided in to two categories viz. PB-IA and PB-IB. PB-IA included the areas where regeneration fellings were done in Kuber Nath's, Sahai's and Misra's Plan but regeneration was not completed. Some areas of PBII of last plan which had heavy preparatory regeneration felling, were also included in the PB. PB IB included those areas which had plenty of advance growth and which were in immediate need of removal of mature over wood.

ii. Results: The prescriptions regarding planting of sal could not be implemented properly. Under size bag plants of sal were planted which resulted in heavy mortality of sal plants. Other operations like shrub cuttings were also not done. Direct seed sowing has also not yielded any results. Except for Jhajhra 7, felling was not carried out in any of the area.

iii. Treatment of PBVI: Areas of this PB required frequent tending and cultural operations to maintain the health and vigor of the young crops. Over wood was to be removed. Prescriptions for felling and thinning were the same as PB IB.

iv. Results: Felling was not required in this P.B and fortunately was not done. The other prescriptions on the whole were adequate and met the requirement of the crop adequately and deviations have been shown against every prescription in the control forms.

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v. Treatment of PB V: Inferior miscellaneous species interfering with sal were to be thinned after retaining 10-15% mixture. Requirement of wildlife was not taken into consideration. Light crown thinning was prescribed in the young sapling and pole crop of sal. Lopping was to be done before felling. Fruit trees were not to be felled. Yield was prescribed to be regulated by area and annual thinning coupes were formed. SSO was not prescribed.

vi. Results: The prescription regarding thinning of the crop was not implemented to compensate for the excessive felling done in the past for the rehabilitation of outsets of Tehri Dam Project. Other prescriptions on the whole met the requirement of the crop adequately.

vii. Treatment of PB IV: The crop was also young in this PB. Only thinning was prescribed in the compartments having density of 0.7 and over. Trees of miscellaneous species causing congestion and suppression of sal were to be removed to favor the growth and regeneration of sal.

viii. Results: The prescriptions were on the whole met the requirements of crop adequately. But prescriptions regarding thinning of the crop were not implemented to compensate for the excessive felling done in the working circle for the rehabilitation of Tehri Dam oustees.

ix. Treatment of PB III: The age of crop in this PB was estimated to be 60 to 70 years and over. PB I felling was to be done in this PB at the end of conversion period. Only thinning was prescribed where average density of the compartment was more than 0.7. SSO were not prescribed.

x. Results: The prescriptions on the whole were sound and met the requirements of the crop adequately. The prescriptions of this PB were also not followed, partly due to paucity of funds and partly due to compensate for the felling done in the circle for the rehabilitation of Tehri Dam oustees.

xi. Treatment of PB II: The crop of this PB was mostly mature and was fit for harvesting and removal after being transferred to PB I but the status of advance growth did not warrant their transfer to PB I. None of these compartments had adequate advance growth i.e. at least 2500 saplings of sal per hectare. The intention was to facilitate the transfer of these areas to PB I in next plan. Silviculture fellings were prescribed. Annual shrub cutting around whippy and sub whippy was prescribed. Two yeas old sal bag plants were to be planted and in PB II B areas. Sal seed sowing in 20 ha. was prescribed each year in each range. The grazing and lopping were closed.

xii. Results: The prescriptions of the plan were sound and met the requirement of the crop adequately but sal seed sowing in these areas was found to be a futile attempt. None of the area, where sal seed sowing was done could be regenerated. One year old or under size sal plants were planted, which resulted in heavy mortality. Annual shrub cutting was also not done which otherwise could have benefited the crop. Closer of areas to grazing was also not done.

7.6.44 The Sal Selection Working Circle (22777.7 ha): This working circle included all those areas which were unfit for allotment to the Sal Conversion working circle. Only one felling series

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was formed. Each compartment was partially enumerated by stratified random Sampling. Silvicultural system adopted was U.P. Selection System with supplement of artificial regeneration in the under stocked areas. The exploitable diameter was fixed for chir, dhauri, sal, sain, gutel, haldu, and kanju at 40 cm, kharpat , sissoo and tun at 50 cm and khair at30 cm. Felling cycle of 10 years was adopted. Yield was regulated by areas with a percentage check on the removal of selection trees as calculated by Smythies formula. Silvicultural availability was also defined and detailed marking rules and SSO were prescribed.

7.6.45 Results: The prescriptions of felling were not sound and adequate because most of these trees were situated on steep erodible slopes. Fortunately no felling was done. The plantations prescribed were not implemented properly under the pretext of inadequacy of funds. The prescriptions concerning shrub cutting and SSOs were sound but not implemented.

7.6.46 Rajinder Kumar’s Plan (1979-90 to 1997-99): Dehradun forest division was reorganized to its present form vide G.O. No. 566/14-4-76-272/76 dated 6 March, 1976 and G.O.No. 2094/14-4-77/76 dated 13 May, 1977. He revised the plan of K.N.Singh (for East & West Dehradun forest division) (1979-70 to 1977-79) .

7.6.47 Sal Irregular Shelter-wood Working Circle (25707.50 ha): Rajinder kumar abolished Sal Conversion and Sal Selection working circles of K.N.Singh's plan and switched over to Sal Irregular Shelter-wood working circle by merging areas under them.

7.6.48 Silvicultural System: Sal forests of this division were managed under Conversion to Uniform System under Shelter wood, modified with floating PBs since 1923. In this plan the management was prescribed under ‘Irregular Shelter wood system with floating PBs’. Felling of sal was not prescribed, and hence, physical rotation was adopted. Conversion Period was fixed at 120 years.

7.6.49 Felling Series: felling series was not formed as considered unnecessary.

7.6.50 Regeneration: A 4% regeneration survey was carried out in some of the PBI areas by laying down of parallel cruise lines 100 meters apart along the direction of the greatest slope. Natural regeneration of sal was found to be completely absent in most of the compartments. Suggestions were made to protect sal regeneration from fire and uncontrolled grazing. Natural regeneration was to be supplemented by intensive cultural operations and bag planting of sale and its associates. Definite annual planting during plan period was prescribed.

7.6.51 Regeneration Period: Regeneration period was fixed as 20 years.

7.6.52 Allotment of Periodic Blocks: Working circle was divided in to three periodic blocks viz, PBI, PB unallotted and PB regenerated on the basis of comparative Preponderance of mature, middle aged, and young crops.

7.6.53 PBI: PBI was further categorized into categories A & B. PBIA included area having mature trees with regeneration in woody and whippy stages and where, regeneration can be induced by

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intensive working i.e. by shrub cutting, fencing, control burning etc. PBIB included those areas which were deficient in natural regeneration and were to be supplemented by planting of sal & its associates to improve their stocking.

7.6.54 Treatment to PBI: No felling was prescribed. Only dead, dry and uprooted trees were to be removed. Natural regeneration was to be supplemented by artificial regeneration. Detailed cultural operations like i. cutting back of damaged stems of sal to get good coppice, ii. Singling of coppice shoots to be carried out every year and iii. Climber cutting was prescribed for PBIA areas after the removal of dry dead and uprooted trees. Fencing, control from grazing & forest fire was prescribed. The patches of sub whippy and well known woody regeneration was to be protected from control burning and control burning operations were to be carried out under supervision of Range Officer.

7.6.55 Treatment of PB unallotted: PB unalloted was further categorized into categories A & B. Only dead, dry and uprooted trees were to be removed and definite coupes were made. In case of excessive drying, D.F.O had to take permission from C.F.WFC (I) Nainital. No other prescription was given.

7.6.56 PB Regenerated: Felling was not prescribed except dead, dry and uprooted trees. Definite annual coupes were laid down.

7.6.57 Results:

i. The prescriptions were not adequate. The sal management was switched over to Irregular Shelter wood system but the basic Silvicultural Principles, as envisaged in this system, as canopy manipulation, fencing, shrub cutting, soil working, seed broadcasting and burning etc. were not prescribed. Similarly thinning as required in PB Regenerated areas where density is more, was not prescribed. The proposals for giving full rest to existing crop resulted to regression in the maintenance of normal forest, sustained yield and all ecological aspects.

ii. The areas in which regeneration felling were done in Kuber Nath's, Sahai's & Misra's Plans were allotted to PB IA in K.N.Singh's Plan and were expected to be included in PB Regenerated in this plan. But these areas were again allotted to PB I. Fortunately; main fellings were not prescribed in PBI. Otherwise this variance could have had great problem in future management.

iii. The plantations of sal and its associates were to be done in areas specified under PB IB (210 ha). Unfortunately the plantations were done mostly in unspecified areas with different species except sal & its associates. Similarly the stress on the cultural operation was of immense benefit to young crops but remained unattended and consequently the crop suffered. Prescriptions met the requirement up to some extent for other PBs but were not followed. Planting of sal and its associates had been prescribed in Cat. A of PB- Unallotted. In fact it should have been prescribed in category B of PB-Unallotted as these areas were deficient in natural regeneration. In all PBs of this working circle the prescriptions are vague and unscientific and are not in conformity with the silvicultural management system prescribed.

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7.7 MANAGEMENT OF MISCELLANEOUS FORESTS

7.7.1 Fernandez's Plan (1777-1902): Under this plan the miscellaneous forests near the Ganga were worked under a system of coppice with Standards to supply firewood which was rafted down by the river Ganga and the Ganga canal to Roorkee and other large markets. Because of severe frosts, the annual fellings were made in about 30.5 m long strips. At least 30 well grown and evenly spaced trees were retained per acre as standards.

7.7.2 Milward And Jakson's Plan (1903-1927): The Coppice system continued for the miscellaneous forests of Lachiwala, Suswa and Song for supply of firewood as before. A felling cycle of 24 yeas was adopted. Yield was regulated by area. Stems below 22 cm girth at the base were retained. Climber cutting and cleaning were carried out. Coppiced coupes were closed to grazing for eight years after the main felling. The miscellaneous forests of Malkot hill (Sinsarukhala, Ladwakot, Patharkhan, Talai, Suridhar, Paled and Maidan) totaling about 2,479.7 ha were included under a separate Hill working circle. The stock was very heterogeneous, the principal species being sal, bakli, chir, sain, and semal. The forests were to be worked under Selection system. The felling cycle was 24 years and the yield was regulated by area. Through out the Malkot forests, Government reserved the right to tap trees of semla for gum. Trees over 15 cm in diameter were to be tapped on a cycle of 3 years.

7.7.3 Bhola's Plan (1923-24 to 1932-33): These forests were worked under Miscellaneous and Selection working circles. The Miscellaneous working circle included the areas of Coppice with Standards working circle while the Selection working circle included the Malkot forests. For Miscellaneous working circle the system of Coppice with Standards was continued. Except 10 o 15 standards of valuable species per acre evenly distributed everything else was clear felled. Burning slash and artifical regeneration of species like siris, tun, jamun, semal, and gutel was also prescribed. The felling cycle was fixed at 10 years. From 1926-27, 2000 khair trees of 30 cm diameter and over were removed bi-annually for Katha manufacture. The Malkot forest continued to be worked under the Selection working circle. The exploitable diameter was fixed at 50 cm for chir, 40 cm for sal, sain, bakli, bahera and tun and 30 cm for sandan etc. Felling for green semla trees was forbidden and tapping of semla trees was to be done on a cycle of 3 years.

7.7.4 Champion's Plan (1931-32 to 1940-41): These forests were included under the miscellaneous and the Selection and Improvement working circles. No felling was, however prescribed in the miscellaneous working circle except for khair due to heavy felling in the past.

7.7.5 Sen's Plan (1941-42 to 1950-51): These areas were allotted to the Miscellaneous and Grazing & the Selection and the Plantation working circle. In the Miscellaneous and Grazing working circle selection felling & thinning in congested crops of the more valuable species were prescribed. Exploitable diameters were fixed for different species. The felling cycle was ten years. The yield for semal was fixed at 200 green trees over 60 cm diameter. Felling of gutel was forbidden unless a sustained demand arose and a proper felling scheme was drawn up. Sal and sain were not to be felled. Other species of exploitable diameter could be felled on a 10 years felling cycle if there was demand. Areas considered suitable for raising plantation of valuable species were allotted to the Plantation working circle. The system adopted was clear felling with artificial regeneration by

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‘taungya’. Sal was excluded from felling. Important plywood species like semal, pula, tun etc. supplemented by khair and sissoo were to be raised. The rotation was fixed at 60 years and the yield was fixed by area. Lopping of gutel, khair sain semal and sissoo were forbidden. Due to shortage of labour, the areas actually planted annually were much less than annual coupes and very few areas were planted in Barkot ranges.

