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ESOLI project WP 2 1.7 1 Latest update 19-02-2012 HWA

Work Package 2.

Assessment of framework conditions

Name: ! ! Assessment of Framework conditionVersion:! 1.6Date:! ! 19-06-2011Editor:! ! H. Walraven

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INDEX

1. Introduction 5

2. Methods Solutions and Standards 7

2.1 Design for low energy consumption 8

2.1.1 Design for visibility. 8

2.1.2 Use light sources with a high CU factor for the application. 9

2.2 Dimming 13

2.2.1 Basic principles 13

2.2.2 System functions 17

3. Organization 22

3.1 Time & Knowledge 22

3.2 Rules and regulation 23

4.0 Status quo and framework conditions 25

4.1 The Netherlands 25

4.1.1 Operations and Management 25

4.1.2 Intelligent Lighting projects 26

4.1.3 Manufacturers 26

4.1.4 Research Institutes 27

4.1.5 Associations 27

4.1.6 Consultants 27

4.1.7 Financial framework conditions 27

4.1.8. Contracting framework conditions 28

4.1.9 Political framework 28

4.2 Germany 31

4.2.1 Operation and management 31

4.2.2 Efficiency of the public lighting system in Germany 31

4.2.3 Intelligent lighting in Germany 31

4.2.4 LED technology in Germany 32

4.2.5 Financial framework 32

4.2.6 Contracting framework 33

4.2.7 Political framework 34

4.2.8 Legal Framework 35

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4.2.9 Bibliography to the German contribution 35

4.3 Slovenia 36

4.3.1 Operations and management 36

4.3.2 Over all framework and conclusion 36

4.4. Italy 38

4.4.1 Introduction 38

4.4.2 Manufacturers 38

4.4.3 Research Institutes 38

4.4.4 Associations 39

4.4.5 Consultants 39

4.4.6 End-Users 39

4.5 UK & Ireland 40

4.5.1. Today’s Market. 41

4.5.2. Local Authorities. 41

4.5.3. Street Light Numbers in Ireland 42

4.5.4. Operating Costs 43

4.5.5. Environmental 43

4.5.6 Overview of the UK & Ireland situation 44

4.6 Poland 50

4.7 Bulgaria 51

4.7.1 Current market situation 51

4.7.2. Bulgarian Legislative Framework 53

4.8. Finland 54

4.8.1. Operations and Management 54

4.8.2. Adaptive road and street lighting in Finland 54

4.8.3. LED technology in Finland 55

4.8.4. Financial and contracting framework conditions 56

4.9. Czech Republic 57

4.10 Norway 58

5. Cost and payback periods 59

5.1 Calculating the energy savings 59

5.2 Calculating the financial savings 61

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Appendix 1. Market in Slovenia 62

Appendix 2. The monopoly situation of Franciacorta 69

Appendix 3. Savings Transferrium de Vliert in Den Bosch 81

Appendix 4. Review of outdoor lighting market in Poland 83

Appendix 5. Bulgarian case study 98

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1. Introduction

This work package will summarize in brief the status of technical methods, solutions, standards and future developments determining the status quo for manufacturers, consultants, project companies and end-users. As a preparation for the work packages 5 and 6 it will also report on the current framework conditions in street lighting contracts and education of street lighting staff. A very important part will also be current costs and payback periods.

This document is a draft document that still needs some information from the project partners to evolve into the final report that should be ready by the end of February. The structure of this document is the proposed structure for the final document but some changing and appending it might be necessary.

The chosen research method for this work-pack is straight foreward:

• One questionnaire within the ESOLI group has been distributed and got a 100% return.

• Case studies on country situations have been requested and 5 countries are represented.

• Interviews outside the ESOLI group with 19 municipalities, 20 provinces and 5 road authorities have been conducted.

• Desk research (mainly internet) on technologies and published projects.

• Attendance of trade-shows & conferences in Germany, France, The Netherlands.

• A comment round amongst the projects members on the bleu print of this report to fill in additional information and add different experiences and viewing angels.

The main reason for not working with more questionnaires within the group is that the group quickly become questionnaire “tired” other WP’s have already chosen this method. For this work-pack there was a blueprint written based on the information gathered during the above mentioned research. The ESOLI group members can read through this document and add, change and modify at any place where they poses more in-depth information, disagree with the content or have a different approach to the subject. In many chapters questions that might be relevant to the subject have been added to stimulate the thinking process.

In the final report we will work all this information based on a workshop during the ESOLI meeting Gothenburg. If needed additional Skype conferences will be set-up.

As a result of the first questionnaire that was filled out by all the participants of the first meeting the following “mind-map” was created.

The four main subjects that where mentioned to reduce energy on outdoor lighting are related to; the outdoor lighting systems design; the possibilities that dimming light sources offer; the option of organizational changes leading to energy savings and the use of alternative energy sources.

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Figure 1. Mind-map of the methods to reduce energy consumption in public lighting

Saving energy in outdoor lighting is certainly something that has caught on in Europe. Although some countries are more advanced than others in general the situation is the same throughout Europe. The key questions that need to be answered are:

• What underlying technology will become mainstream, power-line or radio frequency?

• What standards are needed in the solutions and what dimming solutions exist?

• How does dimming affect road- and social safety and what standards will be acceptable?

• How do we educate the stakeholders to take the right decisions on their respective levels?

The report is mostly complete when it comes to describing technologies and technical frameworks. All currently methods used have been described and illustrated.

The status quo in the market is missing for some markets but we are working to get this solved in the final report.

Financial and contractual framework conditions differ very much from country to country although Germany and the Netherlands have a very similar structure. The major difference is that the Germans do not use street lighting on their highways and the Netherlands lights up all of them including exit- and entrance roads.

In several countries national and european subsidies are the only means available to fund the renovation of street lighting.

The bibliography needs to be added for the final report.

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2. Methods Solutions and Standards

The term “reduce energy” does not completely cover what we are trying to accomplish in the ESOLI initiative. Reduce CO2 emission would be a better term as this does not exclude the use of alternative energy sources like wind or solar power for public lighting. However the use of solar, wind or other alternative energy sources per light point is not something that is, or will be, main stream in the coming years. For this reason it is not further investigated in this WP as the goal is to investigate how to save energy now. Another way of reducing CO2 emission is this at generation, but this would involve knowledge and participation of the entire energy industry what would be a little far fetched for this group.

There are a vast number of methods to reduce energy consumption or CO2 emission in public lighting. These range from simply removing light points to implementing sophisticated adaptive lighting control systems that provide just the required light level as a function of time against estimated or actual usage. Actual usage is then determined by using sensor technology like traffic counters and weather stations (or weather feeds) determining the actual situation.

All methods of reducing energy consumption in outdoor lighting have one thing in common that consists of the following steps:

• determine the usage scenario for the area over time (24 hr, 7 days, 12 months) and match it to legislation

• (re-)design the installation with the lowest possible energy consumption in mind, given the usage scenario and legislation for the area, based on the latest energy saving technology and the funding available

• determine if the usage scenario allows for additional savings by dimming or switching-off during certain periods

• if dimming is allowed and is practical determine the types of dimming solution required based on the usage and other requirements

The above does not address other advantages than the implementation of a modern lighting system offers like maintenance optimization that will reduce energy consumption during maintenance and other effects these systems have on over-all lifecycle energy consumption.

The method consists of some very practical steps to be taken, based on some very complex benchmarks and principles. What the applicable usage scenario for public space is over a short period of time is relatively easy to determine, how it will change over time in the next 15 years (the minimum expected lifetime of a outdoor lighting system) is not that easy.

What legislation and standards apply to an area is a second subject in this first step. Legislation has an important influence on the energy consumption. The CIE is working on a recommendation that takes different usage scenarios for the same space over time into account but clear European directives are still missing. WP 7 will offer some very significant answers on these questions.

Last but not least a lot of alternate solutions have been developed that support the driving task or orientation requirements with very low or no energy consumption. Active road-marking using LED technology is a good example of technology that can reduce CO2 emission while maintaining a safe situation.

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2.1 Design for low energy consumptionWhen designing or re-designing an outdoor lighting system, low energy usage should be one of the design criteria.

The two key elements of designing for low energy consumption are straight forward:

• reduce the amount of light to the absolute minimum

• use light-points with the best efficiency given the requirements for the area or tasks to be performed in that area

The use of the word re-design is deliberate because much can be gained in existing solutions as the number of light-points is relatively high and the technology used is often not designed with low energy consumption in mind. Public lighting systems where built over the last 50 years and the awareness of energy shortages and the consequences of CO2 production slowly increased over time.

It is only over the last decade that the awareness of the consequences of our energy consumption and the environmental impact of this has dramatically increased, what leads to more nuance when it comes outdoor lighting.

The second reason for “over-lighting” is that outdoor lighting in many countries in the world are “placed owned and operated” by the energy companies. Costs where charged to the cities, provinces and road authorities by multiplying the number of light points by the wattage and the burning hours. Due to the nature of the former owners energy, consumption was not seen as a problem but as a source of income.

Third the life-cycle of an outdoor lighting system often exceeds 30 years. Over this period of time this long the destination (or usage) of areas, streets and roads has changed in a lot of situations. In many cases the lighting system does no longer “fits” and it is often beneficial to see if the current usage allows for solutions that use less energy.

The use of active, LED based, road marking systems also offers and opportunity to reduce the number of “regular” lighting points. Especially the solar powered units that are available for barrier mounting and road center marking can in some cases offer an alternative for standard road lighting without reducing road safety. It offers a significant improvement in night-time or poor weather visibility compared with the traditional 'cats-eye' road reflector, or painted lines.

2.1.1 Design for visibility.

Outdoor lighting is generally used to increase safety by providing adequate visibility and is one of the most effective ways to increase road safety in general. Statistics show that adequate street lighting reduces traffic accidents and increases the perception of safety we have against crime. A simple and often used method to classify roads and areas is the following:

Road classes:

• Freeway, a freeway is a limited access divided highway with grade separated junctions and without traffic lights or stop signs.

• Expressway, a divided major road for through traffic and partially controlled access with major crossroads.

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• Arterial road, is a high capacity urban road with the main task to deliver traffic from the collector roads to the freeways.

• Collector road is a low to moderate-capacity road that is used to move traffic from local streets to arterial roads.

• Local roads are used primarily for direct access to residential, commercial or industrial areas.

• Alleys are narrow public ways within an area usually build to provide access to the back side of property.

Within the municipalities there are three main classifications for areas used:

• Commercial, where there are large number of pedestrians during business hours. These areas can be found in the municipalities centre as well as outside. These areas in the municipality centre also attract a heavy volume of cars and pedestrians at nighttime during certain days in the week.

• Intermediate, this part of the city often has moderate nighttime pedestrian activity because of retail stores, recreation centers or large apartment buildings.

• Residential is characterized by single family homes, town houses and small apartment buildings with few pedestrians at night.

Usually the above classification is simple and understandable when used in combination with a table specifying light levels per road type and area. Looking at individual situations throughout the areas and roads and, when available, the accident & crime history will enable the reduction of energy by tailoring light levels throughout the area.

Designing for visibility rather than trying to obtain a certain light level will reduce the amount of energy used and will increase the effect on safety and security as well as improve the publics satisfaction levels when it comes to social safety. Pavement reflection along roads should always be taken into account, user perception and accident history are other information sources that might lead to energy reduction. It is a recommendation that we look at the following options:

• The possibility of adding LED or other road marking equipment that uses significantly less energy that may for removal of part or all of the light points.

• The possibility to reduce light levels in “non-conflict” areas. Less light and good driving instruction (signs) might have a similar effect on safety.

• The possibility to re-locate light points to places where they have a better effect on visibility.

2.1.2 Use light sources with a high CU factor for the application.

The Coefficient of Utilization factor is an indication on how efficient the luminaire is. In other words how well the luminaire is capable of getting the light onto the area(s) to be lit. The CU factor takes reflection of surfaces into account. Many luminaire manufacturers provide CU tables for their product in the photometry report.

When looking at a light point several pieces of information are important to know:

• Lumen flow per watt (lamp and ballast/driver).

• Luminaire efficacy.

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• Suitable design for the purpose.

Lumen flow per watt

The ratio of luminous flux (in lumens) to the power consumed (in watts) is usually referred to as the luminous efficacy. There are various in-depth explanations on this subject that can be found on the internet as well as the mathematical background on the subject. For this report it is enough to know that the human eye responds to some wavelengths within the visible spectrum different. This is referred to as the luminosity function.

The human eye sees differently at different light levels and light of different wavelength. Under high light levels typical during the day this is called photopic vision and the eye uses its cone-cells to process light. Under very low light levels, corresponding to moonless nights without electric lighting we use scotopic vision and the eye uses rod-cells to process light.

During night-time both cones and rods support vision. Photopic vision has excellent color discrimination ability and under scotopic vision color discrimination is difficult.

Mesopic vision is an intermediate state and this type of vision is what we usually have in most night-time environments.

Today the CIE has not yet come up with a standard for mesopic vision and there are multiple studies about the subject, however for outdoor lighting it is practical to stay with the light sources that are generally offered by the industry. Below is a simplified graph on the lumen output per watt for various lamp types.

Figure 2. Lumen output per watt for different lamp types.

LED technology is a difficult light source to quantify at the moment because the development in this technology is so fast that publications today will be outdated in 3 months from now. In fact today many LED manufacturers claim to have LED light sources that are capable of producing 80-90 lumen per watt. This highly depends on what you call “white light” as the efficacy for LED’s differs for various wavelengths.

LED offers very good opportunities already and will become one of the dominant light sources of the future. However the technology is heavily under development and these developments increase at such a high rate that pilots should certainly be considered but for complete city wide roll-outs it might be a little premature.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light

In most software packages for lighting application calculations like Calculux or DiaLux it is possible to compare different light sources with each other.

Current specifications for light sources from different manufacturers that are often used are:

Efficiency of the ballast or driver.

When comparing lamp source efficiency in outdoor lighting it should actually be the entire system’s efficacy that is taken into account.

With incandescent and halogen sources, the wattage on the lamp is about the wattage that is consumed. Discharge light sources and LED’s however require a power supply to run. For gas discharge lamps this power supply is referred as a ballast and for LED’s it is often called a driver. When the efficiency of the light source is determined these power supplies and their losses should be taken into account as an integral part of the light source.

In older installations mainly magnetic ballasts where mainly used that have a relative low efficiency while todays electronic ballast can reach efficiencies of 90% where magnetic ballast in most cases are less than 72% efficient. Electronic ballasts are more efficient than magnetic ballasts in converting input power from the power supply to the lamp, resulting in an overall lamp-ballast system efficacy increase of 15% to 20%.

One more thing that is very important especially when dimming is being considered is that the electronic ballast maintains its efficiency when dimming the lamp to a lower level.

Efficiency of the luminaire.

The efficiency of the luminaire itself is also important to optimize the energy consumption in outdoor lighting. The luminaire efficiency determines the amount of light emitted by the luminaire in relation to the light output of its lamps. Luminaire efficiency is in fact the percentage of light output produced by the lamps that are emitted by the luminaire.

The shape of the luminaire, the characteristics of the reflective material, the number of lamps and many other factors determine the efficiency. With the new LED luminaires almost no reflectors are used and the light is emitted and redirected using a lens.

In fact what we need to know is the efficacy of the combination of the light source the ballast and the luminaire. One of the possible methods to determine this value is by calculating the LER the Luminaire Efficacy Rating.

LER = [ luminaire efficiency (EFF) x total rated lamp lumens (TLL) x ballast factor (BF)] divided by [luminaire watts input].

There are manufacturers that publish the LER in their products data sheets and it is an indication of the optical performance of the luminaire.

Looking at this statement it should be simple to determine the luminaires efficiency based on the relationship between the amount of light generated by the source and the amount of light that exits the luminaire. The higher this is, the better. However there is a catch because a good Luminaire redirects the light to the place where we need (want) it, with a minimal glare effect and as little light emitted to places outside the target zone.

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Looking at lighting applications it is not just the LER that counts. It is even more important to determine the luminaire efficiency based on the actual application the lamp is used in.

This value is referred to as the Coefficient of Utilization (CU) and it allows us to compare luminaires relative to the situation they are used on. Many luminaire manufacturers provide CU tables for their product in the photometry report. The files that can be used in the design and calculation software (IES-files) like Calculux or Dialux.

Example:

Street lighting reconstruction – A street (lighting class ME3) may be illuminated by only one type of luminaire, but with different optical systems and related different luminous intensity distributions.

Result 1:

Street length – 1 000 m

Luminaire A with optical system 1 (Light Output Ratio – 83%)

Lamp – HPS 150W

Number of luminaries – 40

Distance between luminaries – 25 m

Lighting Quality Criteria ME3 – satisfied

Exploitation period – 21 years

Present Value of street lighting installation – approx. 66 567 Euros – 100%

Result 2:

Street length – 1 000 m

Luminaire A with optical system 2 (Light Output Ratio – 85%)

Lamp – HPS 150W

Number of luminaries – 27

Distance between luminaries – 37 m

Lighting Quality Criteria ME3 – satisfied

Exploitation period – 21 years

Present Value of street lighting installation – approx. 44 933 Euros – 67.5%

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2.2 DimmingReduction of the light level during certain periods is usually referred to as dimming and most of the times dimming is applied in situations where the usage of an area or road allows for this level reduction for a certain amount if time.

Dimming systems can roughly be divided into two main groups:

• Systems with a fixed dim schedule based on the “assumed” usage of an area over time. In many countries referred to as “Static Dimming”.

• Systems that adapt the light levels to the actual (measured) usage and visibility situation, normally referred to as Dynamic Dimming or Adaptive Lighting Systems.

The key difference lays in the fact that the dynamic system continuously communicates with the light point which allows for variance of the light level based on the actual scenario per light points or group of light points. Sensors or human interferences may be used individually or in combination to adjust light levels to the actual requirement.

2.2.1 Basic principles

Light sources generally used in outdoor lighting solutions use an external power supply called a ballast (or driver when the light source is a LED).

Figure 3. Conventional light source ballast driver combination

The ballast or driver delivers the correct power (voltage and current) to the light source and adjusts its output power which is independent of fluctuations in the power supply voltage. For gas discharge lamps the ballast provides a high voltage peak to ignite the lamp (typical 4,5 Kv) and then maintains the correct voltage to the light source to maintain optimal light output. For LED the driver provides the right voltage and current to “drive” the LED’s.

There are several ballast manufacturers that produce electronic ballasts that can drive lamps to very high wattages. The outdoor lighting wattages that are very common range between 70 and 250 watt or even 400 watt.

The light is usually switched on/off by:

• Astronomical clock in the power supply cabinet.

• External signal from the utility referred to at TF (Tone Frequency) signal.

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• Master photocell

• Individual photocell

The clock, TF signal or master photocell drives the magnetic switch or relay to switch the supply power to the light points. Individual lighting point control can be achieved by either dynamic lighting solution or by individual photocell or static dimmer.

It goes without saying that the switching point should be determined based on the situation of the area to be lit. Wide open places with light colored surroundings can usually be switched on later than area that are darker for example because of trees.

Figure 4. Dimmable light source ballast/driver with Outdoor Lamp Controller

When the light source needs to be dimmed we need to manipulate the power supply to the light source in such a way that the lumen output reduces but the light source does not extinguish. The unit that “tells” the ballast or driver what the light level should be is normally referred to as the Outdoor Light Controller (OLC). The OLC and the ballast/driver are connected through a communication interface between the two devices. The two standard interfaces that are supported worldwide are 1-10 volt and DALI.

The 1-10 volt interface is very simple. The OLC just sets the dimming level by supplying a certain voltage to the interface. For example 1 volt is the lowest possible light level the light source can manage without extinguishing and 10 volt is 100% lumen flow.

The disadvantage of the interface is that there is no information feed-back available through the interface about the lamp or the ballast. For example there is no information about the lamp status, the actual light output or problems with the ballast itself.

The DALI interface is in fact a data interface that allows for simple data communication between the ballast and the OLC. The OLC sends data packets to the ballast or driver with information about the desired light level. Because there is a bi-directional data link the ballast can send a message back about the actual level reached. There are many other standard messages in the DALI specification that allow for more accurate management. For example parameters about the lamp voltage, the ballast temperature or the state of the interface cabling itself makes it possible to manage the system more accurately. Maintenance of the installation or finding problems is easier as well as managing the energy consumption.

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Today there are not many ballasts and driver manufacturers that have the OLC type functionality in the same housing as the ballast itself without the interface. This would be good to save space, wires and installation cost but there are just a few of those ballast and they are certainly not mainstream.

The reasons for this are twofold, ballast manufacturers and lighting controls manufacturers are not always the same companies and often have different interests. Ballast manufactures for example are mainly high volume electronics production companies and the numbers in “dimmable” ballast are still too low to be of interest to them. The second reason is that inside the HID ballasts there is a very “harsh” EMC environment that can interfere with communication between the roadside and the management systems.

In a static dimming system the OLC is a stand alone device that determines the dimming profiles based on the times that the lighting is switched on and off by the central clock. An algorithm determines the “midnight” point as a function of the on/off switching times and starts a dimming schedule relative to this midnight point.

In static dimming there are several ballasts and drivers available that have the dimmers and the timers build in. As they do not have to communicate to the outside world the harsh environment in the ballast is less of a problem.

