wmw_20060901_sep_2006

Knowledge taking people further

Ole Poulsen, Project Director

Ramboll Waste-to-Energy, Copenhagen, Denmark, tel. +45 4598 6000 [email protected]

www.ramboll.dk/wte

It is always a thrill to watch your plans materialize. As project manager for

the planning and implementation of a new 15 t/h waste-to-energy plant in

Trondheim, Norway, I presently advise the client during the construction

phase and co-ordinate between electromechanical and civil works supplies.

This is what we do in Ramboll Waste-to-Energy---

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INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTE ASSOCIATION

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Contents

S E P T E M B E R – O C T O B E R 2 0 0 6

REGULARSEditorialFrom from the PublishersComment by Geoff JohnstonNews A round-up of news from around the worldISWA informationDiaryIndex to advertisers

RECYCLING SPECIALShining examples – setting standards for scrap recyclingConfidence in the scrap market will be boosted by having suitable recycling standards for thematerialsBY FRANK COZZI

Marks of distinction – who pays for electronics recycling? In many countries the electronics producer holds the responsibility for recycling WEEE. Butidentifying the producer is not simple as looking for the brand labelBY JASON LINNELL

The fine print – aligning paper-recycling policy with practicePolicymakers, local authorities and industry must agree on a common view on waste paper in orderto realize its full potential for recyclingBY JORI RINGMAN

States lead the way – pioneering recycling efforts in the USThe impressive improvement of recycling in the US over the past 15 years is thanks to initiatives atboth state and local levelsBY CHAZ MILLER

Pass the parcel – unwrapping the field of packaging wasteThe waste packaging industry can look forward to a diverse and busy future as evolving legislationand new technologies are being establishedBY GUY ROBINSON

Emotional attachment – developing lasting relationships with our belongingsWhat do emotional bonds have to do with waste management? Actually a lot more than we may thinkBY JONATHAN CHAPMAN

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Cover photograph:Fully automatic gearboxesallow operator of a wastecollection truck to easilyswitch gears (article p. 53).PHOTO: ALLISON TRANSMISSION

Cover photograph, RecyclingSpecial, p. 19: A machine uses sensortechnology to sort differenttypes of waste (article p. 39).PHOTO: TITECH

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S E P T E M B E R – O C T O B E R 2 0 0 6

Gearing up for future needs? Truck transmissions could be at thecentre of a new round of productivity in recyclingA US-based manufacturer of automatic gearboxes looks to improve the truck collection ofrecyclables BY MALCOLM BATES

The route to compliance – ELV recycling in the UK Technology investments and tighter enforcement are much needed in order to maximize therecycling potential of end-of-life vehiclesBY DEREK CAMPBELL

FEATURESA compact guide to landfill operation – machinery, managementand misconceptions Landfill operators should understand why waste compaction, proper site management and choosingthe right equipment are so importantBY RICHARD BLISS

Getting more for less – new vacuum sweepers offer moreproductivity for less driver fatigueBuyers of sweepers won’t be tired of three new designs that boost productivity BY MALCOLM BATES

PROJECT PROFILESBiogas takes to the road – Sweden’s Växtkraft project shows theway aheadA new integrated biogas plant uses biowaste and energy crops to produce vehicle fuel, generateheat and power, and produce fertilizers. And this is an example that can be followed almostanywhereBY JACKIE JONES

A plant for all seasons – alternative fuel production in Olpe, GermanyA new plant in Germany takes in mixed and pre-sorted solid waste with high calorific value toproduce alternative fuels for cement plants and power stationsBY HARALD HOFFMANN

TECHNOLOGY NEWSCaught on cameraInfrared cameras can help detect the fire risk of waste in temporary storageBY PETER SMORSCEK

RECYCLING SPECIAL CONTINUED



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EDITORIAL September–October 2006 WASTE MANAGEMENT WORLD6

Twenty-four of Europe’s environment ministers met inTurku, Finland on 15 July to discuss new forms ofenvironmental policy. Under the leadership of Finland’s

Minister of the Environment Jan-Erik Enestam, themeeting gave important new messages to EU MemberStates and the rest of the world.

The environment ministers emphasized thatglobalization highlights the need to use natural resourcessparingly and to promote more eco-efficient productionand consumption patterns. Without such developments, itwould be impossible to curb climate change and halt theongoing decline in biodiversity. Using natural resources in amore sustainable way can improve the competitiveness ofEU countries in global markets and reduce Europe’sdependence on imported raw materials, while also reducingharmful environmental impacts.

The ministers also stressed that the EU action plan onsustainable consumption and production will play a key rolewhen future consumption patterns are set. According toEnestam, one product of the action plan should be an EUeco-efficiency strategy, based on targets on material andenergy efficiency set through dialogues involving key actors.

Financial instruments and incentives will play a majorrole in improving the eco-efficiency of production and inpromoting more sustainable consumption patterns.Europe’s environment ministers expect the EuropeanCommission to promptly issue a green paper on the use ofmarket-based and financial instruments in environmentalpolicies in order to ensure that the EU can become the

world’s most competitive economy. They also expressed theneed to integrate environmental considerations into theEU’s trade and co-operative development policies.

This meeting is timely in light of recent trends in EUpolicy where the approach to sustainability has been takinga new turn. The waste hierarchy, as a driver for future wastepolicy, is being challenged by the life-cycle thinkingapproach. By introducing the waste ‘problem’ as a matter ofenvironmental impact instead of as the loss of naturalresources, EU policymakers no longer consider the wastehierarchy as a sufficient policy guideline.

The EU Commission’s proposal for changing theperspective of future EU waste policy to one based onimpacts has introduced a new debate within the EU, on howto gain the needed knowledge base on impacts and whichmethodologies to use.

ISWA is ready to play a major role in promoting andimplementing the outcome of the Turku meeting not onlyto EU countries but also to countries outside the EU. Withits strong co-operation and partnership already achievedwith UNEP, ISWA will work with UNEP further to addressglobalization issues and include eco-efficiency in sustainablewaste management. This is also a major theme for theupcoming ISWA Annual Congress 2006 in Copenhagen.

Suzanne Arup Veltzé is Managing Director of ISWA.

■ To comment on this article or to see related features from our archive,go to www.waste-management-world.com

Editorial

Waste policy should be viewed not only as a matter ofenvironmental impact, but also resource efficiency,writes Suzanne Arup Veltzé

ISWA Annual Congresses1–5 October 2006 – Copenhagen, Denmark

24–28 September 2007 – Amsterdam, the Netherlands



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Waste Site Stories

I S W A A N N U A L C O N G R E S S 2 0 0 61 - 5 O C T O B E R , C O P E N H A G E N , D E N M A R K

I N T E R N A T I O N A L O V E R V I E W

E U I N S I G H TI N T E R N A T I O N A L N E T W O R K U N D E R S T A N D I N G O F I N N O V A T I O N

W W W . I S W A 2 0 0 6 . O R G

D E V E L O P I N G F U T U R E S T R A T E G I E S

The Congress tells the stories on how systems, institutionsand industries, in countries and cities, have adapted to thenew demands and targets placed upon the modern wastemanagement systems.

The Congress discusses the future needs for models in aworld of complexity, where the means of sustainability isbeing questioned. In Europe the waste hierarchy, as a driver, istoday challenged by a life cycle thinking approach, for futureEU waste policy. This change of perspective has been introdu-ced by the EU Commission, through the proposed revision ofthe Waste Framework Directive, which is one of the key issuesof the Congress.

During the first day the Danish Waste ManagementAssociation, DAKOFA, will have its annual meeting with simul-taneous translation into English. The topic will be the pro-gress of implementing the Danish Waste Strategy, subject todebate among Danish politicians.

At Waste Site Stories you will meet

Danish Minister for the Environment

Mayor of Copenhagen, Environmental concerns

Member of the European Parliament

Director- General of UNEP

EU Unit of Sustainable production and consumption

The World Bank

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Afew days ago, the UK’s largest supermarket chain announcedthat it gives away to its customers each year no fewer thanfour billion plastic carrier bags. With a population of 60.4 million, that’s over 65 bags for every single man, woman

and child in the country – from this one retailer alone. (To thatcompany’s credit, it announced the figures alongside some newmeasures to help reduce the number of bags used.) The statistic is somind-boggling, it may take a moment for it to ‘sink in’.

What does a number like that mean? Certainly, it’s four billion plasticbags for the UK waste industry to handle each year, in some way oranother. Yet it’s also a massive reflection on the way a society and aneconomy works. Is the whole plastic bag phenomenon based on a setof misunderstandings? Do the supermarkets believe they have toprovide the bags to retain customers? Do these UK shoppers believethat ‘these days’ a durable shopping bag is simply not something theyneed or want in their lives? Most importantly, is anyone willing to takeresponsibility for the plastic material’s life-cycle?

Questions such as this are not new to readers of Waste ManagementWorld. Some will be in countries such as Germany or Austria, whichyears ago achieved a swing in consumer and retailer awareness in thisand many related issues. This September–October edition of WMWonce again tackles the whole spectrum of waste solutions head-on. Andit has, for the first time, a special section dedicated to waste recycling –it looks at recycling of plastics, paper, electronic waste and end-of-lifevehicles, at numerous specific technological advances and wideraspects such as all-important policy.

As our Special demonstrates, recycling and materials reclamation arebecoming an increasingly important means of managing materials’ life-cycles, and the sector is advancing all the time. All the same,without its partners – reuse and reduction – we’re not going to get veryfar with tackling those plastic carriers.

Jackie JonesEDITORIAL DIRECTOR

P.S. Starting in autumn 2006, WMW will have an increased webpresence, with many more features on-line. Remember to check in atwww.waste-management-world.com

From the Publishers

ISSN 1476-1394

The magazine for ISWA members

EDITOR: Suzanne Arup Veltzé, ISWA General Secretariat

GROUP PUBLISHER: David McConnellPUBLISHER EMERITUS: Edward MilfordEDITORIAL DIRECTOR: Jackie JonesCOMMISSIONING EDITOR: Guy RobinsonPRODUCTION EDITOR: Monique TsangTRANSPORT CORRESPONDENT: Malcolm BatesDESIGN: Paul Cooper DesignPRODUCTION CO-ORDINATOR: John PerkinsPRODUCTION CONTROLLER: Julie ChallinorSALES MANAGERS: Terry Ash, James Walden

ADVERTISING: for information on advertising,please contact Terry Ash or James Walden atPennWell Corp. on +44 20 7387 8558 [email protected]

EDITORIAL/NEWS CONTACT:Guy Robinson, e-mail: [email protected]

Published for the International Solid WasteAssociation, Vesterbrogade 74, 3rd floor, DK-1620 Copenhagen V, DenmarkTel: +45 32 96 15 88Fax: +45 32 96 15 84web: www.iswa.org

Published by PennWell Corporation,8–12 Camden High Street, London NW1 0JH, UKTel: +44 20 7387 8558Fax: +44 20 7387 8998e-mail: [email protected]: www.waste-management-world.com

EDITORIAL CORRESPONDENCE/PRESS RELEASES:Please send to Waste Management World [email protected]

© 2006 International Solid Waste Association. All rightsreserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in anyform or by any means, whether electronic, mechanical orotherwise including photocopying, recording or any informationstorage or retrieval system without the prior written consent ofthe Publishers. While every attempt is made to ensure theaccuracy of the information contained in this magazine, neitherthe Publishers, Editors nor the authors accept any liability forerrors or omissions. Opinions expressed in this publication arenot necessarily those of the Publishers or Editor.

SUBSCRIPTIONS: Members of the International Solid WasteAssociation receive a free subscription to Waste ManagementWorld as part of their membership. Copies of the magazineare circulated free to qualified professionals who completethe printed subscription form in the magazine. Thesubscription form is also available online at www.wmw-subscribe.com.

Non-qualified professionals may receive the magazine bypaid subscription. The price for 1 year (6 issues) is US$100 inEurope or US$115 elsewhere. To start a paid subscriptionvisit www.omeda.com/wmw or call +1 847 559 7330.