7.7.6 Sahai's Plan (1949-50 to 1957-59): All well stocked miscellaneous forests including khair and sissoo riverain forests were included in the Miscellaneous working circle. Enumerations were carried out over 5,414.3 ha. having a fair proportion of khair. Khair was enumerated down to 20 cm, sal, sain, pula and gutel to 30 cm and other species to 40 cm diameter. Khair and sissoo and other valuable species were marked under selection felling with thinning. Coppice with Standards system with a rotation of 30 years was adopted for other miscellaneous species. Exploitable diameters were fixed and the felling cycle for selection felling was kept at 10 years to correspond to the period of the Plan. The yield was fixed by area and felling rules were drawn. The miscellaneous forests of Malkot hills were included in the Selection working circle.

7.7.7 Results: While the selection felling were generally up to date, coppice with standards felling were either not done because there was no coppiceable material or if the fellings were done; the effect of coppicing is not distinguishable.

7.7.8 Kuber Nath's Plan (1959-60 To 1967-69): All fairly well stocked and commercially exploitable forests of miscellaneous species including khair and sissoo were included under the Miscellaneous working circle. The exploitable diameter was fixed at 50 cm for kanju and padal, 60 cm for semal, haldu, and phaldu and 40 cm for pula, gutel, kalatendu, bakli and dhauri. Felling of jamun, sissoo, kanju and gutel were controlled by Smythies formula. The Malkot forests formed parts of the Protection and Selection working circles.

7.7.9 Results: The coppice with standards system was completely given up. Instead, selection fellings were prescribed on a 10 years cycle and yield for all important species was regulated by Smythies Formula. This ended the confusion which prevailed in this working circle in the past plan and it was a definite improvement on the past management. It has worked satisfactorily.

7.7.10 Mishr's Plan (1969-70 To 1978-79): Misra continued with the miscellaneous working circle. No enumerations were carried out and data of Kuber Nath's Plan were utilized. The silvicultural system adopted was 'U.P. Selection System' and yield was regulated by Smythies Formula. The exploitable diameter was 40 cm for gutel, kala-tendu, dhauri 50 cm for sissoo, tun, jamun, jhingan, kharpat, kanju and 60 cm for semal, haldu, and phaldu. A felling cycle of ten years was adopted. The yield was regulated by area and was based on incomplete data. Nearly equal coupes were prescribed and detailed felling rules were drawn. All areas allotted to this working circle were open to grazing and lopping of some miscellaneous species was also permitted.

7.7.11 Results: Even though special object of management was tending and developing the growing stock under the best conditions of growth, there was hardly anything prescribed worth the name for this purpose. The only operation prescribed was selective felling combined with thinning. Neither

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artificial regeneration was prescribed nor there any restriction on grazing. In the absence of above operations, the growing stock further depleted.

7.7.12 K.N. Singh's Plan (1979-80 to 1988-89): K.N. Singh continued with the Miscellaneous working circle for East Dehradun forest Division. Silvicultural system adopted was Protection cum Rehabilitation supplemented by artificial regeneration. No annual yield was calculated. The proportion of planting for matchwood, Ply wood and katha was proposed as 40, 40 and 20 percent annually. Time schedule for various planting & tending operations were also prescribed. Planted areas were closed to grazing.

7.7.13 Results: The prescriptions of the plan met the requirement of the crop adequately. However, the prescribed planting table was not followed under the pretext of inadequacy of funds. The species planted also did not conform to the plan prescriptions. Tending operations prescribed in the plan were also not done. The planted areas were not effectively kept closed to grazing due to paucity of funds. Total fire protection also could not be enforced due to paucity of funds. Teak & eucalyptus was planted in some planting coupes, which was not justified. The choice of species did not conform to the local demands.

7.7.14 Rajinder Kumar’s Plan (1979-90 to 1997-99): He clubbed all the areas under the Protection, Miscellaneous and Plantation working circles of K.N. Singh's Plan and constituted Protection cum Improvement Working Circle (17466.5 ha).

7.7.15 Planting/Working Series: Two Planting/Working series were prescribed in this working circle:

I. Hill Planting/Working Series: This series comprised areas situated on steep slopes of outer Mussoorie hills which were prone to soil erosion. No felling was prescribed except dead & dry trees. Planting of chir and its associates was prescribed.

II. Plain Planting/Working series: This series comprised of old plantations and open miscellaneous forests. The clear felling of mature Eucalyptus plantations and planting with miscellaneous species of fodder, fuel & industrial importance were prescribed.

7.7.16 Silvicultural System: Protection cum Rehabilitation supplemented by artificial regeneration was adopted along with planting in gaps with our involving any felling. Rotation for Hill Planting/Working series was not prescribed and for Plain Planting/Working series, 50 years for most of the principal species and 10 years for the Eucalyptus species were adopted.

7.7.17 Yield Regulation: Yield was not prescribed in the Hill working series. In the Plain working series, mature Eucalyptus plantations were to be felled and yield was regulated by area. Nine felling coupes were made in both the series.

7.7.18 Choice of Species: The choice of the species in Hill working series was restricted to chir, cypress and its associates. However, The choice of species in the Plain working series was different for specific uses viz; for Matchwood Semal & gutel; for Plywood Kanju & tun; for fodder Siris,

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pula, padal, kachnar, gurial, bahera and sandan & for Katha, Khair was prescribed. DFO was given full discretion to add any other indigenous species to the above list and to fix their proportion in accordance with the plantation police. Fodder species were to be raised at least over 10 to 15 % of the entire area of the plantation block.

7.7.19 Results: The prescriptions regarding artificial regeneration, tending cleaning & thinning were on the whole sound to meet the requirement of the crop adequately but they were not followed. Similarly clear felling of mature eucalyptus plantations in the Plain working series was to be done but not cleared felled except in some compartments.

7.8 MANAGEMENT OF SISSO FORESTS

7.8.1 Fernandez's Plan (1777-1902): The stock of sissoo was limited to about 600. Exploitable girth of sissoo was fixed at 1.3 m. A felling cycle of 15 years was adopted. Annual yield was fixed at 40 trees to be felled in about 1/15 of the area under sissoo (roughly about 70.7 ha).

7.8.2 Milward And Jackson's Plan (1903-1927): A separate Sissoo working circle was created. The exploitable girth of sissoo remained the same. Tun and khair were also exploited at their exploitable girth fixed at 1.7 meters and 0.9 meter respectively. The felling cycle was changed to 24 years corresponding to the period of the plan (which was revised earlier).

After Milward and Jackson's Plan, the sissoo forests were worked under the Miscellaneous working circle and in Rajinder kumar’s plan it was treated under Protection cum Improvement Working Circle.

7.9 MANAGEMENT OF KHAIR FORESTS

7.9.1 Fernandez's Plan (1777-1902): Khair was worked along with sissoo. Khair trees more than 22 cm in diameter were coppiced. The whole area of the sissoo and khair forests was protected against fire and only thinned portions were closed to grazing till the coppice shoots were strong enough to with stand grazing.

7.9.2 Milward And Jackson's Plan (1903-1927): Khair was worked along with sissoo under shisham working circle. Exploitable girth for khair was fixed at 0.9 meters.

7.9.3 Bhola's Plan (1923- 24 to 1932-33): Khair was worked along with other miscellaneous species under the Miscellaneous working circles.

7.9.4 Champion's Plan (1931-32 to 1940-41): The areas containing khair formed overlapping khair working circle. The annual yield was fixed at 2,000 trees over 30 cm diameter. In very open places where the younger age classes were deficient some seed bearers were left. The felling cycle was 10 years.

7.9.5 Sen's Plan (1940-41 to 1950-51): The areas containing khair were allotted to the overlapping khair working circle and were managed on the same lines. Dry khair trees could be felled any where

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in the working circle but all such trees above 30 cm in diameter were to be counted against yield. No khair areas were worked during 1944, 1945 and 1947.

7.9.6 Sahai's Plan (1949-50 to 1957-59): The working of khair under overlapping khair circle continued. The silvicultural system adopted was Selection. Exploitable diameter was fixed at 30 cm with a felling cycle of 10 years. Selection felling were controlled by Smythies formula and not more than 50% of the khair selection trees present at the time of marking were to be marked for felling in any year subject to a maximum of 16,000 trees.

7.9.7 Kuber Nath's Plan (1959-60 to 1967-69): The Khair overlapping working circle was continued in all the commercially exploitable khair forests. It overlapped the Plantation, Miscellaneous and Grazing Working Circles. Total enumerations were carried out in predominantly khair bearing areas. Areas containing very young or scattered khair crop were not enumerated. Khair was exploited under selection felling and felling cycle adopted was 10 years. The exploitable diameter was kept at 30 cm. The yield was fixed by volume as calculated in terms of the number of selection diameter trees to be removed annually subject to maximum of 1,000 trees. A variation up to 25% allowed with the provision that the accumulated excess did not exceed 1,000 trees at the end of the plan period.

7.9.8 Misra's Plan (1969-70 to 1978-79): Under Misra's Plan, the Khair (overlapping) working circle was continued. It overlapped the Miscellaneous working circle. Total enumeration was carried out over an area of 4470.0 ha. in 10 cm diameter classes. No silvicultural system was applied and the treatment adopted aimed at selective felling of trees of exploitable size (30cm.d.b.h.). Yield regulated by Smythies Formula with a felling cycle of ten years was adopted. One out of every two siviculturally available selection trees was to be marked subject to a maximum of 1000 trees annually. The definition of silvicultural availability was also given. Detailed felling rules were drawn and annual coupes were laid down. Dry felling of khair was to be counted in prescribed yield.

7.9.9 Results: Decline in the growing stock in almost all the diameter classes was noticed, but due-weight age was not given to it at the time of prescribing yield. Felling was independent of the progress of regeneration. The natural regeneration in fresh alluvial deposits was relied upon and no measures were prescribed to nurse up the regeneration. In some cases, more trees were felled than the prescribed limit. A large number of trees below the selection class were also felled.

7.9.10 K.N.Singh's Plan (1979-80 to 1988--89): Singh continued with a separate Khair (overlapping) working circle for East Dehra Dun Forest Division only for managing these forests. The working circle overlapped those areas of Miscellaneous working circle where khair occurred in sufficient quantities. It also overlapped khair plantations included in the Plantation working circle. The enumeration results of Miscellaneous working circle and of Resources Survey, Division relating to khair plantation were utilized. Due to over exploitation of khair forest in the past, no felling of khair was prescribed. Only dead and dry trees were prescribed to be removed. The exploitable diameters for khair was fixed at 30 cm and 124 khair trees of exploitable diameter and over were expected to be available annually for felling in the Plantation working circle. Various steps for nursing up the natural regeneration were prescribed. All areas of the working circle were to remain closed to grazing, fire and lopping.

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7.9.11 Results: The prescriptions were adequate and met the requirement of the crop. Some of the prescriptions concerning fire protection, grazing and lopping were not implemented. The prescription regarding cutting of lantana shrubs interfering with khair regeneration was also not implemented due the paucity of funds.

7.9.12 In Rajinder kumar’s plan (1979-90 to 1997-99) it was treated under Protection cum Improvement Working Circle.

7.10 MANAGEMENT OF BAMBOO AREAS:

7.10.1 Fernandez's Plan (1777-1902): Systematic working of bamboo was started under this plan. It was worked partly by departmental agency and partly by the contractor's agency. It was prescribed that at least eight mature culms were to be left in each clump. Clumps containing less culms were not worked at all. Shoots less than two seasons old were preserved. Each area was worked in alternate years.

7.10.2 Milward And Jackson's Plan (1903-1927): The bamboo areas were divided into two equal halves, to be worked in alternate years. Cleanings were done by departmental agency in the year following the felling. Culms of the previous rains were not to be cut and no culms were to be cut more than 30 cm above ground level.

7.10.3 Bhola's Plan (1923- 24 to 1932-33): The bamboo areas were worked under a felling cycle of 4 years. Cutting rules remained the same. Cleanings were stopped. Sowing or planting was prescribed in blanks of the old plantations.