Between static and dynamic solutions there are also some hybrid solutions that combine static dimmers with the possibility to change the dim-schedule when needed. These systems use simple techniques to change the dim-schedules on site and do not have remote management options.

Last but not least there are possibilities to dim the public light by manipulating the power-supply to the ballast. These “central” dimmers can not be used in combination with electronic ballasts as these electronic ballasts have been developed to compensate voltage fluctuations in the supply power and that is what central dimmer do.

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Figure 5. Complete road side system with ballast/OLC/SC

In a dynamic dimming (or adaptive lighting) system the OLC receives commands from a central unit in the power supply cabinet which commands the actual required light level. This central controller is referred to as the Segment Controller or SC. The SC can determine the required light level based on a combination of time, traffic density, weather situation and possible accidents.

The communication between the OLC in the light-points and the SC in the power supply cabinet is normally established by using Radio Frequency (RF) signals or communication over the existing power supply lines (PLC). The correct solution is dependent on the environment and the goals to be achieved. Both have their advantages and their disadvantages.

The segment controller in this system performs several tasks:

• Astronomical clock switches the light on and off.

• Absolute clock and a scheduler provide for the dim commands to the OLC’s.

• Usually there is a data logger to log data like burning hours and power up/down times.

• Logic that can combine data and generate alarm messages or reports.

• Network management to mange the power-line or RF connections to the light points.

The combination of the ballast/OLC and SC is situated along the road and can run autonomously.

However many of the SC’s are connected to a back-end system that allows for advanced management tasks. Usually the SC is connected to the back-end using wireless network technology like GPRS or UMTS.

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Figure 6. All systems connect through the web for access and management from anywhere.

Depending on the type of system the management software performs three basic tasks:

• It provides in-depth information on the lighting scheme.

• It allows for setting and changing the dimming schedules.

• It offers the ability to operate the lighting system independently in case of accidents or other events which require direct control.

Additional functionality like automatic work order generation and areal management and maintenance can also be integrated in the software. Basically they manipulate the information that is in the database to support decisions about the solution.

2.2.2 System functions

Functionality for dimming systems is different for static, hybrid and dynamic solutions but the basic functionality is the same: they dim the light source to reduce the lumen flow.

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Static system functions.In static systems the functions offered are simple:

• A dim-schedule can be set prior to installation. The unit will dim the light source around a calculated time. This time is calculated based on the switch on and off times and the dim schedule dims in hours and minutes prior and after to the calculated point.

• Advanced static systems have the ability to determine day-light savings time as well and use this to compensate for the hour difference during winter and summer.

• Some systems allow for changes in the dim-schedule after installation. In many cases they use special tools to change the schedules or “dip-switches” on the unit.

Figure 7. General dimming schedule for static dimmers

Hybrid system functionsIn hybrid systems the lamps operate stand-alone but have the ability to be reprogrammed from a central location. They do not communicate with a segment controller but only need a connection when the schedule is changed. Typical there is one way communication from the power supply cabinet to the dimmers. There are two options:

• A very simple way of changing the dim-schedule is by using the power to the lamps to re-program the dimmer by manipulating the switch. It is possible to generate code (like Morse code) that can be used to change the dim-schedule. So if the magnetic switch that controls the power to the lamps is switched with different time intervals the program can be changed.

Figure 8. Programming cycle for hybrid dimmers.

• A more advanced way is offered by hybrid systems that can change the dim schedule by communicating over the power line or over RF.

Typical for these systems is that they run based on a pre-defined schedule and have no communications during operation.

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Dynamic system functionsDynamic or adaptive dimming systems stand-out by the numerous possibilities they have to manipulate the lumen flow per lamp or group of lamps and the information they provide about the installation.

Step-less dimming is the most important function in a dynamic outdoor lighting system. The possibility to manipulate the light output continuously or in small steps to offer the required light level is essential. Different light sources allow for specific dimming levels.

SON lamps can be dimmed almost down to 20% light-output, CPO lamps can only be dimmed to around 60% while LED can be set to 1% if the driver allows it.

Group management offers the functionality to create different groups where lamps with the same function can be appointed to. Examples of groups are:

• pedestrian crossings

• main roads

• bike roads

• parks

• housing areas

• party areas

The idea behind group management is that all the lamps in a community in the same type of area behave the same way under the same circumstances. To start with it should be possible to assign one or more dimming schedules (for example for different days of the week) to a group. This makes the management of an intelligent lighting system a lot less complicated than when it is managed on a power supply cabinet level, where dim-schedules are assigned to

different lamps connected to the same power supply cabinet.

On average a community or city needs about 12 groups to cover all the area types that can be differentiated.

Scheduling is a function that has several characteristics. It allows for setting different light levels for certain times. Almost all systems have this function for time and day based schedules so the levels can be different per day of the week at certain times. Only a few systems have date based exception scheduling, characterized by the possibility to set different based on events such Christmas or an important sporting event. This function is especially important for larger cities.

In a dynamic lighting system it should be possible to control the switch On & Off time as a function of the astronomical clock such as switching “x “minutes before or after sunset and sunrise.

Figure 9. Scheduler with graphical user interface

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Manipulating the astronomical clock or switch on/off times is called ‘trimming’, this is reducing the energy consumption of the gear by changing the on and off times (dusk and dawn switching times = or – minutes) to reduce the overall ‘on’ time.

The schedule should allow for as many changing points are requested for by the end-user without making is difficult to configure.

It is also essential that the scheduler shows the restrictions of the lamp/ballast combination.

For example when CDM lamps are used that cannot dim under 55% the scheduler should not allow setting lower levels than the 55% that is technically possible.

A graphical representation of the dim-schedule helps during the configuration process.

Override functions are important. Once the time schedules have been set the overrides function allow for both human and automatic interaction. Human interaction can be necessary in case of accidents or emergency situations. It allows for the police, rescue workers or fire department to have more light “on the job”. Automatic interference allows for adjustment of the light level if the situation is different than expected because of traffic or weather fluctuation or the combination of both. This function actually makes a dimming system an adaptive lighting system.

Alarming functions notify the operator or the maintenance contractor when the system is malfunctioning. It should be possible to set different alarm levels for different situations with different types of notification. 3 broken lamps in a group of 40 for example should be reported in an email in the morning while the outage of an entire group on a highway needs immediate SMS or other notification to initiate immediate action.

When alarms are generated people have to acknowledge them. A good alarming system allows for levels of acknowledgement (who can and who cannot acknowledge what type of alarm) and keeps track of who acknowledged the alarmed at what date and time.

Data-loggers should be available for to keep track of important information from the system. Burning hours, power consumption, failure history and actual feed-back should be logged. In a good logging system data to be logged and the interval it should be logged in van be configurable and time stamped.

In many systems the data logs are kept on the segment controller for a while and are uploaded to the management system when a connection is established.

Loggers should have the ability to store data for a longer period of time to avoid loss of data when communication with the central system does not occur.

Visualization & reporting is something that can be done in several ways. Very popular today is showing the lamps and their status (red/green) as an overlay on a map or drawing with world orientation. Although people get more and more used to working with maps there are other methods that might be more efficient to show data on a computer screen or print-out.

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Tables can be very handy for maintenance people that have to “work through” a list. Folders can be a good alternative for people that have a lot of computer experience.

Every manufacturer has its own specific ways of showing the status and the information residing in the system. In fact this is often one of the key differentiator for the end-user to determine what system suits best.

Report generators or just pre-defined reports allow for printing or distributing the information for use outside of the system for example for accountancy purposes. Modern systems have a SOAP/XML interface to exchange information between applications in a standard way.

User management provides the system function to allows for different user to have different rights. It must be possible to define users in at least 6 levels (administrator, operator, user, guest, etc.). The differentiator is in the rights that users have to, see, change, delete or manipulate settings. A good function to have is to be able to grant people access for a certain period. or example when there is maintenance work on a road it should be possible to give the asphalt people the ability to turn-up the light when they work until the job is done.

Hosting is always a hot issue when it comes to the management software although not really a system function. On who’s machine is the system running and what should be paid for it is important. There are several standard (ESCROW) agreements that take care of documenting this.

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3. Organization

Apart from the technical solutions offered to reduce energy consumption in outdoor lighting there are also several organizational options that might improve and speed-up the process. Lack of uniform standards, knowledge, rules/regulations, decision-criteria and time hamper the fast deployment of energy saving in outdoor lighting.

If we could help solve the key issues and make the solutions transparent faster and better, deployment of energy savings measures will be possible.

3.1 Time & KnowledgeTime and knowledge are related subjects and from all the discussions and interviews we learned that outdoor lighting is not getting the attention it deserves. Historically outdoor lighting in many European countries was managed by the “utility company” and not by the city or community. When the privatization in the energy supply market became a fact almost all energy companies created their own street light “companies” to continue to operate and maintain the outdoor lighting systems they always worked with. Someone from the local government was appointed to manage the contract with this company and that was the situation in many cases over the last decennia. Business as usual was the motto and outdoor lighting was not really seen as a career opportunity by young professionals.

After Al Gore’s movie “An inconvenient truth” it became obvious to the world some things had to change and energy became a hot topic. In the same period many of the local governments where confronted with contract renewals on outdoor lighting and many energy companies completed their privatization leaving their former outdoor lighting companies with the message to start competing in each-others territory. Cities and municipalities started to manage their own lighting and many even became the owner of their light points.

The combination of these movements initiated an increased interest in outdoor lighting and the amount of energy used by it. The E-street project and especially the promotion done by some individuals from the E-street initiative and several other projects in this field gave this interest a boost. Companies started to work on energy efficient lamps, optics, electronics and the first dimming systems where born. Shortly there after the LED hype gave the industry the final push in the right direction when it came to energy savings. Technologies where developed, modern approaches where used , and all of a sudden Outdoor Lighting became an attractive market for all types of smaller and larger companies.

The change on the playing field initiated numerous smaller companies to focus on outdoor lighting and the technology hype was born. As in any new market there was lot of hype and many projects failed or where only partly successful. What technology gives the best results, which systems are the most sophisticated and how they could be implemented confuses an entire market.

Especially on the end-user side, normally local government and road authorities, it takes a while to react to market shifts and especially if they happen so fast they are hard to follow.

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Now that the dust is settling, a little education and proper promotion on the subject will dramatically increase the knowledge base and opportunities that will lead to increased deployment. After all one does not try what one does not know.

The combined effect of local governments spending more time on the subject, freeing up recourses to investigate the opportunities and improved education will lead to an

increasing demand in better and more sustainable solutions.

3.2 Rules and regulationOr maybe we should say guidelines and legislation will help to move this market forward. Today there is a lot of confusion on two sides. What is allowed and what guidelines should be followed to maintain a safe installation is a key-worry for local governments. What light levels should be maintained in what areas under what circumstances is not clear. Almost every country has their own “practical guidelines”, in fact in the Netherlands this is what they are literally called, and they all differ from each other and from the European guidelines . On top of that within one country we see local governments that follow these guidelines and many of them do not.

The second cause for confusion is the standardization in technology. Should it be power line communication or is radio frequency better. What technologies, what frequencies, what functionality and what limitations are, all questions that should be answered before a mass roll-out can be accomplished.

Standards give a handle to make decisions. If there is a standard you are not on your own and when your solution complies with the standard all is solved.

Today the IEC is working on European directives for dimming in outdoor lighting. WP 7 will find answers to the standards needed on light levels in combination with public space usage. The industry will have to find standards when it comes to technology usage.

Power line is not that difficult because there is already one global standard for these types of solutions. ISO 14908 (part 1-4) regulating the protocol and there is a EN standard 50065-1 that is regulation of the network access.

Radio Frequency however is far more difficult. The RF technology used in outdoor lighting is still under investigation. 2,4 GHz with ZIGBEE is used by some parties but they are quickly abandoning this route. The network characterization does not seem to be suitable for the topography of outdoor lighting. Apart from that the RF frequency is very high and signal penetration seems to be attenuated by rain, fog and obstacles like trees and buildings which is not desirable in outdoor lighting.

All of this leads end-users into a “waiting” mode and it is essential that clarity is provided on the two areas. Standards on what light-level is sufficient in area’s under what circumstances will solve one part.

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What power line and RF standards will be used on outdoor lighting and what is the blueprint and what are the minimum requirements for an intelligent street light solution will solve the other.

Defining and approving these standards will have to be a joint effort between the industry and the country/local governments.

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4.0 Status quo and framework conditions

In this chapter the status quo in the market will be discussed per country represented in the ESOLI group when it comes to operations and management, manufacturers, research institutes, associations, consultants and end-users. Framework conditions are described when it comes to financials and contracting.

4.1 The NetherlandsThis chapter describes the situation in the Dutch market.

4.1.1 Operations and Management

The Netherlands is really focused on outdoor lighting and in combination with saving energy because the Ministry responsible for this made outdoor lighting a key point in their strategy of saving energy. In general local governments are aware of the opportunities and multiple initiatives address the rules and regulations challenge.

Street light responsibilities lies with various authorities and have the following division:

Managing authority

MWh/year Perc. of total Number of authorities

MWh/manager

Road Authorities 68,600 8.6% 10 6,860

Provinces 19,172 2.4% 12 1,598

Municipalities 676,408 85.1% 443 1,527

Rail 15,344 1.9% 2 7,672

Waterships 15,000 1.9% 26 577

Key numbers for the Netherlands are:

Inhabitants 16,115,940

Light Points 3,652,286

Inhabitants per light point 4.4

People traveling on average 870,261

Light points per traveler 8.9

Light points per kilometer 26

Average annual burning hours 4,100

Usage per inhabitant 49 kWh/year

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In other words the Netherlands is an extremely well lit country.

The municipalities operate the majority of the outdoor lighting when it comes to numbers of light points and consumption. The focus on education and dissemination should therefore mainly be aimed at this target group.

In the Netherlands the end-users are becoming aware of the possibilities quickly. The Ministry of VROM has appointed several “head start” cities and equipped them with the budget to experiment.

The Dutch Road Authorities have in their strategic plans that all light on the highways will be intelligent. The road authorities are working on a standard for the entire country at the moment that will most likely be called “Handbook Dynamic Outdoor Lighting on Dutch High-Ways”.

Smaller municipalities are still hampered mainly by the lack of time and know-how.

Maintenance of the street light is outsourced by almost all authorities and 8 large corporations operate about 70% of the street light. The knowledge level on energy reduction on street light of these companies is growing fast.

4.1.2 Intelligent Lighting projects

The Netherlands has been deploying fast over the last years. The Dutch Road Authorities have decided that lighting will be implemented anymore that cannot be dimmed. The provinces are a little more reluctant but one of the larges provinces has automated around 40% of their installed base over the last year.

The municipalities are mostly running smaller scale pilot projects although some of them start to roll-out on a larges scale now. It is interesting to see that this is evenly divided over smaller and larger municipalities.

Some authorities are investigating the possibilities to reduce the number of light points but the lack of regulations hampers this process.

LED technology has only be deployed on a pilot scale. The technology is generally referred to as “promising” but very expensive.

4.1.3 Manufacturers

Today there are several manufacturers of Intelligent Lighting Systems in the Netherlands. Two of them maintain the same standards when it comes to power line communications and to RF application. Some small manufacturers have been building their own proprietary solutions both based on RF and power line communications. Today the biggest global manufacturer of outdoor lamps and gear is a Dutch company giving this a good push obviously.

There are no minimal requirements defined by the manufacturers although 4 companies have started the effort in the EDOV initiative leading to a more sustainable solution grouped under the ASTRIN umbrella.

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4.1.4 Research Institutes

We have not yet seen significant effort from the countries biggest research institute TNO. They have a platform looking into mesopic vision but for as far as it is known there are no initiatives yet on Intelligent LightingSystems or dimming.

In general the universities have not yet picked this up in a way that it is useful to either the industry or the end-users.

4.1.5 Associations

One of the important associations in this field is the NSVV, the Nederlandse Stichting Voor Verlichtingskunde. They have published numerous very valuable documents that can help municipalities and local governments to decide on Intelligent Street Lighting. There is a handbook Dynamic Street Lighting and there are publications with requirements and key numbers. The NSVV is a industry driven association that has developed a lot of knowledge on the subject in very short time and provides several useful publications and guidelines.

4.1.6 Consultants

There are several consultants in the Netherlands that have become knowledgeable on the subject over the last 2 years of piloting in the Netherlands. One of them is also providing courses on a regular basis.

The consultants have the same problems as the end-users when it comes to standards, there are no approved requirements published on a country level with a formal status.

From a technical perspective the Dutch consultancy market has gained knowledge quickly because of the pilot projects driven my the government. There still is some confusion on all the possibilities that exist and their technical consequences but it is becoming clear more and more what the right directions are.

4.1.7 Financial framework conditions

Outdoor lighting project financing in the Netherlands differs per authority.

The road authorities are managing a large number of renovation projects for all major roads in the Netherlands to provide a better infrastructure. Although planned for years already a fast number of these projects have been “moved forward” in order to stimulate the economy as “high-speed-deployment-packages”.

The financials with regards to street lighting are managed carefully, but relative to the cost of renovating and extending entire roads the cost of outdoor lighting is relatively low. All public lighting on all highways will be made adaptive in the coming years. The budget fr this has been reserved for all major renovation projects.

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Municipalities and province have to realize all investments in efficient lighting out of the local budget. Key problem in many municipalities used to be that the energy budget is managed by a different entity than the group operating and maintaining outdoor lighting. Because of this energy savings where not reflected in the future budget for investment in new technology.

Over the last 2 years we see a shift and the actual achieved energy savings can be used for additional investment in modern technology. Mainly smaller municipalities have accomplished a situation where the energy budged and therefore the savings has been “transferred” to the actual energy “user”.

Over the last years the National government has subsidized several projects to investigate and promote LED lighting and dimming solutions in the “head-start municipalities” with the aim to stimulate and learn.

Because of the global financial situation and the governmental economic stimulation projects over the last years most municipalities have to reduce their spendings in the coming years. For this reason simple and relatively cheap solutions with short payback times will prevail the coming two years.

4.1.8. Contracting framework conditions

In the Netherlands contracting is mainly limited to operations. New-builds and renovations are normally financed from the local annual budget as well as the energy costs. Therefore performance contracting is limited to the maintenance part or the operations.

For as far as we know there is no examples of complete performance or energy contracting projects in the Netherlands in outdoor lighting. Because of the budgets cuts announced for the coming years and the growing lack of budget because of this combined with the growing professionalism in energy and performance contracting the first contracts will most likely be signed in 2011.

Several municipalities are discussing complete performance contracting with their current operational or project contractors. The key to defining and offering full-service contracts seems to be the possibility to defining a solid business case for these contracts. Lux per square meter defined as a function of time will then be reality. As many municipalities still have to investigate their installed based and the status of it many hurtles need to be overcome before full-service contracting will be main stream.

The majority of the companies running the operations and maintenance for the municipalities are the former “lighting departments” of the ESCO’s that have now all been privatized. There is a growing interest from the contractors and large installers in performance contracting.

4.1.9 Political framework

The Netherlands is bound to conformation of the terms and conditions in the NEW ENERGY FOR CLIMATE POLICY IN THE NETHERLANDS

It is understood that climate change is one of the major global challenges of our time. More than ever, this necessitates innovative national, European and global policy as well as closer international cooperation.

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The Netherlands is aware of the urgency and scale of the global climate challenge. In this respect, the Dutch government is well underway towards meeting its Kyoto target of a 6% reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by 2012. However, these Kyoto objectives will not be sufficient to prevent dangerous global warming. To speed up the transition to one of the most efficient and cleanest energy systems in Europe, the Dutch government issued an ambitious policy document, entitled the Clean and Efficient program.

The main targets of the new climate policy are:

• A reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by 30% in 2020 compared to 1990, preferably as part of a European effort;

• A rate of energy efficiency improvement of 2% per year;

• A share of renewable energy of 20% in 2020.

The Dutch government agrees that an effective response to the climate issue will require sharp cuts in the emission of greenhouse gases. If global emission reduction targets are to be reached, development and application of new technologies are required. The Netherlands is particularly interested in the benefits of carbon storage. As soon as carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology becomes readily available, the Dutch government will press for CCS to be included in the European emission trading system and for compulsory use of the technology in new power plants.

The Netherlands also recognizes the role of effective and efficient CO2 pricing and emissions trading in global climate policy. A global carbon market will provide a financial incentive for emission reduction and help make global climate policy cost-effective. The basis for a global carbon market is absolute reduction targets for industrialized countries. This can be expanded on by increasing the number of participating countries with national or sector-specific reduction targets.

Another problem that should be dealt with is deforestation. Deforestation is responsible for about 20% of global carbon emissions. Besides playing a vital role in climate policy, preventing deforestation also helps maintain biodiversity and other goods and services derived from forests. This will require new international agreements that provide incentives for sustainable forest management. Whatever approach is decided on, it is essential that developing countries can calculate the emissions caused by deforestation in their territories. A more in-depth analysis of practical experiences would help advance this process. The Netherlands is therefore supporting a joint Bolivian and Cameroonian project and is involved in conservation and management projects, primarily in Indonesia.

These objectives will not only help to solve the problem, but will also increase competitiveness by grasping the opportunities for the development of new markets for clean and efficient products and technologies.