Waste Management World is published six times a year byPennWell Corporation, 8–12 Camden High Street, London NW1 0JH, UK, and distributed in the USA SPP at 75 Aberdeen Road, Emigsville, PA 17318-0437. Periodicalspostage paid at Emigsville, PA. POSTMASTER: send address changes to Waste Management World, c/o P.O. Box 437, Emigsville, PA 17318.

REPRINTS: High-quality reprints of any article from thispublication are available. These can be tailored to yourrequirements to include a printed cover, logo, advertising orother messages. Minimum quantity 50. Please contact thePublishers for details.

Printed in the UK by Williams Press Ltd


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I’ve attended the conferences, laboured over the legislation,been baffled by the big-budget capital expenditure, thebuilt-in obsolescence and marvelled at the monolithic feats

of engineering, yet I still come back to the same question: whatis so difficult about recycling material from our householdsand businesses so that we avoid dumping the leftovers of ourlives in landfills or, even worse, putting it all through an ultra-expensive system to eke out a little energy?

First things first. I am assuming that, in one way oranother, we are all trying to achieve the same goal: greaterthan 75% diversion from landfill for the lowest possible price.

Most enlightened governments are encouraging,demanding or compelling their societies to adopt regimes ofrecycling to avoid landfill and divert waste to other uses.Globally we have begun doing this. But my point is that weneed to have begun well.

What does this mean in practice? It is clear to me thatgreater diversion from landfill cannot be achieved withoutappropriate legislation and appropriate waste collectionservices. Addressing these items sequentially, two pieces oflegislation are critical to the success of this solution:

• Container deposit legislation. Under this system, a smalldeposit is paid by the consumer when purchasing a drink,to be refunded on return of the drinks container. Thisform of extended producer responsibility reduces theamount of packaging entering the waste stream. It hasproven to be effective in the State of South Australia,which has solved many of the issues surrounding themanagement of recyclables (except expanded polystyrene)within the domestic waste and recycling regime.

• Legislation to phase out and ultimately ban polyethylene filmshopping bags. Not only does this reduce litter generally,but it also enhances the attributes of food organicsdiversion when used in conjunction with biodegradablefilm bags. Potential contamination by PE film is removed,thus cleaning up food organics diversion. This would go a long way to relieving the cause of methane in our landfills.

Turning to waste collection, processing the vast majority ofhousehold waste requires a four-pronged approach andassumes source separation. (I haven’t seen an alternative thatconvinces me to shift from this method.) Once again, we needto begin well.

Wheelie bins Three wheelie bins should be supplied to residents for threedifferent streams of domestic waste:

• recyclables – one 240-litre bin (collected every two weeks)for cardboard, paper, plastics, glass and metal cans

• green waste – one 240-litre bin (collected every twoweeks) for garden organics and Bio Bags from the kitchen

• residual waste – one 140-litre bin (collected weekly or,preferably, every two weeks) for the remaining household waste.

Bio basketsA bio basket and an annual supply of certified biodegradablebags combine to form an essential ingredient for the kitchenin any household. The bio basket is an open moulded basketlined with corn starch (biodegradable) bags. The bags holdfood organics waste, which can then be transferred easily fromthe kitchen to the garden organics wheelie bin.

Robotic collectionRobotic-arm collection vehicles (RACVs) are very efficient intheir collection characteristics and provide an excellentplatform for a clean collection that has less than 0.2%contaminants in organics and 10%–20% in dry recyclables.The vehicles, also known as side-loaders, are purpose-built forwheelie bin collections and feature a single operator and CCTV to view and accept/reject contents of the bins,thereby largely avoiding contamination of recycling andorganics streams.

Hard refuseA continuous ‘on call’ collection service for hard refuse shouldbe provided to the residential community up to six times peryear. Hard refuse is that fraction of the waste stream thatusually is delivered by the resident to a transfer station; it includes non-putrescible items such as white goods, large waste household items such as timber, iron, carpets andold furniture.

What is the result from adopting this type of legislation andcollection? Well, the result is greater than 75% diversion fromlandfill, quality saleable composts, and a high level ofrecyclables available for direct re-manufacture or for export.Furthermore, this does not require incineration, and can beachieved for about €80 per household per year.

While this sounds ideal in theory, I should add a cautionarynote: of course, the support of governments, increasedefficiency in our industry and public education is vital to thesuccess of these methods of diversion. There will, no doubt, begeographic and demographic obstacles to overcome, fine-tuning to implement and new innovations and ideas toincorporate. But we will have begun well. And as Aristotle oncesaid: ‘well begun is half done’.

GEOFF JOHNSTON is Chief Executive Officer of Eastern Waste

Management Authority Inc. (East Waste), Australia.

e-mail: [email protected]

■ To comment on this article or to see related features from ourarchive, go to www.waste-management-world.com

Comment

Legislation is only the beginning to promoting landfilldiversion. A bolder step forward would be to set a wastecollection strategy too, writes Geoff Johnston

COMMENT September–October 2006 WASTE MANAGEMENT WORLD10



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The Ecodeco Solution – IntelligentThe Ecodeco Solution – IntelligentThe Ecodeco Solution – IntelligentThe Ecodeco Solution – IntelligentThe Ecodeco Solution – IntelligentTTTTTransfer Stat ion ( ITSransfer Stat ion ( ITSransfer Stat ion ( ITSransfer Stat ion ( ITSransfer Stat ion ( ITS®®®®®) and) and) and) and) andBiocubiBiocubiBiocubiBiocubiBiocubi®®®®® process for Residual process for Residual process for Residual process for Residual process for ResidualFractionFractionFractionFractionFractionThe Ecodeco treatment system forResidual Waste (IntelligentTransfer Station – ITS®) is a highlyinnovative Mechanical-BiologicalTreatment Plant that has beendesigned to solve most of theproblems springing from thepresence of putrescible substancesthat makes the waste biologicallyunstable, wet, contaminated withpathogens, and generally strongsmelling in the medium term. Thisrepresents a health risk in most ofthe treatment plants (where theconditions are often very poor)and, as well, a transport/storageproblem.All the above mentioned problemscan be overcome using theBiocubi® process developed byECODECO® (a worldwidepatented process). With thisprocess all the Residual Waste,without any preliminary selection,is biologically dried and sanitized.

Biocubi® ProcessThe Biocubi® process uses theenergy produced by the degradablecomponent of the waste duringthe biological fermentation tothermally sanitize and biodry all ofthe Residual Fraction. This can beachieved because, working undercontrolled aerobic conditions, apopulation of microorganismsdigests the easily biodegradablematerials of the waste . Thefermentation produces heat whichis used to evaporate the watercontained in the waste.The resulting dried waste(Biodried Material) is hygienic,odourless, and suitable fortransport and storage. Thesecharacteristics make the BiodriedMaterial extremely versatile andhelp to develop innovativeapproaches to MSW treatmentsince the obtained materials canreally be considered products tobe handled and used with the intentto achieve maximum efficiency.

Intelligent Transfer Stations(ITS®)Every ITS® plant is organized instandard units, each capable ofprocessing between 60,000 and75,000 tpa of Residual Waste. Dueto their size, these units aredesigned for a local scale of wastetreatment.Each unit receives MSW in a fullyenclosed building. The waste is

tipped into receiving pits inside thebuilding and then shredded inorder to open the bags and obtaina homogeneous material tofacilitate the aerobic fermentationprocess. Then, automatic grabbingcranes move the shredded wasteto the biodrying section, where itis processed for 14 days. Thebiological process is controlledusing a set of fans located on theroof and a specially designedperforated floor. The air flow throughthe waste is adjusted by means of asoftware that controls the processtemperature and the residualprocess time.All the saturated air extracted fromthe building is treated by means ofbiofilters located on the roof (soas to minimize the plant footprint)before it reaches the open air.When the biodrying process hasbeen completed, the dried material(about 75% of the incoming wastesince almost 25% is weight loss dueto water evaporation) isautomatically sent to themechanical refinement section forselection of materials and/orSecondary Fuel production or justfor compaction.Each waste handling operation iscompletely remote controlledusing programmable grabbingcranes in the biodrying area andconveyors in the refinement area.The plant operators work in adedicated control room and nevercome into contact with the waste.The main building has a controlledatmosphere with negative pressureto avoid any odour emission.Maintenance is generally requiredmainly on mechanical componentsof the refinement section, where

the equipment is not contaminatedby fresh waste.

Possible scenarios after MSWPossible scenarios after MSWPossible scenarios after MSWPossible scenarios after MSWPossible scenarios after MSWtreatment in ITStreatment in ITStreatment in ITStreatment in ITStreatment in ITS®®®®® plants plants plants plants plantsAs an example of the versatility ofthe obtained Biodried Material,some possible scenarios aftertreatment in the ITS® plants aredescribed below:

Scenario 1 (subject to locallegislation): all of the BiodriedMaterial, without a furthermechanical selection, can besent to landfill with very lowenvironmental impact. Duringlandfill operation there is veryfew biogas and leachateproduction since the waste isdry, there are no animals andno smell. In addition (as anoption), sector by sector, thelandfill can be completed, sealedand then activated with waterfor biogas production andenergy recovery (ActivatedBioreactor under controlledconditions).

Scenario 2 all of the BiodriedMaterial, without furthermechanical selection, can besent to a very efficient large-scale waste to energy plant. Thelocation of the plant is a minorissue since there are noproblems of long distancetransport or storage.

Scenario 3 (subject to theavailability of a cement kiln): theBiodried Material can bemechanically selected in therefinement section of the ITS®

plant in order to produce: veryhigh quality Secondary Fuel(about 35-40% by weight with

Frog Island ITS® plant (East London – UK) Treatment capacity: 180.000 t/y of MSW

ECODECO SOLUTION FOR MSW TREATMENT

regard to the treated MSW andLCV of about 15.000–20.000 kJ/kg); metals and steel that can besent for recovery (about 2–5%);optionally, some inerts (0–5%)and a low quality compostablefraction (0–10 %) and a finalresidual fraction (about 15–30%according to the differentoptions) that can be sent to alow environmental impactlandfill (the missing 25–30% isbecause of waste weight lossdue to evaporation during thebiological process).With this scenario thecombustion is really veryefficient since in a cement kilnthe fuel is used only to producethermal energy (efficiency over80%, compared with a massburning plant where efficiencyreaches only 23–28%). Inaddition, there are nocombustion waste products asthey are incorporated in thecement.

Intelligent TIntelligent TIntelligent TIntelligent TIntelligent Transfer Stationsransfer Stationsransfer Stationsransfer Stationsransfer Stations®®®®® in in in in inthe worldthe worldthe worldthe worldthe worldMany ITS® plants have been builtand are in operation in Italy, twovery big facility are now underconstruction/testing in London, athird one is under commissioningin Scotland and other ITS® plantsare close to start in Spain for atotal treatment capacity of about 1million tpa of MSW.

Eng°Attilio PiattelliTechnical Coordinator

Sistema Ecodeco UK L.t.d.For more info:

[email protected]_________



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WASTE MANAGEMENT WORLD September–October 2006 NEWS 13

UK AND FRENCH GOVERNMENTSCONFIRM PLANS FOR WEEE

UK Energy Minister Malcolm Wicks hasannounced a timetable for implementingthe EC Directive on Waste Electrical andElectronic Equipment (WEEE) in the UK.The Directive will take effect from 1 July2007, following a consultation period dueto run from 25 July to 17 October 2006.

Key proposals include the following:

• a UK-wide Distributor TakebackScheme which will establish a networkof Designated Collection Facilitiesenabling consumers to return theirused items for recycling or reuse

• obligatory registration for producersthrough approved compliance schemes

• Authorized Treatment Facilities, whichwill process WEEE and provideevidence to producers on the amountof WEEE received for treatment

• accredited reprocessing/recyclingfacilities who will provide evidence ofreprocessing to producers

• an end-of-year settlement to ensureproducers are able to meet theirobligations via an ‘exchange system’

• a voluntary approach for producers to show the cost of handling historical WEEE.

France will begin collecting and treatingWEEE from 15 November, reports ENDS.Responsibility for WEEE treatment inFrance has been given to four companies– Ecologic, Eco-systemes, ERP andRecyclum. A national producers’ registerwill be managed by the Frenchenvironment and energy agency, and willbe operational from September.

