tourism, community resilience & cultural ecosystem ...€¦ · tourism, community resilience...
TRANSCRIPT
Tourism, Community Resilience
& Cultural Ecosystem Services
in Taiwan’s Wetlands
Alan A. Lew
Geography, Planning & Recreation
Northern Arizona University
53rd Toayaka Program Seminar
Hiroshima University21 October 2015
with
Tsung-chiung Emily Wu, National Donghua University
Chin-cheng Nickel Ni, National Hsin Chu Univ of Education
Pin T. Ng, Northern Arizona University
Download from http://is.gd/hiroshima15
ECOSYSTEM SERVICES (ES)
ECOSYSTEM SERVICES (ES)=BENEFITS PEOPLE OBTAIN FROM NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS
THE ES PROBLEM
• Nature provides services to us for free
• The consumption of ecosystem goods is much easier than their conservation
Liberal Economic Theory
= the economics of “Private Goods”
• Property Rights are well defined
• People Own the Benefits & Costs of their goods
• the Free Market regulates their Value through Prices
• A Private Good’s Value is revealed when
someone pays a price for it
= Efficient & Optimal Distribution
A private
Guava Tree in
Wuweigang
WELFARE ECONOMIC THEORY
= The Economics of “Public Goods” (public welfare)
1-Non-Exclusion: Cannot exclude people from consuming
- Too Costly or Difficult
2-Non-Rivalry: Many people can consume at same time
- Property Rights are Not Clear & Specific
- Everyone Shares Benefits & Costs
• Examples:
• air, roads, traffic signsstable government, the history of a place -->
- who owns these? - who benefits from them?
Also known as: Collective Goods, Common Goods, Club Goods, Common-pool Resources & Social Goods
Historical Museum items at Wuweigang Wetland
NATURAL ECOSYSTEM SERVICESPROVIDED BY COASTAL WETLANDS
• Flood Protection
• Erosion Control
• Wildlife Food & Habitat
• Migratory Bird Flyways -->
• Food for Fisheries
• Water Purification
• Water Supply
• Carbon Sequestration
CULTURAL ECOSYSTEM SERVICESPROVIDED BY WETLANDS
• Food for Humans:
• Fishing, Hunting, Foraging;
Agriculture (rice), Salt
production
• Raw Materials for Humans
• Cultural Landscape
• Fishing, Fisheries, Heritage
Structures, including dams,
waterways, buildings,
elements of traditional
livelihoods
• Leisure & Health
• Environmental & Cultural
Education
• Spiritual & Religious Uses
• Inspiration for Art, Music,
Literature & Folklore
• Recreation & Tourism
• Canoeing & kayaking;
Wildlife viewing &
photography; Fishing &
hunting
• Beautiful & Aesthetics Scenery
• Heritage Livelihoods
Wuweigang Wetland
Ecosystem Services Assessments
Potential Annual Economic Impact Coral Reef Loss in the Caribbean Sea from Climate Change
WAYS TO PROTECT ECOSYSTEM SERVICES
• Direct Management (Aogu)
• Full or Partial Purchase (ownership)
• Public (government) or Private
• Direct Government Regulation
• Forced Police Power (rules & laws)
• Political Influence (legislation)
• Indirect Government Incentives
• Financial Subsidies,
Reduced Taxes, Public Auctions
• Public-Private Partnerships
• Direct Financial Incentives
• Grants to Encourage Proper Management (Wuweigang)
• Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES)
At AoguWetland
TWO WETLANDS IN TAIWAN
• Wuweigang (no tail river/port)
Bird Sanctuary & Wetland• River, Lake, Forest, Swamp, Sand
Beach, Upland, Birds
• 102 hectares• Former Net Fishing & Hunting• Community Involved: 1986• Environmental NGO
• Aogu (sea turtle drum)
Wetland & Forest Park• Marsh, Lagoons, Mud Beaches,
Forest, Birds• 1,470 hectares• Active Fisheries & Oyster Beds
• Community Involved: 2010• Master Planned (Forest Bureau)• Remote
WUWEIGANG• 1986 Power Plant proposed just north of the wetland
• Successful community organizing & protests
• Wetland Protected Area established 1993
• Pride in Protest Success still today
• Wuweigang Culture & Educational Association founded in 1997
• Local Conservation NGO
• Community-Based Environmental Monitoring & Management
• Interpretive Guiding & Birding
• Today
• Designated by government as an official Environmental Education Center
• Serves Education, Community & Government Groups from around Taiwan
• Complicated Politics
• Three Communities
• Two Community Associations & one NGO
• Many Outside Advisors over the years