All sectors in the Netherlands endorse the government’s far-reaching climate and energy targets. The Dutch government has signed a sustainability agreement with the business sector and intends to make sectoral agreements with the built environment, the energy companies, industry, the traffic and transport sector and agriculture on their activities within the Clean and Efficient program.

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The degree to which the sectors will contribute depends on the technical capabilities in those sectors as well as the amounted costs.

The industry sector itself, for instance, will prosper under energy savings. A green economy is a competitive economy. If the industry can save energy, then production costs will be lower. In addition, a strong climate policy will stimulate industry towards clean and efficient technologies.

Concerning the transport sector, the Netherlands wants to be known as a market and testing ground for sustainable mobility. The Dutch government stimulates efficient cars (tax measures), efficient driving habits and cleaner fuels. At the other end of the scale is the principle that the polluter pays for its behavior. Public transport will also change: hybrid buses and buses fuelled by natural gas and bio fuels will be a familiar sight by 2011.

In the energy sector, the Clean and Efficient program is not just aimed at using less energy, but also at cleaner energy production. There are many ways to produce energy in a clean and renewable way. Wind turbines and solar panels are already a familiar sight, but far more is possible. The government wants to invest heavily in this, in part through subsidies.

The Dutch government agrees that funding policy and technology policy, aimed at innovation, development and demonstration, both hold the key to the climate challenge.

Ultimately, the climate problem can only be solved in an international context. In March 2007 the European Spring Council agreed on far-reaching targets: a reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by at least 20% in the EU in 2020 (with the commitment to reduce emissions by 30% as part of a comprehensive, global climate agreement), 20% energy saving in 2020, 20% renewable energy and a share of 10% bio fuels in transport fuels. The Netherlands supports these high ambitions since it believes that the EU is only credible in international climate negotiations if substantial steps are taken within Europe as well.

However, the Dutch government advocates an ETS ceiling which corresponds to a 30% reduction in 2020 in relation to 1990. By just taking 20% as a starting point, the EU itself makes the impression of not believing in a global coalition anymore. After all, it was due to the EU’s insistence on the matter that the Bali Action Plan now refers to a section of the Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC, which demonstrates that emissions reductions for developed countries in the range of 25-40% below 1990 levels by 2020 are required to limit global warming to 2°C above pre-industrial levels.

The Netherlands attaches further importance to the fact that, by burden sharing (both for the reduction objective of greenhouse gases and for the objective of renewable energy), enough consideration is given to the different possibilities of the member states to take measures on a costs effective basis.

Thanks to the European leadership, strong pressure has emerged within the past year on the international negotiations regarding a new global climate regime as from 2012. The Netherlands finds it extremely important that the EU continues this leadership. A unanimous ambitious EU-action, leads, as it appears from the Bali conference, to results on world-wide level. The EU plays a key role in the international dialogue on a global climate regime after 2012.

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EU policies can help the Netherlands to achieve its goals. By acting as motivator and initiator, the Netherlands can influence the position taken by the EU in international negotiations on climate change regime.

4.2 GermanyThis chapter describes the situation in the German market.

4.2.1 Operation and management

The responsibility in the illumination of public roads and plazas in Germany lies within the municipalities. In smaller and medium-sized municipalities, the public works service is in charge of the operation and maintenance of the street lighting system. In many cases, the personnel lacks in information about the own street lighting system in regard to efficiency and cost-effectiveness. When it comes to the implementation of modern control and telemanagement systems, in most cases the personnel which is in charge of the operation and maintenance of the street lighting system, has little knowledge about this technology.

In many cases, especially in bigger cities, local utilities are in charge of the street lighting system. For the refurbishment of street lighting systems, it is an important fact whether the municipality is owner of the street lighting system or if it has been sold to private holders or utilities. If a local utiliy or ESCO is in charge of the lighting system via a contract, in most cases the knowledge level of the personnel is much better and modern, energy efficient systems can be implemented much easier.

4.2.2 Efficiency of the public lighting system in Germany

The average “density” of installed luminaries in Germany is about 111 light points per 1.000 inhabitants [1]. With a population of about 83.3 millions, we can assume a total number of installed light points of 9 to 9.5 millions.

It is a fact that the installed technology of street lighting in Germany is mainly antiquated. The share of high pressure mercury vapour lamps is about 38 percent [1].

The amount of electric energy used for street lighting in Germany is about 4 million MWh per year. Taking into account the additional costs for maintenance and refurbishment, average operation costs of 83 to 90 € per light point and year can be assumed.

The potential of energy savings in the public lighting sector only by the replacement of antiquated luminaries and ballasts is estimated with about 35 percent. Above all, further energy reduction by adaptive lighting, intelligent control and new lighting technology (LED) of about 50 percent can be achieved [1].

4.2.3 Intelligent lighting in Germany

The realized projects in adaptive street lighting and intelligent control in Germany so far do not exceed the character of pilot projects. There has not yet been an installation of adaptive street lighting technology over a large area.

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Example: Stuttgart

In the city of Stuttgart for example there has been an installation of a telemanagement system for street lighting in a new housing development with 130 light points. Different communication systems (Powerline and radio communication) were assembled with the aim to draw a technical and economical comparison.

The following aspects were implemented:

• ability to switch on/off and dimming of every single light point

• installation of electronic ballasts in every light point

• permanent malfunction monitoring/information

• telemanagement access via web portal

• optical monitoring via webcams

Within the project, the potential for energy savings by the implementation of telemanagement systems could be proved. Furthermore, experience with different communication systems has been gained.

4.2.4 LED technology in Germany

LED technology has a high potential for the reduction of energy consumption in the public lighting sector. In recent years, there has been huge progress in this sector. Still, the investing costs for LED technology are very high, even if there are considerable reductions in maintenance and energy costs when implementing this technology. In the combination with intelligent control systems, the LED technology shows its potency, because dimming of the luminaries can be realized much easier as with conventional lighting technology.

LED installations in Germany still has the character of field tests, there have been various installations over a small area in different municipalities. At the moment, LED installations in the German public lighting system have a share of about 2 percent [1].

4.2.5 Financial framework

Local budget

Influences on local budget:

• administrative budget: current costs (energy, personnel)

• capital budget: investments

Achieved energy savings through investment in efficient lighting technology disburden the administrative budget by lowering the current costs. In most cases, it has turned out to be complicated to transfer from one budget to another, i.e. if current costs could be saved by investment in energy efficient technology, the savings can not easily be used for further refurbishment investment in the capital budget.

However, several major municipalities in Germany realized renovation projects in street lighting by the use of local budgets. The city of Stuttgart developed a financing model called “Intracting”, which is based on contracting principles, but uses local budgets for financing.

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By this method, a special intracting-budget is generated, which is filled with an initial investment amount, which can be used for energy efficient refurbishment. The resulting energy savings are used to fill up the intracting budget again, so that it can be used for further investments.

For most municipalities, the initial investment effort is an important obstacle for the realization of outdoor lighting refurbishment measures.

Example: Aalen

Aalen is a municipality in Germany with around 68.000 inhabitants. In 1997, an area-wide saving program had been established, concerning amongst others the street lighting system. The efforts from the energy savings were used to fill up a newly established “energy saving budget”, so that further projects could be realized by this budget [3].

4.2.6 Contracting framework

In Germany, the uptake of contracting models in the public sector is mainly founded on the fact that customers lacked the necessary investment capital (or access to that capital) for energy efficiency upgrades the building stock. Among the requirements for ESCOs to win a tender was and in most cases therefore the ability to organise the financing for the project making the ESCO the debtor.

Germany has a growing market for Energy Services and is one of the pioneers for developing the European market for Energy Performance Contracting (EPC). There are already high market standards and consistent market volume and growth for the primary types of contracting – Operation Contracting, Energy Performance Contracting and Energy Supply Contracting.

In recent years, the German EPC market has become a significant business for several energy service companies – ESCOs, also called “contractors” in Germany. Of the 500 existing vendors for Energy Contracting services about two third are ESCOs and utilities. Some of the most important and well known large ESCOs and a lot of medium and small ESCOs are operating in Germany [2].

At present, contracting models in the street lighting sector were only used for refurbishment projects, e. g. the exchange of inefficient lighting systems. For the installation of adaptive lighting and intelligent control systems, no contracting models have been used so far. Anyway, as the contracting market is already highly developed, it is expected, that this field has a high potential for development in Germany.

Lighting ContractingThe model of lighting contracting (comparable to operation contracting) is often used in municipalities, when special operation parts are outsourced to the contractor.

Example: Mechernich

In the example of the city of Mechernich (128,000 inhabitants), the maintenance of the street lighting system had been transferred to a private company via a full-service-contract.

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Light Supply ContractingLight Supply Contracting is the classical way of contracting, when the complete operation of the street lighting system is transferred to a local utility, including maintenance, refurbishment, operation and even energy supply. Hence it is the most common type of contracting in Germany, as many street lighting systems are operated by local utilities.

Example: Bremerhaven

For example, in the city of Bremerhaven, the contractor took over the entire street lighting system in 1997. The company is in charge of the operation, maintenance and refurbishment. Since then, the status of the facility has been improved steadily as well as an exchange of inefficent technology has lead to a reduction of the energy consumption of about 30 percent. For the municipality, cost savings of about 15.000 € per year could be achieved.

Energy Performance ContractingThe market for Energy Services in Germany is a well developed market with standard products and procedures. Within this market a lot of projects are realized. Nevertheless, only around 15 % of the entire contracting market in Germany is opened up. As the market share of energy performance contracting (EPC) is increasing constantly, even if mainly in the building sector, there have been several examples, where EPC successfully has lead to an energy efficient refurbishment of street lighting systems.

city/municipality federal state start CO2 savings cost savings energy savings t CO2/year €/year kWh/yearKahl am Main Bayern 105 38.000 176.000Kempten Bayern 630 106.800Markt Oberstdorf Bayern 2004 86 20.512 289.000Straubing Bayern 2006 379 87.000 677.600Dormagen NRW 2006 824 140.000 1.300.000Uedem NRW 2009 105 21.500 180.000

Tabel 31: Examples for EPC street lighting refurbishment projects

4.2.7 Political framework

Germany committed itself in its Coalition Agreement to a total reduction of 40 % of its GHG emissions (compared to the 1990 baseline levels) by 2020. With this target Germany wants to meet its leadership in international climate protection.

For further information about the political framework in Germany, it should be referred to the Country Report Germany, published in the context of the EU project EESI (European Energy Service Initiative) [2]. In this project, country reports of several other EU countries have been published and could be useful for the ESOLi project.

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4.2.8 Legal Framework

Various juridical fields have to be taken into account, if a municipality plans refurbishment measures via Public-Private-Partnerships [1]:

• European Law

• Energy Law

• Contract procedures (zB VOB)

• Environmental Law

• Budget Law

• Legal duty to maintain safety

• Local rates law

• Civil law

Details about the legal framework for contracting project can also be taken from the EESI country report Germany [2].

4.2.9 Bibliography to the German contribution

[1] DStGb Deutscher Städte- und Gemeindebund: DStGb Dokumentation No. 92: Öffentliche Beleuchtung – Analyse, Potenziale und Beschaffung. 2009.

[2] Berger, S. and Schäfer, M.: Framework Conditions for Energy Performance Contracting - National Report Germany; report within the European Energy Service Initiative – EESI. 2009

[3] Kristof, Dr. Kora: Kommunales Intracting, Studie im Rahmen des Projekts: Pilotprojekte Einsparcontracting und Intracting in NRW. Wuppertal. February 1998

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4.3 SloveniaThe contribution of Slovenia to the market situation description in this report is extensive and very valuable. In this chapter just the summary and conclusions have been discussed. The entire report can be found in Appendix 1.

4.3.1 Operations and management

Slovenia is a small country with only 2 millions of inhabitants and an area of 20 273 sq km.

Road and street lighting installations in the republic are in responsibility and owned by:

• DARS (Motorway Company in the Republic of Slovenia)

• DRSC (Slovenian Roads Agency)

• Municipalities – in Slovenia there is 212 municipalities, 11 of them are stated “urban county”

Lighting of motorways mainly represents road lighting of junctions and ramps, toll stations and partly rest areas.

• The total yearly energy consumption for the lighting of roads owned by DARS is 5,4GWh.

• Lighting installations on major roads outside urban areas are owned and managed by Slovenian Roads Agency.

• Total annual energy consumption of those installations is 2,2 GWh, which represents only 1,4% of the yearly energy consumption for public lighting in Slovenia.

• The most of the public lighting installations is owned by municipalities. Total estimated energy consumption for public lighting in municipalities is 151,7 GWh.

• Between 212 municipalities it is not only a big difference in area and number of population, but also a big difference in state of the lighting installations.

Historically, the construction and maintenance of public lighting installations was responsibility of electrical distribution companies (except in Ljubljana, capital of Slovenia, where already in 1952 a specialized company was established).

Generally, companies dealing with distribution of electrical energy paid no special attention to the lighting, so the installations were energy consuming and some areas were strongly over lit.

Situation changed some years ago, when also in smaller municipalities separate specialized companies became responsible for the maintenance and operation of public lighting and also energy consumption became important issue.

4.3.2 Over all framework and conclusion

Due to the Decree, replacing of existing luminaries with flat glass luminaries have to be finished till the end of 2016, 25% of existing luminaries have to be replaced by the end of 1011 and 50% till the end of 2012.

Requirement is a good chance to redesign lighting installations and adjust the required lighting level according to the new recommendations.

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The required luminaries are not the most efficient concerning energy use for all kinds of applications.

There is a big danger that during the renovation in some municipalities existing luminaries would be replaced on 1:1 basis with flat glass luminaries without investigating lighting parameters, consequently dangerous lighting situations would be created.

2 a 2 b

Fig.2 a,b. Careless replacing old semi cut off luminaries with flat glass luminaries. Person dressed in light

blue coat can not be seen between two Luminaries

Adaptive lighting can only be applied at installations where lighting parameters conform to the requirements given in lighting standards and recommendations (e.g. EN 13201, CIE 115:2)

With new lighting systems and responsive control systems, significant savings concerning energy use and also limitation of light pollution can be achieved.

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4.4. ItalyThe contribution of Italy to the WP report is in the form of a extremely valuable and educational case study that has been written about the situation in the municipalities of Franciacorta.

The case study focusses on the current situation and history of the street light system, technology and politics and is representative for many situations in Italy.

The case study is written in the format that has been produced for this work-pack and can be found in the Appendix 2.

4.4.1 Introduction

In July 2007 the Italian Energy Efficiency Plan declared that the efficiency of public lighting is one of the priority sectors to be improved.

The numerous regional laws intending to regulate light dispersion, the EU level technical norms and the vast technology offer keep the topic of energy efficiency in outdoor lighting and possible savings regularly under spotlight.

The system of “White Certificates” (which certificate the reduction of consumptions through energy efficiency targeted interventions) has been introduced in 2004 by the Ministry Decree 20/07/04, and it foresees two standardized intervention types for public lighting:

• Installation of flux regulators

• Substitution of mercury vapor lamps with high pressure sodium vapor lamps (retrofitting interventions).

4.4.2 Manufacturers

There are few manufacturers of Intelligent Lighting Systems in Italy which offer different controlling systems.

Today the market proposes a lot of LED applications without intelligent control for energy saving in public lighting.

4.4.3 Research Institutes

An interesting study has been executed recently (2010) by the University of Rome and ENEA (National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development) - supported by the Ministry of Economic Development - about “Development of an integrated and adaptive control system for public lighting – Lumiere project”. The developed technology will be applied in pilot villages of northern Italy.

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4.4.4 Associations

AIDI (Associazione Italiana di Illuminazione) is the principal non-profit association in the field of lighting in Italy. AIDI promotes the development of the lighting technique field and it is the privileged interlocutor among themanufacturing, professional, academic and institutional actors.

ASSIL (Associazione Nazionale Produttori Illuminazione) is the national association of manufacturers of lighting systems (approximately 80 members). ASSIL is member of CELMA.

“Light-Is” is a non-profit professional eco-light association which works on promoting the importance of eco-compatible lighting. They have produced several interesting publications regarding lighting and energy-efficiency in lighting systems including public lighting, although there is no special focus on intelligent control in them.

Another non-profit association is Legambiente, a national level association for the protection of the environment, operating always on solid on scientific basis. They cover all the environmental and sustainability aspects, including energy efficiency in public lighting. In 2006 they published the results of a national survey about the efficiency of public lighting in Italy (in collaboration with the University of Padova).

4.4.5 Consultants

Consultancy is usually proposed by ESCOs or the same manufacturers of systems, which mostly offer refurbishment investments (substitution of the obsolete lamp types or substitution plus installation of regulators). COGEME, subcontractor of GIF in ESOLi, is an ESCO with territorial competencies.

4.4.6 End-Users

The public lighting sector has been notably re-evaluated in the last years by the local authorities, as being a useful instrument – if handled professionally and intelligently – for obtaining important energy and money savings and for improving the quality of urban life.

From the previously typical situation of managing the already existing plants with only limited and isolated interventions the necessity of making a further step has been realized, but there is a common problem for municipalities, which is the limitation of their expenditures fixed by the so called “Stability Pact”.

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4.5 UK & IrelandThe various segments of the highway electrical market place are:

Illuminated Equipment.Street lighting, illuminated signs, illuminated bollards and beacons.

Traffic Control Equipment.Traffic lights, pelican crossings.

Communication Equipment.Motorway telephones, close circuit television and incident detection systems, variable message signs.

The Illuminated Equipment segment is by far the largest sector of the market. With over seven million items of illuminated equipment throughout the United Kingdom, this sector is estimated to be valued at £450,000,000 per year. Almost 40% of this sum is spent on energy and service charges, of the balance, 70% is spent on maintaining the infrastructure and the remainder on new projects.

Most highway illuminated equipment is owned by local authorities (LA). The map below shows the numbers of lighting units (including illuminated signs etc.) in England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. The UK Highways Agency owns the equipment on motorways and trunk roads.

Total number of street lights UK.

England

Counties 2,524,323

Metropolitan Borough 1,552,827

London Borough 665,983

Unitaries 1,098,456

Highways Agency 211,658

Total in England 6,053,247

Scotland 885,481

Wales 443,907

Northern Ireland 257,592

Republic of Ireland 751,738 (Local authorities spend €15m per annum lighting non-national roads.

The FIE says dimming urban lights would reduce these costs as well as reducing energy output).

(Information on each individual authority is available in the Highway Electrical Industry Yearbook).

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4.5.1. Today’s Market.

British Government and local authority/municipality cut backs continue, out of transport spending plans the highways electrical industry receive only a small percentage of this amount. The current funding is not adequate enough to arrest the continuing deterioration of the highway electrical infrastructure.

In a survey carried out by the ILE, LIF, LCMA and ASLEC, local authorities revealed that there is an urgent need to replace almost 11% of their stock of lighting columns. The estimated cost for this work is in the region of £500 million. The survey also revealed that 3 million lighting columns over the next decade will be beyond their design life of 25 years. Predictions indicate that in excess of £200 million a year will be required to replace these columns on a 10 year rolling program. Current expenditure on the replacement of the lighting infrastructure is estimated to be £50 million.

4.5.2. Local Authorities.

Most of the lighting units in the UK are owned by local authorities. The majority of local authorities have separated their various operating functions in order to delineate between the Client and the Contractor. The Client fulfils their statutory duty as the service provider and employs a contractor to carry out the duties necessary to install and maintain highway electrical equipment. The contractor may be a privately owned company; a local authority in-house works department Direct Services/Labour Organisation (DLO) or the contracting wing of an electricity supply company. Some authorities employ Consultants to perform the work involved in preparing specifications and supervising works. The Consultant may be a separate department of the Council, or indeed a private organization.

Government in Scotland and Wales comprises 32 and 22 separate authorities respectively. In Northern Ireland, there are 26 Borough and District Councils, whose street lights are looked after by the Department of Environment Northern Ireland Roads Service, which is segregated into 4 areas in England there are 7 types of local authority -

Unitary Authorities - of which there are 45

Metropolitan Borough Councils, of which there are 36;

32 London Borough Councils & the Corporation of London;

35 County Councils;

Borough Councils,

District Councils and

Parish Councils.

English counties operate a two tier system of local government, consisting of the County Council, and Borough and District Councils. Exactly who looks after the street lighting varies - sometimes the County Council looks after all the lights in the entire county, sometimes the County Council is responsible for only a certain amount, and uses the District and Borough Councils as agents who look after their own lights.

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Northern Ireland local government comprises 26 District Councils. Street lighting is managed by the Department of the Environment NI Roads Service. Roads Service is divided into four separate areas, each responsible for management of the roads network, including the associated street lighting systems, and each with its own Lighting Engineer and contract(s).

The one other major sector of public lighting is on the trunk roads and motorway network of Great Britain. The owners in Scotland and Wales are the Scottish Executive, and the National Assembly for Wales. These bodies generally use the local authority to maintain the trunk roads within its own particular council boundary. In England, the Highways Agency had previously divided its major roads network into 24 areas, each area with its own consultant, contractor and street lighting subcontractor. With the introduction of Transport for London the Highways Agency has reviewed its area structure and has rationalised from 24 to 14 areas.

4.5.3. Street Light Numbers in Ireland

Local authorities spend €15m per annum lighting non-national roads. The FIE says dimming urban lights would reduce these costs as well as reducing energy output.