PAKISTAN – FIRST LARGE-SCALECOMPOSTING PLANT

In a push to move away from landfill andincineration, Pakistan has established andofficially opened its first large-scalecomposting plant (reports the country’sThe News on Sunday). The Lahore plantwas imported from Belgium and will

News

transform around 20% of the city’s waste,or around 1000 tonnes of waste per dayinto 250 tonnes of organic compost.

DETAILED POLICY STATEMENTON EFW URGENTLY NEEDED –CIWM

A detailed UK Government policystatement on the recovery of energy fromwaste is now urgently needed, says CIWM(the UK’s Chartered Institute of WastesManagement). Recent documents, such asthe Waste Strategy Review Consultationand the Energy Review, have offeredsome encouragement but have beenextremely short on detail, particularlycompared with the type of informationthat has emerged on other types ofenergy production.

Since this statement was made, theresults of the Waste Strategy ReviewConsultation have been published byDEFRA (the Department for Food,

Environment and Rural Affairs). Theseinclude emphasis on waste preventionand education, as well as the need tosimplify regulation and make costs moretransparent. In terms of energy fromwaste, incineration remains controversialwith many opponents (mainly throughcampaign letters); however, many of thoseresponding directly to the question see itas a viable option, provided optionshigher up the hierarchy are exhaustedfirst. The department received 4017responses during the consultation period.

NEW STANDARD RELEASED FORRECYCLED PAINT

The Product Stewardship Institute (PSI)and Green Seal, Inc., USA haveannounced the completion of a US-wideGreen Seal environmental standard forrecycled-content latex paint. The standardis aimed at assuring consumers thatrecycled paint, in addition to being

NEW US PROGRAMME TO COLLECT MERCURYSWITCHES FROM AUTOMOBILESA new industry-funded US programme has been announced for recovering mercuryswitches from vehicles before they are dismantled and melted for recycling. Theagreement was reached after years of research, advocacy and coalition-building byEnvironmental Defense and Ecology Center, working closely with the vehicledismantlers, vehicle shredders, steelmakers, states, the auto industry and the USEnvironmental Protection Agency (EPA).

Over the past 30 years, domestic automakers have installed over 200 millionmercury switches – containing over 200 tonnes of mercury – in vehicles inconvenience lighting and braking applications. When these switches are notremoved prior to recycling, the mercury is released to the environment during thesteel-melting process, threatening public health. Auto switches from pre-2003automobiles currently represent the largest manufacturing source of mercury airemissions, surpassed only by two combustion sources: coal-fired power plants andindustrial boilers.

Environmental Defense and EcologyCenter work on this issue nationallythrough the Partnership for Mercury-FreeVehicles. Other members of thePartnership include the SteelManufacturers Association, the Institutefor Scrap Recycling Industries, the SteelRecycling Institute and the AutomotiveRecyclers Association.

Send your news to WASTE MANAGEMENT WORLD e-mail: [email protected]



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NEWS September–October 2006 WASTE MANAGEMENT WORLD14


environmentally beneficial, can performas well as virgin paint, both in terms ofease of application as well as quality andlongevity of finish.

Recycled paint incorporates unusedpaint collected from consumers as well as excess from the original paint-manufacturing process, thereby reducingthe disposal of paint. Americans generatebetween 50 and 130 million gallons(227–590 million litres) of leftover painteach year.

The standard will be available atwww.greenseal.org/certification/environmental.cfm andhttp://www.productstewardship.us/displayPage.php?pageid=75.

RECYCLING IN VICTORIA,AUSTRALIA

According to ‘Sustainability Victoria’,Victorians recovered a record5,427,662 tonnes of waste in 2004–2005,representing 55% of the total solid wastestream. Its highlights for this period ran asfollows:

• Victorian recycling saved more than 78 million GJ (about 22 TWh) ofenergy, 52,096 million litres of water,and prevented more than 4 milliontonnes of greenhouse gases beingemitted into the atmosphere.

• Victoria’s current reprocessing capacityis predominantly local, with 89% ofmaterial recovered being convertedinto new products by Victoria’sreprocessors. The remainder wasexported overseas or interstate forreprocessing.

• Metals recovered for reprocessingreached a new record high of 1,157,203tonnes. Strong global demand led tothis increase of 12% over 2003–2004.

• Aided by the new Visy Recycling glass-sorting facility in Binder, glass recoveryin Victoria experienced strong growth,increasing by 19% to a total recovery of102,661 tonnes.

• Victoria’s reprocessing industriescontributed roughly AUS$114 million(US$87 million) to the State’s economyin terms of capital investment andexpenditure on R&D. This is a 43%increase over the 2003/04 financial year.

US EPA CRACKS DOWN ONLANDFILLS IN PUERTO RICO

The US Environmental Protection Agency(EPA) intends to order three municipalitiesto close current operations at theirimproperly run landfills in Puerto Rico.

EPA inspections have revealed that theToa Baja, Aguadilla and Santa Isabellandfills do not have required protectionsand should be closed to minimize anyrisks they may pose to surroundingcommunities. Earlier this year, the EPAnotified the municipalities of Vega Bajaand Florida that they must close downcurrent operations at their landfills.

‘It is my intention to work hand-in-handwith the municipalities and also thePuerto Rico government to find a solutionto the pervasive landfill problem,’ saidAlan J. Steinberg, EPA RegionalAdministrator.

CHALLENGING TIMES FOR UK TOMEET WASTE DIVERSION GOALS

There is a significant risk that localauthorities in England will fail to reducethe amount of biodegradable waste sentto landfill by enough for the UK to meetEU targets, according to a report byParliament’s spending watchdog. Meetingthe EU targets requires a reduction of atleast 3.5 million tonnes of biodegradablewaste sent to landfill by 2010, and afurther 3.7 million tonnes by 2013.

A report from the National Audit Officeestimates that, if no further action is takenbeyond that already planned, localauthorities will miss the 2010 target byapproximately 270,000 tonnes (equivalentto the waste produced by some 225,000 households) and the 2013 targetby almost 1.4 million tonnes (equivalentto the waste of some 1.2 millionhouseholds).

BOOST FOR TV RECYCLING INTHE UK

A £1.5 million (€2 million) plant to recyclethe UK’s scrap TV and computer monitorshas opened in north-west England, andclaims to be the first of its kind in theworld. The plant, which is fullyoperational from mid-August, recyclesscrap CRTs (TV and computer monitors)using a completely ‘dry process’ with no chemicals.

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Old televisions are broken down intotheir three most basic parts – glass,graphite and lead – and the recycledmaterials are shipped to manufacturinggiant Samsung for reuse as new TV

screens. Merseyside company GlobalEnvironmental Recycling CompanyLimited and German firm GWG are behindthe £1.5 million initiative, which isplanned to be rolled out across Europe,the US and Canada.

Bob Shepherd, Managing Director ofGlobal Environmental Recycling,commented: ‘This is a major breakthroughfor the recycling world – there has beennothing like this before and we alreadyhave recycling specialists crying out to be involved’.

ROHS COMPLIANCE

Arena Solutions, a leading provider of on-demand product life-cycle managementsoftware, has announced the results of itsongoing RoHS Readiness Survey. Thiscovers the ability of manufacturers tocomply with the European RoHS Directive,which came into effect on 1 July 2006.The Directive stipulates that six chemicalsubstances – lead, cadmium, mercury,hexavalent chromium, PBB(polybrominated biphenyls), and PBDE(polybrominated diphenyl ethers) – are nolonger allowed to be used in productsmanufactured or sold in the EU.

According to the survey, 83% ofrespondents were at severe to high risk of

not being able to demonstrate complianceor due diligence for RoHS based on theirdocumentation management capabilities.The research also highlighted that 59% ofrespondents do not have a goodunderstanding of the regulations or howto demonstrate compliance and duediligence.

In contrast, the results of a surveyconducted by Global Sources (publishedin February 2006) on the ‘readiness’ issuein the Far East indicated that 93% ofelectronics manufacturers in mainlandChina, Taiwan, Hong Kong and SouthKorea were expecting to comply with theRoHS Directive by the July deadline.

HONG KONG LANDFILLS UNDERPRESSURE

According to China Daily, Hong Kongwaste loads are growing at a much fasterrate than its population. The city’smunicipal solid waste loads haveincreased by about 3% a year over thepast decade, while its population hasgrown by just 0.9%. The three existinglandfills are under tremendous pressurebecause of current consumerist lifestyle.Current predictions suggest that thelandfills will be full in 6–10 years and thatanother 400 hectares of landfill space willbe needed to meet waste disposal needsup to 2030.

in briefGermany simplifies waste monitoringregulationsGermany’s federal cabinet has approved anordinance simplifying requirements for themonitoring of waste. The new regulations areintended to reduce bureacracy, improveefficiency and better align German rules withEU ones.

Worms to the rescue?Cape Town’s famous Mount Nelson hotel hasits own worm farm to help slash waste and,ultimately, tackle climate change, reportsPlanet Ark. The worms, commonly known asred wrigglers or tiger worms, are housed inspecially designed crates and are fedvegetable leftovers from the kitchen andpricey restaurant tables. Their fluidexcrement, or ‘worm tea’, is carefullyharvested and used as a prized fertilizer in thehotel’s rolling gardens, where peacocksparade on manicured lawns. Their other by-product, vermicast, is a rich compost.



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WASTE MANAGEMENT WORLD September–October 2006 NEWS 17


E-WASTE BUSINESS IS BOOMING

Electronic Recyclers, an electronic recycling firm in Fresno,California, has indicated that it has become the first company inthe United States to surpass US$1 million of electronic waste inone month. Red Herring, a media company which coverstechnology and financial news, reports that in July ElectronicsRecyclers recycled 2.3 million pounds (over 1000 tonnes) ofcomputer monitors, CRT screens, LCD screens, plasma screens,

laptops and televisions, with revenues totalling US$1.1 million. At the same timeReCellular, a cellphone recyclingcompany based in Dexter,Michigan, announced that itrecycled nearly 50% morephones in California in July,compared with June, after astate law requiring cell phones tobe recycled went into effect.

NEW UK PLAN TO ENCOURAGE A ‘GREENER’WASTE INDUSTRY

A new initiative to encourage the waste management industry,including landfill operators and waste treatment plants, toimprove their environmental performance has been announcedby the UK Environment Agency.

Liz Parkes, Head of Waste Regulation at the EnvironmentAgency, said: ‘The Waste Management Sector Plan has beendeveloped by the Environment Agency with the EnvironmentalServices Association, the largest trade body in the sector. ThisPlan shows how we are working in partnership with the wastemanagement industry in England and Wales to help look afterthe environment and achieve a greener business world’.

The plan sets out the environmental and wider impacts of thewaste management sector and identifies the following 10objectives:

• lessen the impacts of climate change by reducing greenhousegas emissions

• reduce the consumption of raw materials by promoting theuse of waste as a resource

• improve and protect the environment by working to reducethe number of pollution incidents

• take steps to tackle waste crime and illegal operators • improve data on waste production and management • enhance natural habitats around waste management sites • work to risk-based regulatory and environmental

management systems • improve relationships between the Environment Agency,

industry and the wider community • ensure there is a sustainable and competent waste

management industry and regulator • improve health and safety by reducing accidents and injuries.

US BATTERY COLLECTION INCREASING

The non-profit Rechargeable Battery Recycling Corporation(RBRC) has announced its collection data for the first six months of 2006, reporting that a total of 2.4 million pounds

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from the same period in 2005.RBRC’s successful collection growth is

due largely to the expansion of collectionsites through its retailers, businesses,communities and public agencyparticipation. Since January, RBRC hasexperienced a 10% increase inparticipation by adding 4466 newcollection sites to its current roster of over30,000 sites.

EVENTS ON THE HORIZON

The coming months include a host ofinternational events that WMW will beexhibiting at, including (amongst others):RWM, 12–14 September, UK; Wastecon2006, 19–21 September, US; Entsorga-Enteco, 24–27 October, Germany;Ecomondo, 8–11 November 2006, Italy,and Pollutec, 28 November – 1 December,France. And the fields covered arebroadening. For example, Entsorga-Entecocovers waste management and recycling,water and liquid waste, incineration andrenewable energy, local authority andenvironmental services, technology andlogistics, air quality control and emissionsprotection, health and safety at work andnoise protection, and research andorganization. For a full list of events, seethe diary on page 94.