• 3 interviews – 4 community leaders
WUWEIGANG BIRD SANCTUARY
& WETLAND
Further human
modifications after 1995 to
water and plants
AOGU• 1964 – Reclaimed from sea by a sea wall encircling a mud flat
• Sugar plantation, Fisheries & Pig farm
• 1990s - Taiwan Sugar Co. gradually abandoned due to Soil Salinization & Global Trade Competition
• Land subsidence & Seawall breaches
• A Pig Farm (30,000 pigs) is still in operation
• 2001 - Taiwan Forestry Bureau started a Afforestation programto help Sequester Carbon & provide Recreation Space
• National Environmental Policy to create Forest Reserves – total 6 reserves in Taiwan
• 2013 - Taiwan Forestry Bureau funded“Aogu Forest & Wetland Park Master Plan”
• Visitors Center, Bird Watching Stations
• Bird Guide Training
• Community Education outreach to Fisheries and Oyster Farmers
• 2 Interviews – 4 respondents
AOGU WETLAND AND FOREST PARK
AOGU
ECOSYSTEM SERVICES
IN AOGU &
WUWEIGANG
SupportingServices
Fish habitat; Soil formation, Nutrient cycling
ProvisioningServices
Food for Humans (fishing, foraging & hunting);
Raw materials (driftwood)
RegulatingServices
Climate regulation (vegetation, trees, water); Carbon
sequestration; Flood prevention (from typhoons);
Soil stabilization
Cultural
Services
Recreation & Ecotourism; Aesthetics & Inspiration
(photography, bird viewing); Sense of Place;
Education; Cultural Landscape; Destination Image
In terms of local Quality of Life,
Cultural Services are, by far, the
dominant Ecosystem Service of
these Wetlands
SUSTAINABILITY & RESILIENCE
Principles of Sustainability:
1. Long Term - Intergenerational Equity
2. Holistic Planning - Economic, Environmental & Social
3. Preserving Ecological Processes
4. Protecting Biodiversity
5. Protecting Human Heritage
6. Fairness & Opportunity among Nations
Using resources to meet the needs of contemporary society while ensuring their availability to meet the
needs of future generations.(Brundtland Report 1987) AOGU
7 PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNITY RESILIENCE
1. Maintain Diversity & Redundancy
2. Manage Connectivity
3. Manage Slow Variables & Feedbacks
4. Foster Complex Adaptive Systems Thinking
5. Encourage Learning
6. Broaden Participation
7. Promote Polycentric Governance Systems
Source: Applying Resilience Thinking
(http://StockholmResilience.org)
SUSTAINABILITY & RESILIENCE
Sustainability Resilience
Assumption: Stability & Balance are the
Norm (or are at least possible)
Assumption: Nonlinear & Unpredictable
Change & Chaos are the Norm
Research Focus: Environmental & Social Impacts of Economic Development; Over use of Resources; Carbon Footprints
Research Focus: Natural & Human Disaster Management; Climate Change Impacts; Social Capital & Networks
Methods: “Wise Use” Resource
Management; Preservation Against
Change; Recycling & “Greening”; Education
for Behavior Change
Methods: Reducing Vulnerability &
Increasing Physical & Social Capacity for
Change (flexibility & redundancy); Education for
Innovation
Goals: Normative Ideals (Culture, Environment& Economic balance; Intergenerational Equity; Fairness)
Goals: Quantitative Equilibrium; System Models (Evolutionary Complex Adaptive Systems; Path Dependence; Innovation)
Criticism: Poorly Defined & Very Political Criticism: Does Not Fix Causes of Change
SIMILARITES
Assumptions: Harmony between Human Society & the Natural Environment is Possible
Research Focus: Community Development; Ecology; Climate Change
Methods: Climate Change Policies & Actions; Education & Learning as an Implementation Tool
Goals: System Survivability (Social & Bio-Diversity); Sense of Place & Belonging
(Heritage)
Change Rate
Ge
og
rap
hic
Sca
le
1.Slow ChangeImpacting anEconomic Sector
3.Fast ChangeImpacting anEconomic Sector
4.Fast ChangeimpactingCommunity
2.Slow ChangeimpactingCommunity
GEOGRAPHIC SCALES of RESILIENCE
Global Resilience
International - Regional
National Resilience
Province/ Urban - Regional
Community Resilience
Enterprise / Institutional
Family / Work Group
Individual Resilience
Scale, Change & The 4 Faces of
Community Resilience Based on Lew, 2013
Slow FastChange Rate
Sca
leT
ou
rism
Se
cto
r
C
om
mu
nit
y
1.
