FAO and World Bank Technical meeting

Climate-Smart Agriculture, Forestry and FisheriesDraft outline of a Source Book for

Climate-Smart Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries

TCS inputs and comments

No Module Comments Possible Inputs

0 Module 0: Sourcebook overview

Structure of the sourcebook and guide to users. Information on how the modules are linked and intended to be read, who the target audience is and how it links to the Web Platform.

For each module, write a box explaining how to go from theory to practise (operational recommendations)

SECTION I: The case for climate-smart The module outlines the rationale for climate-smart: what difference it can make, linkages to

similar ecosystem/landscape approaches, and state of current experience based knowledge.

1 Module 1: Transitioning to climate-smart production systems

Why is climate-smart needed?

Evaluation of current land use management practices from an ecosystem/landscape perspective, discussing why current practices are not climate-smart, in the perspective of the available natural resource base (incl. soil, water, land availability, genetic resources)

Climate and agriculture, forestry and fisheries – impacts and interactions (feedback loops, complex adaptive systems approach?)

Achieving food security and sustainable livelihoods

Reducing vulnerability and improving resilience of production systems

Need to scale up compensations (PES) and incentive policies to unlock the implementation of sustainable land management and sustainable agriculture intensification practises

Policy draft: Multiplication of green concepts in Agriculture: Building the path towards wide up-scaling (joined file)

multi-concept-green-GEA-CSA-Po...

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What is climate-smart? Introduction, concept, scope and principles of CS (higher sustainable production, improved resilience of production systems, GHG mitigation, sustainable livelihoods).

What can CS achieve? Overview of opportunities and constraints in developing CS systems (including synergies and trade-offs).

Principles for household strategies: considering farmer decision making and adaptive capacity – managing risks and making investments.

Principles for climate-smart governance: Building from where we are, not starting from ground zero. What are key policy issues/safeguards for a transition to climate-smart agriculture, forestry and fisheries? What existing international collaborations should be strengthened/created? Future directions for investments.

How to screen and compare CSA project / policy options - a need of new indicators for multi-objective planning, carbon balance and climate proof indicators

Comments: Should gender and nutrition be dealt with separately or mainstreamed in the modules?

Possible lead author: NRC?

Possible authors:

What is CSA before why we need CSA

Policy brief: How Far Should We Look for Synergy Building Between Agriculture Development and Climate Mitigation http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/ex_act/pdf/Policy_briefs/synergy_building_agric_dev_climate_mitigation_098EN.pdf

Mainstreaming Carbon Balance Appraisal in Agriculturehttp://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/ex_act/pdf/Policy_briefs/mainstream-crbn-blnce-apprsl-agric-prj-plics_099EN.pdf

2 Module 2: Principles of ecosystem/landscape approaches and ecosystem management

This section will describe the connection between climate-smart practices and ecosystem/landscape approaches, showing how the principles of different landscape based management and governance approaches are complementary and compatible. Using ecosystem management principles to develop climate-smart systems to meet the goals of higher sustainable production, improved resilience of production systems, GHG mitigation and sustainable livelihoods.

Comments:

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Possible lead author: NRC?

Possible authors:

SECTION II: Improved technologies and approaches for sustainable production landscapes Proposal: the module starts with

five technical modules to present agricultural practices specifically related to (1) soil and crop management, (2) forestry, (3) livestock

production systems, (4) aquaculture and fisheries and (5) urban and peri-urban production systems. The section is concluded by a module

that show how the various sectoral practices can be combined in different farming systems using a landscape approach.

3 Module 3: Soil and crop management

Principles of climate-smart crop production

Specific climate impact considerations for agricultural systems

Examples of CS practices

Production systems elements for discussion:

o Soil and nutrient management

o Water management

o Adapting cropping systems to changing seasons; cropping patterns and agricultural calendars

o Pest and disease control reducing risks from pathogen adaptation to CC

o Genetic resources identification, use and combinations for handling shocks and increasing production, seed systems, biodiversity, including minor crops which are important to small holders

o Energy crops and considerations

Examples of practices:

o Conservation agriculture (different variations)

Residue management

Integrate thinking about rotation ( to take advantage of the previous crop, for example by having a leguminous

Case studies:

Carbon mitigation potential of Rice Value Chain in Madagascar (2003-2020)Madagascar is a rice economy par excellence as documented by different studies and datasets. A commune census that was conducted in 2001 shows that the rice crop was stated to be the most important crop in the majority of the communes of the country, in termes of both area and value production. However performance of the rice sector has been decreasing and the impacts of flooded in terms of methane emissions has been expected to be huge. This case study reflects how a value chain can reach the dual objective of improving sustainable land management and agriculture mitigation, hence establishing the basis for viable rice agriculture and natural resources management. In other words, it shows the potential of wide scale switch of a whole value chain towards climate smart agriculturehttp://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/ex_act/pdf/Climate_Mitigation_Potential_of_Rice_Value_Chain_EN_Mar.pdf

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o Horticulture, including gardening

o Slash and mulch rotational farming

o Organic farming

o Permaculture?

Comments:

Possible lead author: Meybeck?

Possible authors:

plant before a cereal)

Agriculture Technology and Agribusiness Advisory Services project (ATAAS) in UgandaThe main objective of the ATAAS project in Uganda is to increase agricultural productivity and incomes of participating households (1.7 million of direct beneficiaries after five years of project implementation). It should be achieved by improving the performance of agricultural research and advisory service systems in the Republic of Uganda. The Global Environmental Objective is to enhance the environmental sustainability and resilience of agricultural production to land degradation and climate risks. The project includes five components for a total cost of US$ 665.5 million. The results show to some extend how a wide scale project which succeeds in agriculture intensification is conducting to a slowing down of agriculture area expansion having a wide impact on reducing deforestation rate. It entails a positive message towards REDD+ initiative integrating agriculture intensificationhttp://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/ex_act/pdf/uganda.pdf

Tanzania Accelerated food security The FAO/World Bank “Accelerated Food Security Project” (ASFP) in Tanzania seeks to increase maize and rice production and productivity in targeted areas mainly by improving farmers' access to critical agricultural inputs like fertilizers and improved seeds. Participating farmers are also requested to abandon the practice of burning crop residues. At full implementation the project is expected to benefit 2.5 million smallholders in several districts of Tanzania. It aims to intensify food production in areas with high agro-ecological potential for

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producing staple crops in the southern and northern highlands as well as western regions. This case study reflects how an intensive accelerated project that acts on food security by increasing the use of inputs, can also be designed in terms of its mitigation potential. It particularly points out the fact that synergies are possible between food security and agriculture mitigation.http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/ex_act/pdf/tanzania_en.pdf

4 Module 4: Forestry

Principles for climate-smart forestry

Specific climate impact considerations for forest systems

Examples of climate-smart practices in sustainable forest management

Agroforestry

Comments: How to frame this module? Focus on agroforestry and food production or include SFM and REDD+?

Possible lead author: Braatz/Tranberg

Possible authors:

Agroforestry should be tackled in another module (it is an integrating system)

Case study

REDD Congo Brazzavile A work has been initiated in republique of Congo to strenghten the capacity of Congolese administration, and civil society toward : technics allowing for ex-ante carbon balance estimations as the EX-ACT tool, their application to AFOLU projects (agriculture, forestry and other land use changes) the building of a reference scenario to support the implementation of the REDD+ programme. http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/ex_act/pdf/congo_brazza_working_doc.pdf

6 Module 5: Livestock production systems

Principles for climate-smart livestock production systems (land, feed, waste, etc.).

Specific climate impact considerations for livestock systems

Major livestock production systems, and examples of CS practices

Production systems elements for discussion:

o Pasture and range management

o Production and management of fodder

o Small holder vs. large scale (intensive) production

Manure management ?Energy considerations: will deal with energy consumption only or production of renewable energy (biogas) too?

Case study

RIO BrazilThe Rio de Janeiro sustainable rural development projectThe project aims at increasing small-scale farming productivity and competitiveness essentially through the adoption of integrated and sustainable farming systems approaches (eg. protection of springs and streams, support to the establishment of Legal reserves, expansion of agro-forestry systems, improved annual crop and grassland management, improved cattle feeding practices, support to small agro-industry and

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o Homogenous vs. integrated/mixed systems

o Specific ecosystem considerations (e.g. dryland and semi arid lands).

o Pest and disease control reducing risks from pathogen adaptation to CC.

o Water management

o Energy considerations

Comments:

Possible lead author: Pierre Gerber?