(over 1000 tonnes) of rechargeablebatteries were collected in the US andCanada through its Call2Recycle™programme – an overall 6.4% increase

in briefCity of Toronto averts sludge crisisThe city of Toronto, Canada averted a crisiswith an eleventh-hour solution to dispose ofthe city’s 75,000 annual tonnes of sludge,according to the Waste Business Journal.With just one day before its contract withRepublic Services expired, the city inkeddeals with two Canadian composting firms –Environmental Management Solutions Inc.and Ferti-Val Inc.

Novelis joins EPA climate leadersprogrammeNovelis Inc. has announced that its NorthAmerican organization is participating in theUS EPA’s Climate Leaders programme.‘Climate Leaders presents an opportunity forNovelis to continue its voluntary efforts toconserve energy and reduce its greenhousegas emissions, share best practices andpromote co-operation between industry andgovernment,’ said Kevin Greenawalt,President, Novelis North America.

MERGERS ANDACQUISITIONS

CONSORTIUM TAKES OVER THE TSR GROUP A bidding consortium has purchasedthe TSR Group, a leading company inthe German market specializing in therecycling of steel scrap and non-ferrous metals. The consortiumconsists of Remondis AG & Co. KG(60% of the shares), Cronimet (20%)and Alfa Acciai (20%).

The TSR Group employs more than1500 people both in Germany andabroad and will have a turnover ofmore than €1.7 billion this year. Theparties have agreed not to disclosedetails about the purchase price or thecontract. The takeover must still beapproved by the Federal Cartel Office.

AVERY WEIGH-TRONIX BUYOUTEuropean Capital S.A. SICAR hasinvested €123 million (US$157million)in the One Stop Buyout™ of AveryWeigh-Tronix Holdings Limited, aleading designer and manufacturer ofweighing equipment and solutions toindustrial and food retail customersworldwide.

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WASTE MANAGEMENT WORLD September–October 2006 RECYCLING SPECIAL 21

Shining examples

In today’s consumer-oriented world, the waste and scrapindustries are vital to health and commerce. While theyshare common burdens – such as public perception (or

occasional misperception) and quality, environmental, andhealth & safety (QEH&S) issues – they must also berecognized as distinct. In the scrap industry’s general view,the scrap industry reprocesses materials for new uses, whilethe waste industry removes materials that have no further useand no intrinsic or recoverable value. The importance of thisdistinction is exemplified in the boxed text below.

In the words of Robin Wiener, President of ISRI (theInstitute of Scrap Recycling Industries), ‘Scrap is not waste and recycling is not disposal. Successful policy willmake this distinction in order to ensure that electronicrecycling continues to attract investment and thus sustainand increase overall recycling capacity.’

The commercial implications of this distinction are

significant and, as a result, both industries require a separateframework tailored to their respective market conditions andtargeted to support long-term development.

In order to optimize our ability to handle the apparentlylimitless stream of material for recycling and disposal, boththe scrap and waste industries must constantly seek ways to

more efficiently segregate scrap and waste into theirappropriate streams. Confidence is paramount; and this canbe manifest in different forms.

A healthy market depends on public confidence in thefinal output from the plant. Operators rely on a regulatoryframework that supports their industry. And industryemployees should feel confident that they are working in asafe environment.

Shining examplesSetting standards for scrap recycling

by Frank Cozzi

Expansion of the scrap industry requires appropriate

guidelines to secure the health and safety of

employees, while market confidence will be bolstered

by having suitable recycling standards that recognize

the value of the material and the individual nature of

this industry.

E-waste or E-scrap?

The Institute of Scrap Recycling Industries, Inc. (ISRI) recentlyplayed host to the US Under Secretary of Commerce forTechnology, Robert C. Cresanti, as he announced the release ofa new study entitled ‘Recycling Technology Products: AnOverview of E-Waste Policy Issues’.

Despite praise for the overall study, ISRI was concerned byuse of the term ‘e-waste’ in the report. It suggests the term ‘e-scrap’ would more accurately describe recyclable materialsfrom electronic devices. The report acknowledges the existenceof both terms.

‘The Commerce Department study hopes to promotemarket-based solutions to electronics recycling issues,’ saidISRI’s President Robin Wiener. ‘Yet one of the greatest

challenges faced in this industry is the improper designation ofrecyclable materials as “waste”, often leading to legislativeand regulatory complications that are unnecessarilyburdensome to recycling.’

The consequences of labelling recyclable materials as‘waste’ were demonstrated by ISRI in a letter to SenatorJeffords of Vermont, sponsor of the Recycling InvestmentSaves Energy (RISE) Act. The letter states that becauserecycling is perceived by some as a ‘waste’ activity, burdenssuch as obtaining proper and adequate insurance for whatrecyclers really do rather than what others think recyclers do isa real problem. In one case, an insurance carrier did not renewa policy because the carrier determined incorrectly that therecycling industry was engaged in ‘waste treatment’ activities.The entire letter can be read at www.isri.org/jeffords

Scrap is not waste andrecycling is not disposal

MAIN PHOTO Metallic scrap waiting to be recycled. A distinction should be madebetween scrap and recycling. PHOTO: ERP



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RECYCLING SPECIAL September–October 2006 WASTE MANAGEMENT WORLD22

Shining examples

Securing a safe workplaceThe US Bureau of Labor Statistics, which lumps our industriestogether for many of their statistical tables, ranks our industries,combined, as the fifth most dangerous industry in the US labourforce when accidental deaths are tabulated.

This level of risk is unacceptable. Naturally our industriespose certain inherent potential hazards, but there is simply noexcuse for any workplace to be unsafe. It is vital to recognize and

acknowledge these potential hazards and to establish workpractices to effectively manage them in a way that protectsemployees and others from harm.

Accidents, injuries and deaths in the workplace are costlyburdens on the industry, in medical claims, lost time, anddamage to facilities and equipment. Expensive as they are,however, those costs pale in comparison to the loss of life orlimb. The number-one goal, each and every day, must be to doall we can to ensure that every employee returns to their familyat the end of the day as whole and uninjured as they werewhen they reported to work that morning. For the scrapindustry, this comes in the form of a commitment to processscrap materials safely, or not at all.

Waste management isranked as the fifth mostdangerous industry in the US

Standards for retreading tyres in Europe

In April 2006, the European Commission announced newstandards for the tyre-retreading process that will help tosecure the quality of such tyres, bolster confidence in thismarket and reduce the amount of tyres ending up in thewaste stream.

All newly retreaded tyres sold in the EU must now alignwith the requirements of UNECE Regulations (UnitedNations Economic Commission for Europe). Theseregulations introduce similar standards of safety and qualitycontrol for retreaded tyres as for new tyres.

Retreading is a frequent practice, particularly for some ofthe heavier vehicle categories like trucks, buses and trailers.More than 50% of these vehicles currently run withretreaded tyres on the streets of the EU. Setting safetyrequirements will also enhance the use of retreaded tyres.

PHOTO: EDWARD MILFORD

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Shining examples

The need for new standardsThe prevalence of workplace injuries is just one of manyindicators suggesting the need for new standards – standards thatprovide the framework for a comprehensive management system.In today’s world, manufacturers must be able to meet the demandfor more content-specific materials. Meeting these specificationsrequires better quality standards for the input materials suppliedby the scrap industry. Addressing these quality-related issues,while managing compliance with mandatory safety andenvironmental regulations, can be a monumental task. Differentsectors are responding to this challenge in different ways. Twoexamples are shown in the boxes to the left and right.

RIOS – a new standardISRI has embraced this challenge by creating the RecyclingIndustry Operating Standard (RIOS). RIOS is an integratedsystem designed to help the scrap-recycling companiesmanage their QEH&S issues in a single, unified manner. It isthe only integrated system developed specifically for thescrap-recycling industry.

Standards are nothing new, particularly to the Europeancommunity. For nearly 60 years, the International Organizationfor Standardization (ISO) has been the recognized leader increating and managing standards in a variety of areas. ISOstandards are recognized worldwide. Their impact has helpedmany companies improve industrial and manufacturingoperations to the point that many consuming industries havecome to require suppliers to implement various standards.

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New EPA standards for handling cathode ray tubes

The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) isstreamlining the federal hazardous waste managementrequirements for cathode ray tubes (CRTs) and CRT glassdestined for recycling. These simplified standards aim toincrease the collection and recycling of CRTs.

EPA Assistant Administrator Susan Bodine commented: ‘A discarded CRT represents an opportunity lost. This rule willhelp encourage the reuse and recycling of CRTs, which putsthese resources back to productive use, rather than into thenation’s landfills’.

Under the new regulations, used, unbroken CRTs are notregulated as hazardous waste unless they are stored for morethan a year. And used, broken CRTs are not regulated ashazardous waste as long as certain good-housekeepingpractices are followed.

PHOTO: NJ DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION



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Shining examples

Similarly, RIOS seeks to provide a roadmap to help scraprecyclers excel in QEH&S areas by eliminating inefficiencies,problems, regulatory violations and accidents that can affecttheir current profitability as well as their future viability.

RIOS is based on the essential elements of ISO 9001 forquality, ISO 14001 for environment, and OHSAS 18001 for

health and safety. Each of these programmes is recognized for itsindividual strength and depth, but their template is intentionallybroad in order to address a host of manufacturing issues.

RIOS is industry-specific. It excels because it eliminatesduplicative efforts that are found in separately implementingISO 9001, ISO 14001 and OHSAS 18001, thus making it lessexpensive and less time-consuming to implement as well asbetter designed to address these issues in our real-worldoperations. RIOS is designed to be functionally equivalent to allthree standards and can be a viable QEH&S management systemfor even the smallest scrap recycling company.

ISRI has spent many years developing RIOS. A considerablepart of that development process was dedicated to the creationof a unique guide to help users with implementation. Whileindividual companies can use RIOS to self-certify in order to

improve operations, RIOS provides for third-party certificationthat will allow companies to market themselves using the RIOS-certified label.

RIOS has been recognized by the ANSI-ASQ NationalAccreditation Board, the US accreditation body for managementsystems. The programme is currently undergoing test

implementation at a handful of scrapfacilities in the US.

RIOS will help the scrap industry meetour goals of an industry-specific QEH&Sprogramme that, when implemented, willresult in cleaner, safer, better managedplants and yards, with an anticipated side

result of improved profitability. Further, attention to theseimportant issues polishes the image of our entire industry.

The future of any industry depends on continuousimprovement, regulatory compliance, and attention to quality,safety and standards. We expect RIOS to quickly become theroadmap to the future for the scrap-recycling industry.

For more information on ISRI and RIOS, visit the websitesat www.isri.org and www.rios4qehs.org.

Frank Cozzi is Chair of the Institute of Scrap Recycling Industries,

Inc., US.



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Marks of distinction

N ike’s swoosh; McDonald’s Golden Arches; the three-second ‘Intel Inside’ chimes. All three examples conjureup images, emotions and connotations that companies

have carefully planned and orchestrated. Corporations perceivetheir brands as valuable commodities, in some cases morevaluable than the product or services that the company sells. Butfor electronic products at end-of-life, the intense focus on brandidentity is turning out to have an unintended consequence: it isalso a financial liability.

Why would brands come up in a discussion about wastemanagement? Brand ownership has become a criticalcomponent of two state-level electronics recycling managementsystems in the US, which rely on ‘producer responsibility’. Insuch systems – which were pioneered in Europe but are nowspreading globally – the original manufacturer or producer isresponsible for financing all or part of the costs associated withthe product’s recycling and disposal. In most but not all cases,financial responsibility is based on company’s share of the wastestream. These ‘return shares’ for individual companies arecommonly determined by counting brands returned in thecollection systems followed by assignment of those brands to theresponsible company.

Because of the complex arrangements between contractmanufacturers, suppliers and distributors, identifying the actualproducer (or manufacturer) can be difficult and is sometimesnot possible. Brand identification, however, utilizes readilyvisible information and is therefore easier to implement andtrack. But with some governments now mandating producerrecycling responsibility, the effort to build a trusted anddesirable brand, affix it to a product, and complete a sale willlead to future costs when that product is finally returned forrecycling in five, 10, or even 20 years. And these additional costsmust be accounted for when planning future businessdevelopment and associated infrastructure.