The maintenance of street lighting is carried out under contract by the various companies from private to some which are also energy providers e.g. Airtricity who are responsible for the maintenance of some 300,000 lighting points for 900 customers. Cork City Council recently replaced approximately 4,500 obsolete lighting lanterns and installed 800 new ones both in the city centre and in residential areas. These lights will provide an enhanced performance and will generate a significant energy saving for the City Council.

DUBLIN

The Public Lighting Section deals with the maintenance, upgrading and improvement of public lighting installations throughout the County. The total number of public lighting columns is approximately 27,500.

Private contractors maintain approximately 75% of the public lights in the Council’s area. The remainder is divided between the E.S.B. who act as our maintenance agents for lights on E.S.B. poles and Dublin City Council.

The public lighting network within the city amounts to approximately 8,124 light fittings at present. As new developments are completed new lighting installations come on to the public lighting network. This amounted to 804 new light fittings being added to the public network. The electricity and contract maintenance charges for public lighting in 2010 were estimated to be €825,783.04 for the year. Maintenance and repair costs not covered by contract maintenance are estimated at €156,847.74.

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4.5.4. Operating Costs

What is the cost of operating a streetlight?

The lamps used in streetlights vary in both size and consumption (typically between 35 and 250 Watts) depending upon whether they are lighting a residential area, main road or a town centre. Therefore, there can be no one answer to this question. The average cost of operating a streetlight inclusive of energy costs, lamp replacement and maintenance is calculated as between £30 and £50 per annum – less than £1 per week. The forthcoming Best Value Indicator required by Government should give a better indication of the cost in future years. See also answer to Question 7.

How much energy does a streetlight use?

The energy consumption of a streetlight is affected primarily by the wattage of the lamp, see Question 6 and by the location of the streetlight in the country, which determines the number of hours of operation each night. It is generally assumed that the average wattage of a streetlight is about 80 watts. Assuming an average number of hours that the streetlight is on per annum as 4,100 then the amount of energy consumed by an average streetlight over one year will be 328 units of electricity, approximately 4.5 pence per night or £16 per annum. See also answer to 6.

4.5.5. Environmental

People care about where they live – it matters to their quality of life. They want their local streets to feel safe and well-maintained; to have good local facilities and services, and a sense of community and neighbourliness. Living Streets believes you can’t just create these conditions during daylight – they have to exist after dark too. In the summer, our streets are dark for about seven hours a day; in the winter, for up to fourteen – it’s no good creating ‘living streets’ for the day if they become ‘deserted and fearful streets’ after dark.

That’s why effective lighting is central to Living Streets’ manifesto. Good lighting improves an area in two major ways. First, it reduces crime and the fear of crime. A UK Home Office study found that street lighting improvements could cut crime by 20%. Indeed, with the UK Home Office itself acknowledging that improved lighting is four times better at reducing crime than CCTV, it seems that the huge sums of money spent on televising and recording our streets would have been better spent lighting them instead. Second, good lighting helps to improve pride and respect – even during the daytime. It is one of the things that make people feel their neighborhood is cared for rather than neglected, hence the increased sense of well-being.

The same UK Home Office study noted, “Not only does street lighting work to deter crime via an increase in surveillance and deterrence, but it also benefits the community by providing a better looking public space”. Lighting can make our streets more attractive. Most of us have lamps and nice lighting in our living rooms – now imagine what they would look like if they were lit by fluorescent strip-lighting instead! The same can apply to our streets – good lighting can transform a desolate and forbidding street into an inviting and comfortable one. Advances in technology mean that details of buildings and trees can be picked out, and up lighters can light the pathway. This can be done without creating ‘light pollution’.

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Most of our streets are a long way from this vision, and there are two major hurdles we have to overcome. The first is that much of our street lighting is hopelessly out of date – as obsolete as those slam-door trains which have finally been phased out. And it isn’t being replaced fast enough even to stand still. Councils are wasting money trying to keep equipment going which should be on the scrap-heap. The second is that much of the street lighting is designed for passing cars rather than for pedestrians - high lamp columns, diffuse lighting over large areas, yellow sodium light, and lamp columns that follow the carriageway rather than the pavement. Even if lighting investment increases, it’s no good repeating these mistakes - councils and engineers need to re-think their approach to lighting, and consider the needs of pedestrians after dark, not just cars.

So what needs to happen? Living Streets suggests four things:

1. Spending on lighting should at least match Home Office spend on CCTV. If it’s a toss-up between the two, lighting should win. The few local authority PFI schemes announced for lighting are fine in themselves, but totally inadequate. Areas with highest deprivation and fear of crime should be improved first.

2. Low pressure ‘yellow light’ should be totally banned from our streets. It may be okay for traffic, but it is terrible for facial recognition which is very important for pedestrian security. White lighting is twice as good at letting you see the face of somebody approaching.

3. Local authority lighting managers, and private contractors, should be retrained to understand the needs of pedestrians. They need to know that good lighting is particularly important for older people. Those over 45 require 30% more light than those under 45 to achieve the same facial recognition.

4. As part of the Government’s ‘Cleaner, Safer, Greener’ programme, key pedestrian routes should be audited for the effectiveness of their lighting. Pedestrians need uniformity of lighting – there’s no point in lighting a bus stop if pedestrians have to walk through pools of darkness to get there.

4.5.6 Overview of the UK & Ireland situation

Outdoor lighting has increased dramatically over the past 30 years. The night sky over England is more brightly lit than any other European country with the exception of the Netherlands (Figure 1). Light pollution has reduced our ability to view the stars and impacts on wildlife.

Legislation Light pollution may be regarded as a 'nuisance' under common law, and is being added to the list of statutory nuisances in the Environmental Protection Act 1990. Local authorities and people affected by light trespass will be able to take action, though there are specific exemptions for some transport and sports facilities.

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Save Money and Keep the Lights ON

The budget cuts the Coalition Government has introduced, combined with its Carbon Reduction Commitment and associated tax on carbon-based energy consumption have re-ignited the zeal of accountants and Local Authority managers to make easy savings by switching off our public lighting. Although the Government is keen to make financial savings it is also very conscious of the potential dangers of switching lights off. At the start of September, Louise Ellman MP, a member of the Commons Transport Select Committee, was quoted as saying: ‘I am extremely concerned that financial pressures are leading to steps which can jeopardise people’s lives and increase the number of injuries.’

However, these money-saving initiatives take no account of the known benefits that good lighting brings to the community, including:

1. It reduces street crime and the fear of crime – lighting can help Authorities meet their requirements under the Crime and Disorder Act

2. It reduces the number and severity of night-time road accidents - by up to 30%

3. It helps the emergency services carry out their roles after dark - providing sufficient illumination to work safely and effectively

4. It increases evening activity and promotes the evening economy by making people more confident in using public transport; enabling them to walk the streets after dark in safety; and offering access to evening work, education and leisure activities. Good public lighting is essential in allowing life to continue after dark.

5. Street lighting is extremely good value in cost-benefit terms. A recent survey carried out by the ILP indicates that the average UK street lamp is about 70 watts and energy costs are only £30 per year at the average national tariff.

Some recent evidence of these benefits was recently demonstrated in the case of a recently completed PFI re-lighting scheme in Wakefield. The borough has substantially re-lit its highway network during the last five years and the new lighting:

• Has helped reduce vehicle collision and damage by 50% - 143 incidents in 2004) went down to 69 in 2008

• Has helped reduce vehicle crime by 62% between 2004 and 2008

• Has helped reduce night-time accidents - overall accidents were down by 31% from 2004-2009 and night-time fatalities fell from 9 to 0 in the same period.

Switching Off

The term ‘Switch Off’ is used to describe locations where the street lights are switched off all night, so the area is in total darkness. ‘Partial Switch Off’ or ‘Part Night Lighting’ is where the lighting is switched off for part of the night – typically from midnight until early morning, usually to save energy when the roads are quietest.

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The Implications of Switching Off

Various Highway Authorities have already started switching off street lights to save money. Buckinghamshire has areas blacked out and has seen a number of accidents in these non illuminated areas. The Coroner investigating a fatality in this area directly linked the lack of lighting with the accident. He said,‘the driver had no chance to see the lady crossing the road without any street lights operating’.

Recently some communities have rebelled against their local authorities and in 2008 a resident of Llangynop, a village in South Wales, paid £295 to have his village lit at night for the winter after Powys Council turned off the street lights to save money. This worked out at around 15p per lamp per night.

Prisoners in our Homes

Lack of lighting on our streets at night can have dramatic effect on society, particularly on groups at either end of the age spectrum. Not just the elderly, but also the young, can be made to feel like prisoners in their own homes through their fear of going out at night.

A recent report by children’s charity PLAN UK highlighted that 91% of 13-18 yr old girls said better street lighting would make a big difference to whether they felt safe on the streets. Their CEO Marie Staunton said that issues such as poor street lighting needed to be tackled (and not switched off).

Police Road Death Investigation Manual

An extract form the above manual clearly identifies the responsibility of the local authority: ‘When a collision has occurred and highway involvement is alleged, then the highway authority should be able to show that it took reasonable measures to ensure that the safety of road user was not compromised.’ Clearly highway lighting is an important component of that responsibility.

Associated Issues Involved in Switching Off Lighting

There are a number of other implications to any lighting ‘switch-offs’, namely:

• The lighting of speed limit signs (30mph etc) is often linked into street light circuits and no lighting will require new signage.

• CCTV systems require street lighting – camera operation at night could be severely compromised.

• Where lights have been in operation, it will be necessary to clearly inform the public that the lights are not supposed to work, rather than simply malfunctioning.

• Switching lights off could actually raise the energy tariffs paid by local authorities, by reducing the low-rate tariff paid at night and increasing the percentage of high tariff use. Energy suppliers are already reviewing the use of variable rates and the lower tariff energy saved from midnight to 6.00am will reduce overall cost savings.

• The cost associated with changing the lamp’s photo-cell to part-night switching is £21 – or nearly nine months’ energy costs for the average street light.

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• The installation of road studs (‘cat’s eyes’) – an alternative safety measure on motorways and high-speed roads without lighting - is approximately £2220 per km per lane (or more than £14,000 per mile on a three-lane motorway).

• Obviously too, if road lights are permanently switched off, they can’t be left connected to the mains supply – or left to decay and possibly collapse. The removal of the electrical supply to each column costs £400 per lamp – and the removal of columns and associated equipment is £85 per lamp. Therefore the total cost of a switch-off of a single column could pay for the electricity for the average street light for a further 16 years! This is simply wrong-headed, misguided economics.

The Cost of Increasing Road Accidents

However increased road accidents are probably the major unseen costs associated with road lighting switch-offs. Even if road accidents increase only slightly as a result of switch-offs, the social costs will far outweigh any energy savings. The table below indicates recognised UK accident costs.

Costs of Road Accidents in the UK

• Fatal £1,613,970 £1,754,950 £1,789,030

• Serious £184,850 £212,940 £219,460

• Slight £18,560 £21,790 £25,680

Clearly just one additional fatality could pay for an entire county’s street lights to be kept on for a whole year.

If we take the example of the Highways Agency, which is switching off lighting on many main roads and motorways from midnight to 5.30am, energy savings will be around 50%. However, accidents could increase as a result... and any savings could be easily negated. An alternative policy of dimming the same lights to 50% power for the same time, thereby reducing light levels, but maintaining lighting uniformity (a key factor in reducing glare and ensuring visual comfort) would reduce energy cost by 25%... but would entail no increased risk to road users.

How to Save Costs... and Keep the Lights On

All UK roads are lit to a British Standard, which sets differing light levels for different road types. Interpretation of the guidance has led to some areas being lit to higher levels than are needed. Therefore we recommend a review of the appropriate lighting standards, carried out by the local authorities’ professional lighting team, as part of its lighting policy, to see if light levels could be lower.

Research in Europe has shown that through the use of competent professional lighting designers/ engineers the energy-efficiency of a lighting installation can be improved by up to 30%. It is therefore imperative that any authority employs a competent lighting professional to manage its lighting asset and get the most from it. Too often we have seen the authority’s lighting role being passed to a highway manager, with little, if any, knowledge of lighting. As part of EU energy reduction measures, it is likely that the requirement for competent professional design expertise will become an EU legal requirement within the next few years,

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It has long been recognised that a quality measure of a lighting scheme is its uniformity level; and roads with good uniformity can be lit to an overall lower level, while maintaining good visibility. But switching off every other street lamp, or one in three street lights – a policy being adopted by some UK authorities – destroys lighting uniformity and creates comparatively dark shadowed areas on the road, which are not visually comfortable for drivers.

Another key design component is control of glare - and the last 20 years or so have seen the introduction of street lamps with excellent light control, with minimal glare. This has resulted in a dramatic fall in the orange glow over our urban conurbations and improvement to the night sky.

New Technologies

Today around 90% of the UK is lit with sodium lighting, which exceeds the government’s ultra efficient lighting measure requirement of 100 lumens of light per watt of energy (lm/W). However, street lighting will not stand still.

White Light: The UK was also the first country in the world to recognise that white light provided better visual conditions for motorists – and improved visibility at reduced lighting levels. In 2003 we changed our national codes to allow a drop in lighting levels of one lighting class if white lights were used in the residential roads. Further research has concluded this could be applied to traffic routes and the next BS update may reflect this option.

Central Management Systems (CMS): CMS systems are now available to allow control of every lighting point in an authority at a very reasonable cost, with relatively early payback. CMS doesn’t only save money through dimming, it also ensures that the lighting system is always working at maximum efficiency. It can also provide information so that we never see a light out on the street because they are replaced just before they fail.

Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs): LEDs have a very long life, offer excellent lighting control and are increasingly energy-efficient. LED street lights capable of lighting residential streets to the correct level have been available for a number of years - and recently larger units, capable of lighting our main traffic routes, have come to market. As with any new technology the items are more expensive than conventional lighting, but as development continues, light output is rising year on year and prices are starting to fall significantly. The USA DoE forecast that LED chips may halve in cost by 2015 and could drop to 1/25th of current prices by 2020.

Institution of Lighting Professionals (ILP) Recommendations

Switching off street lights, in all but a limited number of locations (see below) is a short-sighted, socially corrosive and ultimately uneconomic course of action. Instead we propose the following alternative steps, which are more economically and socially viable – and will ensure our society’s safety and security is maintained, even during these hard times:

• Authorities should ask, are we over-lighting the streets? And could we drop a lighting class?

• Authorities could change to ‘white light’ – BS5489 allows a drop of one lighting S class by using white light.

• Authorities should embrace new technology: electronic control gear replacing old magnetic gear can immediately save 10% of energy; and LED street lights are increasingly able to illuminate streets with less power -- and their price is falling.

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• Authorities should dim their lighting, using CMS or pre-set electronic gear:

• On Traffic Routes – provide the right lighting for the traffic demands. When traffic flow is low then drop the light levels to suit.

• In Residential Areas - consult with residents and other stake-holders, but consider dimming to 50% light output from 8.00am, and consider dropping to 20% if possible between midnight and 5.00am. When dimming to low levels also consider the use of local presence detectors to raise levels if pedestrians are around.

• Authorities should retain lighting Uniformity – and should not switch off alternate lamps.

• Authorities could switch off lights in rural locations, but only after all parties have been consulted and the majority agree with the proposed curfew times.

The ILP says that the correct policy is to have the right light in the right place at the right time. It is only by employing a competent lighting professional that an authority can look to achieve the optimum solution for their road network, their customers – and society as a whole.

There is a case study on street lighting in de UK that can be found at the following website:

http://www.lonmark.org/connection/case_studies/documents/UK_Streetlighting.pdf

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4.6 PolandThe contribution of Poland to the market situation description in this report is extensive and very valuable. In this chapter just the summary and conclusions have been discussed. The entire report can be found in Appendix 4.

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4.7 Bulgaria In the past, the ownership of outdoor lighting in the Bulgarian cities and villages belonged to the state electricity supply enterprise - National Electricity Company and its units on the whole territory of the country (except for Sofia), which operated it. The situation had changed after 1989, when the privatization of economy transferred the ownership of street lighting from NEC to the municipalities. This burdened additionally the municipal budgets. Electricity saving measures have been introduced, i.e. switching off outdoor lighting at periods during night-time, determined by local authorities and replacement of the old inefficient street luminaries with mercury vapor lamps with new ones with high pressure sodium and compact fluorescent lamps. Technical maintenance of street lighting has been reduced to replacement of burned lamps and urgent repairs of luminaries and electricity conductors’ failures. Some municipalities signed agreements for technical maintenance of their street lighting with ESCOs, other assigned this responsibility to the municipal technical staff. The management of the street lighting in bigger Bulgarian cities remained as in the past – switching on and off through radio signals, regulated by a photocell in the dispatch center. In towns and in most smaller municipalities photocells have been replaced by electrical controllers with built-in astronomical timers, which ensure switch on and switch off functions according to sunset and sunrise. The replacement of old outdoor luminaries with mercury vapor lamps with new ones still goes on. Light-emitting diodes have attracted significant interest in the last years and many new companies entered the market as retailers and producers of LED outdoor luminaries. The combination of LED outdoor illuminators with solar panels became attractive and a number of pilot installations of this technology have been released in Bulgaria.

The E-Street Project (www.e-streetlight.com) and the organized in 2007 Sofia Street Light Forum promoted in Bulgaria the new adaptive outdoor lighting. A number of informative articles were published and presentations were made at the National Lighting Conference “Lighting-2007”. A team of experts from the Technical University of Varna developed a project for reconstruction of Varna’s street lighting with new intelligent control system, which, unfortunately, has not been released up to now. The lack of reliable economic information, like cost of the management system’s elements, cost of the initial investment, payback period, etc., hindered the awareness of the municipal managers, who take decisions about changes and improvements of their street lighting installations. That was one of the reasons for the absence of interest and pilot projects in adaptive outdoor lighting with intelligent control system in Bulgaria. The reduced budgets of the municipalities in crisis conditions in the last years and the limited funding opportunities are among the obstacles to the positive development of the energy efficiency street lighting in Bulgaria.

4.7.1 Current market situation

Producers

Producers of lighting installations control systems on the Bulgarian market are a dynamic community of groups of experts in lighting, electronic technique and telecommunications. They offer products, which may contribute to the increase of energy efficiency of outdoor lighting in the country. Currently, almost all municipalities use electric controllers with built-in astronomical timers. Their producer is an expert from the Technical University of Sofia.

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http://www.e-streetlight.com

http://www.e-streetlight.com

The study of outdoor lighting in Bulgaria carried out by BSERC within the framework of the project ESOLi, showed that several independent groups of experts had created own systems for intelligent management of outdoor and indoor electrical lighting installations. LED promotion and its future wide application attracts new market players, most of them oriented towards production of luminaries and some of them offering new intelligent control systems for electricity supply and management of low power LED luminaries through utilization of renewable energy (solar radiation and wind). A great number of representatives of international and foreign companies in the field are also present on the market.

Research institutes

There is no information about the present works of the research institutes in Bulgaria and it is not clear whether investigations in the field of outdoor lighting are being carried out.

Associations

There is an impression that the Bulgarian associations are not informed about the new possibilities for intelligent control of outdoor lighting systems and one of the tasks of the Bulgarian team in the project ESOLi is to fill this gap. BSERC intends to invite the respective associations to participate in the two national seminars, which will be organized within the ESOLi project.

Consultants

The Bulgarian consultants in the field of lighting are active and are well-informed about the news in the field. The BSERC team has regular contacts with these specialists and they will also be invited to attend the ESOLi-seminars to increase their qualification.

State bodies

The state bodies, having relation with outdoor lighting in Bulgaria are the Ministry of Economy, Energy and Tourism, Ministry of Regional Development and Public Works, Ministry of Transport and Information Technologies and Communications, Agency “Road Infrastructure”, Energy Efficiency Agency, Bulgarian Energy Efficiency Fund, Bulgarian Standardization Institute. Keeping in contact with them is of utmost importance, with a view to revise and overcome the shortages in the legislative documents related to outdoor lighting. The Technical Universities in Sofia, Varna, Gabrovo and Russe could also contribute to the successful implementation of the project ESOLi.

Non-governmental organizations

The Bulgarian National Committee of Illumination is an important partner, which will contribute to the attainment of the ESOLi project’s aims at national level.

The Chamber of Engineers in the Investment Design and The Chamber of Architects are organizations of the Bulgarian designers. They will also be contacted and invited to participate in the seminars.

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EnEffect is an agency, operating in the energy efficiency field. In 1997, under its initiative was established the National Energy Efficiency Network, members of which are 25 Bulgarian municipalities. They all have energy efficiency units, operated by skillful and trained personnel. Through the Network it would be possible to disseminate the ESOLi’s ideas among municipal authorities.

End users

End users are the municipalities and ESCOs. There are 240 municipalities in Bulgaria and they are the biggest target group for the dissemination of information about the new intelligent control technology for outdoor lighting and for the implementation of the first pilot projects of this type in the country. There are five ESCOs in Bulgaria active in outdoor lighting and they are the main players on the Bulgarian market for lighting and technical maintenance of outdoor lighting. The biggest ESCOs are three and they are experienced in increasing of efficiency in heat consumption, but would be interested also in investing in new energy efficiency technologies, like adaptive outdoor lighting.