Possible authors:

sustainable use of agro-chemicals)http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/ex_act/pdf/case_study_Rio.pdf

6 Module 6: Aquaculture and fisheries production

Principles for climate-smart aquaculture and fisheries production systems

Specific climate impact considerations for aquaculture and fisheries systems

Examples of CS practices in aquaculture and fisheries production systems

Production systems elements for discussion:

o Sustainably increasing productivity/efficiency

o Tools/best practices for reducing vulnerability and increasing resilience (incl. genetic resources, pest and disease control)

o The role of the sectors in supporting the removal of emissions:

Carbon capture and storage that can be achieved through improved management practices

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Exploring the role of aquaculture in carbon sequestration

The role of the sector in avoiding or displacing emissions:

Renewable energy potential

Comments:

Possible lead author: Doris Soto/Cassandra de Young/Randall Brummett

Possible authors:

7 Module 7: Urban and peri-urban production systems

Principles for climate-smart urban and peri-urban production systems (including cultural benefits)

Specific climate impact considerations for urban systems

Examples of climate-smart practices in urban setting

Comments:

Possible lead author: Julien Custot?

Possible authors:

8 Module 8: Integrated systems

Integrating climate-smart practices in the various farming systems:

The landscape perspective – practical application of principles

Special requirements and considerations for implementing CSA in different farming systems (including land and water abundance):

o Irrigated farming systems, embracing a broad range of food and cash crop production;

o Wetland rice based farming systems, dependent upon monsoon rains supplemented by irrigation;

Case studies on watershed

Land husbandry, Water harvesting and Hillside irrigation (LWH) project in RwandaThe main objective of the LWH project in Rwanda is to increase agricultural productivity and commercialization of hillside agriculture in pilot watersheds covering 30 250 hectares. It should be achieved by using a modified watershed approach to introduce sustainable land husbandry measures for hillside agriculture as well as developing hillside

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o Rainfed farming systems in humid areas of high resource potential, characterized by a crop activity (notably root crops, cereals, industrial tree crops – both small scale and plantation – and commercial horticulture) or mixed crop-livestock systems;

o Rainfed farming systems in steep and highland areas, which are often mixed crop livestock systems;

o Rainfed farming systems in dry or cold low potential areas, with mixed crop-livestock and pastoral systems merging into sparse and often dispersed systems with very low current productivity or potential because of extreme aridity or cold;

o Dualistic (mixed large commercial and small holder) farming systems, across a variety of ecologies and with diverse production patterns;

o Coastal artisanal fishing, often mixed farming systems; ando Urban based farming systems, typically focused on

horticultural and livestock production

Examples of integrated practices:

o Sustainable forest managemento Agroforestryo Mixed cropping systemso Integrated crop and livestock productiono Integrated agriculture-aquaculture productiono Integrated food and energy systems

→ Tables/figures of potential suitable CSA technologies/approaches in each farming system

→ Illustrative case studies for each farming system

→ Links to other modules to exemplify how the agro-technical solutions need to be complemented with efforts in terms of financing and governance.

irrigation. The project of US$ 45.07 million covers: (i) Capacity development and institutional strengthening for hillside intensification, (ii) Infrastructure for hillside intensification and (iii) Project management. The carbon balance appraisal concerns only the World Bank financed Land husbandry, Water harvesting and hillside irrigation project. The project approach optimizes land use and management at watershed level, promoting activities aimed at restoring soil fertility. Once the soil fertility will be recovered the use of inputs is planned to be reduced to progressively implement organic agriculture that may be better valued at sub regional marketshttp://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/ex_act/pdf/case_studies/rwanda_LWH.pdf

Irrigation and watershed management programme in MadagascarThe “Irrigation and watershed management” programme in Madagascar seeks to increase productivity in a conservative approach that allows for strengthening the management of natural resources to improve the environment and living conditions. It promotes the adoption of more sustainable practices in annual crops (water management, no tillage/residue management) to lay sustainable intensification and diversification of irrigated and rainfed agricultural systems in some watersheds, as well as reducing deforestation and developing forested areas. This case study reflects how a watershed investment programme can achieve the dual objective of increasing productivity and reducing soil degradation and erosion, hence establishing the basis for viable irrigated agriculture and natural resources management which fits 100% with climate smart agriculture.http://www.fao.org/tc/exact/ex-act-applications/on-projects/madagascar/en/

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Comments: Are the 8 farming systems above suitable as examples?