7.10.4 Champion's Plan (1931-32 to 1940-41): The bamboo areas were given complete rest for four years owing to the poor conditions of the clumps, where-after the position was to be reviewed.

7.10.5 Sen's Plan (1940-41 to 1950-51): The bamboo areas were given rest as they were in poor condition and not fit for exploitation. Bamboo plantations were to be thinned and cleaned. Certain exotic bamboos, chiefly bambusa tulda had flowered gregariously and had produced a dense crop of seedlings. These were to be fenced and the seedlings tended.

7.10.6 Sahai's Plan (1949-50 to 1957-59): Also, the bamboo areas were not considered fit for exploitation owing to their very poor condition. Bamboos planted in taungya were to be thinned and cleaned as often as necessary, at the discretion of the territorial staff.

7.10.7 Kuber Nath's Plan (1959-60 to 1967-69): The exploitation of bamboo was included under the Minor Forest produce working circle. A list of areas where bamboos occur was given and a felling cycle of 4 years was adopted. Subsidiary silvicultural operations were prescribed in the year following the main felling.

7.10.8 Misra's Plan (1969-70 to 1978-79): The exploitation of bamboo was included under the Minor Forest Produce working circle. A list of areas where bamboo occurs was given and a felling

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cycle of 4 years was adopted. Detailed cutting rules were prescribed and a table of felling was also given.

7.10.9 K.N.Singh's Plan (1979-70to 1977-79): The management of bamboo under the Minor Forest Produce working circle was continued. A list of areas where natural as well as artificial bamboo occurs was given and a felling cycle of four years was adopted. Cultural operations were also prescribed but, were done in some compartments only.

7.10.10 Rajinder Kumar’s Plan (1979-90 to 1997-99): The management of bamboo under the Minor Forest Produce (overlapping) working circle was continued. A list of areas where natural as well as artificial bamboo occurs was given and a felling cycle of four years was adopted.

7.11 MANAGEMENT OF SCRUB & UNPRODUCTIVE BLANKS

7.11.1 Prior to Bhola's Plan there was no special prescription for these areas. Under Bhola's plan (1923-24 to 1932-33) a Grazing working circle was formed which included all the grassy blanks along the outer boundary of the forest and grassy parts of the Shisham working circle. These were to be managed as grazing grounds for the cattle of local villagers as also of professional graziers. The territorial staff was authorized to allow grazing in this working circle at the rate of one buffalo per 3 acres alone and 1 cow per acre. Departmental burning of the areas was also allowed. Observation plots were laid out in consultation with the Forest Botanist: i. to study the effect of annual burning on the quantity and quality of fooder grasses, ii. to discover a method of replacing coarser grasses by finer grasses and iii. to discover a practical method of killing zizyphus and other thorny shrubs on large scale at a reasonable cost. But, lopping rules were totally ignored.

7.11.2 Champion's Plan (1931-32 to 1940-41): Most of these areas were allotted to the Professional Graziers working circle but tappars bordering on good sal forests were excluded. No felling of trees was allowed. Lopping cycle of 3 years was adopted. Order of priority for Gujars was laid out. Lopping of khair and sal was banned. The diameter of the trees to be lopped was fixed. The areas were open to grazing at the rate of 1 buffalo per 5 acres. The only conclusion worth mentioning was that the idea of opening an area for lopping for 3 years and closing it for 3 years did not prove satisfactory.

7.11.3 Sen's Plan (1940-41 to 1950-51): These areas were allotted to the Miscellaneous and Grazing working circle. The whole working circle was open to grazing. For Gujars, a two year lopping cycle was prescribed during which a particular area was to remain open to lopping for 5 months, from 1st November to 31st March and closed for 19 months from 1st April to 31st

7.11.4 Sahai's Plan (1949-50 to 1957-59): A separate Grazing working circle was created. It also overlapped those areas of the Sal conversion and Sal Selection working circle which were open to grazing. Grazing was classified into two groups; a. Surface grazing by local village, cattle and b. Professional grazing by the cattle of various classes of Gujars. All areas, except the hill areas of the Sal Selection working circle, were closed to grazing of the cattle of Gujars. One or more than one

October of the next year. Gutel, khair, sain, sal, semal, sissoo and tun were not to be lopped.

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compartment was alloted to a particular Gujar for a period of 3 to 10 years, to fix responsibility on Gujjar for excessive lopping damage in his area.

7.11.5 Kuber Nath's Plan (1959-60 to 1967-69): The management of such areas under separate Grazing working circle continued and it included areas having scrub forest with scattered tree growth. It also included those areas of other working circles which were open to grazing. Two categories of grazing were recognized as in the last plan. It was estimated that the permissible incidents of grazing was 6 acres estimated per cow and 9 acres per buffalo. Compartment wise carrying capacity was worked out on this basis. Detailed suggestions like periodic enumeration, appointment of special staff for checking, introduction of a permit system for cattle allowed to graze free, gradual elimination of cattle in excess of the permitted number etc. were made to control the incidence of grazing. Detailed regulations for lopping were laid down.

7.11.6 Results:

i. The lopping problem did not remain stationary but assumed a serious dimension.

ii. Till Sahai's plan, lopping was practiced by Gujars only but during Kuber nath's plan the art of lopping was mastered by local villagers, which proved more fatal to forests.

iii. The other prescriptions like extra staff, enumeration of cattle, and introduction of permit system was either not implemented or remained in fructuous.

7.11.7 Misra's Plan (1969-70 to 1978-79): The management of such areas under a separate Grazing working circle was continued. It also included areas of other working circles overlapped by it. Grazing was classified into three categories viz: i. grazing by domestic cattle of villagers, ii. by migratory sheep and goat and iii. grazing and lopping by the migratory Gujars. Compartment wise carrying capacity was worked out. Detailed grazing and lopping rules were also laid down.

7.11.8 Results: The lopping problem became very serious. The grazing of domestic cattle of villagers continued without any restriction. At times, the local villagers connived with the professional graziers by arranging grazing of their sheep and goats in their own name. Similarly, grazing in the forest by migratory sheep and goat also caused considerable damage to the forests by lopping.

7.11.9 K.N.Singh's Plan (1979-80 to 1988-89): The Grazing (partly overlapping) working circle was continued to manage the grassy blanks and unsuitable for raising plantations. Grazing was classified into three categories as in last plan. The main object of creating this working circle was to meet and regulate the requirements. Safe lopping incidence was calculated and certain compartments were ear-marked for lopping by Gujars. A fodder development scheme was also formulated to reduce the grazing pressure on the forests. An annual target of 10 ha. per range was fixed for this purpose. Planting of fodder species like padal, ekdania, kachnar, safedsiris, bakli, jhingan etc. was prescribed. Similarly a pasture development scheme for improving the existing pastures was also given. An annual planting target of 25.0 ha. was also fixed for this purpose. The various species of legumes and grasses that could be raised were also specified.

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7.11.10 Results: No check was exercised on grazing incidences and the illicit grazing increased. No system of enumeration of cattle allowed to graze was adopted and grazing permits were not issued with due scrutiny of actual number of cattle grazing in the forests. Similarly, the lopping rules meant for the Gujars were also not enforced completely. Some prohibited species were also lopped by the Gujars. The Gujars never confined themselves to the allotted areas and violated all the rules.

7.11.11 Rajinder Kumar’s Plan (1979-90 to 1997-99): The grazing (overlapping working circle) was continued. Compartment wise safe grazing Capacity was given and lopping rules were laid down as earlier. Local & migratory sheep and goat grazing was completely banned. Scheme & Technique for pasture development in reserve forests, near the villages; particularly in Thano range was suggested to reduce the grazing pressure in the forests.

7.11.12 Results: The prescriptions were adequate to meet the requirement but no check was exercised on grazing incidents and the illicit grazing increased. Local and migratory sheep and goat grazing was to be completely banned but it did not happen in the field. The scheme and technique for pasture development in reserve forests near the villages; particularly in Thano range was suggested to reduce the grazing pressure on the forest. It was though creative but not followed. If is clearly seen in the field that the actual number of cattle grazed were infact much higher.

7.12 MANAGEMENT OF UNWORKABLE OPEN MISCELLANEOUS FORESTS

(Protection Forests):

7.12.1 Prior to kuber Nath's plan, these forests were included under sal forests, which have already been disused above. There were no special prescriptions for these areas which were included under the Sal Selection or Selection and Improvement working circles.

7.12.2 Kuber Nath's Plan (1959-60 to 1967-69): Those forests which comprise the areas above 6.1 m fire line of the Shiwalik hills in the Southern belt and which are highly-erodible were constituted in to a separate protection working circle. Areas under selection working circle in previous plans were also included. No commercial or green felling was prescribed. Dry and dead trees could, however, be removed. The entire working circle was to remain closed to grazing and lopping. The areas were also fire protected. Some climber cutting and cultural operations were recommended in pockets containing patches of chir, sal and other valuble species, so as to help them to grow and spread.

7.12.3 Misra's Plan (1969-70 to 1988-89): Areas situated on the uppermost reaches and steep hill slopes of the Shiwalik and the outer Himalayan belt were managed under Protection working circle. Protection and maintenance of adequate forest cover on the steep and rugged hills in the interest of soil and water conservation was the special object of management. No green felling was prescribed but dead and dying trees could be marked anywhere, if saleable. The entire working circle was to remain closed to grazing and lopping. The areas were also to be fire protected. Control burning on chess board pattern was prescribed.

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7.12.4 Results: Uncontrolled grazing & lopping by Gujar continued and the areas needing protection had the worst treatment because of the pressure of the Gujars. Control burning on the chess board pattern was not carried out. No heed was paid to silvicultural considerations in marking rights and concessions of timber.

7.12.5 K.N. Singh Plan (1979-80 to 1988-89): Constitution of the working circle & its object of management was same as in the last plan. However, annual planting target of 50 ha. and raising of baib grass nursery was prescribed with the provision that plantation areas would be strictly protected from fire and grazing. The detailed planting technique was also specified.

7.12.6 Results: None of the prescriptions was followed and deviations have been shown against almost every prescription, Baib grass planting was not done partly due to paucity of funds and partly due to annual fire incidents. Fire lines and fire paths were not kept clean during the fire season. Had the prescriptions been carried out, it would definitely have benefited the crop.

7.12.7 Rajinder Kumar’s Plan (1979-90 to 1997-99): He clubbed all the areas under the Protection, Miscellaneous and Plantation working circles of K.N. Singh's Plan and constituted Protection cum Improvement Working Circle. It has been discussed under management of miscellaneous forests.

7.13 MANAGEMENT OF ARTIFICIALLY REGENERATED CROPS (Plantation Working Circle):

7.13.1 The history of artificial regeneration dates back to the earliest days of scientific forests management. The first plantations were attempted in the years 1792-1797 when Gamble tried a large number of exotics in Lachiwala-7. Unfortunately no record is available of the species tried. But the species like cinamomum camphora, bambusa tulda, bambusa arundinaces and tsdhyrososachys oliveri are surviving to this day and are doing well. Teak and chir were also planted in Lachiwala-7 and 6. Both the chir plantations are doing well and the one in Lachiwala-7 is a F.R.I. sample plot. Bamboo plantation (dendrocalamus strictus) were raised in Johra 1. Plantation of sal were tried in Jabarkhet, Lachiwala-6, Bullawala (Lachiwala and Phandowala) and of khair- sissoo in Nichla song (Song block) but these were a failure. These are mentioned in Sen's plan (page 46-47). However, all the above plantations were on a small scale and might be viewed as trial plantations.

7.13.2 The next period of plantation activity started in the late ninteen twenties with trial plantations of teak over small blanks in a large number of sal compartments. Some of these have grown into fine teak plantations though small. Examples are; Ghamandpur 7, Lachiwala 7(b) and Lambirau 69. The earliest sizeable plantation occurs in Suswa 4 (a) (20.2 ha) which was planted in 1929 with teak, sissoo, khair gutel etc. Teak is almost a complete failure; only gutel, sisoo and khair are noticeable.