4.7.2. Bulgarian Legislative Framework

The Energy Efficiency Act of Bulgaria and the corresponding regulations stipulate the requirements towards heating, ventilation and air-conditioning installations in public buildings and industrial systems. Street lighting is still not an object to control and increase of its energy efficiency, according to these documents, probably due to its negligible share in the national electricity balance (2.5%). Obviously, this situation needs to change and one of the tasks of the project ESOLi will be to include outdoor lighting in the legislative documents, related to energy efficiency in Bulgaria. Our team has already initiated changes in the Bulgarian standard on outdoor lighting and has taken steps, so that the Regulation on design would foresee obligation for use of adaptive lighting with intelligent control systems for future reconstructions and new lighting installations. This would be a prerequisite for spreading the adaptive outdoor lighting in the country.

The EU standard on street lighting EN 13021 has been introduced in Bulgaria and its four parts are already in use. It is expected that the fifth part of this standard will be realized soon, which will place new requirements for outdoor lighting and will regulate the design process towards energy efficiency.

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4.8. FinlandThis chapter describes the situation on the Finnish market.

4.8.1. Operations and Management

The Finnish Transport Agency and Centres for Economic Development, Transport and the Environment (ELY Centres) have the responsibility for planning and design, installation and maintenance of road lighting on highways. The number of lighting points owned by ELY Centres is approximately 230 000 pieces. The total energy consumption is 150 GWh.

The municipalities own most of the public lighting installations. In Finland there are 336 municipalities and they are responsible for 1 100 000 lighting points. The total energy consumption is estimated to be 650 GWh.

In Finland there is 4,2 inhabitants per light point. The low value can partly be explained by low population density 16 people/km2.

In 2010 almost 50% of outdoor luminaires (660 000) were equipped with mercury vapour lamps. The ELY Centres had 40 000 mercury lamp luminaires, which is 17% of the total amount. For municipalities the correspondent values were 620 000 and 58% of the total amount. During the last 12 months the amount of mercury lamp luminaires has been decreased to some extent due to replacement of the old luminaires with the new ones mostly equipped with high pressure sodium lamp.

EuP Directive 2005/32/EC and Regulation 245/2009 have a significant effect on outdoor lighting development in Finland. The Directive affects not only the market situation but also political decisions, energy efficiency aspects and of course the financial situation. Some of the municipalities in Finland have over 80% of their outdoor lighting installations installed with mercury lamp luminaires.

4.8.2. Adaptive road and street lighting in Finland

In Finland there are several motorway sections on which intelligent road lighting control systems have been installed during the last 10 years. The main purpose of such controls systems is to save energy and maintenance costs without adversely affecting either the safety of driving or the quality of the road lighting. From lighting point of view this means providing the optimum luminance levels in relationship to the actual need. Some examples of the intelligent road lighting control system projects on motorways are shown in Table 1.

Section LengthKolmperä-Lohjanharju 17 kmMuurla-Lohja 20 kmRing Road III 5 kmVuosaari Harbour Road 3 kmVästersundom-Harabacka 31 km

Table 1. Pilot sections of Finnish motorways where intelligent road lighting control systems have been

operating.

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http://www.voltimum.co.uk/search/eup%2Bdirective.html

http://www.voltimum.co.uk/search/eup%2Bdirective.html

In all of these sections the system collects traffic, weather and luminance information and controls road lighting based on this data. The basic idea of the control systems is the same but the technology, software and equipment used differ depending on the road section.

The Finnish Transport Agency and ELY Centres have stated a definition of policy that all new road lighting installations must be dimmable that is luminaires should be equipped with at least a simple control unit.

Some bigger cities and municipalities in Finland have started to upgrade and improve their control systems. For example cities of Tampere and Jyväskylä optimized their use of streetlights by C2 SmartLight control system.

Previously, Tampere’s 38,000 street luminaires were controlled by a system that could only switch the lights on and off in the population centres. A new installed control system enables the setting of active state times for different areas. The control system also provides information on weather, burning hours and energy consumption. The company C2 SmartLight Ltd is responsible for the control system and owns the equipment used for the control of luminaires. The contract is 10-year long and Tampere City pays a monthly fee for a functional service.

In Tampere, the illumination of the streets costs approximately €2 million per year. In 2010, C2’s system provided cost savings of €80,000 – i.e., approximately 4%.

Jyväskylä city is about the same size as Tampere city and it has about 30,000 street luminaires. Jyväskylä has signed a 12-year service agreement with C2 SmartLight Ltd. Funding is provided by using the ESCO concept. The main idea is to use the energy savings provided by the control system to finance the purchase.

Smaller municipalities are slowly started to be aware of the possibilities of outdoor lighting control systems. The problems the implementation of control systems is facing are lack of knowledge, lack of experience and especially positive experience gained from pilot locations and finally financial situations.

4.8.3. LED technology in Finland

LED installations in Finland are mostly test installations, usually consisting of small amount of luminaires (from 1-30). Roughly estimated there are about 100 outdoor LED pilot installations and all together 1000 installed LED luminaires.

Experiences from the first LED installations in Finland have been mostly negative. However the improvement and development of LED luminaires optics, heat and lifetime control, design, construction and electronic technology has been significant in the last couple of years. Also the know-how not only of manufacturers and consultants but also of municipality and administration authorities concerning LED technology has been partly improved.

The potential of LED technology in adaptive outdoor lighting installations is well known. So far the biggest problem in implementing the LED technology together with control systems has been relatively high construction expenses.

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4.8.4. Financial and contracting framework conditions

In Finland the ESCO procedure is considered, more or less, as a tool for the implementation of energy saving measures identified and reported in the energy auditing reports. A lot of energy audits have been carried out in Finland during the past ten years in different client categories linked to the voluntary Energy Conservation Agreements. ESCO business has been growing in Finland but not to the extent that was expected, even though the state gives financial support to the ESCO investment projects. The reasons for that is e.g. lack of knowledge and slowness in adapting new unfamiliar methods.

Nevertheless greater and greater amount of municipalities are beginning to consider the ESCO procedure or even starting the ESCO project and applying for financial support from the state.

Procurement methods typically used in Finland are:

• Conventional method: separate design, construction and maintenance

• Total contract including design

• LCC method which includes financing, design, construction and maintenance

The government provides the financing for Finnish Transport Agency, which is then divided between ELY Centres. For cities and municipalities lighting installations are included in the street construction budget.

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4.9. Czech Republic In the Czech Republic and similarly all countries behind the Iron Curtain, there was no free market in last decades of 20. century and there were only few manufacturers of luminaires. Thus, the current luminaires consist of few types of traditional manufacturers (usually quite old) and the rest are new luminaires by wide spectrum of manufacturers.

On the other hand, the Czech Republic (formerly Czechoslovakia) had its own development of high pressure sodium lamps which was quite successful. That’s probably the reason why the share of inefficient mercury lamps in the street lighting is very low (about 4%). The share of high pressure sodium lamps is about 90%.

The estimated number of light points in the Czech Republic is 1,3 milions (on the average 7,8 inhabitants per light point, about 50 kWh per inhabitant per year).

The street lighting is not political highlight and there are no significant public program The only donation program is provided by Ministry of Industry and Trade (program EFEKT) but it has limited funds.

Usually, the street lighting is owned and maintained by the municipality. There is also "delegated public lighting management" quite common in the Czech Republic. It is a type of public-private partnership. The principle is that the city pays for the light and doesn't concern on any more details. The poles and the luminaires are still property of the city. The company usually bills the service per light point. The company also pays the electricity so it is the company's interest to have efficient street lighting. Reconstructions and new lighting systems have usually their own contracts and are funded by the private company (city pays then by installments). The maintenance contract contains usually penalties for non-functional lighting, etc.

There is a significant community engaged in street lighting in the Czech Republic. There is an Association for development of street lighting (Czech abbr. SRVO) which is active and organize a lot of educational events.

There is no mass use of inteligent light points. The stress in the street lighting lays usually in the economic efficiency.

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4.10 NorwayIn 1996 the first cite test with adaptive street lighting with intelligent lighting control was installed in Norway.

One of the conclusions of this City was that there was a need to make changes in the national standards to allow changing the level of Lumen and Illuminance due to parameters such as traffic density or weather conditions on the road.

Appropriate average levels for the lighting on roads can be selected following different procedures described in various European standards or recommendations. Temporary changes in the parameters considered when selecting the lighting levels allow an adaptation, i.e. a reduction of the required (normal) level of average luminance or illuminance. The use of adaptive lighting can provide significant reductions in energy consumption, compared with operating the normal lighting level throughout the whole time of darkness, and can increase the energy efficiency of road lighting.

The lighting requirements as specified for different traffic areas in the current European standard on road lighting show some inconsistencies that might restrict the roll-out of adaptive lighting using dimming. To make the widespread use of adaptive lighting possible, the described selection process of appropriate lighting levels and the associated quality requirements in the European regulations need modification.

The result of this is that Norway and the other Scandinavian countries are strongly involved in CIE and CEN to make standards to allow governments to use the possibilities to reduce the CO2 and energy consumption by using dynamic lighting.

In Norway today about 25000 luminaries with intelligent controls have been installed.

The City of Oslo has installed 9000 luminaries and has been in the lead in initiating and executing on pilot projects. The test sites have proven that it can be useful to interface dynamic lighting control into Oslo’s Smart City solution.

The City of Oslo and the Norwegian Directorate of Public Roads wrote requirements that all street and road lighting installations have to be prepared for intelligent lighting control.

In the legislation there also instruction on using open protocols with defined interfaces to communicate between the drivers/ballast and to the segments controls or between the luminaries and the overall systems.

Norway is using several systems from different suppliers and these systems are using all kinds of communication to emote management systems eg. Based on WEB, GPRS, radio communication and radar.

The numbers of installations is rapidly increasing due to the CEN and national demands not to allowing mechanical ballasts. ENOVA –The Governmental bureau in Norway for energy savings can give grants to energy savings measures in road and street lighting. The grant size will be calculated based on a fixed amount for every kilowatt saved. (NOK x KWh saved.).

These contributions from the authorities has contributed to an increasing of energy savings measures.

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5. Cost and payback periods

As described there are many ways to save energy on outdoor lighting and each of these have their own investment levels and savings characteristics.

During E-street there was an excellent piece of work produced on this subject with a very good calculator to help define investment levels, life-cycle cost and payback periods on outdoor lighting systems. I would like to refer to the E-street project for information on this tool.

However the playing field in outdoor lighting solutions changes fast and significantly and especially the introduction of LED is an important subject. Not only is LED a reasonable energy efficient light source, it also has a significant life span when it comes to burning hours. Some companies actually claim 30+ years.

Energy savings are always relative and can be calculated easily by taking the calculated or measured energy usage of the existing installation and comparing it with the estimated savings potential when an energy efficient system. The difference multiplied by the energy price should give a good view on the savings.

It becomes difficult when we start to take other savings into account; like maintenance cost reduction. They are difficult to calculate (or estimate) because the maintenance procedures are not adjusted to the intelligent systems. In all situations the majority of the installed base that the end-user owns is still conventional gear and what we have found from the interviews was that the intelligent systems are maintained in the same way.

In other words they are still scouting (using fossil fuel) to see what is broken, they still do group replacements after a certain period even though the lamps life-span is increased by dimming it. An intelligent lighting system produces a list of the lamps to replace but we still see that the entire system is switched on for days sometimes to be able to “see” the broken lamps during replacement, etc.

There is a case study added in Appendix 3 that describes savings opportunities up to 90+% on a park and ride lot. The case study is still in Dutch but will be offered in English in the final version of this document.

The model will be completed in the final version of the document once the information has been gathered from all the countries. An example calculation will be added for the Municipality of Stadskanaal based on the real number gather over the last 3 years.

5.1 Calculating the energy savings When calculating the savings on both energy and operations cost there are some additional points of interest we need to consider in a model:

• The actual usage of the equipment that is added to the lighting installation to be able to dim, Outdoor Lamp Controller, Segment controllers, Modems, Servers and other equipment all use power.

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• The actual number of maintenance runs that is needed to maintain the installations. Making a lighting system intelligent in fact turns a lighting system into a computer system that also needs maintenance. The number of maintenance runs that just involve cleaning in situations where long-life lamps or LED has been applied.

• The efficiency of the equipment used when the installation is dimmed. Many ballast/lamp combinations have an excellent efficiency at the 100% level but the savings are not linear with the dimming levels.

Energy consumer Number Total consumption

Lamp/ballast combination xx

Energy consumed during maintenance

xx

Table 1. stating the consumers to take into account in the old situation

Energy consumer Number Total consumption

Lamp/ballast combination xx taking dim-schedules and ON/OFF times into account

OLC power consumption xx

Central cabinet equipment power consumption:

- segment controller- routers/modes

xx

Central office equipment power consumption:

- server- communications equipment- PC’s and Laptops used to

look at the systems

xx

Energy Consumed during maintenance of the lighting system

xx

Energy consumed during maintenance of the automation equipment used.

xx

Table 2. stating the consumers to take into account in the new situation

Note: keep in mind that almost all of the automation equipment is running 24 x 7

Note: the dim-schedule and the way it is set determines all savings

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5.2 Calculating the financial savingsCalculating the financial savings is dependent on so many factors that it is almost impossible to share a model that works in multiple countries and situations.

Important information needed to be able to calculate the financial savings is the following:

• energy cost and contracts

• type of intelligent lighting system (static, hybrid or fully adaptive)

• cost of financing the solution

• labor and maintenance cost

The key to finding the right payback periods is also the indexing that should be used on both energy pricing and other cost as well as the write-off times used on the new installation.

Cost factor year 1 year 1 etc

Energy

Maintenance and repair

Cost of financing

The additional investment in combination with the savings as a function of (estimated) pricing over time will then give the pay-back period.

In practice we have calculated several scenarios that are still being checked by the cities participating in this part of the WP 2 project. The municipality of Stadskanaal has offered all the information they have to be bale to come up with the final financial model. They estimate that the result will be ready in the last week of February 2010. In the final version of the report this example will be worked out completely.

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Appendix 1. Market in Slovenia

INTRODUCTION

Slovenia is a small country with only 2 millions of inhabitants and an area of 20 273 sq km.

Road and street lighting installations in the republic are in responsibility and owned by:

DARS (Motorway Company in the Republic of Slovenia)

DRSC (Slovenian Roads Agency)

Municipalities – in Slovenia there is 212 municipalities, 11 of them are stated »urban county

INSTALLATIONS IN COMPETENCE OF DARS (Motorway Company in the Republic of Slovenia):

Lighting of motorways mainly represents road lighting of junctions and ramps, toll stations and partly rest areas.

The total yearly energy consumption for the lighting of roads owned by DARS is 5,4GWh.

Only a short section of motorway with extremely high traffic density and a lot of merging traffic is continuously illuminated.

Toll stations are due to other toll collecting methods not needed any more, but remained on site, thus representing dangerous conflict areas, which need to be illuminated.

The goal is to remove the toll collecting stations in a couple of years, when totally electronic toll collecting systems will be approved and applied.

At that time also the lighting will be removed. It is not reasonable to make any investments in modernization of lighting systems at toll collecting stations for a short time period.

Because of traffic safety, most of the connection ramps and motorway junctions are illuminated.

Required lighting level at motorway junctions and connection ramps is very dependent on traffic density and weather conditions, therefore adaptive lighting represents excellent opportunity to improve energy efficiency of the installations.

Some latest installations are completely adaptive and »intelligent«, the lighting level on the road being automatically controlled on the basis of traffic density and weather conditions.

Older installations do not have this possibility, but are perfectly suitable for upgrade at the phase of renewal (replacement of luminaries required by national directive)

INSTALLATIONS IN COMPETENCE OF DRSC (Slovenian Roads Agency)

Lighting installations on major roads outside urban areas are owned and managed by Slovenian Roads Agency.

Total annual energy consumption of those installations is 2,2 GWh, which represents only 1,4% of the yearly energy consumption for public lighting in Slovenia.

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State of installations across the country is not uniform. Some places are overlit (especially older installations), but some new installations are decently designed according to the latest reccomendations and standards. Also some new installations are already made by high efficient and reliable LED luminaries.

According to the legislative requirements all the luminaries have to be replaced with flat glass luminaries aligned strictly horizontally, by the end of 2016.

The proces of replacing luminaries already started. This is also a good opportunity to redefine the required lighting levels, the new CIE 115:2 being of a big help.

At the state owned roads there are some LED lighting installations, which are perfectly suitable to be upgraded to adaptive lighting.

Traffic density at the state roads and occupation of adjacent pedestrian walkways varies a lot during the time of the night. In order to reduce energy consumption and light pollution, aplication of adaptive lighting would be of big benefit.

INSTALLATIONS IN COMPETENCE OF MUNICIPALITIES

The most of the public lighting installations is owned by municipalities. Total estimated energy consumption for public lighting in municipalities is 151,7 GWh.

Between 212 municipalities it is not only a big difference in area and number of population, but also a big difference in state of the lighting installations.

Management of public lighting installations:

Historically, the construction and maintenance of public lighting installations was responsibility of electrical distribution companies (except in Ljubljana, capital of Slovenia, where already in 1952 a specialized company was established).

Generally, companies dealing with distribution of electrical energy paid no special attention to the lighting, so the installations were energy consuming and some areas were strongly over lit.

Situation changed some years ago, when also in smaller municipalities separate specialized companies became responsible for the maintenance and operation of public lighting and also energy consumption became important issue.

Technological issues

Road lighting:

Technologically, road lighting in Slovenian municipalities is more and more based on HPS lamps, percentage of HPM lamps still in use rapidly falling. Generally in some bigger municipalities HPM lamps are not used any more for a long time period.

Because of better efficacy and sometimes also longer lifetime, HPS lamps with higher efficiency are used in public lighting in most of municipalities.

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Also the use of CMH lamps is increasing, emphasizing the advantages of white light and good color recognition particularly at places with higher frequency of pedestrian traffic and pedestrian crossings at major roads.

In a few municipalities there are also some installations based on LED, but we are expecting number of those installations to rise in a near future.

Most of new installations are equipped with possibility of dimming using tapped ballasts, but older installations do not have any dimming possibilities.

Street lighting

The biggest savings in energy use in public lighting in municipalities was achieved in the late nineties, when a lot of municipalities made significant savings concerning lighting in residential areas and areas with low traffic density by just replacing old luminaries equipped with 2 x 125W HPM lamps with modern luminaries equipped with 36W PL lamps.

In municipality of Ljubljana, replacing luminaries in residential areas, total installed power for public lighting was reduced by 3,2MW in a short time period, new installations also providing better visual conditions.

Street lighting installations are mostly characterized by low mounting heights (4-6m) and ratio height/distance in a range from 1:4 to 1.6. Therefore luminaries providing wide luminous flux distribution delivering high vertical/semi cylindrical illuminance and good uniformity of overall horizontal illuminance, with addition of good color rendering, perform best.

Estimated saving potential:

As some municipalities historically paid more attention to the public lighting and some other municipalities paid much less attention, the actual state of installations needs to be evaluated separately for each municipality.

University of Ljubljana, Faculty for electrical engineering performed a study on possible energy savings in public lighting in Slovenia.

The conclusion of the study presented at CIE conference in Vienna 2010 was, that the potential savings would be in a range of 38% or roughly 106GWh yearly.

Because there is a limited number of installations equipped with dimming and control systems, applying adaptive lighting saving potential could be significantly higher.

Protecting the nighttime environment and saving energy there are some trials to switch off the lighting in the late nighttime, especially in non urban municipalities. Residents are generally not really happy with those projects, so offering solutions with nighttime dimming (to a very low illuminance level) and intelligent controls using presence detectors etc. combined with responsive lighting systems could offer acceptable solution on the win - win basis.

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LEGISLATIVE REQUIREMENTS

For the road and street lighting in Slovenia requirements given in SIST EN 13 201 should be followed.

In August 2007 Slovene government also issued “Decree on the limitation on light pollution of the environment« - in later text - Decree”

Requirements in the decree concerning road and street lighting shortly:

Article 4: “in outdoor lighting only luminaries with ULOR=0% are allowed”.

Article 5: - yearly energy consumption for the public lighting in particular municipality shall not exceed 44,5 kWh per inhabitant of particular municipality.

Yearly energy consumption for the public lighting at state owned roads shall not exceed 5,5kWh per inhabitant of the Republic of Slovenia.

Article 28: Existing road and street lighting shall be renewed in a way to conform to the requirements of the Decree latest till the end of the year 2016.

It is worth to mention, that the requirements in the Decree are not in line with the requirements given in the Commission Regulation (EC) No 245/2009 of 18 March 2009 implementing Directive 2005/32/EC:

Table 25 from the Regulation No 245/2009:

Consequences of the Decree are positive and negative.

Absolutely it is positive, that municipalities and state authorities are forced to rethink public lighting and most of installations are being renewed, also the idea of setting the goal to reduce energy consumption is positive.

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Meeting the requirements given in the Decree and especially in Article 4 (ULOR =0) does not result in the most energy efficient installations, especially concerning street lighting.

Comment: it is known, that in practice ULOR of 0,00% is hard to meet. There are two ways trying to meet this requirement:

• Flat glass luminaries installed absolutely horizontally

• Luminaries equipped with extensive shields.

Second solution is in practice seldom applied, because of mechanical problems connected with wind load, snow etc.

Requirements of the Decree and Road lighting:

It has been shown in many comprehensive studies (for example AFE Les Nuisances dues a la Lumiere) that flat glass luminaries are not the most energy efficient .