Orphans and unknowns Examining current data on return shares leads to severalinteresting observations. For one, many brands returned todaywere made by companies that are no longer around. Theseproducts are usually referred to as ‘orphans’ in electronicsrecycling programmes, and the number of brands that fall intothis category is only now becoming clear.

Another observation is that a significant percentage ofreturned products have no brand at all – and therefore classifiedas ‘unknown’ in return share studies. In fact, ‘unknown’ rankshigher than any identified brand of desktop computer returnedin household collection programmes in most studies reviewed bythe National Center for Electronics Recycling (NCER). Many ofthese units are likely made by ‘white box’ manufacturers who formany years assembled and sold unbranded desktop computersusing off-the-shelf components.

Both unknown and orphan brands must still be recycledunder producer responsibility systems, and it is up topolicymakers and system designers to decide how to apportionthese costs – often to existing manufacturers.

Defining the terms Because orphan and white box products factor so heavily intothese systems, it is critical to have clear definitions and criteriafor these designations. Orphan products have been defined instate legislation in the US as a device for which its manufacturercannot be identified or is no longer in business and has nosuccessor in interest. The critical component to this definition iswhether the brand/company has a ‘successor in interest’. As stategovernments in the US are discovering, the process fordetermining which company should be responsible for an

Marks of distinctionWho pays for electronics recycling?

by Jason Linnell

Producer responsibility is a principle increasingly

being adopted for funding WEEE management in

many parts of the world. But who exactly is the

producer? In the US, for instance, the producer is

identified via the brand label, but even so, it’s not just

a simple matter of doing a count.

MAIN PHOTO It is not possible to trace the manufacturers of ‘white box’ units, butthey still need to be recycled. PHOTO: NATIONAL CENTER FOR ELECTRONICS RECYCLING



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individual brand – particularly some of the smaller marketbrands – can be lengthy and complicated.

For many years, white box companies have represented asignificant portion of computer market. During recent years,estimates by market research firm IDC and others place whitebox sales in the 25%–35% range for desktops and just under 10%for laptops. Because the brand is not the main selling point forthese systems, these builders would many times use off-the-shelfcomponents and computer housings with a customized brandlabel or without a brand label altogether – hence the name ‘whitebox’. When the name on a brand label provides the basis forassigning responsibility under mandatory recycling systems, thedifficulty in tracking brand name to producer could cause manyof these products to be misclassified as orphans.

Taken together, poor identification or misclassification oforphan and white box products leads to an uneven playing fieldfor manufacturers and brand owners attempting to comply withreturns-based producer responsibility recycling mandates. In theUS, the National Center for Electronics Recycling and stategovernments in Maine, Maryland and Washington are workingtowards identifying and classifying brands of computers, laptops,monitors and televisions to implement legislated programmesand ensure that covered companies are complying with those rules.

Emerging US electronics recycling systemsHow are the issues of brand identification and orphan productsplaying out in the electronics recycling systems in the US?California has a law that creates an advanced recycling fee (ARF)

of US$6, $8 or $10 that is paid by the consumer at the point of sale.The California law has no provision for orphan or unidentifiableproducts due to the fact that funds collected for recycling areused for all returned, covered electronic devices regardless of theoriginal producer. However, white box manufacturers are affectedby a provision requiring all covered products to have a brand label.

Similarly, the Maine programme covers TVs, computermonitors and laptop computers under a law passed in 2004.Under Maine’s approach, however, the funding for the system isshared between product manufacturers and local governments.Local governments collect from Maine households (wasteelectronics generated by businesses are not covered), and deliverthe collected products to a state-approved ‘consolidator’. Theseconsolidators count the number of brands from eachmanufacturer, and then send each manufacturer a bill for theamount that their brands represent, plus an additional amountfor orphan products. In Maine, a white box manufacturer wouldbe responsible for any of its laptops that are returned to thedesignated consolidators. Maine no longer allows the sale of acovered device unless a visible, permanent label clearlyidentifying the manufacturer of that device is affixed to it. Thislabelling requirement also applies to desktop computers eventhough manufacturers are not currently responsible for fundingthe recycling of these products.

The Maryland law was passed in 2005 and it sets up a five-year pilot programme for recycling desktop computers, laptopsand computer monitors. Under the programme, manufacturersof these products must register with the State and pay an annual

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• Florida Electronics Brand Distribution Study (ongoing)• Hennepin County ‘Consumer Electronics Brand Tally’ (2004,

Minnesota)• Good Guys Electronics Take-back Pilot Project (2004,

Washington State)• Staples Reverse Distribution Pilot (2004, New England states).

While some programmes have tallied brands for differentelectronic devices, the main products surveyed are televisions,monitors, desktop and laptop computers. The number ofreported units varied substantially across different programmes,with Hennepin County providing the largest sample size and theStaples Pilot the smallest. For example, by the time of the February 2006 update, Hennepin County reported 12,827 monitor units with attributable brands, Florida 7850 andStaples 1090.

Something very interesting becomes clear upon examiningthese data – not every brand comes in at the same percentage

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fee of $5000. If the manufacturer implements a take-backprogramme, the fee is reduced to $500 after the first year. Thereis no provision or need to identify brands or orphan productsunder this system. Like California and Maine, manufacturers ofcovered products are required to label the product with themanufacturer’s name or the manufacturer’s brand label.

Washington State is the most recent state to legislate aproducer responsibility system for recycling electronics. LikeMaine, the law would require manufacturers to finance therecycling of their products returned, and thus requires brand,manufacturer and orphan identification. The legislation placesrestrictions on the ability of white box manufacturers to employa recycling programme independent of the ‘standard plan’established for most producers of covered electronics.

What the research on brand data revealsThere are four major electronics collection studies in the USwhere brands have been counted:

TABLE 1. Top brands identified for returned electronic equipment. SOURCE: NCER NATIONAL RETURN SHARE ESTIMATES, MARCH 2006

(www.electronicsrecycling.org/cdr/BrandSorting.aspx)

Desktop computers Laptop computers Computer monitors Televisions

Brand Percentage Brand Percentage Brand Percentage Brand Percentage

‘Unknown’ 15.7% Dell 17.8% Apple 11.8% RCA 12.6%

Dell 11.4% Compaq 15.1% Dell 8.5% Zenith 10.5%

Apple 9.3% Apple 13.2% Compaq 7.2% Sony 6.9%

Compaq 7.9% IBM 12.8% Gateway 6.1% Panasonic 5.3%

IBM 7.5% Toshiba 7.1% Packard Bell 5.1% GE 4.7%



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in each location. For example, across the three programmesreporting monitor data, the largest single returned brand ofmonitors was Apple, representing 4.9% in the Floridaprogramme, 11.6% in Hennepin County, and 18.8% in theStaples Pilot. These data seem to indicate that Apple has hadhistorically stronger sales in the Northeast region than inFlorida. However, the return share represented here is higherthan Apple’s market share in the US. Except for the largepercentage of ‘unknown’ in the desktop category, the topbrands in each of the four product categories are well knownbrands (see Table 1).

These data show the implications for Dell’s recentannouncement that it is launching a free service to recycle anyDell product on a worldwide basis. If a system were in place tocollect all of the desktop computers, laptop computers andmonitors, Dell would collect the largest number of laptops of anycompetitor, but not desktops or monitors due the HewlettPackard’s combined share for the HP and Compaq brands(16.3% of desktops and 11.1% of monitors).

Calculations matterIt is also important to know the assumptions behind any returnshare calculation. Is the percentage based on the number of unitsreturned in a particular product category, or the weight? Are thepercentages just for one product category, or are units or weight

combined across product categories? These distinctions can havea great impact on how large each company’s share is, andtherefore its financial obligation in specific states.

Table 1 was calculated using a methodology developed bythe NCER that averages the return shares of each brand –within a product type such as laptops – calculated for eachcollection programme. This was done to minimize regionaldifferences that could be exacerbated by a single, large sample.The NCER data set also includes all reported brands, includingthose considered by Maine as misidentified or orphan brands –which lowers the percentages for all identified, establishedbrands. In the Maine programme, return share estimates weredeveloped adding unit counts across programmes. Whichmethod produces the more accurate reflection of a companyreturn share is a matter of debate.

Brand recording is great, but how do you findthe manufacturer?Recording brand information is a seemingly simple task. Searchthe front of the product and record the name as it appears.However, data entry errors can and do occur, and there areseveral instances where the actual brand of the product may notbe identifiable or obvious. For example, for many years somecompanies have ‘branded’ different technologies used acrossdifferent whole product brands. This is not the overall brand ofthe product, but it has been recorded as such in several studies.Sony’s ‘Trinitron’ brand is a good example. The Trinitrontechnology has been licensed to other manufacturers for use intheir branded products, and therefore may appear on certaintelevisions, but Sony would not be held responsible for allproducts bearing the Trinitron label.

Once a list of brands is scrubbed for accuracy, the next stepfor certain state regulators is finding the actual manufacturer. Inthe case of the state of Maine, as of June 2006, 278 brands havebeen registered by 123 manufacturers. There are severalhundred other brands that have yet to be identified as belongingto any particular manufacturer or officially designated anorphan. The process for identifying manufacturers is relativelystraightforward, but can lead to some dead-ends. In Maine, the

Some frequently asked questions

How do you identify the brand?

• Usually visible on the outside of the product, but othermarkings can be misleading.

What if no brand label is apparent?

• The product may be an ‘unknown’ brand that would befinanced just like an orphan product under a producerresponsibility system.

How are orphans handled?

• First, a regulatory body must decide which brands areindeed orphans, and which brands have a responsiblemanufacturer. Once the official orphan brands have beencounted, current manufacturers usually finance theirrecycling based on their return share.

Brand identification is not a simple process for the many desktop computers thatare either unbranded or whose brand owner no longer exists



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Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) uses availabledata and reference sources with information on brand historyand ownership. If the DEP finds evidence that the most recentresponsible manufacturer went out of business with no successorin interest, the brand is deemed an orphan. Orphandetermination is fundamentally a regulatory task and thereforebest suited for a government agency.

It should also be noted that the hundreds of brands yet tobe identified collectively represent only a fraction of totalreturns (e.g., <10% of total televisions), with most of thesesmaller brands yielding an individual return share well below1%. For example, there are 24 different television brands thatconstitute approximately 86% of all returned televisions. The remaining 412 brands each have a return share below1%, with most of them well below 1%. For monitors, theimpact is greater in that there are only 16 brands with morethan a 1% return share, and these 16 brands representapproximately 73% of all returned monitors. That means thatthere are 658 brands under 1% each, but that represent 27%of returns collectively.

Challenges for the futureTracking brand responsibilities for all historic/returnedproducts is a challenge as this information is not readilyavailable for all brands. Improved brand/produceridentification procedures are required to bring producers ofsmaller quantities of products into financing systems similarto Maine’s and Washington’s. In the US at least, the data on

which to base brand return share and orphan share arelimited in both quantity and geographic coverage. Theselimited data suggest that regional variations in productreturns for individual brands may be commonplace. Thus,small changes in source data and the methodology fordeveloping a particular brand’s return share can producesignificant variations in a manufacturers’ financialresponsibility in returns-based electronics recycling systems.

The implications of brand counting and producerresponsibility do not stop at the manufacturer. In the US andglobally, governments are pushing to separate these productsfrom the municipal solid waste stream, and use non-government revenue to pay for their recycling. In the nearfuture, those companies in the waste management industry whowish to handle used electronics for recycling may need to addbrand counting or even physical sorting to their capabilities.Those who can record this information and carry out thesefunctions in the most accurate manner at the least cost will bethe ones manufacturers seek out to fulfil their producerresponsibility obligations.

Jason Linnell is Executive Director, National Center for Electronics

Recycling, US.



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The fine print

The European paper industry is under no legal obligation torecycle paper and board products other than packaging.However, recycling in this sector is done on a significant

scale, and more than half of the paper consumed in Europe isnow made from recovered paper. A central driver for this activityhas been the European Declaration on Paper Recycling,published by the Confederation of European Paper Industries(CEPI) in 2000.