7.13.3 Taungya era (1933-1949): From 1933 onwards, there was a great spurt in plantation activity and all the one-time famous taungyas of Turnerpur (Lachiwala 1 and 4b), Dalipnager (Lachiwala 1 and 2) and Kishanpur (Dudhli 19) were the creations of this period. To the same period belong the plantations of banbaha 1 and 4c; when on an average about 24.3 ha was planted up annually by taungya method. These were all mixed plantations (intimate mixture) of species like paper mulberry,

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sissoo, khair, shisham, tun pula, sain, bahera, siris, etc. These were all raised by seed sowing. Roots and shoot cutting of mulberry and stump plantation of shisham were also tried.

7.13.4 Mechanized era (1953 and onwards) :

i. The taungya method of plantation was discouraged and discontinued after the difficulties that arose in closing down the taungya centers and disbanding the taungya labours (cultivators). At this time use of tractors in large scale farming in the grass infested tarai regions had become well established and the idea of mechanized planting caught on in the Forest Department as well. Most of the plantations raised in Dehradun Division after 1953 were by using tractors, either departmental or hired. Large single units became possible. Where 12 to 16 ha was the usual unit under taungya, 70 to 120 ha became the normal unit under mechanized system.

ii. The system of intimate mixture of planting of miscellaneous fast growing softwood species continued until quite recently when it was decided to have mixture by lines. Some pure blocks were also favored in preference to mixtures to simplify management and to reduce exploitation cost.

iii. Choice of Species: In the beginning, the stress was mainly on teak, though no large scale plantations were tried any where. Bamboo and the fast growing species of industrial importance like kanju, gutel, tun, bakain, ailanthus, haldu, phaldu, paper mulberry, Semal siris, along with sissoo and khair were the common species. Most of the large scale plantations of the fifties and even of early sixties contain these in intimate mixture, except in blocks of sissoo and khair or pure sissoo blocks. Around 1962 eucalyptus plantations for paper pulp began to be undertaken in a big way.

iv. Choice of Area: In the beginning, as has already been remarked, open blanks in the sal areas were planted up with trials of various species mostly sal, teak and some bamboo. Out of these only some teak remains. Later on from 1963 onwards the open miscellaneous forests began to be taken up for plantations, involving very few fellings of standing trees. As these areas were exhausted, miscellaneous forests, which were slightly better stocked but contained uneconomic species were taken up.

v. Attempts at artificial regeneration combined with natural regeneration of sal in the area of Sal Conversion working circle have already been dealt with under Sal Interim working circle of Sen's Plan (para 5) and the Sal Rehabilitation working circle of Kuber Nath's Plan.

7.13.5 Treatment of Plantations Working Circle:

i. The first Plantations working circle was formed in Sen's Plan (1941-47). This has already been dealt with above.

ii. Plantation Working Circle of Kuber Nath's Plan (4,297.7 ha):It included poorly stocked forests of miscellaneous species which were fit for plantation, as well as all old plantations. An area of 2,427.1 ha was considered fit for plantations and a minimum annual target of 60.7 ha (150 acres) was laid down. The area could be increased to any

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extent at the discretion of the Divisional Forest Officer. Detailed plantation techniques including site selection, site clearance, soil working, fencing, sowing and planting, weeding, cleaning etc. was given. A scheme for tending of the existing plantations was drawn up and details of tending and thinning were prescribed in the 3rd, 5th , 10th, 15th,20th and 30th

iii. Results: For the first time tables for cleanings and thinning of old plantations, which were quite considerable, were laid down. These have improved the condition of the old plantations. The impact of mechanized plantations on the environment, depletion of soil etc. is yet to be assessed as also the benefit from eucalyptus plantations so carried out.

years.

7.13.6 Misra's Plan (1969-70 to 1978-79): Misra continued with a separate Plantation working circle which included all old plantations and comprised of open forest of mixed miscellaneous species of low economic value suitable for plantation. Two planting series viz, teak and miscellaneous were formed. A rotation of 50 years was fixed for teak. Detailed planting coupes were prescribed. No volume yield was fixed. As a result, large number of sal and sain trees was sacrificed in teak and miscellaneous series by clear- felling the area.

7.13.7 K.N. Singh's Plan (1979-80 to 1988-89): Singh continued with separate Plantation working circle which included all old plantations and comprised of open forests of mixed miscellaneous species of low economic value suitable for plantations. Four planting series viz. " chir, teak, miscellaneous and eucalyptus" were constituted. No enumerations were carried out and data collected by Resource Survey Division were utilized. The system of clear felling with or without retention of standards and artificial regeneration was adopted. The rotation for Chir series was not fixed and rotation for miscellaneous, teak and eucalyptus was fixed 50 years, 50 years and 7 years respectively. Annual coupes for these planting series were fixed. List of failed and existing plantations were also given. No felling was prescribed in chir and teak series. Felling was prescribed in eucalyptus series. The choice of species to be planted in a different planting series was prescribed and detailed planting and nursery techniques were given. Tending operations for all planting series was prescribed.

7.13.8 Results: The prescribed annual planting targets were not met. The success of chir plantations was found to be low due to transport damage. The plantation sites were quite distant from the nurseries. Teak planting was done in certain sal areas, which was totally unjustified under the present circumstances. Rohini was cut and to plant teak and other species which was not justified.

7.13.9 Rajinder Kumar’s Plan (1979-90 to 1997-99): He clubbed all the areas under the Protection, Miscellaneous and Plantation working circles of K.N. Singh's Plan and constituted Protection cum Improvement Working Circle. However, he constituted Strip Planting Working Circle for the management of all road side plantations transferred from PWD and strip of land under the electric transmission lines. The special object of management was to protect& improve road side plantations in order to provide shade for traveling public.

7.13.10 Silvicultural system: Protection cum Improvement and felling of definitely dead, dry and uprooted trees combined with artificial regeneration. No rotation was fixed. Felling of eucalyptus trees were left with discretion of D.F.O.

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7.13.11 Results: The prescriptions of the plan were not sound. The coupes in Road Side Avenue Plantation series were made from 1990-90 to 1995-96 and total target fixed was in 77 row Km. Similarly in strip planting series, 9 coupes were made from 1990-91 to 1997-99 and total target allotted was 277.94 ha. According to Divisional record, only 20 row K.m. area is lying vacant on Road Side Avenue Plantation series and other areas were not found suitable for plantations in prescribed coupes. Also, prescriptions regarding creation of road side parks were not followed due to paucity of funds. Prescriptions given in miscellaneous regulations were also not followed

7.14 EXPLOITATION OF MINOR FOREST PRODUCES

7.14.1 Kuber Nath's Plan (1959-60 to 1967-69): A separate working circle (overlapping) was constituted for exploitation of Minor forest Produce for the first time. Before this plan there was no planned exploitation of MFP. The main items dealt under this circle were bamboo, cane, baib grass, honey, thatching grass, medicinal herbs, fruits and seeds, fibers and leaves of maljhan and kanakchampa, narkul, limestone, boulders hides and horns, etc. A felling cycle of 5 years was fixed for exploitation of cane and a sequence of felling was suggested. Details of method of exploitation and treatment of cane after extraction to improve its quality were given. Methods of propagation of cane were discussed and the plantation technique and tending operations were given. For other produce, correct ways of collections, quantities collected in the past, area where available, uses etc. were incorporated.

7.14.2 Misra's Plan (1969-70 to 1978-79): A separate Minor forest Produce working circle (overlapping) was constituted for exploitation of minor forest produce aas in the last plan. However, cane was neither exploited nor planted. Semla gum was tapped in some years of the plan ignoring plan prescriptions. Extraction of sal seed was permitted without any restriction which aggravated the already acute problem of sal regeneration.

7.14.3 K.N. Singh's Plan (1979-80 to 1988-89): Separate working circle (overlapping) was constituted. The special object of management was to ensure scientific development and proper harvesting of minor forest produce. Planting, cultural operations, method of collection etc. of various items were discussed in detail.

7.14.4 Results: Cultural operations prescribed in case of bamboo were done in the some compartments only. In rest of the compartments, it could not be done due to paucity of funds. Some of the areas prescribed for cane planting could not be done as per schedule given in the plan. Planting of grasses of essential oil importance was also not done due to the paucity of funds. Tapping of semla gum was not carried out carried out as trees were found to have not yet recouped from the past damages. Record of out turn of minor forest produce was also not maintained.

7.14.5 Rajinder Kumar’s Plan (1979-90 to 1997-99): The Minor Forest Produce (overlapping) working circle continued as in the last plan. The special object of management was to ensure scientific development and proper harvesting of the variable items of minor forest produce and was to maintain accurate statistics of occurrence, production and export of these items. The items dealt with in this working circle were bamboo, cane thatching grass, honey-wax, gums, medicinal herbs and roots, leaves of maljhan & kanak-champa, hide, katha, bajri & boulders etc. Planting, cultural

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operations, method of collection etc. of various items were given in details. The artificial propagation of cane in Barkot Range (Golatappar block) for five years, (targeted 5ha. in each year) was recommended.

7.14.6 Results: Cultural operations prescribed in case of bamboo were not done due to paucity of funds. Some of the areas prescribed for cane planting were not found suitable for cane planting. So cane planting, except Golatappar-4b could not be done as prescribed in the plan. Other prescriptions were followed.

7.15 FIRE PROTECTION

7.15.1 Fire protection was introduced in 1772 over 123.7 ha and by 1774 an area of 35,337.6 ha was under protection. Under Fernandez'a plan (1977-1902) fire protection was extended to over 65,030.3 ha. The main lines of protection were the 12-13.7 m. wide fire lines along the outer boundaries (as also the Hathiwala fire line) of the Shiwaliks, which was originally cleared to a width of 30.5 meters and burnt annually. Later on it was allowed to be filled up except for a 3.6 m line along the main ridge of the Shiwaliks. Large grassy blanks were burnt annually between January and March.

7.15.2 Champion's plan (1931-32 to 1940-41): An additional fire line above the Hathiwala fire line mentioned above, where the ground begins to get rugged and precipitous was created. This was kept clear of all under growth, grass and small trees.

7.15.3 Sen's plan (1941-42 to 1950-51): A new 6 m. trace was made above the new fire line mentioned above, where the ground begins to get rugged and precipitous. This was kept clear of all under growth, grass and small trees.

7.15.4 Sahai's plan (1949-50 to 1957-59): Yearly control burning of the strip of foests between the 6 m wide fire control path and the Shiwalik ridge pate twice every year at the start of the leaf fall of sal, say in early April and soon after the leaf-fall was prescribed. A combination scheme of control burning of the block alternately on either side of the Shiwalik ridge in Shiwalik and Dehra dun forest divisions on the chess-board pattern was introduced in 1951 vide letter No. 7222/Camp dated 5.6.1950 from the Conservator of Forest W.P.C., U.P.

7.15.5 Kuber Nath's plan (1959-60 to 1967-69): Detailed suggestions were made for minimizing the fire danger. It was suggested that permanent fire fighting gangs should be maintained at vulnerable points and telephones should be extended to all forest chowkies and range head quarters.

7.15.6 In Misra's and K.N.Singh's plans the guidelines for fire protection were given in miscellaneous regulations and working circle concerned. This was continued in Rajinder Kumar’s plan also.

7.16 VESTED FORESTS

7.16.1 Prior to 1st July 1952, vested forests were under private ownership and managed as private estates. The obvious concern of the owner was maximum financial gain and hence, trees were felled

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without any working scheme or any system of management. Some enlightened owners did, however, manage their forest estate in a scientific manner; ‘Majhaun forests’ falling in West Deheradun forest division being an outstanding example. In general, however, there was ruthless hacking of trees. There was no regular working plan for any of the private forests, falling in the division till the year 1950. In that year U.P Private Forests Act (Act VI of 1949) was promulgated which made it incumbent on all the owners to have scientific scheme of management drawn up, more or less on the lines of regular forest working plans, before any felling on a commercial scale could be allowed. In accordance with the provisions of the Act, some working plans were prepared and sanctioned by the Chief Conservator of Forests, U.P. Since the predominant species in these forests are sal, the working plans had generally only one working circle viz, the Sal working circle. Some precipitous and rocky areas were allotted to Protection working circle in Chopra's plan.