Possible lead author: NRC/NRL?

Possible authors:Policy brief

A new focus on watershed management strategies within climate change perspective (joined file)

policy_BRIEF_Carbon_watershed_...

case studies on agroforestry (morocco) + food energy (mali)

Carbon Balance of “Plan Maroc Vert” Roadmap Strategy (2010-2030) in MoroccoThis study presents and discusses the EX-ACT analysis performed on the Morocco’s Plan Maroc Vert (PMV). The PMV is a strategy of reforms launched by the Moroccan government aimed at promoting agriculture as major engine of social and economic development. The projected estimates of the impact of PMV on greenhouse gas emissions and carbon sequestration demonstrate that its implementation should provide additional environmental benefits by contributing to mitigate climate change positioning such initiatives within the front line of Climate smart agriculture policies

green-barrier-Morocco.pdf

Markala Sugar cane case study in Mali

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SECTION III: Supporting upscaling This section includes modules to describe needs and resources for building a local, national and

international enabling environment for the transition to climate-smart agriculture, forestry and fisheries.

9 Module 9: Assessments and data collection

Climate impact assessments and monitoring (needs and available tools)

Carbon balance

Information systems (e.g. cross cutting investments in wireless telecommunication services that provide green farming data, weather forecasts and technical advisory support to farmers)

Comments:

Possible lead author: Kanamaru?

Possible authors:

10 Module 10: Capacity building and knowledge management

Research and development (including national institutions to gear up to CSA)

Education and capacity building needs and mechanisms, e.g.:

Academic institutions

South-south knowledge exchange

Distance learning

Networks and platforms

Partnerships

Extension services

Farmer field schools

Small and medium business enterprise training

Something should be written on the need to strengthen Policy and project planning capacities and to develop appropriate analytical and planning tools

Policy briefMainstreaming Carbon Balance Appraisal in Agriculturehttp://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/ex_act/pdf/Policy_briefs/mainstream-crbn-blnce-apprsl-agric-prj-plics_099EN.pdf

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Organizational skills development programs for farmer cooperatives, village development associations, and value chain platforms

Linking traditional and scientific knowledge

Linking institutional levels

Comments:

Possible lead author: OEK, Kanamaru

Possible authors:

11 Module 11: Improved infrastructure, post–harvest services and value chains support

Harvesting, storage, transport, distribution and supply chains

For smallholders

o Inputs: seed distribution systems, feeds, fertilizer, energy, etc.

o Farm/community scale: low tech zero energy systems

o Harvesting, storage and processing

o Markets

o Supply chains

o Waste and water recycling

For industrial systems

o Inputs: seed distribution systems, feeds, fertilizer, energy, etc.

o High technology systems

o Markets

o Supply chains

Case study

Cashew value chain in Burkina FasoConsidered as a specie to fight against erosion and desertification, the cashew tree is currently recognized  to present economic opportunities for rural smallholders. The cashew kernel value chain in Burkina Faso  is under development and supported by several institutions. The study realized put forward the impacts of this value chain in Burkina faso in regards to mitigation to climate change. It mainly reflects the carbon track of cashew kernels  produced and processed (hand made as well as processed in small units) in Burkina Faso in 2009. It makes a comparison between Burkinabé cashew nuts  processed in Burkina Faso and the ones exported to India. Last, some projections in the next five years are assumed regarding the carbon balance of the value chain.h ttp://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/ ex_act/pdf/RAPPORT_BURKINA_aout.pdf

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o Waste processing

Comments:

Possible lead author: Divine Njie (AGS)?

Possible authors:

12 Module 12: Local level institutional and policy development

Challenges and constraints

Institutions to support access, coordination and collective action.

Land tenure considerations

Watershed and landscape governance

Social safety nets

Infrastructure and communication technology (phone networks, agromet tools etc) Connect to module 9

Local market development and market access

Comments:

Possible lead author: ES

Possible authors:

An input on resilience buildingResilience of Rural Communities to Climatic Accidents ; A Need to Scale Up Socio-Environmental Safety Nets (Madagascar, Haiti)

http://www.fao.org/docs/up/easypol/757/rural_cmmnty_resilience_climatic_accdts_204en.pdf

MAKING SOCIAL PROTECTION WORK FOR PRO-POOR DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATIONhttp://www.ids.ac.uk/files/dmfile/Addisworkshopbackgroundpaperfinal.pdf

Policy briefA new focus on watershed management strategies within climate change perspective (joined file)

policy_BRIEF_Carbon_watershed_...