The first target in the Declaration, reaching a 56% recyclingrate, was set for the period 2000–2005. This target wassuccessfully met in 2005, the progress being monitored by theEuropean Recovered Paper Council (see box below). Both thestability and confidence in the European recovered paper markethave been created by now and recovered paper has become asought-after commodity on the global market. Paper recyclinghas also gained a lot more political credibility during the

commitment period, helped by increased knowledge on fibreflows and clear best practices in quality management ofrecovered paper.

Industry trends: a growing marketThroughout the Declaration period, the rate of growth in paperrecycling in Europe has been roughly twice as rapid as the growthof paper production. A total of 46.6 million tonnes of paper wererecycled in Europe in 2005. This is an impressive increase of 24%(or 9 million tonnes) compared with 1998, the base year againstwhich the target was set. Several European countries are alreadyrecycling on a higher level than Japan, a classic benchmark inpaper recycling (see Figure 1).

Europe’s paper recycling rate is particularly impressive whenone considers that the rate only includes the volume that isrecycled into new paper in Europe. Some paper is recycled intoother products such as construction materials, and a growingvolume of paper is exported for recycling to countries outsidethe EU; for example, the UK is a net exporter of recovered paperwith around 3.3 million tonnes in 2005 (see Figure 2).Furthermore, other recovery options, such as use in energygeneration, are not accounted for in the recycling rate (seeFigure 3 for broad trends in this sector).

The co-operation of the different industries along the paperchain has been key to establishing a confident market. Byworking together, these stakeholders have reinforced the goodfunctioning of the ‘paper loop’, which is essential to the recyclingprocess. This, in turn, has made possible the heavy investmenton new recycling capacity, thereby also offering a strongerfoundation for new collection services.

The fine printAligning paper-recycling policy with practice

by Jori Ringman

Paper recycling in Europe has already reached 56%,

meeting a target set in the European Declaration on

Paper Recycling. But the full potential for recycling –

moving toward the European Commission’s vision of

a ‘recycling society’ – will only be met when the

different views of policymakers, authorities and

industry are reconciled.

The European Recovered Paper Council (ERPC)

The European Recovered Paper Council (ERPC) was set upafter the launch of The European Declaration on PaperRecycling in November 2000, with the aim of monitoring theprogress made towards meeting the targets set out in theEuropean Declaration. In the second Declaration (September2006), the industry pledges to further improve itsenvironmental performance and increase the recycling rateto 66% (+/–1.5%) by 2010.

The ERPC consists of several industry organizationsalong the paper value chain, as well as the EuropeanCommission Directorates General for Enterprise andEnvironment, who act as Observers. The ERPC monitors theprogress of the Declaration openly and transparently, andco-ordinates the joint work to achieve the set targets. Seealso www.paperrecovery.org MAIN PHOTO Recovered paper and board are sought-after commodities for

remanufacturing into new paper, not only in Europe but also for export overseas.PHOTO: STORAENSO



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The fine print

The industries have also worked together to maintain andimprove the quality of recovered paper; industry guidelines weredeveloped and issued during the lifetime of the Declaration.Efforts have also been made to identify previously untappedsources of recovered paper, such as streams that were landfilledor incinerated; these will be explored in a little more detail laterin the article.

But, despite this clear success, the industry is not content torest on its laurels. A new and more ambitious Declaration hasbeen prepared for 2006–2010.

Raising the barThe new European Declaration, launched in September 2006,has set a target recycling rate of 66% for 2010. The Declarationwas approved by a large number of industry organizations alongthe paper value chain and covers 27 EU Member States plusNorway and Switzerland. Achieving this would mean thatdemand for recovered paper increases by almost 10 milliontonnes in 2010 compared to 2004.

When setting such targets, it is important to consider thepercentage of paper that can actually be collected and recycled.

If we take into account paper that cannot be collected (such aspaper kept in archives and libraries) or not recycled (such astoilet paper and kitchen rolls), then the maximum theoreticalrecycling rate for paper would be 81% instead of 100%. Inpractice, however, an ecological and economic optimal level ofrecycling is somewhere lower than that.

In many European countries, recovered paper collection andrecycling have already reached levels where further increase canonly be marginal. In contrast, most new EU Member States havestarted on much lower levels and will still be growing fast inmany years to come, both in consumption of paper andrecycling. On average, the utilization of recovered paper inEurope is expected to continue growing at a rapid rate over thenext five years.

Meeting new challenges and maintainingstandardsTo date, the European list of standard grades of recovered paper(EN643), published in 2001, has been the cornerstone of therecovered paper market in Europe, and this is likely to remainthe case for the foreseeable future. That said, the quality ofrecovered paper will deteriorate unless clear guidance is given as

to how to handle its collection. In parallel, quality demands onthe finished paper continue to increase with the rapidtechnological development of the publishing, printing andpackaging industries. This radically challenges the operationalframework of the paper and board industry, and the issuebecomes particularly acute as most easy sources of paper havenow been tapped.

The European paper industries issued the Responsible

Colle

ctio

nra

te(%

)

Asia

Oceania

Western Europe

Latin America

Eastern Europe

Africa

North America

70%

60%

50%

40%

30%

20%–20,000 –15,000 –10,000 –5,000 0 5000 10,000 15,000

Net trade (thousand tonnes)

FIGURE 1. Collection rate and net trade of recycled paper in 2004.

The size of each bubble indicates the relative collection volume of

recycled paper in each country. SOURCE: PÖYRY, 2006

–1000 –500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500

AustriaSweden

SpainSlovakiaHungary

NetherlandsCzech Republic

NorwayFinlandPoland

PortugalItaly

SwitzerlandIreland

DenmarkFrance

GermanyBelgium

UK

20052000

Trade balance (thousand tonnes)

FIGURE 2. Trade balance of recovered paper by country

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

Recycling in paper mills Net trade in recovered paper

Non-recoverable Other recycling/recovery or final disposal

Amou

nt(m

illio

nto

nnes

)

FIGURE 3. Evolution of paper consumption and recovery in CEPI countries

While reliable sourcing liesat the start of the process,changes are needed at allpoints in the supply chain



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The fine print

Sourcing and Supply Guidelines (CEPI 2006) earlier this year.These provide general guidance on sourcing and recoveryapplications, and list best-practice information along each stepof the paper recovery chain. They complement the legalframework and CEN standard EN 643, as well as other voluntaryindustry standards such as quality control guidelines and goodmanufacturing practice guidelines. CEPI intends to review theguidelines regularly (beginning in 2007) with the aim ofstrengthening them both in ambition and in the number ofsignatories from industry suppliers. European paper mills areexpected to progressively use these guidelines when selectingsuppliers of recovered paper. And, in time, meeting them is likelyto become a fundamental element of the customer–supplierrelationship. This will not happen overnight, but suppliers needto start addressing any shortcomings now.

While reliable sourcing lies at the start of the process,changes are needed at all points in the supply chain – theseinclude changes to both the practical arrangements for thecollection, storage and transportation of recovered paper and tothe overall management systems. The European Declarationprovides a natural framework for discussing these issues jointlywith other relevant stakeholders in order to find cost-efficientsolutions.

Ongoing research will continue to yield advances thatsupport more efficient use of recovered fibres and lowerenvironmental impacts throughout the life-cycle of the material.Two key areas are systematic work on quality management andmore knowledge on fibre flows. Furthermore, a European

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The main sources and applications of recovered paper

Recovered paper originates from households (40%),commercial and industrial sources (50%) and offices (10%).In 2005 the collection from European households and officesgrew at the rate of 5%, and these sources, not fully tappedyet, offer the greatest scope for increasing paper recycling.Applications for recovered paper are summarized in FigureA, with approximately two thirds of the material currentlybeing used to produce corrugated board and newsprint.

Newsprint19%

Office papers and otherpapers for printing

8%

Corrugated board45%

Cardboard7%

Wrapping, other packaging

10%

Paper and pulp in household and sanitary

products7%

Others4%

FIGURE A. Use of recovered paper in CEPI countries by sector, 2005



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The fine print

identification system for recovered paper will begin within thenext few years. Such an identification system would have twostrands: it would satisfy the needs of authorities to track therecovery route of used paper and help to develop the rawmaterial market where sources can be identified as necessary.

An evolving framework Recycling makes a vital contribution to Europe’s sustainabledevelopment, economically as well as environmentally, creatingjobs and saving energy and natural resources. The EuropeanCommission has stated its aim to make Europe a ‘recyclingeconomy’ and decouple economic growth from environmentalimpacts. The paper-recycling industry is already familiar withboth aims.

In principle, the EU is in favour of recycling, butstakeholders remain concerned over the administrative burdenscaused by the EU’s policies. In practice, the current legalframework for paper and board recycling presents discrepanciesand contradictions that result in an additional burden forindustry without any added environmental benefits.

For example, recovered paper and board is recognized as asecondary raw material by EN 643, but legally speaking it is‘waste’. This leads to a dichotomy in paper recycling: for theindustry it is part of an industrial process in paper manufacturing,whereas for the authorities it is purely a recovery matter in thefield of waste management.

An even more vital question will be how the balance betweenmaterial recycling and energy generation is to be set. With

increased cost from requirements such as the Europeanchemicals regulation REACH, the paper industry will not be ableto compete with subsidized biomass producers. Incentives forenergy recovery are still allowed, in particular for the promotionof renewable energy sources, which are driven by quantitativenational green energy targets. The signs of market distortionsare already visible.

Municipalities may be tempted to opt for short-sighted‘lowest cost’ solutions unless European rules give clear guidanceon promoting source-separated collection and material recyclingof used paper.

Jori Ringman is Recycling Director at The Confederation of

European Paper Industries (CEPI).


Further readingFor more detailed information on the environmental benefits ofpaper recycling over other recovery options, we suggest theEuropean Environment Agency’s study on ‘Paper and cardboard– recovery or disposal? Review of life-cycle assessment andcost–benefit analysis on the recovery and disposal of paper andcardboard’ (EEA Technical report No 5/2006)http://reports.eea.europa.eu/technical_report_2006_5/en/technical_report_5_2006.pdf


Advances in paper-recycling technology

• Paper machines have become bigger and faster over the

past years. Modern paper recycling mills can consume

600,000 tonnes of recovered paper yearly.

• Near infra-red and other inspection technologies are

enhancing the early stages of the recycling process,

raising throughput rate and output quality.

• The recyclability and de-inkability of paper and board

products are increasing as a result of ongoing research

and development, enabling more material to be reused

in paper-making.

Inside the Braviken paper mill in Sweden. Paper-recycling technologieshave been improving over the years. PHOTO: HOLMEN PAPER

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States lead the way

America does not have a national recycling law. Instead,America has a national solid waste management lawcalled the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

(RCRA). But in spite of its name, RCRA has little to do withresource conservation and even less with resource recovery.

Although the US Congress has not passed a recyclinglegislation, state laws have transformed recycling in the UnitedStates. How has this come about? This article examines the natureof recycling legislation at both national and state levels, andreviews the goals that are shaping the country’s recycling landscape.

Recycling laws at the federal levelAmericans produce a large amount of garbage: approximately360 million tonnes a year, according to a recent survey.1

Americans also recycle and compost approximately 100 million tonnes of solid waste every year. While the overallrecovery rate (of about 30%) is less thanthat found in many other countries, this nevertheless represents a significantincrease from two decades ago.

Before the advent of federal and statesolid waste legislation, recycling wasdriven purely by market forces. Prior toEarth Day in 1970, America recycled well under 10% of its waste.Municipal collection programmes were non-existent. Paper wasoften collected in paper drives organized by Boy Scouts andsimilar groups. Family-owned scrap dealers bought paper andmetal scrap based on the demand by end markets for additionalraw materials.

America’s first federal solid waste law, the Solid WasteDisposal Act (SWDA), didn’t even mention recycling. SWDA wasa 1965 amendment to the original Clean Air Act. The lawcreated a small federal solid waste office with some research andgrant authority.

Eleven years later, Congress passed the ResourceConservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), which remains the

cornerstone of federal solid waste and recycling legislation.RCRA abolished open dumps and required the EnvironmentalProtection Agency (EPA) to write regulations for hazardous wastemanagement and guidelines for solid waste disposal. Thehazardous waste regulations were written by the end of the1970s, but the landfill rules were another decade in the makingand did not come into effect until 1991.