7.16.2 Sal Working Circle: Since the forest areas of individual owners were small, the only system which could give them reasonable annual revenue was the Coppice with Standards system. Simple coppice would have been far more preferable to them but standards were left in order to protect the new coppice crops from frost and also to prevent excessive exposure of soil. The silvicultural system prescribed for this working circle in all plans was Coppice with Standards with rotation of 40 years and 70 years respectively. Cleanings were generally prescribed in the 1st and 5th year after the main felling and thinning in the 10th

7.16.3 Results: Fellings were generally carried out only for two or three seasons and from 1953-54 these were stopped. The reasons for suspending coppice with standards felling was that coppice stems did not show satisfactory growth. Thinnings were continued till 1953-54.

year. Cleanings included climber cutting, removal of shoots of miscellaneous species interfering with sale coppice shoots.

7.16.4 Protection Working Circle: This working circle was created by Chopra in his plan and contained such forests as occurred on steep and precipitous slopes. All green fellings were prohibited and only dead and dying trees could be removed. An important prescription consisted of planting of chir at a rate of 12 ha per annum on bare hill slopes.

7.16.5 Upadhyay's Plan (1955-65): After the abolition of Zamindari on 1st July 1952, all these forests were vested in the state and efforts were made by the forest department to bring them under a comprehensive system of management on the lines of the reserved forests. This was done by Upadhayay whose plan came into operation from 1955-56 for the forests included in the West Defraud Division. The following working circles were constituted: (i) Sal High Forests (ii) Sal Coppice With Standards (iii) Protection-Cum-Improvement

7.16.6 Block and compartments wise allotment was made for the first time and these were demarcated on the ground. Maps were also prepared for the time.

7.16.7 Sal High Forest working circle(15,902 ha): This working circle comprised of all the better quality more or less, pure sale forests of the area except those which were considered suitable for working under Coppice with Standards system. Raipur, Ranipokhri, Choharpur & Prem Nagar

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felling series were formed. Sal trees of 10 cm & over in diameter were enumerated over 97% of the areas. No silvicultural system was prescribed as the forests were all young coppice crops. The immediate object was to nurse them up till they could be brought under the Irregular Shelterwood Sytem. A rotation of 120 years was suggested. Yield was prescribed from thinning and was fixed by area. Definite annual coupes were laid down. Thinning rules comprised of removal of all dead, dying and deteriorating trees and crown thinning in dense even-aged groups preferring removal of malformed stems in such a manner that spacing between the dominated did not exceed half the crown width of a dominant stem. Light crowned middle storey trees were to be retained and thinnings were to be with caution on steep and precipituous slopes, near rivers and periphery of blanks and cultivation. Cleanings were prescribed in very young crop and were to consist of climber cutting, pollarding or heavy pruning of side branches of kokat to favour sal or sain and removal of unhealthy and badly shaped saplings and poles not required to cover ground.

7.16.8 Results: Except for some areas, the majority of the forests allotted to High Forests working circle contained rather poor crop with forked and bent trees. These were badly congested. In general the thinnings and cleanings prescribed helped the crops but the cutting back of badly shaped saplings and poles were not always possible as adequate frost cover was not available and effective fencing could not be ensured. Thus there was hardly any improvement in the quality of the crop.

7.16.9 Sal Coppice with Standards Working Circle: It included all moderately poor but well stocked sal forests on moderately sloping hilly areas which were not expected to produce large sized timber. Sal trees of 90 cm and over were enumerated. The system adopted was Coppice with Standards with rotation of 40 and 70 years. No coppice fellings were prescribed and hence no yield, Thinning rules were laid down and definite coupes were formed.

7.16.10 Results: Thinnings proved beneficial and on the whole the prescriptions were followed correctly.

7.16.11 Protection-cum-Improvement Working Circle (23, 247.6 ha): This working circle comprised of two types of areas. Type I consisted of valuable crops like the khair- sissoo forests on the banks of rivers and on island & open degraded sal forests occurring on rugged and eroded hill sides. Type II consisted of those areas which contained mostly dry deciduous scrub. No silvicultural system was prescribed. Apart from strict protection of the area allotted to this working circle, artificial regeneration was prescribed.

7.16.12 Miscellaneaous Regulation: i. Controlled grazing: On rotational basis was prescribed for one twentieth of the area of a

block on a five years cycle. Cattle proof fence was recommended. Incidence of grazing was recommended to be reduced. The maximum number of cattle admissible in each compartment was laid down.

ii. Controlled lopping: Unrestricted lopping of banj in the vicinity of village was sought to be controlled and hand plucking of leaves was recommended in preference to lopping. Rotational lopping of banj was recommended on a two year cycle in each block.

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iii. Fire Protection: All areas were strictly fire protected. A number of new fire lines were recommended to prevent fire damage.

iv. Bamboo felling: Thinning in bamboo clumps was prescribed in congested bamboo areas. v. Thinning: Thinning was recommended in sal and shisham crops though no coupes were laid

down.

7.16.13 Results: Plantations of miscellaneous species were raised in various blocks and they are doing well. But, regulations regarding lopping, grazing and fire protection did not yield desired result as were not enforced properly.

7.16.14 Interim Scheme (1965-66 to 1967-69): Upadhyay's Plan expired in 1964-65 and since the revision was to be combined with that of reserved forests, an Interim Scheme was prepared by the DFO. In effect, it was an extension of Upadhyay's Plan. After expiry of the interim scheme, the areas of vested forest were included in the Sal Conversion to Uniform Working circle in the Misra's plan and onward.

7.17 MANAGEMENT OF FOREST OF DEHRADUN FOREST DIVISION UNDER R.P.Bharti (1999-2000 to 2007-09): He revised the plan of Rajinder Kumar (1979-90 to 1997-99). Keeping in view the prevailing socio-economic problems and results of the past management, the following working circles were constituted:

i. The Sal Irregular Shelter wood working circle (29733.70 ha) ii. Protection working circle (17901.67 ha.)

iii. Plantation (partly overlapping) working circle (9479.50 ha. + 193.70 Kms. Road side plantation)

iv. Over lapping working circles (covering entire division of 47635.37 ha) for Soil & Water Conservation, Non Timber Forest Produce, Forest Fire management & Wild Life management.

7.17.1 Sal Irregular Shelter-wood Working Circle (29733.70 ha): R.P.Bharti continued with Sal Irregular Shelter-wood working circle as in the last plan. It included all the commercially important and better quality sal forests of the division. The main objects of creating this working circle was to conserve the sal forests and to attain normal forest by including natural regeneration supplemented by planting of sal and its associates.

7.17.2 Silvicultural System: In this plan management under ‘Irregular Shelter wood system with floating PBs was continued. Rotation of 120 years was adopted and conversion period was fixed at 120 years.

7.17.3 Felling Series: felling series was not formed as considered unnecessary.

7.17.4 Regeneration: A 4% regeneration survey was carried out in some of the PBI areas by laying down of parallel cruise lines 100 meters apart along the direction of the greatest slope. Natural regeneration of sal in Lambirau 64 was found to be fair, in kaluwala 4 moderate, in

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Laldhang 9a good & in other areas it was deficient. The crux of the problem was identified to obtain ‘denovo’ regeneration and getting it up to the sub whippy stage after which its progress to large leaved whippy, woody and established stages is fairly simple. The two chief difficulties in getting denovo regeneration fairly regularly and in sufficient quantity were found to be the erratic and undependable natural regeneration of sal and non-synchronization of favorable rains. Thus the seed broadcasting and soil working was prescribed. Suggestions were made to protect young recruits of sal from fire and uncontrolled grazing. Method of regeneration was prescribed to take full advantage of the existing regeneration in sub-whippy, whippy & woody stages by protecting & nursing them with game proof fencing, gradual opening of middle & top canopy &supplementing it with gap planting of sal and its associates.

7.17.5 Regeneration Period: Regeneration period of 40 years was tentatively adopted.

7.17.6 Allotment of Periodic Blocks: Working circle was divided in to three periodic blocks viz, PBI, PB unallotted and PB regenerated on the basis of comparative Preponderance of mature, middle aged, and young crops.

7.17.7 PBI: PBI was further categorized into categories A & B. PBIA included areas having regeneration in patches & those contain regeneration in woody, whippy & sub-whippy stages and where, regeneration can be induced by intensive working i.e. by shrub cutting, fencing, control burning etc. PBIB included those areas which were deficient in natural regeneration and were to be supplemented by planting of sal & its associates to improve their stocking. The intention of allotment was to facilitate the selection of PBIA in the next plan.

7.17.8 Treatment to PBIA (937.60 ha): Canopy manipulation in the form of regeneration felling was prescribed. Yield was regulated by area with the volume check by ‘Increment method’. Annual Yield was prescribed at 10% of the calculated yield (i.e. 400 cubic meters). Detailed marking rules to execute felling was prescribed & special cultural treatments were prescribed to reduce the period of establishment of sub-whippy & whippy regeneration.

7.17.9 Treatment to PBIB (2203 ha): As already mentioned, the crop in these areas is largely mature but regeneration is either deficient or absent. The main object was to induce regeneration and to develop it to established stage by carrying out intensive cultural operations by Assisted Natural Regeneration (ANR) technique. All dead, dry and uprooted trees were to be marked first and ‘D’ grade thinning in middle story was prescribed. Removal of rohini was prescribed.

7.17.10 PB Unalloted (11367 ha): The areas containing mostly middle aged crop with some mature trees were allotted this PB. These areas with variable composition were deficient in regeneration or do not have regeneration at all and therefore needed special attention.

7.17.11 Treatment of PB Unallotted: Only dead, dry and uprooted trees were to be removed in the form of salvage removal. Yield was not calculated as considered unnecessary. DFO was advised to take 10% of the total area of the PB as annual coupe. Further removal during plan period was not allowed if worked once. ANR works along with subsidiary silvicultural operations were prescribed.

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7.17.12 PB Regenerated (15226.10 ha): The areas allotted to this PB generally had young to middle aged crop and had been regenerated satisfactorily in the past. However, the areas of this PB needed thinning in the young and immature crop.

7.17.13 Treatment of PB Regenerated: Silvicultural thinning (C/D grade) was prescribed in this PB. The yield was regulated by area with the volume check by ‘Increment Method’. Annual Yield was prescribed at 10% of the calculated yield (i.e. 4000 cubic meters). Detailed methods to execute felling along with sequence of felling were given. Approximate distance between dominant stems after thinning was prescribed. Subsidiary cultural operations like cutting back of damaged stems of sal & other valuable species, climber cutting etc. were given.

7.17.14 Miscellaneous Regulations:

i. Implementation of Prescriptions: The area to be adopted under ANR will be selected with utmost care by the DFO after his detail inspection in the field. Site Specific Plans (SSPs) for all main works viz. ANR, felling, cultural operations, SSOs, plantations, soil works, fire control etc as prescribed in this working circle, will be prepared for all individual works in division before carrying out the work.

ii. Felling Other than Prescribed: Felling other than prescribed in the working circle was to be treated as deviation. In areas where the trees were to be felled due to natural calamities like hoplo attack or sal mortality (die back) etc and if the actual yield obtained or expected to be obtained from such trees comes out more than the yield prescribed in this working circle, the proposal for such deviation was to be sent in advance to CF, WPC, Nainital, so that prior approval could be obtained from Government of India well in time.

iii. Control of Natural Calamities: Sal forest of Thano, Lachiwala, Asarori and Malhan ranges had been badly affected by ‘Hoplo’ and similarly heavy mortality occurred in sal areas in Barkot range. The detailed schemes for protection for these areas given in the chapter of ‘Miscellaneous Regulation’ of the working plan were to be followed strictly.

iv. Availability Of Funds: Marking, felling and silvicultural operations was to be treated as combined activity. DFO, therefore, was advised to ensure availability of appropriate funds for completing all cultural operations followed by felling or to defer the marking and felling in next year.

v. JFM Implementation: Areas to be adopted for implementation of micro plan under Joint Forestry Management Scheme, had not been given separately. But, it was prescribed that whenever the JFM activity will be implemented in any of the area of this working circle, the directions of JFM as prescribed in micro-plans will supersede the prescriptions provided in this plan for such areas.

vi. Grazing: All P.BI & PB Regenerated areas in the working circle were to remain closed to grazing and also the areas where special cultural operations had been prescribed. All sensitive areas particularly PBIA area were to be fenced immediately after the subsidiary silvicultural operations. The fencing was prescribed as cattle proof with the five strand barded wire.