Management Resilience &Sustainability
3.
Planning Resilience & Sustainability
4.
Governance Resilience & Sustainability
2. Resource Resilience & Sustainability
The 4 Faces of Resilience &
Sustainability FORMS of TOURISM
SUSTAINABILITY
1. Maintaining the Tourism
Economy’s Facilities &
Service
2. Addressing Socio-
Cultural & Environmental
Impacts of Tourism
Activities [Conservation]
3. Greening the Tourism
Economy/Industry [as a
form of Diversification;
Environmental Footprint]
4. Tourism’s Contribution
to Quality of Life
Sustainability, especially
in Times of Need [Disaster]
GEOGRAPHIC CONTEXT OF AOGU & WUWEIGANG
Aogu Wuweigang
RESOURCE
SCALE
1- Large Area (1400 ha) – difficult
for direct local involvement in
resource management
2- More Remote – lower diversity of
support services available to
visitors; more traditional livelihoods
1- Small Area (140 ha) – easier for
direct local involvement in resource
management
2- Closer to Urban Centers – access
to larger market & job opportunities;
competition in nearby villages
POLITICAL
SCALE
a- New Planning Process (2010)
b- National Level Leadership Driven
- local participation in services only
c- Primary Support from Master Plan
Process - other grants smaller &
secondary to master plan - few
political divisions due to less local
involvement in master plan funding
a- Mature Planning Process (1980s)
b- Local Level Leadership Driven -
Local Participation in Resource
Management & Services
c- Primary Support from many Grants
& Advisors - increasing grant
competition – local political divisions
due to reduced funds
RESILIENCE & SUSTAINABILITY
INDICATORS1. Local Government Budgeting
• Building Community Capacity (Resilience)
• Conserving Community Resources (Sustainability)
2. Environmental Knowledge
• New Environmental Knowledge (Resilience)
• Traditional Environmental Uses (Sustainability)
3. Basic Social Well Being
• Improve Living Conditions & Employment (Resilience)
• Cultural Preservation & Traditions (Sustainability)
4. Social Networks & Social Capital
• Social Collaboration (Resilience)
• Social Welfare (Sustainability)
WUWEIGANG
1.LOCAL GOVT BUDGET INDICATORS
AOGU Wetland WUWEIGANG Wetland
3 Villages, with 3 Village
Associations
4 Villages, with 2 Village Associations
& an NGO
US$60,000 average/year in
government grants; plus Taiwan
National Forestry Bureau
US$70,000 average/year in
government grants
70% Infrastructure
15% Environmental Education
5% Senior Education & Health
5% Environmental Cleanup
55% Environmental Protection
27% Environmental Education
6% Health
2% Economic Development
1% Infrastructure
Tourism Economy: Interpretive
Guiding & Birding; Fishery
Education
Tourism Economy: Interpretive
Guiding & Birding; Environmental
Education Center; DIY Pizza & Food
Supplemental Income for Nature Interpreters
Not economically dependent on Tourism
AOGU
WUWEIGANG
2. ENVIRONMENTAL KNOWLEDGE INDICATORS
AOGU Wetland WUWEIGANG Wetland
Elders have good knowledge of natural environment, younger people do not;
Ecotourism increased resident awareness, pride, and interested in local knowledge
- Trying to reduce chemical use
- People used to hate birds, but with
ecotourism, they now accept them
- In early days, many in resource
inventory & monitoring; fewer today, so
resource knowledge has declined
79% Environmental Resource Knowledge
45% Environmental Resource Use
20% Disaster Education
13% Environmental Education
1% Agricultural Education
73% Environmental Resource Knowledge
73% Environmental Resource Use
34% Agricultural Education19% Disaster Education
19% Environmental Education
- 48 residents trained as birding & nature
guides; High interest in next guide training
- National government built visitors
information & administrative center
- 40 to 50 members of WWG Association
(NGO) trained as nature interpreters & in
environmental monitoring
- Government certified Environmental
Education Center
Ecotourism pushed by the National
Forestry Bureau – policy in response to
global sustainability issues
Ecotourism pushed by the local NGO
Environmental Organization – formed in
protest to government
AOGU
AOGU
3. BASIC SOCIAL WELL BEING INDICATORS
AOGU Wetland WUWEIGANG Wetland
- Not rich, but not poor- Government payment to retired farmers; In-home care of elderly (lack of young people)
- Living condition is good, but very dependent on government grant funding (competitive)- Land ownership issues hinder development
4days Resources if a Disaster (no agriculture)2% Unemployed
44% Have Migrated for Employment 4% Tourism Employment