In spite of RCRA’s title, the law did little to encouragerecycling except to require EPA to write regulations that wouldincrease federal purchases of products made with recycledcontent. Even that responsibility was ignored for years as EPAconcentrated on hazardous waste regulations and then landfilldisposal rules. In the early years of RCRA, EPA had a small butactive recycling programme. Federal grant funds financedAmerica’s first multi-material kerbside collection recyclingprogrammes (in the state of Massachusetts) along with other

recycling projects. EPA published how-to manuals and sponsoredkerbside recycling workshops throughout the country. However,the recycling office was closed in 1981.

The rationale behind RCRA RCRA is unique among national environmental legislation in itsdeclaration that solid waste collection and disposal remained aresponsibility of state and local governments. While the federalgovernment retained oversight authority over state solid wastemanagement programmes, the states remained the primary

States lead the wayPioneering recycling efforts in the US

by Chaz Miller

America’s recycling rate has doubled over the past

15 years, but this has occurred in the absence of a

federal law on recycling. Instead, state legislation and

local support have been leading the action.

MAIN PHOTO Waste collection is the responsibility of state and localgovernments. PHOTO: NSWMA

RCRA allowed the states to enact solidwaste regulations that were morestringent than the federal criteria



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initiators of solid waste and recycling laws and the chief enforcersof landfill regulations. Other environmental laws don’t place thisemphasis on local control. Congress realized that air and waterpollution, for instance, could easily travel across state lines. Thestates were not given primary responsibility for regulating airand water pollution. However, local governments traditionallymanaged solid waste, and their garbage was, and still is, usuallylandfilled or burned in nearby facilities.

Significantly, RCRA allowed the states to enact solid wasteregulations that were more stringent than the federal criteria.While many states choose to adopt the federal rules as written byEPA, others chose to impose additional requirements onlandfills. For instance, the EPA landfill rules require a singlecomposite liner for landfills. Pennsylvania and several other

states, however, require a double composite liner at landfills. Asa result, states and local governments are free to enact whateversolid waste and recycling laws they choose, so long as those lawsare at least as stringent as the federal laws. In the absence offederal recycling laws, the states have free run.

Although the RCRA has been amended several times since itwas originally passed in 1976, none of the amendments coveredrecycling. The last major attempt to enact Federal recyclinglegislation occurred in 1992. That bill would have imposed anumber of recycling requirements upon packages, but lackedenough support to come to a vote in either house of CongressThe legislation, known as Multi-Option Packaging Strategy(MOPS), passed a House sub-committee but never was voted onby the whole committee nor was considered by the Senate.

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In the 15 years since 1991, little of substance has been enactedat the state level. While between 200 and 300 recycling billsare introduced into state legislatures every year, most of themdie quickly. Generally the laws that are passed are minortweaks to existing legislation. California’s recycling laws are socomplicated that every year the state leads the nation in thenumber of recycling bills introduced and passed. Typical ofstate action was Maryland’s decision in 2000 to create avoluntary 40% waste diversion goal. Maryland’s goal includesa 5% credit for source-reduction activities such as backyard

compost pile and ‘grass cycling’ programmes. (‘Grass cycling’occurs when mown grass is left on the lawn and not placed oncompost piles or put in the garbage bins.) Hawaii passed abottle bill in 2004, but attempts to impose container depositsin other states have failed. Delaware is currently considering asource separation law, but it is unlikely to pass this year. E-waste is the wild card. Six states have enacted statewideelectronics product recycling laws. If enough states require e-waste recycling, the Federal Congress will step in and pass anational bill to ensure consistency among the states. (Formore information on WEEE recycling in the US, see articlestarting on page 25).

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State recycling legislationAfter the RCRA went into effect, the states moved quickly toestablish management programmes for hazardous and solidwaste. They moved less quickly on recycling. With the exceptionof bottle bills, most states did nothing on recycling until the late1980s. During the 70s and 80s, many state legislaturesconsidered requiring a deposit on beer and soft drink bottles andcans. The goal of the legislation was to prevent container litterand encourage recycling. By the end of the 1980s, 10 statesmandated a deposit. Notably, container recycling has higherrates in those states than in the non-deposit states.

Two states, Rhode Island and New Jersey, took a morecomprehensive approach to recycling in the mid-80s. Both aresmall, densely populated states with a significant shortage ofavailable land for landfills. In response, they developedtrailblazing mandatory recycling legislation. While theirapproaches differed slightly, they required local governments tooffer recycling programmes for a number of materials (at first,this was usually newspaper, glass bottles and metal cans). Stateofficials worked closely with local governments to establish theprogrammes. Rhode Island went so far as to build a materialsrecovery facility in 1990 to process the recyclables.

The efforts in those states were bolstered by kerbsiderecycling programmes that started collecting newspaper in 1970after Earth Day. In 1976 the first multi-material programmesbegan collecting cans and glass bottles in addition tonewspapers. Over the next decade, the number of kerbsideprogrammes slowly grew until more than 600 were in operation

throughout the United States (with most of the programmes inthe Northeastern or the West Coast states).

And then, in March 1987, a barge loaded with over 2700tonnes of New York solid waste set sail for a landfill in SouthCarolina. Refused permission to unload in that state, the‘garbage barge’ sailed forlornly around the south-eastern coast,never allowed to stop and unload. The Flying Dutchman ofgarbage became a media event. With the absence of a federalrecycling law, the states stepped into the void. By 1991, 39 statesand the District of Columbia had passed recycling legislation.The only states that hadn’t were mostly sparsely populated statesin the intermountain west and the Great Plains that had low

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Kerbside recycling programmes have dramatically boosted recycling rates in the US . PHOTO: NSWMA



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States lead the way

tipping fees for landfills. EPA reopened its recycling office inresponse to the national demand to do something about waste.

Different types of state legislationGenerally, state recycling legislation falls into one of threecategories:2

• mandatory source separation• planning for recycling• providing an opportunity to recycle.

Mandatory source separation laws, which are found in sevenstates and the District of Columbia, require local governments tomandate the separation of at least three materials from the wastestream for recycling. These laws often exclude smaller townsfrom the source separation requirement. In one state, the sourceseparation requirement only applies to office paper andcorrugated boxes generated by businesses. Recyclingprogrammes in the source-separation states became examples ofsuccess, and New Jersey and Rhode Island officials becamefixtures at state recycling conferences, explaining how their lawshad succeeded.

Not all states wished to mandate source separation at thelocal level. Many states opted to require local governments todevelop recycling plans and to meet state recycling or wastereduction goals. For instance, Maryland set a 20% recycling goalfor 1994 for urban counties and a 15% goal for rural counties.States varied in how aggressively they enforced the recyclinggoals. California was the most aggressive in this regard. TheGolden State’s recycling law established a 50% waste diversiongoal by 2000. Local governments were to submit recycling,source reduction and composting plans indicating how thediversion goal would be met. The law includes a US$10,000 aday fine that can be assessed against jurisdictions that fail to meetthe goal. In reality, few local governments are even threatenedwith the fine. Most want to co-operate with state mandates.However, in a few instances, California state officials havethreatened to levy fines against local governments that showedno interest in meeting their legal responsibilities.

In the middle are the dozen states that required localgovernments to provide an ‘opportunity’ to recycle. While this

seems to be more aggressive than just a recycling plan and a stategoal, in fact, the recycling ‘requirement’ could be met by akerbside collection programme or a drop-off centre.

Having outlined the three main types of legislation, oneshould note that state policy does not always fit within thesecategories. For example, Wisconsin does not have recyclinggoals. Instead it has a complex system that bans the landfilling ofcommon recyclables such as newspaper, aluminium or steel cans,and glass bottles, and then rewards those local governments thatmeet recycling targets. Rural and urban counties are givendiffering collection targets for these recyclables, with the targetslower in rural counties (82.4 pounds or 37.4 kg per personrecycled each year) than in urban areas (106.6 pounds or 48.4 kgper person recycled each year). A local government or group ofgovernments, called a ‘Responsible Unit’ in the Wisconsin law,that meets the target collection rate has an ‘effective recyclingprogramme’ and is exempt from the disposal ban.

US recycling goalsIn 2005 the US EPA announced a 35% national recycling goal by2008. This modest goal was set after the EPA determined thatAmerica was recovering through recycling or composting about30% of our municipal solid waste. Forty-two states also haverecycling or waste diversion goals. Most are voluntary. Somecome with dates, such as Massachusetts’ goal of achieving 70%waste reduction by 2010. None of the goals was established on arigorous analysis of how material could be recycled. Instead theyare the result of political compromise and hope. Eighteen stateshave goals to recycle or divert 50% or more of their waste. Theother states have set lower goals.

ConclusionIn summary, federal recycling legislation does not exist inAmerica. Instead, state legislation has played a dynamic role intransforming recycling from a supply- and demand-drivenbusiness to a legislated reality.

Not surprisingly, the states with the most aggressiverequirements, such as New Jersey and California, tend to havethe highest recycling rates. America’s recycling rate has doubledto 30% in the 15 years since 1990, when states began to activelypromote recycling. State laws wouldn’t stay in effect if it wasn’t forwidespread support for recycling at the local level. As long ascollection programmes are efficient and economical, thatsupport will continue.

Chaz Miller is Director of State Programs at the National Solid

Wastes Management Association


web: www.nswma.org

Notes1. ‘Garbage in America’, Biocycle magazine, April 2006, Table 3.2. ‘Recycling in the States’, National Solid Wastes Management

Association, published every year from 1988–1993.


Requirements for recycling differ by state. PHOTO: NSWMA



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Atown of 100,000 inhabitants collecting 100% of itshousehold recyclable packaging waste could recycle 780 tonnes of steel, 200 tonnes of aluminium, 470 tonnes

of plastics, 2300 tonnes of paper and 2200 tonnes of glass peryear.1 This thought-provoking statistic encapsulates the broadscope for materials recovery from packaging waste, and hints atthe challenge faced by the waste management industry.

Packaging unpackedGenerally speaking, there are three main types of packaging:

• sales packaging – surrounding the product and informing acustomer about the product

• secondary packaging – used to group a number of productstogether

• transit packaging – including items such as pallets andshrink wrap. Two companies that specialize in transitpackaging are shown in the box below.

In material terms, packaging can be commonly divided into thefollowing components: plastics, metal (steel and aluminium),glass, wood, paper and board. While it is impossible to cover alltypes of packaging within the confines of one article, there isscope to highlight the diversity of variables in this sector byexamining one material type in greater detail.

Plastic packagingHaving settled on plastics as the ‘sample’ material, let us first geta sense of scale in this sector.

According to the British Plastics Federation (BPF), 50% ofEurope’s food is packaged in plastics and the plastics industryemployees 74,000 people in the UK alone [with a sales value of£2.75 billion (€4 billion)]. Furthermore, data from theEuropean Association of Plastics Recycling and Recovery

Pass the parcelUnwrapping the field of packaging waste

by Guy Robinson

Packaging is big business. So too is packaging waste.

Recent statistics on different types of packaging

suggest a diverse and busy future for the waste

industry, driven by evolving legislation and aided by

new systems and technologies.

MAIN PHOTO The many types of packaging materials produced and used have alarge potential for recycling

Transit packaging

Cross Wrap Oy – a company based in Finland – manufacturesautomatic stretch-wrap packing machines, in particular forwrapping bales of waste and recyclable materials. According toMs Satu Kivelä, Managing Director for the company, wrappedbales reduce the cost of handling, transport, storage andlabour, and are environmentally friendly since the film is madeof recyclable polyethylene. Wrapped bales can be stored ortransported as required, without litter or smell. Cross Wrap’smachines are already in operation at approximately 100 sitesin 24 different countries worldwide and, since 1994, they havewrapped over 20 million tonnes of waste materials.

Blagden Packaging specializes in the production,

reconditioning and distribution of steel drums and otherindustrial packaging. Headquartered in Rumbeke, Belgium, itemploys 1700 people in nearly 35 service and productioncentres across Europe and Asia. On 31 March 2006 it completedthe purchase of the container and closure division of HongLeong Group Singapore, thus widening its reach outside Europe.