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vii. Fire Protection: All the areas allotted to this working circle were to remain strictly fire protected during the plan period except where prescribed. in this working circle.

viii. Felling of Ficus and Fruit Trees: Trees of Ficus species are valuable for elephant fodder and should not be felled. Fruit trees like those of harra, bahera, padal etc. may also mot be felled in the interest of wild life. Trees of bridelia retusa(ekdania or Khaja) attracts a large number of birds, especially green pigeons and should not be felled.

ix. Collection of Seed: Collection of sale seed from whole of the working circle was not allowed except for departmental works.

x. Marking of Hollow Unfit Trees: Marking of hollow unfit trees was not allowed in the interest of bird habitation.

7.17.15 Results:

i. The prescriptions given under Irregular Shelter wood system were adequate & if followed properly could have achieved the objective of establishment of regeneration. However, the allotment to different PB was not proper. Annual yield prescribed was low. Felling was not done in PBIA. As a result, the objective of canopy manipulation could not be achieved & the preponderance of mature & over-mature trees affect the general health of the forest adversely.

ii. ANR was prescribed in PBIB & PB Unalloted areas. But, felling (except salvage removal) was not prescribed. In some areas taken under ANR, the result was found to be satisfactory, but, by & large the objective was not fulfilled.

iii. Thinning (C/D grade) was prescribed in PB Regenerated areas. Could not be carried out, may be due to large scale felling in hoplo affected areas & due to the adjustment of yield as prescribed in the plan. Hence, existing crop resulted to regression in the maintenance of normal forest, sustained yield and all ecological aspects.

7.17.16 Protection (17901.67 ha): The working circle comprised of the areas situated on steep, rugged or erodible and unstable hill sides of outer Mussoorie hills and small scattered patches of sal forests occurring in deep ravines surrounded by cultivation. Except for the inclusion of some areas the constitution of this working circle remained the same as in the last Plan. The main objective of management was to protect, maintain and improve the forest cover in the interest of soil and water conservation.

7.17.17 Silvicultural System: Protection with enrichment planting or sowing as an improvement measure was adopted. Since, no commercial felling was contemplated; hence, physical rotation was prescribed.

7.17.18 Method Of Treatment: As the crop was open and of poor quality and regeneration mostly absent, therefore, only dead and uprooted trees was prescribed for removal with the condition that the area to be felled should not be more than 10% of whole working circle in one year. Area, from which salvage trees to be removed, will not be taken for salvage felling again during this plan period.

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Hence, division into felling series was not considered necessary. Subsidiary silvicultural operation was also not prescribed. However, weed eradication & suppression by planting suitable site specific species and adoption of JFM approach was prescribed in miscellaneous regulation.

7.17.19 Yield Regulation: Only dead and uprooted trees were to be marked, hence no yield calculation was considered necessary.

7.17.20 Results:

i. The given prescriptions were adequate to fulfill the management objectives. However, this territorial working circle did not say anything about the teak & eucalyptus plantations raised earlier. Of course, it was dealt subsequently in the plantation (overlapping working circle); but the objectives of this working circle did not match with the objectives of plantation working circle.

ii. It was suggested that enrichment of existing stock were to be done by sowings and planting of sal & other suitable species except teak and eucalyptus. But the initial target was in at least 5 ha area annually in each range. While, in the plantation working circle teak & eucalyptus planting series was formed.

iii. Regulations regarding lopping, grazing and fire protection were not enforced properly but works were initiated to eradicate lantana in some areas. Lantana eradication has actually improved ecosystem.

7.17.21 Plantation (partly overlapping) Working Circle (9479.50 ha & 193.70 km.): This working circle included all existing plantations and area carrying open forests of mixed miscellaneous species of low economic value and suitable for raising plantations. The working circle partly overlapped other working circles. The main objects of managements were to improve stocking of the blanks, poorly stocked, fire damaged old plantations and deficiently regenerated areas.

7.17.22 Planting Series: The following Planting series were constituted to achieve the objectives:

i. Road side Planting Series: It included all existing road side avenue Plantations raised in the past

ii. Eucalyptus Planting Series: It consisted of all existing eucalyptus plantations other than road side avenue plantations which were raised or coppiced in miscellaneous forests.

iii. Teak Planting Series: It included all existing areas of teak plantations which were considered commercially suitable earlier and under planted mostly in sal forest.

iv. Miscellaneous Planting Series: This series consisted of all existing plantations of miscellaneous species and the blank areas available in miscellaneous forests which were prescribed to be planted during the plan period.

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7.17.23 Silvicultural system: Silvicultural system adopted was clear felling with artificial regeneration.

7.17.24 Rotation: The rotations for each series were given separately.

i. Rotation for Road Side Planting Series: As per the instructions by PCCF,UP it was fixed as follows:

a. Road Side First row

b. : Physical rotation for all species except eucalyptus.

For all other rows

c. : 15 Yrs for eucalyptus

Second & subsequent rows

ii.

: 50 Yrs for shisham and 30 Yrs for other species.

Rotation for Teak Planting Series

iii.

: The rotation of 50 years was adopted as in last plan.

Rotation for Miscellaneous Planting Series

iv.

: The principal species proposed to be planted in this series were arjun, arru, bahera, dhauri, jhingan, siris, kpula, shisham, tun, kanju, semal, gutel and khair. Rotation of 50 years was tentatively adopted for all miscellaneous species.

Rotation for Eucalyptus Planting Series

7.17.25 Annual Planting coupes: Definite annual planting coupes were prescribed for road side & miscellaneous planting series. It was prescribed that further eucalyptus plantation will not be undertaken & teak plantation under sal will not be done.

: Further plantation of eucalyptus was prevented. Existing mature plantations, either main or coppiced crop was to be clear felled and uprooted on rotation and was to be replaced by sal and its associates or by miscellaneous species according to suitability of soil and site.

7.17.26 Yield Regulation: No volume yield was fixed in any of the plantation series. The yield was to be governed by area of annual coupe in all planting series. Definite annual felling coupes were prescribed for road side & eucalyptus planting series. Only cleaning and thinning was prescribed in teak planting series. In miscellaneous planting series removal of dead, dry and uprooted trees was prescribed. DFO was directed to select approximately 10% of total area annually on priority where such trees were tobe removed. Methods to execute felling were prescribed.

7.17.27 Miscellaneous Regulations: It was prescribed that all plantations were to be closed to lopping and grazing for at least 10 years and strictly fire protected.

7.17.28 Results:

i. The prescriptions were though adequate but found to be confusing. The objective of creating teak & eucalyptus planting series was not clear. In miscellaneous planting series, rotation was fixed at 50 years, while only salvage removal was prescribed.

ii. The prescriptions for plantations were sound; still the quality of plantation during the plan period was not superior. Control on grazing could not be achieved.

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7.17.29 The Soil Conservation (Overlapping) Working Circle: The working circle covered all the rau beds and 50 m strip on either side of the rau beds included in other working circle. It also included severely eroded compartments. The area under active erosion was estimated to be around 7% of the divisional area. The special objects of management were to identify the priority areas to take effective preventive as well remedial soil and water conservation measures and to create vegetation cover in the areas severely affected by soil erosion. Factors causing soil erosion & modes of damage caused were analyzed in detail. Various preventive and remedial treatments were prescribed. Specification for various works like grade stabilization, rau channelisation, revetment, retaining walls and brush wood check dam etc. were given. Detail treatment schedule was given.

7.17.30 Results: The prescriptions were as a whole sound & if implemented in tote, could have helped the forest areas & rau beds a lot. Drying up of natural water sources could have been prevented to a large extent. However, the treatment schedule could not be followed to lack of funds. Soil conservation works were also not done in badly eroded compartments which were urgently needed and were posing threat to the large chunks of forests and human habitations. As a result the erosion intensity is increasing day by day.

7.17.31 The Non Timber Forest Produce (overlapping) working circle: The working circle over lopped the entire division. The special object of management was to ensure scientific exploitation of non-timber forests produce without causing irreparable loss to it and at the same time to meet the requirement of the local people for medicinal herbs, shrubs, fodder, fiber etc to the extent possible.The items dealt with in this working circle were bamboo, cane, thatching grass, honey-wax, gums, medicinal herbs and roots, leaves of maljhan & kanak-champa, hide, katha, bajri & boulders etc. Planting, cultural operations, method of collection etc. of various items were given in details. The artificial propagation of cane in Barkot, Asharori & Rishikes ranges (in 60 ha.) was prescribed. Detailed rules for cultural operations of bamboo were given. Planting target & planting technique of grasses of essential oil importance was described.

7.17.32 Results: Cultural operations in bamboo were done by the forest corporation after a long time with much difficulty. However the results are encouraging & needed to be continued. Works in the medicinal plant sector have been initiated. With the FDA project Bamboo plantation and mixed plantations having medicinal values was done in 600 ha during the plan period. The prescription on the whole was adequate. However exploitation of NTFP could have been prescribed to be done in JFM approach.

7.17.33 Fire Protection (overlapping) Working Circle: The working circle was created newly. The working circle overlapped the entire division. The special object of management was to under take all preventive measures like administrative, technical, social, legal etc. for protection of the forest from uncontrolled forest fires and to take appropriate actions for controlling, suppressing and extinguishing forest fires so that the loss caused by fire can be minimized in reserved forests. Areas under strict fire protection and under annual control burning were prescribed. Factors leading to forest fire & check list for control of forest fire was described in detail.

146

7.17.34 Results: The prescriptions were sound. The forest staff has become sensitive to forest fire. Participation of people have been sought & ensured. Preventive fire measures have been taken. However, shortage of infrastructure & manpower has led to some failure in effectively controlling forest fire during the crunch time.

7.17.35 Wild Life Management (overlapping) Working Circle: The working circle was first introduced in K.N. Singh’s Plan and it was deleted in Rajinder Kumar’s plan. But with an aim of protecting the endangered and other species of the wild life, this working circle was again created by R.P.Bharti. In the working circle, wild life problems of the division (viz. decline in population of tiger, leopard and its prey species, elephant population and their migration and jungle fowls and gallinaceous birds and their management) was discussed and management of wild animals present in the division & their habitats were prescribed in detail. Migration pattern of elephants & their feeding behaviour were also described. Different census technique & Wild Life Protection Act (1972) was given for the benefit of staff.

7.17.36 Results: The prescriptions were adequate & it clearly reflected the importance of the division as a buffer to Rajaji National Park. However, Man animal conflict need to be described in detail & prescriptions to deal with it in field could have been given.

********

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CHAPTER 8 STATISTICS OF GROWTH

8.1 Growing Stock of Wood: In this chapter statistics and yield of important species of the Dehradun Forest Division, Dehradun are given. No original field data were collected at the time of revision of the expiring plan. The various sources from which these data have been compiled are mentioned in the respective sections. The main species for which data have been given are:

1. Acacia catechu (Khair) 2. Adina cordifolia (Haldu) 3. Bombax ceiba (Semal) 4. Dalbergia sissoo (Shisham) 5. Holoptelea integrifolia (Kanju) 6. Shorea robusta (Sal) 7. Syzygium cumini (Jamun) 8. Tectona grandis (Teak) 9. Terminalia alata (Asna) 10. Trewia nudiflora (Gutel)

8.2 Acacia catechu (Khair): The following literature may be consulted regarding this species: (i) Commercial timber and heartwood volume tables for khair in North India by H.G.Champion, I.D.

Mahendru and P.N.Puri, Indian Forest Record (Silviculture Series) Volume-XII, Part IX, 1929. (ii) Standard commercial and heartwood volume tables (factory working) for Khair (Acacia catechu) of North

India by H.G. Champion and I.D.Mahendru, Vol. XV, Part III, 1931. (iii) Howard's volume, Weight and Katha yield table for Khair in Saharanpur Forest Division (under Indian

method of extraction), D.C.Pandey, U.P.Forest Leaflet No. 20, 1972. 8.2.1 The following table gives an approximate yield table for Acacia catechu natural crop of average quality based on curves drawn from measurement of sample plots. (Data is reproduced from D.C. Pandey's Haldwani W.P.)

Table 8.1

Crop Age (years)

Average Dia. (cms.)

Average Height (Metres)

Number of trees per ha.