Concerning carefully planned installations, the difference between optimal and »flat glass« solution would be in a range of 20%.

Basically, at the renovations existing lighting poles are used (sometimes height of the poles is adapted), and only luminaries are being replaced, so we can not speak about optimal lighting design, therefore the difference in energy used is lower.

But, using more efficient luminaries in combination with adaptive lighting could offer some additional energy saving potential.

Flat glass luminaries also have a worse performance in case of wet road conditions.

Problems that could occur replacing existing luminaries exclusively with flat glass luminaries without carefully investigating lighting conditions and could endanger traffic safety are:

lack of longitudinal/overall uniformity of luminance. At some installations with wider spacing, replacement of luminaries could cause insufficient longitudinal and overall uniformity of luminance. This subject is very important, because in the revised documents concerning road lighting, requirements for longitudinal uniformity of luminance are increasing. Lack of uniformity could cause limited possibilities for late nighttime dimming concerning Revealing Power (RP) curve (fig1).

Fig.1: RP vs. Lav and Uo

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Lack of overall uniformity of luminance: it is no doubt that for decreasing light pollution it is necessary to adjust the inclination of luminaries to almost horizontal position. But with single sided arrangement most of existing luminaries are optimized to be mounted at slight inclination angle (5-7 degrees), achieving high utilization factor (light delivered to the road) and good overall uniformity of luminance. So bringing luminaries to exactly horizontal position in particular cases would just deliver more light to the surrounding area and less light to the road. There are some cases (roads with three or even four lanes), where lighting design was carefully made just prior the Decree was enforced and could hardly meet the requirements of EN 13 201. Adjusting the inclination of luminaries from inclination of 5 degrees to exactly horizontal position it is impossible to meet the lighting conditions required by EN 13 201! In such cases conscious lighting designer would need to add an additional row of luminaries, therefore raising the energy consumption and maintenance cost. Such a solution is also in contradiction with directive EUp 32/2005 . According to the measurements in the laboratory, ULOR of flat glass luminaries mounted under inclination of 5 degrees is less than 0,01%, so total influence to the sky glow is almost nil.

In short: in road lighting the requirement given in article 4 of the Decree could be accepted with some reasonable exemptions in order to reduce energy consumption and maintenance cost.

Requirements of the Decree and Street lighting:

Street lighting is characterized by low mounting heights. Lighting conditions should meet the requirements defined by:

- average horizontal illuminance

- minimum semi cylindrical and/or vertical illuminance.

With low mounting heights minimum semi cylindrical or vertical illuminance could only be met by using luminaries with wide beam distribution. Because of reflection properties of glass, existing flat glass luminaries can not deliver very wide beam distribution, so they are not the most convenient for the use in street lighting, and neither for amenity lighting.

Lighting industry has developed some new types of luminaries, delivering wide beam distribution in order to achieve high level of semi cylindrical illuminance and good uniformity of horizontal illuminance. Also the level of ULOR is under 1%, but it is impossible to reduce it to 0,00%.

Such luminaries provide extremely good visual conditions and are good opportunity to reduce energy consumption. Luminaries are totally in accordance with Regulation EC 245/2009 and suitable for use in areas around Europe where light pollution is of special concern, but In Slovenia use of such luminaries is due to the Decree, forbidden.

So, to achieve lighting conditions according to the lighting standard, with long distances between the poles and low mounting heights in street lighting, using flat glass luminaries, the solution would be either to increase the number of poles, or install higher poles (lower utilization factor of luminaries).

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The consequence would be, that providing appropriate visual conditions in street lighting and using conventional luminaries (use of LED luminaries is limited), according to the Decree, use of energy for street lighting in Slovenia could be higher in the next few years.

By installing adaptive lighting, we can a bit couterreact to this fact.

CONCLUSIONS

Due to the Decree, replacing of existing luminaries with flat glass luminaries have to be finished till the end of 2016, 25% of existing luminaries have to be replaced by the end of 1011 and 50% till the end of 2012.

is a good chance to redesign lighting installations and adjust the required lighting level according to the new recommendations.

The required luminaries are not the most efficient concerning energy use for all kinds of applications.

There is a big danger that during the renovation in some municipalities existing luminaries would be replaced on 1:1 basis with flat glass luminaries without investigating lighting parameters, consequently dangerous lighting situations would be created (example fig.2 a,b)

2 a 2 b

Fig.2 a,b. Careless replacing old semi cut off luminaries with flat glass luminaries. Person dressed in light

blue coat can not be seen between two Luminaries

Adaptive lighting can only be applied at installations where lighting parameters conform to the requirements given in lighting standards and recommendations (e.g. EN 13201, CIE 115:2)

With new lighting systems and responsive control systems, significant savings concerning energy use and also limitation of light pollution can be achieved.

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Appendix 2. The monopoly situation of Franciacorta

by COGEME Servizi Territoriali

Introduction

The need for improved management of public lighting from the point of view of the costs from the energy consumed was extremely limited, in Lombardy Region, from the management situation in recent years. During the years of state monopoly by ENEL, the need to minimize the cost of construction has led to the development until the year 1990 mainly public lighting systems are not separate and electrically or mechanically from the power of distribution network (mixed line).

After the liberalization of the service, verified in the 90's, Enel has been divided into Enel Distribution, the owner of transmission lines and support poles, and Enel-sole, who is responsible for maintenance of lamps, fixtures and supports. The existence of promiscuous plants, with two different owners, although of the same industrial group, has been a real obstacle for most of the Lombard municipalities.

The existence of the monopoly has forced municipalities to suffer the ENEL charges, creating, in effect, a dependency culture that has persisted until a few years ago and that has affected the search for cheaper solutions.

With the advent of European and national provisions, like the law August 6, 2008, No 133 in the field of public service contracts, the contract of service of public lighting through a tender process is required by law.

The company Enel-Sole has always claimed ownership of public lighting systems, although 80% paid by the municipalities themselves, it overestimates the price even though it is an equipment very old, in fact obstruct the free competition of service providers and dictates the choice of municipalities.

The evolution of technical legislation in the last decade has produced new requirements regarding the lighting. In particular, the Regional Law 17/2000 requires first of all municipalities to adopt a Municipal Lighting Plan (Price), in accordance with these regulatory criteria, with the traffic laws and energy.

The most important new technical constraints are:

- Lamps mustn’t emit light upwards (over 90 ° from vertical) to reduce light pollution

- have to use high-efficiency light bulbs

- have to replace the Mercury vapor lamps with those of Sodium.

Finally, the RL 17/00 and s.m.s. requires to be fitted with devices to reduce the emission of light of the facilities in no less than 30% compared to full operation, provided that safety is not compromised. This involves the adoption of flow regulators that can only work if the lines are dedicated and not promiscuous. Hence the need for action on the plants.

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In addition, a direct comparison through a tender process would allow municipalities to assess the efficiency of services offered, the detailed costs of management, energy efficiency measures taken, the amount of the guaranteed savings and the duration of the contract. In the past was the case that the renewal, tacit or explicit with the firm Enel-Sole does not plan to adapt the plant, but only the basic service (essentially a continuation of the previous management).

Lombardy

The strategic plan for sustainable energy technologies in Lombardy in 2009 with regard to energy efficiency in public expected that within the scope of technology, there are benefits arising from the replacement of lighting systems to systems with more efficient mercury, drawing three parallel scenarios:

• Exclusive use of sodium lamps by 2020;

• The use, by 2020, 75% of sodium lamps and 25% of LED lamps;

• Use balanced, by 2020, of sodium and LED lamp.

Each of these scenarios is characterized by the type of lamp that replaces the existing mercury lamps and, consequently, for the cost and energy-related environmental benefits.

The replacement of mercury will occur in the next few years as a result of the marketing ban imposed by the EU and national legislation for the lamps of that type. Assuming that the distribution of mercury and sodium lamps has been unchanged in recent years, there are still over 1 million mercury lamps in the region of Lombardy. These lamps are covered by contributions of the Lombardy Region to encourage the installation of a specific technology or a particular mix of technologies for public lighting.

Owners of the plants in % (violet: SOLE, red: others)

Source: Lombardy Region database

Lamp types (violet: mercury vapor, yellow: sodium vapor hp., red:sodium vapor lp)

Source: Lombardy Region database

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With a good approximation, it is assumed that plants with mercury vapor lamps are the oldest and therefore the first which must be conformed to the requirements of LR 17/2000.

Considering that the lights that use mercury vapor lamps are supposed to be about 1,000,000, of which at least 50% should belong to systems with more than 25 years, it is estimated that on a regional level about 500.000 light points should be adjusted. This number should be added to that of older plants that use sodium vapor lights to high pressure.

The North-West Brescia area (area COGEME)

The Cogeme Group consists of several sub-companies like Cogeme spa, one of the corporations of municipalities in Italy. The shares are totally owned by 70 municipal governments in the provinces of Brescia and Bergamo, the Consortium of Community Housing and the Mountain Community of Vallecamonica. Founded in 1970, with the aim of methane distribution in Franciacorta, during the years it became an effective instrument of management services by local authorities which allows economies of scale, technology and quality services that they cannot afford separately. With the latest acquisitions, the Group's offer has been completed: from the production and sale of electricity, the establishment of plans of public lighting (price), construction of new plants and upgrading of existing, to a range of services available for the management of an area with nearly 400,000 inhabitants.

Property of light points (violet: local authority, bordeaux: Enel Sole Type of light centers violet: mercury vapor, bordeaux:sodium vapor hp , yellow: other

The consistency of public lighting systems of 70 municipalities CO.GE.ME.

Type of light centers violet: mercury vapor, bordeaux:sodium vapor hp , yellow: other

The consistency of public lighting systems of 70 municipalities CO.GE.ME.

Maximizing the visual comfort for the inhabitants and users, limiting light pollution, increasing energy savings, coordinating and planning the design on the entire municipal area and reducing the operating costs are the common targets.

Cogeme, in order to expand and improve the range of services provided to its members, supports the municipalities within the path of acquisition and adaptation of public lighting plants owned by Enel to date.

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THE CURRENT SITUATION

In view of the shortcomings of the service provided by Enel-Sole to contain the expenditure in the budget, most of the municipalities, has expressed the need to take ownership of the IP systems.

To respond positively to requests from municipalities administrators, Cogeme gathered information and data about to "public enlightenment and carried out with the support of qualified professionals careful and thorough investigation of possible solutions for IP redeem plants.

The study carried out on the systems of the City of Coccaglio IP.

The results of the work developed by Cogeme highlight some critical issues that are in stark contrast to the assessments of many municipal administrators and technicians who might think that in the medium term, the return on investment.

The case of Coccaglio

THE TERRITORY

Coccaglio is a town of 8370 habitants of the province of Brescia, at the eastern end of Franciacorta, about 25 km from the chief town. It has an area of about 12 Km2 and a population density of 700 habitants per square km.

View from satellite of Coccaglio City

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Illumination influencing factors:

Communication routes

Coccaglio is influenced by two important elements in the traffic: - The SS573 Ogliense and SS11. The traffic is just focused on these two main thoroughfares, which also cut the entire historic center, while other routes are almost exclusively local traffic. The traffic is then very limited outside these main roads and there isn’t particular problem and / or criticality. The traffic, the roads and the extension of territory, and feature lighting are the first parameters of influence.

Climate and geography

The climate is typical of the Lombardy lakes and airy with cool summers and mild winters without fog. There aren’t chemical industries or the like which may put on the atmosphere or corrosive contaminants. The snow is often present in the winter, although in recent years there has been a decrease for the climate change on a large scale.

Demography

From the demographic point of view the municipality had a growing population increase for the proximity to the capital, in the last century that has changed through the town from a purely agricultural economy to a more industrial economy. Population growth in the last 7 years is further increased by 15.5% partly because of emigration, has been boosted by the many subdivisions that have been made in the area above the half of the animals seventies.

The presence of new subdivisions and future expansion, is an element of particular influence communal lighting, often tends to escape the direct control of City facilities with the risk of being not "sized" correctly for the area or do not comply with regional legislation.

1 - PUBLIC LIGHTING STATE-OF-THE-ART

The analysis performed in relation to public lighting systems on the municipality has allowed extensive experience in general obsolescence of lighting fixtures.

The considered areas are the following:

• Types of applications

• Types of lighting

• Types of light sources

• Types of support

The database is of course owned by the city lights from the park and one owned by ENEL-Sole, which has a total of 1412 light points which:

• 314 municipal property

• 1098 to the current property manager.

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Types of applications

The chart shows the distribution of light sources in the application.

Types of lighting equipment

The graph shows the type of equipment for public lighting

Regarding the types of lamps installed we can learn the following:

• Over 54% of the light spots are still kind of mercury vapor, and that over time should be gradually eliminated.Of the remaining 43% of the light points are of the high pressure sodium, and this points out is well advanced for the reconversion of plants with high pressure sodium lamps.

• Finally rang again a source of 2% to 3% of a metal halide and compact fluorescent sources.

Types of light sources

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Power of light sources installed

The average efficiency is 76 lm/W which is actually a rather low efficiency compared with the other situations at a national level mainly due to the use of inefficient sources of mercury vapor.

• Taking the necessary simulations can be expected in a possible reorganization of the territory that lighting can also increase the average efficiency of around 92-94 lm / W, but with the average powers outlined above do not exceed 95-110W.

Type of media

The most common varieties in the municipal area are obviously the type of pole-top and pole-top + radius with over 88% of the total points with light support.

With a total of 678 light supports we can note that:

• 662 light points are arranged on a painted steel stand still all in good condition use.

• 361 light points are arranged on a painted steel stand still all in good condition use.

• 104 light points are placed on concrete supports and centrifuged promiscuity between BT lines public lighting.

• 70 light points are placed on supports, of a historical cast.

• 179 light points are placed on supports in PVC resins or almost always for pedestrian applications.

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Electric Lines

As concerning the power lines is clearly important to understand whether the electric distribution systems are suitable for such activities, without excluding or forget that they must also be safe in the event of accidental events and properly electrically insulated against the agents and elements.

As for lights:

• 336 are still powered by airlines or wall,

• The remaining 1076 are the type with power cables underground.

The airlines seem to be present throughout the municipality so still quite popular (at least 30% of the total), but these lights are for the most part owned by Enel Sole.

Future interventions should set as their priorities to the possibility of independent power lines plants to have a coordinated and unified management.

Terms of lighting

An analysis of the status quo can’t be prevented from assessing the state of the lights on territory in early obsolescence and the ability to illuminate.

State of instrument

Fair 207Good 421

Obsolete 494Inefficient 290

Check the light emission upwards and type of light sources

Element detectable by direct analysis of the installed devices evaluated for each type of lighting fixture also a function of LR 17/00 and subsequent amendments

Approximately 737 light points on road type 1075 does not conform to RL 17/00 and s.m.s.

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CHAPERT 2 - ACQUISITION OF LIGHT POINTS IS NOT PUBLIC PROPERTY (ENEL ALONE) BY THE AUTHORITIES LOCAL

It’s important that the City should resume possession of property of the plant, after acquiring the necessary knowledge on the consistency of light points (ownership and operator of the network, number and type of luminous centers, types of power circuits, and age of facilities).

The procedure for the sale of goods is indicated in Art. 10 paragraph 2 of the Presidential of the Regulating Decree on local public services, economic importance, in accordance with Art. 23-bis, Section 10 of Decree-Law of 25 June 2008, n. 112, ratified with amendments by Law 6th August 2008, No 133.

Art 10 – paragraph 2. “If, upon cessation of administration, the property referred to in paragraph 1 have not been fully depreciated, the successor operator corresponds to the former operator an amount equal to the original book not yet written off, net of any government grants directly related to goods themselves.“

The economic evaluation in order to acquire these facilities, in light of the statement of fact in the CHAP. 1, considering the slump, the state of disrepair of the lighting fixtures, their correspondence to LR 17/00 and subsequent amendments The respect of the current electrical safety (CEI and UNI), the lighting performance, and amounts not yet written off have been suggested in some € 40/45.000 centers for about 1098. (Average value of about € 40 per center).

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CHAPET 3 - CONTRACT FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF THE SERVICE BY CURRENT OWNER (ENEL-SOLE)

The contract for the supply of electricity to the system of lighting is between City Council and Enel. The annual contract and prices are provided with open market prices. (€ / kWh 0.1216)

For the management and maintenance there is an agreement, Enel has already expired for some time with the Sun with light-up costs of about € 45 to the center. (Compared to around € 22 to the center of the free market.)

CHAPTER 4 – ACTION PLAN

It involves the construction work for the modernization, redevelopment, regulatory compliance, and facility security. Will also invest to increase productivity and overall efficiency of the plant (energy saving) in compliance with the regulations in respect of light pollution.

The master plan includes:

Support of Energy Saving No 1: Surgery on non-proprietary equipment (1098 sites).

Divided into:

• Preliminary draft replacement of all lighting systems not owned

• upgrading projects not owned facilities.

Support for the use of energy and No Saving 2: Intervention on the systems of property (314 centers).

Divided into:

• The Redevelopment-owned plants

• Extensive use of systems to reduce the luminous flux

Amount of work planned for 1098 1st intervention centers owned by Enel only about € 790,000 (€ 720/centre)

Amount of work expected 2 ° intervention in 314 centers owned by the city about € 40,000 (€ 130/centre)

Calculation parameters:

Annual Turning lights: about 4200 hours

Cost per kWh: about € 0.1216

Cost of renovation and safety measures approximately € 830,000 (media center € 590)

Acquisition system Enel Sole € 45,000

Total lights: 1412

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Before intrevention After intervention DifferenceEnergy consumption kWh kWh 730.000 kWh 503.700 - 226.300Energy cost €/kWh 0.1216 € 88.768 € 61.250 - 27.518

Average maintenance cost per item € 45 € 22 - 23Average maintenance cost 1412 items

€ 63.540 € 31.064 - 32.476

Analysis of the costs / savings

Energy saving (kWh / year) * € 226,300 kWh / year 27,518 kWh = € 0.1216

% Annual savings on energy consumption of installations for which the intervention 31%

Equivalent CO2 not released into the atmosphere (562g / kWh) per year: 134 t

Annual maintenance savings: € 32,476

% Savings on the cost of repair after intervention: 51%

Total annual savings in overall operating costs (energy + maintenance) € 59,994

CHAPTER 5 - ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL PLAN TO MAKE INTERVENTIONS

• Financing: through ESCO company

• Payment expected in 20 years

• Amount to be financed: € 875,000

• Annual cost of current management: €. 152.308

• Annual cost management after intervention: € 92,314

• Savings per year by the municipality: € 59,994

The projected annual installment (with average economic parameters) to be paid to the ESCO for the project is approximately € 152,000 is equal to the current cost of ownership.

This scenario involves the playback of the intervention in 20 years and takes longer to return in accordance with the municipal administrative programs.

CHAPTER 6 - VERIFICATION OF OBJECTIVES

Through the operator of an information system must ensure:

• Minimizing the inconvenience caused as a result of failure of equipment to be procured;

• a constant flow of information, prior and final, on the development of social service;

• the fastest monitoring and evaluation by the municipality in the quality and quantity of services rendered by the contractor in order to define policies and strategies to manage the installations covered by contract;

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• logistic support, technical, administrative and IT activities of the City.

• Management Operating Center [Call Center];

• monitoring - verification of the regulatory requirements of the law;

• fault reporting to the Operations Centre;

• Accounting and supply steady and periodic accounting of the situation;

CHAP - 7 POINTS POSSIBLE WARNING

The availability of resources by municipalities to make the investment and the opportunity to speak on a fleet of light-owned Enel-Sole;

The lack of knowledge of available technologies and uncertainty about their validity, which could induce the municipalities to install traditional solutions (sodium vapor lamps) waiting for the most innovative in showing their full potential (LED lights - remote control).

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Appendix 3. Savings Transferrium de Vliert in Den Bosch

Inleiding

In het komende document is omschreven wat de mogelijke energiebesparingen zijn op de buitenverlichting voor het Transferium “de Vliert” in Den Bosch.