13 Module 13: National level institutional and policy development

Enabling policy environment (including decision making tools)

Policy briefs:

Nationally Appropriate Mitigation

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National climate policy (NAPAs, NAMAs, integrating CSA considerations in national development and investment plans)

International policy which affects national implementation?

How to deal with multi-objective policy frameworks?

Harnessing economies of scale

Land policy and land use planning

Institutions to support access, coordination and collective action.

Social safety nets

Market development

Risk management strategies, including macro and micro insurance as a risk coping tool (maybe as a separate module?)

Comments:

Possible lead author: ES

Possible authors:Where do we place climate resilience and Disaster risk management?linking social protection, disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation

Actions (NAMAs) and Low-Carbon Development strategies (TCSP) http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/ex_act/pdf/Policy_briefs/NAMAs.pdf

How to mainstream climate change adaptation and mitigation into agriculture policies (TCSP) http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/ex_act/pdf/Climate_change_and_agriculture_policies_EN.pdf

We also need CSA policy examples (China , Brazil, European Union, Austria,...) and planning experiences to conduct transition to CSA ( Nigeria ?)http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTARD/Resources/CSA_ChinaEx.pdf

Austria greening agriculture: The 2007 – 2013 framework for rural development is an agri-environmental programme modified on the basis of the experience gained. The Green Pact for Austria’s Agriculture, the Rural Development Programme 2007-2013, was approved by the EU Commission in late October 2007. This programme is also called the “Green Pact”.http://www.landnet.at/article/articleview/69095/1/1456/

The European Common Agriculture Policy towards 2020: the future CAP should contain a greener and more equitably distributed first pillar and a second pillar focussing more on competitiveness and innovation, climate change and the environment.http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/cap-post-

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2013/communication/com2010-672_en.pdf

Case studyAppraisal of low carbon options for Nigeria Agriculture growth Strategy towards 2020This document constitutes a preliminary appraisal on the potential of low carbon options which could drive to Integration of “Climate-Smart” agriculture in Nigerian Policy. Current growth has been supported by converting land such as pastures, forests, bush, wetlands, and woodlands into cropland. This is why Nigeria shows the highest rates of deforestation and land degradation. The forest, soil and other renewable resources are over-exploited regarding the regeneration time of the ecosystems. Without promoting better management, the benefits (food supply, wood ...) derived from forest and cropland would quickly collapse. The mitigation practices chosen in the low carbon scenario are strongly linked to Sustainable Land Management (SLM) ; they reach a total mitigation potential of about 1 billion T CO2-e in 25 yearsS:\EX-ACT\Etudes de cas\EX-ACT Appraisal Nigeria\Agric NV2020 LC2020 EX-ACT Carbon balance May 4-rev-lb.pdf

14 Module 14: Financial instruments and investments in CSA (linked to sustainable development).

Financing and insurance mechanisms (current and innovative methods, including analytical table/figure to evaluate each option, e.g. with +/- characteristics)

Agribusiness

MACC Approach to appraise Low carbon options

Policy briefWhat Are the Challenges and the Opportunities for Financing Agriculture in Africa?http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/ex_act/pdf/Policy_briefs/

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PES

CDM

REDD+ (including mangroves and floodplain forests)

Private sector investments

Dedicated international funds

Credit

Participatory land management

Labelling

Connecting action to finance (national level, linking to regional, national and local initiatives, MRV case studies)

Finance gaps and overlaps, cost assessments

Green Economy

Comments:

Possible lead author: TC

Possible authors:

south_africa_climate_change_financing_100EN.pdf

SECTION IV: Conclusions/Outlook This section concludes the Sourcebook with an outlook.

15 Module 15: Conclusions

Opportunities for early adopters and innovators

Contacts and initiatives

Further reading

Comments:

Possible lead author:

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Possible authors:

For the above modules and especially case studies a graphic indicator will be use on the side of the page to indicate the effectiveness of the practice, policy or financial method in achieving: 1. increased sustainable production, 2. adaptation/resilience, 3. mitigation potential.

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