Standing volume stem timber per ha

(cu.m.) 1 2 3 4 5 5 (3.5) (3.3) - -

10 (7.6) (6.0) - - 15 (11.1) (8.5) (583) - 20 (13.9) (10.9) (514) 5.60 25 16.5 (13.1) (445) 11.62 30 18.8 14.9 385 20.64 35 20.8 16.7 331 26.94 40 22.6 18.3 287 32.54 45 24.1 19.5 252 37.78 50 25.4 20.7 227 41.98 55 26.6 21.6 203 - 60 (27.7) (22.5) 188 -

(The figures within brackets are extrapolated) 8.2.2 The following outturn table for heartwood volume per tree is compiled on the basis of data collected during departmental extraction of Katha in Saharanpur division in 1960. (Information taken from the files of Silvicultrurist, Sal Converted in metric measures).

148

Table 8.2

Diameter class in cms.

Heartwood Volume in cu.m. Volume in cu.m. according to IFR 13(9) for all quality

classes Green Dry

Fit Unfit Fit Unfit 20-30 0.127 0.091 0.113 0.088 0.105 30-40 0.282 0.204 0.292 0.193 0.246 40-50 0.600 0.382 0.643 0.365 0.549 50-60 1.048 0.631 - - 0.946 60-70 1.603 0.936 - - 1.405

Over 70 2.290 - - - -

8.2.3 For estimating the yield of dry katha from trees of various diameter classes, the following unit factors derived from the sources quoted above is given:

Table 8.3

Diameter class in cms.

Green Dry Fit Unfit Fit Unfit

20-30 1.00 0.75 0.75 0.50 30-40 3.00 2.00 2.00 1.00 40-50 7.00 3.00 4.00 2.10 50-60 11.00 5.00 - - 60-70 15.00 7.00 - - 70-80 23.00 - - -

(Each Unit = 8.0 kg.)

8.2.4 The following data on Khair heartwood weight has been obtained from above studies as published in U.P.Forest Leaflet No.20, 1972.

Table 8.4

Diameter class in cms.

Weight of khair heartwood in units (30-40 cms. d.b.h. tree = 1 unit) Green Dry

Fit Unfit Fit Unfit 20-30 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 30-40 1.0 0.7 0.9 0.6 40-50 2.0 1.4 1.8 1.0 50-60 3.9 2.1 2.8 1.5 60-70 5.8 3.0 4.0 2.1

70 & Over 7.8 3.8 5.4 2.6 Average 3.5 1.9 2.5 1.3

(a) Rounding these values; the units for green fit trees in five diameter classes given above may be taken as

under and one unit may be said to yield 26 kilogram of dry katha. (b) A fit tree is defined as one which is estimated to yield at least one sound log and apparently free from

fungus infection, holes, rots etc. It should be fit for the manufacture of katha, 2.44 meter long with a minimum mid diameter over bark of not less than 3/4 of the diameter of the tree in question at breast height. If it is not, then it will be treated as unfit.

8.2.5 The following data gives the number of trees per ha. based on the sample plot data of Ramnagar Forest Division:

149

Table 8.5

Crop diameter in cms. Age in years Number of trees per ha. 10 12 880 20 29 345 30 58 175

8.3 Adina cordifolia (Haldu): The following literature may be consulted for this species:

i. An approximate volume table for Haldu (Adina cordifolia) by E.C.Mobbs, U.P. Forest Leaflet No. 6, 1935.

ii. Volume table for Haldu (Adina cordifolia) by G.C.Pandey, U.P. Forest Bulletin No. 36, 1970. iii. General Standard Volume Tables for Haldu compiled in the Menstruation Section, F.R.I. Dehradun by

A.N. Chaturvedi, P.K.Bhattacharya and D.S.Rawat. 8.3.1 The following statement giving the relationship between diameter and age is based upon approximate stump analysis carried out in 1925 in Gorakhpur and Bahraich Forest Divisions (U.P.) quoted from the Silviculturist's ledger files. The stumps in Gorakhpur mostly pertained to young trees, while those in Motipur and Dharamapur ranges of Bahraich division mostly pertained to middle aged and mature trees respectively.

Table 8.6

Diameter in cms. No. of rings on the stumps Gorakhpur Motipur Dharamapur

38.1 34 48 68 50.8 40 59 87 63.5 47 70 109 76.2 53 82 134 88.9 61 96 159 101.6 70 115 187 114.3 79 436 215

8.3.2 The following table gives the commercial volume in the round as based on volume tables by G.C.Pandey. The data was mostly collected in Haldwani and Ramnagar Forest Divisions. For comparison, figures derived from U.P.Forest Leaflet No. 6 are also given:

Table 8.7

Diameter class in cms Commercial Volume in m3 U.P. Forest Bulletin No. 36 U.P. Forest Leaflet No. 6

20-30 - 0.12 30-40 0.37 0.40 40-50 0.96 0.71 50-60 1.64 1.05 60-70 2.42 1.47 70-80 3.28 1.98 80-90 4.22 2.55

90-100 5.28 3.17 100-110 - 3.88 110-120 - 4.62 120-130 - 5.47

150

8.4 Bombax ceiba (Semal): The following literature may be consulted for this species: i. Volume tables and diameter growth curve for semal (Bombax ceiba) by I.D.Mahendru, India Forest

Records (Silviculture Series) Volume XV, Part IV, 1932. ii. General standard volume tables for semal by A.N.Chaturvedi, I.F.R. (New Series) Silviculture 12 (7),

1973. 8.4.1 The following information is available from the sample plots situated at Katarniaghat in Bahraich Forest Division (U.P.):

Table 8.8 No. of trees Diameter in cms.

Below 20 cms.

20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60 and over

No. of trees in February 1957

24 144 122 77 19 5

No. of trees in December 1961

7 22 7 2 - -

8.4.2 As per working plan of Haldwani Forest Division by D.C.Pandey (Page130); growth data of semal as approved in Indian Forester August 1934 have been compared with growth data of semal taken from Howard Pocket Book as under:

Table 8.9 Comparative growth data of Semal

Age (Year) Indian Forester 1934 Dia. as per entries in Howard’s

Pocket Book (Cm.) Dia (cm.) No. of Trees 1 2 3 4

10 38.1 185 15.2 20 55.8 99 31.7 30 68.5 74 48.0 40 78.7 62 64.2 50 88.9 54 85.0 60 96.5 49 - 70 104.1 - -

8.4.3 According to the age/diameter and n/d curve drawn from the above data, the following relation is derived:

Table 8.10 Diameter in cms. Age in Years No. of trees/ha.

40 11 172 50 16 120 60 23 90

8.5 Dalbergia sissoo (Shisham): The following literature is relevant and may be consulted:

i. Standard and commercial volume tables for Dalbergia sissoo by M.A.Kakazai, Indian Forest records, Silviculture (New Series), Vol. 2, No.II, 1936.

ii. Preliminary yield tables for Dalberga sissoo by S.H.Howard, Forest Bulletin No. 62, (Silviculture) 1925. iii. Provisional Yield tables for Dalbergia sissoo in the irrigated plantations of Punjab by Bakshi Sant Ram,

Indian Forest Records (New Series) Silviculture, Volume IV-A, No.2, 1941. iv. Volume and growth tables for Dallbergia sissoo in canal bank plantation of Utter Pradesh by D.C.Pandey

and R.S.Mathur, U.P.Forest Bulletin No.32, 1970.

151

v. General standard volume tables for Dalbergia sissoo by A.N.Chaturvedi, I.F.R. (New Series) Silviculture 12(a), 1973

vi. 8.5.1 The following information for natural riverain forests of Haldwani, Saharanpur (Shiwalik), Lansdown and

Kalagarh Forest Divisions has been obtained from the sample plots and is also applicable to most of the Shisham forests of the division:

Table 8.11 Age(years) Average Daimeter (cm) No. of Trees/ha.

20 12.7 1235 25 17.0 865 30 20.3 632 35 24.1 469 40 27.3 360 45 30.5 297 50 33.2 243 55 35.7 198 60 38.3 169 65 40.6 149 70 42.3 136 75 44.5 124

8.5.2 The data regarding crop age, average diameter and number of trees as complied from the sample plots of Haldwani Forest Division have been reproduced below from Johari's Ramnagar Working Plan:

Table 8.12 Diameter in cms. Age in years No. of trees per ha.

30 35 230 40 56 150 50 80 105

8.6 Holoptelea integrifolia (Kanju): The following literature may be consulted:

i. Provisional volume table and diameter growth curve for Holoptelea integrifolia and Trewia nudiflora by I.D.Mahendru, Indian Forest Records (Silviculture Series), Vol. XV, Part VII, 1933.

ii. Volume tables for Holoptelea integrifolia by S.K.Seth, U.P.Forest Bulletin No. 28, 1956. iii. General standard volume tables for Holoptelea integrifolia by A.N.Chaturvedi and P.K.Bhattacharya,

I.F.R. 12(10), 1972. iv. Diameter table for Holoptelea integrifolia by G.C.Pandey, U.P. Forest Leaflet No. 18, 1970.

8.6.1 The following data for growth of Kanju is extracted from Howard's Pocket Book. The last column is based on data available in ledger files.

Table 8.13 Age in years D.b.h. over bark (cms.)

10 11.7 20 22.3 30 32.8 40 41.9 50 50.0 60 56.1 70 61.0 80 64.8 90 68.4

100 (71.6) (Figure within bracket is based on extrapolation.)

152

8.6.2 The following diameter growth table is extracted from U.P. Forest Leaflet No. 18, 1970:

Table 8.14 Age in years Diameter (o.b.) at breast height or above buttresses (cms.)

5 4.6 10 9.4 15 14.2 20 19.0 25 23.9 30 28.7 35 33.5 40 38.1 45 41.4 50 47.0 55 51.3 60 55.3 65 59.4 70 63.8 75 67.0 80 70.6

8.7 Shorea robusta (Sal): The following records may be consulted:

i. Sal (Shorea robusta), yield table for the united provinces by Symthies and Howard, Indian Forest Record Vol. X, Part III, 1923.

ii. Yield tables for clear felled sal (Shorea robusta) coppice by S.H.Howard, I.F.R. Silviculture Series, Vol. XII, Part IV, 1926.

iii. Yield and stand table for sal (Shorea robusta) by A.L.Griffith and Bakshi Sant Ram, I.F.R. (N.S), Silviculture, Vol. 4-a, No. 4, 1943.

iv. General volume tables for sal (Shorea robusta) by S.H.Howard, I.F.R. (Silviculture Series), Vol. X, Part VI, 1924.

v. Volume & Outturn tables for Sal (Shorea robusta) by S.H.Howard, I.F.R. Silviculture Series, Vol. XII, Part I, 1925.

vi. Branch small wood tables for shorea robusta, Tectona grandis, Cedrus deodara, Pinus excelsa, Pinus longifolia, I.F.R. (Silviculture series), Vol. XVI, Part VI, 1932.

vii. Stand tables for Sal even-aged high forest and coppice, I.F.R. (Silviculture Series), Vol. XX, Part XVI, 1935.

viii. The uneven-aged sal forests of Ramngar Forest Division; their rate of growth etc. along with empirical yield and stand tables for selection type of sal crop by G.S. Mathauda, Indian Forester, Vol. 84, No. 5, Page 265, 1958.

ix. Bark Volume of sal (Shorea robusta) trees by A.N. Chaturvedi and P.K. Bhattacharya, Van vigyan, Vol. VII, No. 1 &2, 1969.

x. General standard volume table for sal by A.N. Chaturvedi, I.F.R. (N.S.) 12, 13, 1972. 8.7.1 The following quality classes of Sal are recognized from the table of Griffith and Bakshi Sant Ram.

Table 8.15 Quality class I I/II II II/III III III/IV IV

Average height in meter of dominate

trees

Over

30.5

27.5 to

30.5

24.4 to

27.5

21.4 to

24.4

18.3 to

21.4

15.3 to

18.3

15.3 and

Below

153

8.7.2 The following table shows the Standard Stem Timber Volume Factor given in pages 240-243 in Forest pocket book,1957 issued by Siviculturists (Hills) U.P, Nainital vide letter No. 48/T-4-H-1 dated 5.7.1973.

Table 8.16 Dia class Stem timber volume in round (cu. m.)