De volgende aannamen zijn gedaan:

OUDE SITUATIE• Er zijn 36 stuks SGS armaturen met 150 watt SON lampen en conventioneel VSA • Schakeling geschiedt op basis van TF signaal (~4150 branduren)• VSA heeft een efficiency van 82% (dit is aan de hoge kant)

Bestaand verbruikBranduren Verbruik

Sectie 1 brand 4150 8665,20kWhSectie 2 brand 4150 8665,20kWhSectie 3 brand 4150 8665,20kWh

25995,60kWh

NIEUWE SITUATIE• Er zijn 36 stuks SGS armaturen met 150 watt SON Lampen met Dynavision EVSA• Schakeling geschiedt op basis van de openingstijden (½ uur voor opening aan en een ½

uur na sluiting uit) als de astronomische klok aangeeft dat het donker is (tussen zonsopkomst en zonsondergang). Dit is ruim genomen, want doorgaans is het ½ uur voor zonsopkomst al licht en ½ uur na zonsondergang pas donker

• Zomertijd loopt van 29 maart t/m 24 oktober. De gehanteerde KNMI tabel met zonsopkomst en ondergangstijden is als bijlage opgenomen, waarbij de openingstijden en sluitingstijden zijn opgenomen en gecalculeerd tegen nieuwe branduren op basis van 100% verlichten:

Ochtend Avond TotaalJanuari 54:37:00 83:41:00 138:18:00Februari 34:11:00 57:08:00 91:19:00Maart 19:01:00 35:57:00 54:58:00April 13:11:00 9:39:00 22:50:00Mei 0:00:00 4:03:00 4:03:00Juni 0:00:00 3:53:00 3:53:00Juli 0:00:00 6:07:00 6:07:00Aug 0:00:00 9:14:00 9:14:00Sept 19:26:00 13:43:00 33:09:00Okt 37:16:00 47:33:00 84:49:00Nov 36:41:00 85:10:00 121:51:00Dec 58:16:00 103:46:00 162:02:00

Totaal 732:33:00

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• Er zijn 3 secties van 12 lichtpunten waarbij van de volgende schakel situatie wordt uitgegaan:

Status transferium/licht Pakeer sectie 1 Parkeer sectie 2 Parkeer Sectie 3Gesloten Licht uit Licht uit Licht uitOpen/daglicht Licht uit Licht uit Licht uitOpen/donker <33% vol Licht 80% Licht 0% Licht 0%Open/donker 33% - 65% vol Licht 80% Licht 80% Licht 0%Open/donker 65% - 100%vol Licht 80% Licht 80% Licht 80%

• De vulgraad van het transferium is van belang voor de berekening van de besparingen en deze is op dit moment niet bekend. Er is uitgegaan van de volgende vulgraad schatting waarbij geen onderscheidt is gemaakt tussen zomer en winter en de tijden van de dag:

Status transferium/licht Pakeer sectie 1Gesloten Leeg <33% vol 100% van de tijd gedurende de openingstijden33% - 65% vol 60% van de tijd gedurende de openingstijden65% - 100%vol 40% van de tijd gedurende de openingstijden

• Vertaald in brand uren:o 12 lichtpunten branden altijd als het open en donker iso 24 lichtpunten branden 60% van de tijd als het open en donker iso 36 lichtpunten branden 40% van de tijd als het open en donker is

• Er is uitgegaan van 12 koopzondagen per jaar (1 maal per maand) en dat betekend in combinatie met het uur extra verlichting (rond sluitingstijd).

• Nieuw EVSA heeft een efficiency van 91% (dit is normaal)

Nieuw verbruik Branduren Verbruik

Sectie 1 brand 732 1148,95kWhSectie 2 brand 439 689,05kWhSectie 3 brand 292 458,32kWh

2296,32kWh

Op basis van de bovenstaande aannamen en berekening verwachten wij een energie besparing van:

• 23699 kWh• 91%• Essent 409 gram per kWh 9.7 ton C02.

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Appendix 4. Review of outdoor lighting market in Poland

Introduction

Majority of outdoor lighting in Poland had been installed in 70ties and 80ties, when there were

different standards and the lighting equipment had worse technical specification. Today these

is the biggest potential to reach for energy savings through lighting renovation.

According to available data [1] there are ca. 3 million Lighting points in outdoor lighting in

Poland. The electricity consumption for street Lighting was 1,8 TWh in 1999 and reached 1,8

TWh in 2005.

Based on research done in 2006 [2] we can assume that total number of lighting points is

3.200.00 in public outdoor lighting in Poland, of which the ownership of electricity boards is

estimated at 75%. There is still a big number of installations based on high pressure mercury

lamps, which share is estimated at 25-30%. The average installed power is 175W per lighting

point, what gives total installed power at the level of ca. 560 MW.

When we estimated 4000h burning hours a year and 100% working luminaries (in reality ca

90% of luminaries are working) the theoretical electricity consumption in outdoor lighting is

2.2 TWh. Yearly cost of outdoor lighting in Poland we can split into: electricity cost, which is ca.

200 million Euro and the maintenance cost, which is estimated at ca. 100 million Euro.

Potential saving in outdoor lighting in Poland is ca. 30%.

Having in mind the structure of outdoor lighting market in Poland as well as its energy

efficiency, we can estimate the potential of basic savings at the average level of above 30%.

The basic potential is understand as the replacement of the existing park of high pressure

mercury luminaries and oversized sodium luminaries with the new generation of sodium or

metal halide luminaries. In such kind modernization the payback time is relatively short and

could be financed by energy savings from investments.

The total potential of energy savings in Poland is much bigger but is connected with usage of

the advance technology solutions like the luminaries with electronic ballasts or intelligent

lighting with use of controls and telemanagement and future LED lighting.

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Efficiency of light sources used in Polish outdoor lighting market

Still in 70ties the street lighting in Poland was based on old fashioned luminaries with

inefficient optics equipped with the high pressure mercury (HPM) lamps (typically 250W or

400W). The first installations based on high pressure sodium (HPS) lamps appeared at the

beginning of 80ties. Since the manufacturing of HPS lamps had started from 400W lamps, all

initial installations were 400W sodium luminaries. Later on 250W and finally 150W were

manufactured but the wattage appearance had a great influence on the structure of outdoor

market in 80ies.

The lamp efficacy of any high intensity discharged (HID) lamps increases with the lamp

wattage. The HPM lamps have efficacy from 36 lm/W for the 50W lamp up to 59lm/W for the

1kW lamp. Recently more CDM/CDO luminaries are used to replace the white light of the HPM

luminaries. The clear advantage of almost twice higher lumen efficacy allows to reach

significant energy savings with the better color rendering white light.

Table 1. Characteristic of European outdoor market [3]

Thanks to EU structural found for transport several modernizations have been completed in Poland. In each of Poland’s 16 regions a Regional Operational Program is implemented. For such projects the totally new lighting design were prepared to leverage the higher lumen efficacy of modern lighting luminaries based on improved HPS or ceramic Metal Halide lamps.

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Table 2. Outdoor lighting benchmark based on available light sources [3]

Apart of the further modernization of mercury lighting (ca. 25%-30% outdoor lighting in Poland), there is a big potential of upgrading the old sodium lighting based on standard high pressure sodium lamps with the modern luminaries equipped with the higher lumen output sodium lamps e.g. Master SON-T Plus.

The further increase of lumen efficiency in high pressure sodium lamp can be done with the increase of xenon pressure in lamp burner.

Figure 1. Influence of xenon pressure on high pressure sodium lamps lumen efficacy

Classic energy saving projects in outdoor lighting over last 15 years

The last 15 years of the energy saving renovation in street lighting in Poland were done with the luminaires equipped with improved optics and higher lumen output HPS lamps. We have to admit that for the same period there were also modernization realized with old type luminaries in parallel. The first, real energy saving modernizations with more efficient sodium lamps have started in two years after the Philips Lighting had entered the Polish market in 1991.

Opole Lubelskie case – year 2002

As an example of typical modernization we can mentioned the Opole Lubelskie town and municipality, where the typical old installation consists of mixture of HPM 125W, 250W, and occasionally 400W luminaries and SON 250W, 400W luminaries where replaced with the modern sodium luminaries with SON-T Plus lamps. Comprehensive modernization of street lighting covers 1700 lighting points. Executed earlier project lighting alleged use Philips Lighting equipment. Modern, high-performance sodium light source SON-T Plus upgraded the luminance of street surfaces and allowed a significant reduction in installed power capacity.

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Lamps were installed in street luminaries Malaga and SGS 203 types with high efficient optics and very good photometric parameters that enable significant improvements in the quality of lighting. After the modernization the energy consumption significantly decreased per lighting point (in total installation by 54%). Installed power per lighting point in Town was 211W/point before and 103W/point after modernization. The same time the installed power per lighting point in Municipality was 197W/point before and 106W/point after the lighting modernization.

Figure 2. New road lighting in Opole Lubelski

Carried out in 2002 comprehensive modernization of the lighting system of the city and the municipality of Opole Lubelskie significantly improved lighting quality and caused the reduction in electricity consumption by over 50%. Increased sense of safety and comfort of movement having been convicted by twilight. Upgrading lighting was carried out on the basis of the professional lighting design based on advanced lighting, providing the required level of intensity and other parameters of the lighting type luminance and uniformity for each category of roads. The project was nominated as "The best lighting, the illuminated municipality 2003" in the category of complex investment and modernization of road and street lighting.

Pabianice case - 2008

Another good and more recent example of the complex street lighting modernization in the whole city is project realised with Pabianice town in 2008. The investment was the result of an agreement between the local government Pabianice, which is responsible to assure the proper lighting in the city and between The Energy Company Łódzki Zakład Energetyczny Dystrybucja sp. z o. o, which is the owner of the lighting devices in Pabianice. The agreement intends that The Energy Company put the delivery and workmanship of modernization out to open tender and covers the cost of the whole investment. The municipality will return the cost of modernization, paying to Energy Company the higher rate for maintenance of lighting system, determined in the long-standing agreement. The lighting project documentation was based on Philips Lighting luminaries and lamps.

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Luminaires with mercury lamps

Lamp power 125W 125W(parks)

250W 400W 2x250W

Quantity of luminaries

1 166 54 836 61 49

Table 1. The structure of street lighting before modernization.

Lamp power 70W 70W (parks)

150W 250W 400W

Quantity of luminaries

327 135 291 988 1018

Table 2. The structure of street lighting after modernization.

The total energy consumption before modernization was 1 266,1 kW

The Average power installed per 1 point was 257 W.

Luminaire with sodium lamps

Lamp power 70W 100W 150W 250WQuantity of luminaries

2 925 628 929 558

The total energy consumption after modernization was 615,5 kWh. The total number of luminaries after modernization increases from 4 925 pcs till 5 040 pcs. The Average power installed per 1 point is 122 W after modernization..

The savings in energy consumption were 51%.

Figure 3. Energy consumption before and after modernisation of street lighting in Pabianice

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The decrease of energy consumption on 650 kW within 1 year, has also caused the reduction of emission of harmful substances to the atmosphere.

Figure 4. Impact of modernization on pollution.

The direct output of the project is:

The improvement of quality of lighting – better visibility for drivers and pedestrians

The increase of the sense of security for all users of roads

Lower energy consumption and the decrease of the cost of energy

The reduction of harmful substances emission to environment

The improvement of image of the city Pabianice

The good example of the Pabianice modernization enhanced others towns in the region to the investment into the renovation of the old lighting installation with use of energy savings lighting technologies. Seeing is believing, apart from the decrease of energy consumption and the cost of street lighting there is visible improvement of light quality for drivers and pedestrians. The Electricity Board Company continues the talks with others local governments and put an effort to convince the other municipalities to modernize the street lighting system.

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Figure 5. Street lighting in Pabianice after the modernization

The realization of the project causes the decrease of the cost of energy consumption of 51%, what enables to get a lot of savings for municipality budget. The improvement of quality of lighting causes the better conditions for driving and increase of security of all users of roads. The expected consequences of that are the decrease of the number of accidents and the cost of traffic collisions.

The usage of more efficient ballasts and gears

We should also remember that the published figures for the HID lamps do not include the (electromagnetic) circuit losses, what means that the total system efficacy is lower than the lamp efficacy. All the old street lighting luminaries have been equipped with the series HID ballasts.

Currently in Poland two leading and the most successful outdoor companies: Philips and Schroeder, are used the semi-parallel system instead of series system. The semi parallel system has several advantages over the series system. Among of them is lower energy consumption. After the lamp ignition the igniter in semi-parallel system does not consume any electricity. In case of 150W luminaries the installed power is 2W lower than in series system (energy savings of more than 1%).

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SON (T) (Plus)MHN/W (TD)CDM (R) (TD)HPI Plus

!Figure 5. Semi-parallel system used by market leaders in Poland

In case of series system the current is continuously coming through the coil of igniter.

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SON-EMHN/WCDM

Figure 6. Series system

The lamps stabilized by the electronic gear have higher increase of efficacy. The installed power of the HPS luminaries with electronic gear (EL) is 3-4% lower than those with electromagnetic ballast (EM). But the real savings are coming during the use of installation. The HPS lamp is older and consequently the lamp voltage increases over time, what causes the higher power consumption. At the beginning the installed power for 150W HPS luminary is:

• 174W when series system is used (ca. 200W at the end of lamp life time);

• 172W for semi parallel system (ca. 198W at the end of lamp life time);

• 166W when electronic gear is used (ca. 166W at the end of lamp life time).

At the beginning, when the HPS lamp is new, the 150W luminary with electronic gear has 4.5% lower installed power than the luminary with EM ballast but over time the difference reach 17%.

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Figure 7. System power consumption of HPS luminaries with EM ballast and EL gear.

The average power savings during the 150W HPS lamp usage are 16-17%, which could be translated into ca. 12-13 Euro savings yearly (electricity price 0.08 Euro/kWh, 4400 h burning hours). Despite the clear advantages the usage of electronic gears and controls is still very limited in Poland. The biggest barrier is high capital cost of such investments.

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Telemanagement in Poland

The first intelligent street lighting system in Poland has been installed in city of Kalisz during the modernization of one of its main street – Wrocławska Street – in 2007. The telemanagement system in Kalisz have enabled the lighting installation to react automatically to external parameters such as traffic density, remaining daylight level, road constructions, accidents or weather conditions. The old installation of 159 luminaries were replaced by the new installation of 79 intelligent Philips luminaries, which are equipped with controllers. The system is based on LonWorks technology. Dedicated LNC-230 SC controllers (OLC) are installed in luminaries and perform the basic control and performance measurements of current, power consumption and working time. The control signals can be obtain from astronomic clock, traffic density, weather condition or light sensors. The communication with luminaries is based on the phase control line 230V and the information is transmitted in digital form compliant with LonWorks ® standard. From the central control room, there are possibilities to read and to modify parameters for the lighting system. It is also possible to generate various reports. The Intelligent street lighting in Kalisz allows 48.4% of energy savings, which is 105,000 kWh/year.

Figure 8. System architecture

After the Kalisz telemanagement, the second, much bigger project was realized on the main street in Poznań City. The installation of 1540 pieces of intelligent Philips SGP340 luminaries with lighting controls was completed at Głogowska Street in June 2008.

The Głogowska street – as a part of trunk road number 5 - is the very important road for Poznan because it joins the Poznan City with motorway A2 and service the transit traffic from the south-west part of Poland, mainly from Wrocław direction. The main targets of investment were: to improve transport cohesion in country and easy access to Poland. The modernization of the trunk road number 5 has increased the security of drivers and improve the flow of the traffic in that area. In the future is planned the additional link (connection) passed by Głogowska street between Motorway A2 and the airport and sport stadium (Euro 2012).

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Figure 9. Philips SGP340 luminaries with LNC-230 SC controllers

The modernization of Głogowska street was divided into 3 stages and included also the new lighting installations. It is based on the output lighting network controllers (LNC-230) and DynaVision gear (DV) putted in each luminary connected with the control system of management installed in the cabinet. It enables to provide the changes on the base of the changeable parameters as traffic intensity, the weather conditions and alarm state. It enables the fluent change of the light output of HPS (SON-T Plus) lamps till 20 % of the initial light output. The telemanagement system allows adaptation of the lighting parameters to the current situation on the road and to reduce the light output during the hours, when the traffic intensity is lower and consequently to reduce the energy consumption. The lighting parameters are also dependent on the signals from the meteorological stations (e.g. the surface of the road is wet or dry).

Figure 10. Lighting cabinet with telemanagement controller

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In case of traditional system, the energy consumption during 3 years would be 1 541 691 kWh. The saving given by lighting controllers which will enable to calculate traffic density in certain operating hours when lighting is foreseen not to be used to full extent – the energy consumption will be 854 097 kWh. The new intelligent lighting system saves 687 594 kWh, what gives 44,5 % of energy savings in comparison to traditional lighting system without lighting controllers.

The new system also enables to control the time of lamp replacements, the damage and repair registration, monitoring of the opening of luminaries or cabinet. Based on available information it is possible to predict some failures before it come. The information about failures is transmitted very fast, what enables to react and repair damage very quickly.

Poznań City is a very good example of the municipality, which systematically continues the modernization of street lighting in the whole city. In practice the old mercury installations were replaced by energy saving sodium lamps and modern luminaries with efficient optics. Nowadays in the city are installed about 43 600 pcs of luminaries with the average installed power of 154 W per lighting point.

Figure 11. Podgórna Street in Poznań – CPO lighting

The results after the modernization of Głogowska road are:

• The improvement of the system effectiveness (the optimization of energy consumption)

• The reduction of the energy costs for street lighting.

• The reduction of greenhouses gasses emission to the atmosphere

• The increase of security of the traffic and transit conditions: excellent visibility and quality of light, the decrease of the number of accidents on the road, the improvement of the traffic, the shorter driving time.

• The decrease of the number of the fumes, noise, what means the positive impact on the environment protection.

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• The lower cost of driving – the lower use of fuel, lowing the maintenance of the vehicle, the shorter driving time.

Luminary type Quantity[pcs.]

Luminary share[%]

Total 39.766 100,0%HPS luminaries 23.557 59,2%HPM luminaries 15.957 40,2%

Other luminaries 252 0,6%

Table 3. Street Lighting luminary types in Poznań – structure in June 2002

Luminary type Quantity[pcs.]

Luminary share[%]

Total 46.201 100,0%HPS luminaries 38.676 83,7%HPM luminaries 2.294 5,0%

Other luminaries incl. illumination

5.231 11,3%

Table 4. Street Lighting luminary types in Poznań – structure in June 2007

Year Quantity[pcs.]

Installed Power[MW]

Installed Power [W/point]

Difference [%]

2002 39.766 8,90 224 100%

2007 46.201 7,34 159 71%

Table 5. Installed power per lighting point in Poznań

The improvement of road structure in Poznań means better and safer communication with the centre of Poznań and better connection of the Poznań agglomeration with motorway A2. The first intelligent road lighting installations in Poznan (and also in Kalisz) have just started the beginning of the new, telemanagement era of street lighting in Poland.

The benefits of the project are economic and ecological simultaneously because it causes the lowest possible level of energy consumption. When movement is smaller than prescribed levels then installation can be further dimmed and additional savings will be achieved. It improved the security of the traffic, which will decrease the number of accidents. The benefits are also visible for drivers by increasing the driving comfort and security, as well as the fuel savings due to shorter driving time (see also:

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http://www.zdm.poznan.pl/projekty_ue.php?site=okres&sub=1&pr=5

http://www.zdm.poznan.pl/projekty_ue.php?site=okres&sub=1&pr=7 ).

After the success of proven telemanagement installations in Kalisz and Poznań, the biggest telemanagement system has been installed at the junction of one of the motorways in sought of Poland.

Other ways to reduce energy consumption

Apart of possible savings reached by the technical equipment, there are some other ways that could be found in Poland like to increase spacing between lighting points or to apply the lighter surfaces on the roads.

The possibility to increase the spacing between luminaries is not very relevant to Polish market situation. Historically the first HPS lamp invented and manufactured was 400W in Poland. The oldest outdoor lighting installations were based on 400W lamps and many of them were over lit. There are a limited number of installation, where we can optimise spacing between lighting points. We should also realise that the changing the poles location is costly.

Another discussed and used element is applications of lighter road surface, which is relevant for Polish road surface situation, where old roads had rather dark surface. The lighter surface makes the lighting requirements less severe than dark one.

LED technologies

There are already the first very small LED lighting installations in Poland. The conclusion, about already installed LED street lighting based on end-users feedback and some scientifically tests presented at the conferences, is that we can assume that existing installation are of various quality and could be treated as the first pilots for further assessment of LED technology. A few of them are also equipped with photovoltaic panels and small wind generators. Looking from the economic point of view these installations are still not competitive to HPS or CPO luminaries.

We also have to admit an important role of accurate legislation in view of the proper functioning of outdoor public lighting. Lack of such accurate legislation and property problems related to lighting infrastructure are the main reason of delays or even abandonment of investments in outdoor lighting renovation in Poland. We could assume that improvement of existing legislation and appearance of green public criteria will help to speed up the renovation process.

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Biography

1. Grzonkowski J. Możliwości oszczędności energii elektrycznej na oświetlenie w Polsce. Mat. Konf. PKOś., W-wa, 6-8 listopada 2001

2. Politechnika Poznańska: Badania struktury oświetlenia zewnętrznego. Poznań. July 2007

3. ELC: With a Focus on Energy Efficiency in Lamps. June 2003.

4. Project Report Intelligent Road and Street lighting in Europe E-street

5. Polish Towns applications for the Best European Energy Service Project in the Lighting Sector. European Energy Service Initiative. The European Energy Service Award 2008.

6. Ślęk B. Układy stabilizacyjno-zapłonowe w oświetleniu zewnętrznym. Materiały Konferencji N-T Oświetlenie zewnętrzne, Kołobrzeg 2003

7. Praca zbiorowa. Philips Lighting Poland S.A. Technika Świetlna 2007.

8. Górczewska M., Ślęk B.: „Analizy i ekspertyzy dotyczące źródeł światła”.Źródła światła w gospodarstwach domowych. Oświetlenie dróg, ulic i miejsc publicznych. Ministerstwo Gospodarki 2008.

9. Information from European Greenlight Programme (GreenLight_D4_CentralEurope.pdf)

10. Fabiański P.: Modernizacja ulicy Głogowskiej w Poznaniu. ZDM Poznań 2007

Application guide to HID lamp control gear. Philips Lighting 2002.

