work motivation by iftikhar

8/14/2019 Work Motivation by Iftikhar

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Misunderstood Phenomenon

The most talked but least understood phenomenon


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A Deadly Weapon

The most powerful weapon on earth is the human

soul on fire.

(Field Marshal Ferdinand Foch)


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The Impact of Motivation

Highly motivated people usually reach their goals

more successfully than people who may be better

trained, better equipped or even smarter, but not as

motivated as the former are.

(World Executives Digest)


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Not Numbers but Motivation

Not numbers or strength brings victory in war, but

whichever army goes into battle stronger in soul;

their enemies generally cannot withstand them.

(Xenophon, 400 BC)

(A soldier, and a

contemporary of

Socrates)


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What is Motivation..??

Latin word Movere that means To move

English word Motive that means Purpose, Aim

Motivation is:

To move for a purpose or an aim.


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Motivation Defined

The will to achieve.

(Bedeian, 1993)

An internal drive to satisfy an unsatisfied need.

(Higgins, 1994)


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Motivation Defined

The psychological process that gives behavior

purpose and direction.

(Kreitner, 1995)

A predisposition to behave in a purposive manner to

achieve specific, unmet needs.

(Buford, Bedeian, & Lindner, 1995)


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Myths about Motivation

I can motivate people

Money is a good motivator

Fear of losing a job is a good motivator

What motivates me, also motivates my employees

Increased job satisfaction means improved

performance

I cant understand motivation; its psychology


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We can take a horse to water but

can we force it to drink?


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Our Perception!!!


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Lets Talk About Reality

Motivation is about humans(Agree / Disagree)

We all are humans (Agree / Disagree)

Who knows us better than us (Agree / Disagree)

So why cant we talk about ourselves..!!!


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The Hullian Approach

NEED DRIVE INCENTIVE

MotiveUrge

Thrust

Direction

Physiologicalor

Psychological

Disorder

Anythingwhich

restores

balance

(C L Hull, 1930)


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Maslows Needs Theory

Deficit NeedsDeficit Needs

Being NeedsBeing Needs

Food, water, shelter, rest

Security, safety from danger

Family, association

Recognition, status

Realizing potential

(Maslow, 1943)


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Needs Theory Work Context



Salary, accommodation, clothing, rest

Security, safety, policies, insurance

Family, association, comradeship

Appreciation, recognition, status

Growth, autonomy, responsibility


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Needs A Reality

A person without food and water cannot be

motivated with a certificate

Comradeship will seldom motivate a person facing

job insecurity

Person having lost love & affiliation cannot be

motivated by a well done

A high performance employee can be motivated by

allowing more actualization


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Motivators Maslows Theory


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Where to Focus

85%

70%

50%

40%

10%

Weakm

otivators

Areato

focu

s


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Herzbergs Two Factor Theory



Hygiene Factors(Prevent dissatisfaction)

Motivators(Build motivation)

(Herzberg, 1959)


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Two Factor Theory Work Context


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The Four Motivations

Ripple Motivation

No Motivation Flat Motivation

Real Motivation

Hygiene Factors

Motivators

Low

Low

High

High


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Difference of Perceptions

Tactful disciplineFeeling of Being in on Things

Good working ConditionHelp on personal problems

Personal loyalty of SupervisorFull appreciation of work

PromotionTactful discipline

Interesting workPersonal loyalty of Supervisor

High wagesInteresting work

Job securityGood working conditions

Help on personal problemsPromotion

Feeling of Being in on ThingsJob security

Full appreciation of workHigh wages

What Employees wantedWhat Supervisors thought


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Management Misunderstandings

Generally focused on hygiene factors

Think higher pay, benefits, better work conditions

can motivate

Think post-retirement benefits can motivate

Lack of concern for real motivators


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Vrooms Expectancy Theory

People will be motivated to do thing to reach a goal

if:

They believe in worth of that goal

If they can see that what they do will help them in

achieving that goal

(Vroom, 1964)


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Expectancy Theory

Motivation = V x I x E


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Expectancy Model - Guidelines


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Adams Equity Theory, 1965

Inequity results in de-motivation leading toReduced in ut seekin more reward or leavin the situation


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Grand Motivational Model

Deficiency Effort Fulfillment

Survival

Safety

Affiliation

Esteem

Self Actzn

Incentives

Expectancy

VIE

Equity

Hunger

Thirst

Exposed

Danger

Insecurity

Risk

Loneliness

Low esteem

Low achievement

Low growth

Motivation


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The 3-Circle Approach

IndividualIndividual

TaskTask

OrganizationOrganization


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Ignoring an essential

TaskTask

OrgOrg IndividualIndividual

TaskTask

OrgOrg IndividualIndividualOrgOrg IndividualIndividual

TaskTask


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Individual Factors

Understand as individuals

Assist and support

Reward individuals

Develop and utilize capabilities

Balance all the needs

Focus on unsatisfied needs


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Task Factors

Performance standards

Task training

Job enrichment/enlargement

Performance feedback

Task control

Teamwork / comradeship

Task identity / significance


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Organizational Factors

Understand the mechanism

Ensure Hygiene factors

keep VIE process in sight

Ensure equity and justice

Re-evaluate policies

Autonomy / empowerment

Ensure work-family balance


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What do they want..?? A Case

Please read the case and analyze, in groups, what

employees wanted from their employer.


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Motivation At your Level

Recommendation for promotion, benefits Recognition, praise

Letter of commendation

Participation in decision making Job enlargement / enrichment

Desirable work assignments

Increased status

Invitations to tea


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work motivation by iftikhar

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