Quality I Quality II Quality III Quality IV 20-30 0.368 0.255 0.170 0.142 30-40 0.934 0.736 0.595 0.481 40-50 1.826 1.572 1.345 1.203 50-60 3.030 2.662 2.294 2.095 60-70 4.559 4.332 3.511 3.143 70-80 6.357 5.762 4.970 4.375

8.7.3 The following table showing the commercial outturn in the round has been constructed from the data collected from the felling lots of 1966-67 during the preparation of the plan (source D.N. Misra Plan)

Table 8.17 Diameter class (cm.) Volume outturn in the round (cu.m.)

Quality II Quality III 20-30 0.29 0.25 30-40 0.67 0.61 40-50 1.24 1.14 50-60 1.96 1.86 60-70 2.80 2.65

The above table is based on the outtum. The timber in the Kalsi forest is almost exclusively extracted in

the log form in the round. 8.7.4 Sal Units – Each sound and fit green sal tree of 30-40 cm. diameter class is taken as one unit, 40-50 cm. class as two units, each fit green sal tree of 20-30 cm. diameter class is taken as half unit. Unfit and dry tree are ignored. Yield table of sal shows that the figures of outtrun in the round for all quality classes are roughly in the proportion of 1:2:3:4 for diameter class over 30 cm. which is the basis for the above factors. 8.7.5 The following table gives the provisional stand tables for balanced uneven aged sal crops as derived from the sal L.I.Ps data of Ramnagar Division. (source-D.C.Pandey Working Plan- 1966-67 to 1975-76 of Haldwani Division.)

Table 8.18 Diameter class in

cms. Number of stumps per ha.

Site quality I Site quality II Site quality III Site quality IV 10-20 (358.3) (224.8) (143.3) (89.0) 20-30 153.00 101.3 66.7 44.5 30-40 64.2 44.5 32.1 22.0 40-50 27.2 19.5 14.8 11.1 50-60 11.4 8.6 6.9 5.4 60-70 4.7 3.9 3.2 2.7 70-80 2.0 1.7 1.5 1.2

(The figure within the bracket are based on extrapolation of curve)

154

8.8 Syzygium cumini (Jamun):The following literature is relevant and may be consulted: i. Standard volume table for Syzygium cumini- D.C.Pandey & R.S.Mathur, U.P. Forest Bulletin No. 35,

1971. ii. Standard volume tables for Syzygium cumini by S.N.Dabral, P.K.Bhattacharya and P.S.Payal, Indian

Forest Records (New Series) Siviculture, Vol. II, No.4, 1964. 8.8.1 The following table gives the age, diameter, and number of trees per ha. of jamun and data is based on sample plot No. 40 in Haldwani Forest Division: Table 8.19

Age Diameter class in cms. No. of trees per ha. 32 20.3 558 37 22.3 494 42 27.4 336 47 32.8 232 52 36.8 183 57 38.9 163 62 42.7 148 67 46.75 126

8.8.2 On the basis of data obtained from the ledger files of silviculturist (Sal) U.P; a volume table for the natural crop of jamun has been prepared. (Reproduced from A.C.Gupta's Plan of Pilibhit Forest Division (U.P.).

Table 8.20 Age

(years) Average diameter

(cms) Average Height

(Meter) No. of tree per ha. Total (Heartwood and

small wood volume per ha. in cu. m.)

10 (4.1) (5.5) (1067) - 15 (8.1) (7.9) (929) - 20 (11.7) (10.4) (805) - 25 (15.2) (12.5) (701) 52.48 30 (18.8) 14.6 (608) 108.46 35 22.1 16.5 534 150.44 40 24.9 18.3 464 185.45 45 27.7 20.1 405 214.47 50 30.5 21.6 356 241.41 55 33.3 23.2 316 264.15 60 (36.1) (24.7) (282) (285.84)

(Figures within the brackets obtained by extrapolation) 8.9 Tectona grandis (Teak):The following literature may be consulted:

i. Yield and stand tables for teak plantation compiled in the Silviculture branch of F.R.I. Dehradun, Indian Forest Records (New Series) Silviculture, Vol.9, No. 4, 1959.

ii. Volume tables for teak (Tectona grandis) for the Central province by Y.K.Maitland, Indian Forest Records (Silviculture Series), Vol. XI, Part VII, 1925.

iii. Central standard volume tables and height diameter relationship for teak by A.N.Chaturvedi, I.F.R. (New Series), Silviculture Vol. 12, No. 8.

8.9.1 According to the publication quoted above, the following relation holds between top height, site qualities and age.

155

Table 8.21 Age (years) Top height in meters by site qualities

I II III IV 5 10.1-12.8 7.3-10.1 4.9-7.3 3.0-4.9

10 15.2-18.9 11.6-15.2 8.2-11.6 4.6-8.2 15 18.9-23.2 14.6-18.9 10.4-14.6 5.8-10.4 20 21.6-26.5 16.8-21.6 11.9-16.8 7.0-11.9 25 23.8-29.0 18.6-23.8 13.4-18.6 8.2-13.4 30 25.3-30.8 19.8-25.3 14.3-19.8 9.1-14.3 35 26.8-32.3 21.0-26.8 15.5-21.0 9.8-15.5 40 28.0-33.8 22.3-28.0 16.5-22.3 10.7-16.5 45 29.3-35.4 23.5-29.3 17.4-23.5 11.6-17.4 50 30.5-36.6 24.4-30.5 18.3-24.4 12.2-18.3

Top height at 50 years will be taken into consideration which determining the quality class of teak stands. 8.10 Terminalia alata (Sain): The following literature may be consulted for this species:

i. General Standard and Commercial volume tables for Asna (Terminalia tomentosa)

ii. General Standard Volume Tables for Terminalia tomentosa by A.N.Chaturvedi and P.K.Bhattacharya, I.F.R. (New Series) Silviculture Vol. 12, No. 4, 1971.

high forest, A.L.Griffith, Bakshi Sant Ram and Jagdamba Prashad, Indian Forest Records, New Series, Vol. IV-C, No. 5, 1947.

8.10.1 The information available from the silviculturist's ledger files is given below: The yield data as obtained from the measurement of a single tree.

Table 8.22 Age (years) Diameter (cms.) Height (metres) Sawn timber volume

(cu.m.) 10 8.1 4.9 - 20 16.0 9.1 - 30 23.6 13.1 - 40 30.5 16.6 0.06 50 37.1 19.8 0.23 60 43.7 22.6 0.40 70 49.5 24.5 0.56 80 55.1 26.5 0.71 90 60.2 28.2 0.85

100 65.0 29.6 0.99 110 69.8 30.6 1.13 120 73.9 31.5 1.25

8.10.2 The following data regarding age, average diameter and number of trees have been compiled from two sample plots of Sain in Haldwani Forest Division (Data reproduced from Haldwani plan by D.C.Pandey)

Table 8.23 S.P. No. 38 Jaulasal W.la S.P. No. 39 Jaulasal W.la

Age in years Diameter in cms.

No. of trees per ha.

Age in years Diameter in cms.

No. of trees per ha.

47 26.9 348 43 24.9 348 52 30.0 299 48 27.9 287 57 31.5 274 53 30.5 237 62 34.8 245 58 34.0 205 67 37.3 220 63 35.6 195 72 38.6 220 68 36.6 195 77 40.1 220 76 37.8 190 82 41.1 220 78 40.1 166

156

8.10.3 The following table obtained from silviculturist (Sal) gives the statistics of production of Sain

Diameter class (cms.)

bark. Table 8.24

Approximate average quantity (metric ton) Green Dry

20-30 0.21 0.12 30-40 0.15 0.09 40-50 0.17 0.10 50-60 0.17 0.10 60-70 0.19 0.12 70-80 0.14 0.10 80-90 0.09 0.06

8.11 Trewia nudiflora (Gutel): The following literature may be consulted: i. Provisional volume tables and diameter growth curves for Holoptelia integrifolia (Kanju

ii. Volume tables for Trewia nudiflora by G.C. Pandey, U.P. Forest bulletin No. 37, 1970.

) and Triwia nudiflora (Gutel) by I.D.Mahendru, Vol. XV, Part VII, 1933.

iii. Howard’s Pocket Book. 8.11.1 The following volume table has been complied from U.P.Forest bulletin No. 37, 1970. (G.C.Pandey).

Table 8.25 Diameter class (cms.) Stem timber in round (cu.m.)

under bark Total timber in round (cu.m.) under bark

20-30 0.212 0.255 30-40 0.592 0.580 40-50 1.005 1.110 50-60 1.606 1.841 60-70 2.328 2.789 70-80 3.010 3.596

8.11.2 The following table for diameter growth of Gutel is extracted from Howard's Pocket Book, 1957 edition Table 8.26

D.B.H. over bark in cms.at various ages Age in years (7.9) 10 17.8 15 24.1 20 30.2 25 36.1 30 41.9 35 48.8 40 55.6 45 62.7 50

(69.8) 55 (77.0) 60

(The figure given in brackets have been obtained by extrapolation of the curve) 8.11.3 The following provisional have been complied from sample plot No. 6 (Full measurement only) of Gutel, sample plot No. 2 (Bahraich), 25 (Haldwani) and 54 (Dehradun). The first two plots are in plantation crop and the natural crop.

Table 8.27

Crop age in years 8 11 13 18 30 Crop diameter in cms. 12.5 15.0 19.3 22.6 25.4

No. of trees per ha. 904 771 605 432 368

157

8.11.4 The data for the sample plots given in the para 8.11.2 above gives the following relation: Table 8.28

Diameter class in (cms) Age in years Number of trees 20 (21) (550) 30 33 285 40 48 180

8.12 The statistics of growth and yield of the principal species found in the division have been compiled and given in alphabetical order in table 8.29. These volume factors were issued to all the divisional forest officers of state by Silviculturists (Hills) U.P., Nainital vide his letter No. 48/T-4-H-I, dated 5.7.1973. These volume factors are applicable to the species found in the plains of U.P. These volume factors are applicable for Divisions also.

Timber volume factors applicable for various species. Table 8.29

S.No.

Species Total Standard heartwood volume (without bark) round in cu.m. 0-10

10-20

20-30

30-40

40-50

50-60

60-70

70-80

80-90

90 & over

1 Chir (Pinus roxburgii - ) Quality class III

- 0.184 0.694 1.502 2.663 4.080 5.660 7.010 -

2 Gutel(Trewia tiudiflors - ) (also use for dhauri, arru phaldu & asidh )

- 0.255 0.580 1.110 1.841 2.789 3.596 - -

3 Gumhar(Gmelina arborea - ) - 0.156 0.628 1.418 - - - - - 4 Haldu (Adina cordifolia - ) - 0.210 0.540 1.240 2.120 3.200 4.360 5.660 7.08 5 Jamun (Syzygium cumini - )

(also use for kharpat) - 0.170 0.510 1.020 1.710 2.570 3.843 - -

6 Jhingan (Lannea coromendelica

- )

- 0.170 0.382 1.085 1.797 2.743 3.664 - -

7 Kanju (Holoptelia integrifolia

- )

(also use for baurang)

- 0.227 0.722 1.288 1.883 2.549 3.483 4.587 -

8 Khair (Acacia catechu - ) (Shiwalik)

- 0.127 0.283 0.600 1.048 1.603 - - -

9 Sal (shores robusta - ) (quality class III)

- 0.170 0.595 1.345 2.294 3.511 4.970 - -

10 Semal (Bombax ceiba - ) 0.140 0.450 0.935 1.595 2.513 3.739 5.208 6.919 8.863 11 Sain (Terminalia alata - )

(also use for siris & bahera) - 0.212 0.716 1.445 2.568 3.779 5.834 - -

12 Shahtoot (Mours alba - ) - 0.014 0.184 0.382 - - - - - 13 Shisham (Dalbergia sissoo - ) 0.016 0.183 0.331 1.060 1.770 2.661 3.732 4.985 6.418 14 Tun (Toona ciliate)

(also use for pula-

) - 0.229 0.807 1.650 2.720 4.029 - - -

15 Teak (Tectona grandis - ) 0.006 0.171 0.639 1.405 2.468 3.830 5.489 7.466 9.701

Note: Figures in brackets worked out on the basis of extra polation of cums for further details the above letter of Silviculturist (Hill Region U.P.) may be consulted.

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