9min To Medical Care
64days Resources if a Disaster6% Unemployed
33% Have Migrated for Employment 4% Tourism Employment
4min To Medical Care
- People who want to work can- Good income from oyster & fish farming
- Most young people migrate out to find better jobs and do not return
- Younger generation cannot stay due to housing shortage (land ownership issues)- Can commute to work in nearby town- New apartments: 75% local owners, 25% cansell to outsiders (rare case)
- Tourism employment: Visitors Center,3 Restaurants; Part-time Nature Guides- In early stages of tourism development
- Wetland & Forest Park has significant potential for tourism development - Tourism has potential to retain youths in Aogu
- Tourism employment: Interpretation & Education, Shuttle bus, 5 BnBs (other village)- Main tourism income: Environmental Education & DIY Pizza; these support youth sports and elder welfare
- Long term profitability of tourism is in doubt
Tourism supplements income only. Tourist spending is limited, visits are short
WUWEIGANG
WUWEIGANG
4. SOCIAL NETWORKINDICATORS
AOGU Wetland WUWEIGANG Wetland
Temple & Family Relations bring people together socially
People support each other in need
- Social Networks are Very Good- Rural communities already know each
other very well
- Social Networks are OK- Political disagreements (national
elections)
- 99% Actively Involved in temple
activities
- 43-60% Receive Direct Social Benefits –
mostly elderly served by the temple
- Aogu is relatively rich, so no social
welfare groups have come into the
community
- 65-99% Actively Involved in temple
activities; people participate to get
blessings of the gods
- 27% Receive Direct Social Benefits –
mostly elderly served by the temple
Guide Training brings people together (see below for Wuweigang)
Wuweigang- Tourism might hurt social networks & relations due to the distribution of benefits &
funding – WWG is too small to effectively manage these issues
- Locals do not have true tourism businesses - very few benefit from tourism
- Many people coming for bird watching & tours, bringing negative impacts
- Participants in tourism support it; others experience may opposed tourism
WUWEIGANG
CHANGE AGENTS
Aogu Wuweigang
Fast Change (External -
Socioeconomic)
Withdrawal of Taiwan
Sugar Co. (1990s)
Proposed Power Plant
(1986-1993)
Medium Change (Economic
Globalization &
Climate Change)
Afforestation Plan (2000s)
Master Park Plan (2013)
Decline in Net Fishing
(2000s)
Changing Demographics (fewer youths)
(since 1970s & 80s)
Slow Change(ecological)
Change in Wetland Ecosystems & in Their Uses
(on going)
RESILIENCE & SUSTAINABILITY
SCALE & RESILIENCE
AOGU WUWEIGANG
SCALE (community)
Mostly National Level Mostly Local Level
1.Management (facilities)
Constructing Visitor Infrastructure;
Providing Interpretive & Other Guest Services
2.Resource(with consultants)
Master Plan; High Local
Resource UseCommunity-based
Resource Monitoring
3.Planning(local goals)
Community Traditions & Relationships
Participation, Pride & Sense of Place (Vision)
4.Governance(national goals)
Resource Reclamation & Maintenance;
Sustainable Environment Education; Elder Care
AOGU
RESILIENCE & SUSTAINABILITY
RESILIENCE VULNERABILITIES
AOGU WUWEIGANG
1.Management (facilities)
Dependent on National Level Policies for Funding
2.Resource(protection)
Low Local Involvement in
Resource Management
Less Funding = Less
Community Monitoring
3.Planning(local goals)
Low Local Involvement in
Master Plan
Divisions between Tourism &
Non-Tourism Interests
4.Governance(national goals)
Funding Issues Slowing
Master Plan Implementation
Political Shifts change
Policies & Funding; Local
distrust of National Govt
AOGU
LESSONSFOR
RESILIENCE & SUSTAINABILITY
SCALE “Community” Scales range from Local to National;
Development Drivers can come from Multiple Levels
CHANGE
(variables)
FAST = Organizational Change (govt. & companies)
MEDIUM = Social & Economic; Resource Management
SLOW = Ecosystem Change; Traditional Culture
CHANGE
(complexity)
Complexity Increases with Time
and the Number of Actors Involved
1.Management Government Funding is Key to Success for Rural Places
2.Resource Resource Conservation Approach
reflects Funding History & Experience
3.Planning Tourism is Closely Related to Community Pride;
Local Participation Strengthens Pride & Tourism
4.Governance Central Government has Ultimate Responsibility for
Resource Management & Social Services
Download: http://is.gd/hiroshima15
More: http://TourismCommunities.com
WUWEIGANG