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Appendix 5. Bulgarian case study

This study of the state-of-the-art of outdoor lighting in the Bulgarian settlements has been carried out by the Black Sea Energy Research Centre within the frameworks of the EU-funded project “Energy Saving Outdoor Lighting” (ESOLi), GA: IEE/09/927/SI2.558319.

The Study aims at investigating the current state of the outdoor lighting systems in Bulgaria – street and park lighting; luminaires; lamps; electricity conductors; poles; outdoor lighting control systems; reduction of electricity consumption; maintenance of outdoor lighting.

The research was carried out through:

Site visits and interviews, photometric measurements and photographing in 9 municipalities;

Telephone discussions with competent municipal representatives, ESCOs, experts;

Exchange of information via e-mail.

This study covers outdoor lighting of 26 Bulgarian municipalities and 31 towns. It will be further extended and complemented in order to get an overall view of the situation on the whole territory of Bulgaria.

Information in this study will be useful for the following ESOLi deliverables:

WP2 “Assessment of framework conditions” – D2.1 “Report on the market and framework conditions”;

WP3 “Promotion of best practice” – D3.1 “Catalogue of best practice examples”;

WP4 “Involving new end users” – D4.2 “Guidebook for end user”.

Analysis of the study results

Outdoor luminaries

In the past, almost all outdoor luminaires in Bulgaria were equipped with mercury lamps and electromagnetic ballasts, produced by “Svetlina” factory in the city of Stara Zagora. The bodies of these luminaires were made of steel sheets, their size and weight were huge, and most of them had protruding dispersers made of transparent polycarbonate or plexiglass. During the last 30 years, the outdoor luminaires in bigger settlements and cities have been reconstructed and modernized. The old luminaires were replaced by new ones with high pressure sodium lamps. Substitution of lighting systems in smaller towns and villages proceeds during last decade.

Luminaires that are currently in use for outdoor lighting in the country, are produced by Bulgarian and foreign manufacturers. Philips, SITECO, General Electric, Fiber, Gestas, Pelsan, etc. are present on the Bulgarian lighting market. Street lighting is accomplished by luminaires having wide luminous intensity distribution. The lighting of parks is usually arranged through luminaires with spherical diffusors (transparent or matted), luminaires with circle symmetrical light distribution and rarely, lanterns. The bodies of outdoor luminaires are made of aluminum alloy; solar UV resistant polycarbonate; steel sheets, painted with electrostatic powder. Most street luminaires are mounted on poles trough consoles. The ballasts of outdoor luminaires are mostly electromagnetic and a small part of them are electronic. Ingress protection of outdoor

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luminaires is IP54/IP65. Often the bodies of outdoor luminaires have two parts with different level of ingress protection – optical part (IP65) and electrical part (IP43).

Lamps in outdoor luminaires

The lamps used for outdoor lighting in the Bulgarian settlements as of 2010-2011 include:

High pressure sodium lamps of 50W, 70W, 100W, 150W, 250W and 400W;

Compact fluorescent lamps of 11W, 13W, 36W, 55W;

Metal halide lamps of 35W, 70W, 100W, 150W and 250W;

Mercury lamps of 80W, 125W, 250W and 400W;

LED modules 20W … 150W.

The approximate number of lamps, installed in outdoor luminaires in Bulgaria is given in the table below:

Lamp type Number

Sodium high pressure 450 000

Mercury vapor 136 000

Fluorescent compact 222 000

Metal halide 36 000

Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) 4 500

During the reconstruction of outdoor lighting in the period 1990 – 2011, the majority of the bigger cities were lighted by yellow high pressure sodium lamps. A lot of municipalities are lighted the same way. There are still many villages and municipalities, lighted by mercury lamps, which are inefficient and make it necessary to switch-off outdoor lighting during night time, due to the inability of the small Bulgarian municipalities to cover their electricity bills.

Electricity conductors used in outdoor lighting

The electricity conductors, used in outdoor lighting in Bulgaria, include cable lines in central parts of the biggest cities and air lines in suburban areas and smaller settlements. Isolated air conductors have been largely in use in the last 15 years during the new construction and reconstruction of street lighting systems, which makes the work easy, facilitates maintenance, but spoils the aesthetical view of the lighting systems.

Poles for outdoor lighting

The poles, used in the outdoor lighting in Bulgaria are made of painted steel in central city parts, and of concrete in suburban areas and villages. In some places it could be seen zinc-coated steel poles. The market in the last years offers imported poles, made of reinforced plastic materials and they already started application in the country, although very insignificant. The distances between street lighting poles are in the range of 20 to 40 m.

Control systems for outdoor lighting

The outdoor lighting control systems are mainly electronic units with relay outputs and built-in timers and astronomic calendar for sunsets and sunrises. They serve for switching-on the outdoor luminaires when getting dark and switching-off at sunrise time.

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In the bigger cities there are used the constructed in the past systems for outdoor lighting control by radiofrequency signals, based on a photocell, which transmits radio signals for switching-on and -off of the outdoor lighting outputs in transformer stations and electrical distribution boards for outdoor lighting (cabinets).

In several sites there have been constructed outdoor lighting control systems, which reduce the emitted light by luminaires during the second half of the night and, hence, reduce the consumed electricity. The ballasts are electromagnetic with two outputs. The signals for switching over are transmitted by time controller relays or by an additional conductor in power line.

Several companies, operating on the Bulgarian energy market, offer intelligent outdoor lighting control systems. These include electronic units in the luminaires and in the outdoor lighting switch boards. They transmit information about the condition of outdoor luminaires to the control center through the electricity supply grid, GPRS or communication modems and allow transmission of control signals for reduction of the emitted light towards groups of outdoor luminaires. The outdoor lighting system is visualized on the monitor of the control center computer, based on special software and cadastre maps of the settlements. Some of the intelligent technological systems, present at the Bulgarian lighting market, allow broadening of their spreading through supplementing additional functions, such as video surveillance of streets, crossroads and squares; internet-based municipal services (e-government), etc.

The control systems for dynamical change of adaptive outdoor lighting, installed in Bulgaria to this moment, are, as follows:

a) The outdoor lighting in the Municipality of Smolyan was reconstructed in 2009. The old luminaires with mercury lamps in the town of Smolyan were replaced by 3 792 new luminaires GE-Eurostreet, equipped with high pressure sodium lamps of 50W, 70W, 100W and 150W, Thorn-Jet with high pressure sodium lamps of 70W and 100W, Thorn-Civic with metallic halide lamps of 150W, park luminaires Fumagalli with metal halide lamps of 70W and architectural globe luminaires with compact fluorescent lamps 36W on the central boulevard. New street lighting systems were constructed. Intelligent technological control system has been constructed in the town of Smolyan. In the dispatch centre it is possible to examine the digital cadastre model of the outdoor lighting system of the town. Switching on and off is carried out through signals of electrical controller with built-in astronomical calendar of the sunset and sunrise moments for that region. During night, 644 luminaires (electromagnetic ballasts with two outputs) along the main boulevard and central square of Smolyan are switched over through Powerline Modem and GPRS/GSM, in order to emit half of the usual quantity of light during the rest of the night and to reduce energy consumption by 40% (from 100% to 60%). As a result of the operation of the intelligent control system, all outdoor lighting parameters are monitored. From the dispatch centre it is possible to transmit commands for switching on and off and switching over to dimming regime. The system is supervised through Remote Desktop also by the company, which carried out the modernization. Following the reconstruction of the outdoor lighting, the electricity bill of the municipality has been reduced by 30% under condition of introduced new lighting systems, met quality and quantity standard requirements and meantime increased electricity prices.

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b) A project of dynamic outdoor lighting of the two main transport corridors in the city of Varna (Varna airport – Golden Sands resort, Asparuhovo quarter – Vinitsa quarter) was made four years ago. The project has not been realized, due to the economy crisis and to the availability of competitive LED luminaires (as it was revealed during the discussion that took place in Varna in the autumn of 2010). The project for modernization of Varna’s outdoor lighting foresaw all outdoor luminaires (27 000) to be equipped with HPS lamps of 70 W, 150 W and 250 W. Communication environment for system’s control signals are the Internet (TCP/IP), WAN (GPRS) and Powerline (LonWorks). The main project indicators include:

Technologies Low traffic dimming; Constant Light Output; Virtual Power Output; Daylight switching/dimming; Data collection

Controlled luminaires 27 000

Saved electricity >40%

Reduction of operational costs 50%

Increasing lamps’ lifetime >30%

Investment payback period 7 years

Environmental effect – CO2 emissions reduction

2 800 t/y

System construction Allowing construction in separate modules

A special laboratory “Energy efficiency of lighting installations” was created in the Technical University of Varna. Demonstration version of the system for intelligent management of outdoor lighting has been released by this laboratory. Its latest demo version 2010/2011 is based on Philips Starsense Telemanagement System 2, based on LonWorks® Open Protocol upon Powerline and completely CENELEC EN-50065-1 and ANSI 709.2 compatible.

c) The Municipality of Sliven signed a contract with SIEMENS in 2005 for rehabilitation of the municipal outdoor lighting. The used until then outdoor luminaires with mercury lamps were replaced by 12 000 new SITECO luminaries, supplied with high pressure sodium lamps of 50W, 70W, 100W and 150W in streets, high pressure sodium lamps of 50W in parks and metal halide lamps of 70W in pedestrian areas. Intelligent control system has been constructed. The contract has been signed for a period of 20 years. The electricity bills for outdoor lighting are covered by SIEMENS, while the Municipality pays a fixed amount to SIEMENS, indexed by the inflation rate and by the changes of the electricity prices. The streets of the town and the villages are much lighter after the reconstruction. The difference has been noticed and appreciated by the numerous visitors to the municipality. During the last five years, it has been observed reduction of electricity consumption for outdoor lighting in comparison with the period before the reconstruction, as follows: 2005 – 49.5%; 2006 – 34.5%; 2007 – 34.7%; 2008 – 31.3%; 2009 – 31.1%.

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The system control capacity of the modernized outdoor lighting in the Municipality of Sliven is, as follows:

• GSM/GPRS modems for wireless connection between the dispatch center and on site electricity boards for outdoor lighting;

• Transformers in the electricity boards for regulation of the electricity voltage (not mounted, due to the lack of interest in energy saving by the municipality);

• Remote reading of the electricity consumption by outdoor lighting (there are no legal provisions to oblige the electricity distribution company);

• Control is handled through electrical controllers with built-in astronomical calendar of sunsets and sunrises, according to the geographical location of the municipality;

• Dispatch center;

• Digital map model of outdoor lighting;

• Visualization of the outdoor lighting system;

• Receiving information for outdoor luminaries failure (not working) by changing electrical currents in outputs of electricity boards;

• Data acquisition and data-base collection for outdoor lighting performance.

• Citizens alarm for failures in outdoor lighting by a phone line, connected to the dispatch centre and the fixing of the problem (the most often trouble are failed lamps) is carried out by two workers;

• The control system could be connected to other systems – security (video surveillance), traffic control by with light signals, etc.

d) In 2010 the Municipality of Sungurlare made reconstruction of outdoor lighting in all towns and villages. About 1 000 outdated street luminaires with mercury and high pressure sodium lamps were replaced by 2 700 LED luminaires of 40 W (apparent power 45 W). They are mounted on every existing pole on the streets. A number of new lighting installations have been made as well. The contract, signed between the Municipality of Sungurlare and Ecolight – ELMIB, Hungary, envisages that for an agreed period after the reconstruction, the municipality will pay to Ecolight an amount that is equal to the previously paid electricity bills. After that period, the municipality will pay directly to the electricity distribution company the reduced bills, due to the released energy efficiency measures – reduced installed power. An investigation, carried out by Ecolight, showed that the Municipality of Sungurlare was the first municipality in the EU, in which all settlements had LED street lighting. The company Ecolight produces wide range of street LED luminaries (40W, 60W and 80W), as well as intelligent control systems for adaptive outdoor lighting. The technology is based on wireless communication between electronic LED driver and dispatching center by GPRS and Internet. Luminaries report to the server about their current status and the history data of their work: voltage, current, wattage, energy consumption, etc. Dimming is possible from 0% to 120%. Programming of dimming levels and periods is possible too. With that system the municipalities are able to plan their financial billing for outdoor lighting. Dispatcher can see CAD visualization of territorial position of each outdoor luminary.

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The price increase of the whole outdoor lighting installation, owing to the installment of the intelligent control system is only 10%-15%. The payback period for the present Bulgarian conditions is three years.

e) In the municipalities of Belene and Byala and cities of Veliko Tarnovo and Stara Zagora have been implemented outdoor lighting control systems, based on GPRS controller with built-in astronomical calendar for the moments of sunset and sunrise, for specific schedule for each day of the year, or on eternal calendar with specific regimes for defined days. It is possible to command the system manually as well. The controllers in luminaires calculate the consumed energy; allow two-way information exchange, failure signals, visualization. The advantages of the system introduction include:

• Reduction of energy consumption for outdoor lighting;

• Flexible control and management of the outdoor lighting system;

• Increased effectiveness of the technical maintenance;

• Alarming of non-regulated connection of outdoor lighting to the power network.

f) In the city of Vraza the control of street lighting on the main boulevard is performed through radio waves. The system allows transmitting signals for switching on and switching off, dimming up to 50% and visualization, but the dispatch centre does not receive information back from the luminaries and electrical distribution boards.

g) The entire outdoor lighting in the city of Lovetch is reduced by 50% during the second part of the night through electromagnetic ballasts with two outputs and relays for switching over in the luminaires.

Technical maintenance of outdoor lighting

The technical maintenance of outdoor lighting in Bulgaria includes mainly replacement of burnt lamps. Municipalities do not dispose of lighting experts and rarely use lighting consultants before signing agreements with ESCOs. In this way, the contracts usually do not include the necessary requirements to the operators regarding maintenance of outdoor lighting. Therefore, the public interest is not secured and the existing outdoor lighting may not work in an optimal way, i.e. enough light when and where necessary by minimum energy consumption.

Prices of electrical energy in Bulgaria

Three electricity distribution companies operate on the Bulgarian energy market – CEZ Electro Bulgaria, E.ON Bulgaria and EVN Bulgaria. Their services have two tariffs: for industrial consumers and for residential consumers. Municipalities are treated as industrial consumers. The respective tariffs of the three companies are given below.

CEZ Electro Bulgaria

CEZ Electro Bulgaria operates in West Bulgaria.

Price for connection to the electricity distribution grid – 0.00565 BGN = 0.00289 EUR/kWh

Price for transport through the electricity distribution grid, low voltage (0.4 kV) – 0.03755 BGN = 0.0192 EUR/kWh

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These prices are VAT exclusive.

Prices for electricity supply to industrial consumers:

• Electrical meter with three scales:

- High electricity load time period – 0.14334 BGN = 0.07329 EUR/kWh

- Day time period – 0.07565 BGN = 0.03868 EUR/kWh

- Night time period – 0.03822 BGN = 0.01954 EUR/kWh

• Electrical meter with two scales:



• Electrical meter with one scale:

- Day and night time periods – 0.10595 BGN = 0.05417 EUR/kWh

The above prices are excise duty and VAT exclusive.

• Additional fees for electricity grid services:

- Green energy – 0.00372 BGN = 0.00190 EUR/kWh

- Price for transportation through the electricity transmission grid – 0.00899 BGN = 0.0046 EUR/kWh

- Price for connection to the electricity transmission grid – 0.00674 BGN = 0.00345 EUR/kWh

- Price for high efficiency co-generation of heat and electricity – 0.00286 BGN = 0.00146 EUR/kWh

- Price for transportation through the electricity distribution grid, low voltage – 0.03755 BGN = 0.0192 EUR/kWh

- Price for connection to the electricity distribution grid – 0.00565 BGN = 0.00289 EUR/kWh

• Time periods for industrial consumers:

- November - March:

- High electricity load time period – 8 a.m.-11 a.m.; 18 p.m.-21 p.m.

- Day time period – 6 a.m.-8 a.m.; 11 a.m.-18 p.m.; 21 p.m.-22 p.m.

- Night time period – 22 p.m.-6 a.m.

- April - October:

- High electricity load time period – 8 a.m.-12 p.m.; 20 p.m.-22 p.m.

- Day time period – 7 a.m.-8 a.m.; 12 a.m.-20 p.m.; 22 p.m.-23 p.m.

- Night time period – 23 p.m.-7 a.m.

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Normally, the electricity bills for street lighting in Bulgaria are formed by metering through electrical meters with two scales, so the final prices of CEZ Electro Bulgaria for electrical energy for street lighting in West Bulgaria are:

- Day time period – 0.06315 EUR/kWh

- Night time period – 0.02243 EUR/kWh

- Additional fees (total) – 0.03639 EUR/kWh

E.ON-Bulgaria

E.ON Bulgaria operates in Nord-East Bulgaria.

Prices for industrial consumers:






• Day time period – 0.12112 BGN = 0.06193 EUR/kWh

• Night time period – 0.03213 BGN = 0.01643 EUR/kWh



All prices are excise duty and VAT exclusive.

• Additional fees for electricity net services:







- Excise duty – 2.00 BGN/MWh = 1.02258 EUR/MWh

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• Time periods for industrial consumers:

- January, February and March:

High electricity load time period – 8 a.m.-11 a.m.; 18 p.m.-21 p.m.

Day time period – 6 a.m.-8 a.m.; 11 a.m.-18 p.m.; 21 p.m.-22 p.m.

Night time period – 22 p.m.-6 p.m.

- April, May, June, July, August, September and October:

High electricity load time period – 8 a.m.-12 m.; 20 p.m.-22 p.m.

Day time period – 7 a.m.-8 a.m.; 12 m.-20 p.m.; 22 p.m.-23 p.m.

Night time period – 23 p.m.-7 a.m.

- November and December:

High electricity load time period – 8-11; 18-21

Day time period – 6-8; 11-18; 21-22

Night time period – 22-6

The final prices of E.ON Bulgaria for electrical energy for street lighting in Nord-East Bulgaria are:




- Excise duty – 1.02258 EUR/MWh

The prices are VAT exclusive.

EVN-Bulgaria

EVN Bulgaria operates in South-East Bulgaria.

Price for connection to the electricity distribution grid – 0.01500 BGN = 0.007669 EUR/kWh

Price for transportation through the electricity distribution grid, low voltage (0.4 kV) – 0.04218 BGN = 0.02157 EUR/kWh

• Price for industrial consumers:









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All prices are excise duty and VAT excluded.

• Additional fees for electricity net services:







• The final prices of EVN Bulgaria for electrical energy for street lighting in South-East Bulgaria are:




The prices are VAT exclusive.

Electricity saving potential in outdoor lighting

The electricity consumed in Bulgaria in 2009 amounted to 28 300 GWh, 5 842 GWh (21%) of which for lighting purposes. The share of outdoor lighting was 701 GWh (12%; 2.5%).

For the conditions, applicable to the Bulgarian power generation system, carbon dioxide emissions in the atmosphere are approximately 0.55 t/MWh; therefore, it can be concluded that every year outdoor lighting generates approximately 385 550 t CO2.

The energy saving capacity of outdoor lighting in Bulgaria is considerable.

If all mercury lamps that are still in use are replaced by new, more efficient lamps, then the power consumption will decrease by 3-4%.

Except for several outdoor lighting installations, which are controlled by intelligent systems, which capacities, however, are not utilized in full, almost everywhere else outdoor lighting is used by its full installed power capacity. The smaller municipalities are forced to switch off the outdoor lighting during long periods of night-time, due to the old, energy consuming and non-efficient lighting, which operation leads to huge monthly bills. In this way they violate the public interest and vitiate the availability of outdoor lighting systems. This could be changed during future reconstructions of the outdoor lighting installations, i.e. through focusing on the following factors:

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• Legislation: Revision of the outdoor lighting standard by amending it with new requirements towards control systems, e.g. every new or reconstructed outdoor lighting installation in the future to be designed on the basis of adaptive lighting with intelligent control system, allowing dynamical changes in the emitted light; new amendments to the Bulgarian Energy Efficiency Act and the corresponding Regulations, in order to include outdoor lighting in the group of technical systems with controlled energy efficiency, which will stimulate the reduction of electricity consumption for outdoor lighting.

• Lighting design: competent and of high quality, which would optimize the installed power capacity for outdoor lighting in the Bulgarian settlements.

• Light sources: with appropriate correlated color temperature, maximal light output, long service life and small luminous flux depreciation.

• Ballasts: with small internal energy losses and dimming possibilities.

• Luminaires: with appropriate optimal luminous intensity distribution, enclosure material, resistant to external impacts and ingress protection minimum IP6x for optical compartment.

• Control systems: intelligent telecommunication technologies, which enable outdoor luminaries to reduce the emitted light and consumed electrical energy during some night periods, defined in the standard and allow minimizing operational and maintenance costs.

• Metering and billing: smart electrometers, built-in outdoor luminaries or electrical distribution boards (cabinets), with telecommunication possibilities and remote control.

• Technical maintenance and service: adequate contracts between the municipalities and ESCOs, which defend the public interest of high quality, energy-efficiency and proper working outdoor lighting installations in Bulgarian cities, towns and villages.

These measures, applied at local level, would reduce the energy consumption for outdoor lighting in the Bulgarian settlements and will reduce the Green House Gas emissions at national level. This will be the Bulgarian contribution to the attainment of the European target of reducing GHG emissions by 20% till 2.

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