An interesting aspect of the company’s business is that itoffers the ‘Blagden Return Service’ to its customers in Europe,where used industrial packaging is collected and processed attheir reconditioning sites in accordance with environmentaland regulatory requirements. In this scheme, Blagden uses itsown European distribution and collection network to collectsuitable used packaging regardless of whether Blagdensupplied the packaging or not.



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Organisations (EPRO) suggest the use of plastics packaging is increasing, though consumption figures vary (from 11 kg/person in Finland to 24 kg/person in Spain).

In terms of recycling activity, EPRO states thatapproximately 1.8 million tonnes of plastics packaging werecollected for recycling by its members in 2004. And – accordingto Applied Market Information Ltd (AMI) – Europe’s largestplastics recycling group is the Ravago group, which is estimated to reprocess in excess of 200,000 tonnes of waste peryear at plants in Belgium, France, Germany, Spain and Italy.

What is plastic packaging and where does it come from?Plastic packaging comes in all shapes and sizes – from bottlesand plastic film to crates and drums – and a broad range ofmaterials are used to develop these applications. For example,PET (polyethylene terephthalate) and HDPE (high-densitypolyethylene) are both commonly used to make different types of bottle.

The majority of plastics produced today are termed‘thermoplastics’, meaning that they soften when heated.Generally speaking, thermoplastics are easier to recycle thanthermoset plastics. Polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP),polystyrene (PS) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) are all commonlyrecycled, though recovery can be made more complex by aproduct being comprised of more than one type of polymer.

AMI has recently carried out a survey of over 1000 plasticsrecyclers in Europe. Data from this survey is available in theirnew report ‘AMI’s guide to the plastics recycling industry inEurope’. The report focuses in particular on companies active inmechanical recycling of thermoplastics.

According to the companies surveyed by AMI, the mostimportant source of raw materials for recyclers is the industrialmarket, with nearly 90% of companies taking materials from it.In contrast, less than 10% of the companies sourced waste fromthe agricultural sector. Around 30% of companies recyclecommercial or post-consumer household waste.

Managing plastic packaging waste There are two preferred routes for managing plastic packagingwaste:

• recycling: divided into mechanical recycling and feedstockrecycling (chemical reprocessing)

• incineration with energy recovery.

In simple terms, for a single, sorted plastic waste stream,mechanical recycling is usually the favoured option, whereasenergy recovery is more commonly used to handle mixed plasticwaste or plastics that are difficult to recycle.

EPRO indicates that more than 50% of plastic packaging isrecovered for energy in countries like Sweden, Denmark, Norwayand Belgium. But it is interesting to note that this is not an‘either or’ situation, since EPRO also indicates that Belgium iscurrently leading the pack in terms of recycling, having achieveda rate of 32% (through a nationwide system for collection ofplastic bottles, beverage cartons, etc., and a producer-backedcompany taking care of all transport packaging).

Recycling levels for plastics can be lower than for otherwaste streams because of the high volume-to-weight ratio. This

makes collection services less efficient – unless, of course, theservices include an element of on-site treatment, such as amobile plastics shredder being tested by Axion Recycling Ltdin a project funded by the UK’s Waste & Resources ActionProgramme (WRAP). (Axion’s experience to date has foundthe service is commercially viable on material such as domestic water and gas pipes – commonly HDPE – but the

The most important sourceof raw materials for

recyclers is the industrialmarket

PET recyclingThe Packaging Waste Directive (2004/12/EC) stipulates thatmost European Member States must recycle 22.5%minimum of plastics packaging waste by 2008.

During the past 10 years the demand in western Europefor PET – used in soft drinks and water bottles – has grownfrom about 800,000 tonnes to 2.3 million tonnes (see Figure A). The main drivers behind this growth (circa 10% per annum on average) have been PET’s light weight,transparency, burst strength and its properties as a gasbarrier.

PET accounted for 14% of the 16 million tonnes ofplastics packaging used in 2004 and 30% of the PET wascollected. PETCORE has recently announced that Europeanpost-consumer PET collection rates reached 796,000 tonnesin 2005, a 15.1% increase over the previous year. Germany,France and Italy account for 60% of the European recyclingvia deposits, a green dot scheme and a product recyclinglevy. Switzerland has a high level of returns as a result of anadvanced disposal fee.

In 2004 circa 75% of the reclaimed PET was recycled bymechanical means into fibres, sheeting, strapping andbottles (mainly non-food). In future, more attention may bedrawn to chemical recycling and waste-to-energy as theprice of crude oil continues to climb.

– by Rob Crawshaw, Consultant, Plastics Europe

Water32%

Carbonated soft drinks29%

Refillable drinks2%

Other drinks10%

Food 7%

Sheeting for formed packaging for food

15%

Non-food5%

FIGURE A. The PET market in Europe, 2005



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case has yet to be proven in the UK for packaging materialssuch as larger food containers and crates.)

The boxes on p.40 and opposite page offer further data on these two disposal routes, focusing (respectively) on PET recycling and thermal treatment of mixed plastic waste.

Packaging waste generation and recoveryLet us now broaden the discussion of recovery rates to cover alltypes of packaging. A useful overview of packaging generationand recovery rates in Europe was published by the EuropeanEnvironment Agency (EEA) in 2001. Data extracted from thisreview are included in Table 1. Unsurprisingly, recovery ratesvary considerably.

More recently, on 1 June 2006, the Steel Recycling Instituteannounced that the recycling rate for ‘the world’s most recycledpackaging material’ – steel – increased to 63% in the US for2005. And in the UK, DEFRA (the Department for Environment,

Food and Rural Affairs) released its 2005 figures indicating that74.2% of paper packaging in the whole UK waste stream wasrecycled, 52% for glass, 28.2%, for aluminium, 51.4% for steeland 54.6% for wood.

These data give some insight into the level of recyclingcurrently being achieved. But what about the underlyingmechanisms? What is driving recycling in this sector?

Packaging waste managementIn common with other waste streams, packaging wastemanagement systems depend on the interplay between thegeneral public, industry and government.

Clearly the general public needs to be educated about thepotential for recycling packaging waste and encouraged toavoid the easy option of disposal in mixed waste bins. The

supply of plastic waste into the recovery chain relies on such education. (A useful information sheet on packaging waste is available at www.wasteonline.org.uk)

But while motivating public participation is important, such

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TABLE 1. Packaging waste generation, recycling and recovery in Europe, 2001.

SOURCE: ADAPTED FROM EEA REPORT 2

Austria Denmark Ireland Italy UK EU-15

Total packaging waste 1097 1029 820 11,262 9314 64,876

generation 2001

(thousand tonnes)

Recycling 64 50 27 46 42 53

(EU target 2001 = 25%)

Recovery 73 90 27 51 48 60

(EU target 2001 = 50%)

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Green fuel from plastic waste

In its Resource Conservation Challenge action plan 2005, theUS EPA announced its intention to increase plastic wraprecovery/diversion from 6.6% to 19% by 2008. By implicationthe remainder is primarily sent to landfill. Non-degradableplastic forms a significant proportion of solid waste in landfillsthroughout the world. One potential solution for diverting thistype of waste in the future is pyrolysis.

Dutch-based environmental technology companyEnvoSmart Technologies has recently acquired the sole salesand distribution rights for the ThermoFuel system within alarge part of Europe from the Australia-basedcompany Ozmotech. The ThermoFuel system usespyrolysis, catalytic converting and distillation toproduce a clean-burning, high-energy diesel fuel.John Bouterse, CEO of EnvoSmart Technologiesexplains: ‘A major benefit of the process is itsability to handle post-consumer and post-industrialunwashed and unsorted waste plastics. This meansthat heavily contaminated plastics such asrecaptured domestic plastics with a wide variety ofresidues (including oil and/or foods), silage wraps,trickle tapes, laminates and multi-layer films, canbe treated without difficulty.’

A ThermoFuel plant can process up to 20 tonnesof waste plastics per day and is compliant with EUand UK emission and standards requirements. Foreach tonne of plastics, the plant produces up to

930 litres of distillate, which can be used as fuel for dieselburners, trucks and buses, etc.

John Bouterse continues: ‘although the fuel produced withthe ThermoFuel system complies with the EN590 standard, itis still based on a fossil origin. As a result we call it “greendiesel” and not “biodiesel”. In the current political situation,we do not comply with the European guidelines set out tostimulate biofuels; however, we believe that the global marketshould adapt accordingly and support all alternative energysolutions.’

EnvoSmart’s catalytic converter produces a high-energy fuel from plastic waste

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action would be fruitless unless the demand for recycledproducts (such as new packaging materials or garden furniture)is also nurtured. In part this depends on the consistentproduction of quality recyclate. Principally this means effectivesorting by the waste industry. A case study from one companyspecializing in sorting equipment is shown above.

The third key stakeholder in this system is government. InEurope the Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive is a keylegislative tool in this sector, and is one of the few EuropeanDirectives to contain directly measurable targets.

Ten years after adoption of this Directive, the EU Counciland Parliament have asked the European Commission to reporton progress. As an aid to preparing its report, the ECcommissioned two studies, and EUROPEN (the EuropeanOrganization for Packaging and the Environment) activelyparticipated in the stakeholder consultations for both. The EChas yet to release its findings of this review; however, EUROPENhas made its own evaluation and recommendations. This reportis available at www.europen.be and includes some interestingfindings. For example:

• The Directive is succeeding in meeting its environmentalobjective as more than 60% of used packaging is nowdiverted from landfill, leading to (among other benefits) areduction of greenhouse gas emissions of 25 million tonnes

of CO2equivalent. Industry-funded recovery schemes have

been the major contributing factor to this success in mostcountries.

• The volume of packaging placed on the market has beendecoupled from GDP growth in Europe.

• Member States have been permitted to adopt nationallegislation specifically targeting beverage packaging in adiscriminatory way. This has led to increasingly complexand unmanageable regulation, in direct conflict with thespirit and aims of the EU Commission ‘Better Regulation’initiative.

EUROPEN’s recommendations include – amongst others – theneed for urgent action to safeguard the internal market and faircompetition objective of the Directive, and to prevent any furthererosion of the Directive’s harmonization goals.

Industry outlookHow can one summarize such a diverse field? An easy conclusionto draw is that packaging is big business. The value of China’spackaging industry output reached over US$50 billion last year,up 22.4% year on year, according to Shi Wanpeng, President ofthe China Packaging Federation. And the waste managementindustry is growing in parallel, having to move quickly to offersustainable solutions and much-needed processing capacity.

Packaging waste sorting

The use of automated sorting systems in the recyclingindustry has seen a steady upswing since the mid-1990s. Theearliest systems were all based on one type of identificationtechnology – NIR (near-infrared) spectroscopy – which deliverscharacteristic ranges for different materials, enabling thesystem to distinguish between such waste products asbeverage cartons, various kinds of plastics and mixed paper.

NIR systems were originally used in sorting facilities toreclaim secondary raw materials from the packagingcollected by Germany’s DSD recycling system. Asinstallations increased, so did confidence in the newtechnology, with the result that people soon began toconsider other potential applications.

In addition to sorting mixed plastics into differentpolymers, the idea that PET and polyethylene bottlescould be separated by colour began to attract interestoutside Germany. Today, colour sorting is handled bycamera-based colour image processing systems orspecial high-resolution colour sensors.

From 2001, further development produced systemsthat are used to separate the de-inking fraction fromwaste paper streams. These systems have new sensors(CMYK) that recognize the colour quality of printedmaterials. Combining the new sensors with advancedNIR and camera technology gave the industry the high-capacity systems that it deploys in this field today.

Over the past few years, discussions have focusedon extending the flexibility of sorting facilities tohandle fundamentally different tasks. The new TiTech

VisionSort sensor technology is equally suitable for sortingsecondary fuels, separating PET colours and de-inkingfractions or extracting recyclable materials from waste-packaging streams. The modular sensor concept makes itpossible to deliver either a basic system that copes withcurrent sorting requirements and can be upgraded later, or asystem that can handle all potential applications right from the start.

– Tom Eng, Sales & Marketing Manager, TiTech



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The design of the packaging material itself is also evolving totake account of its own life-cycle impact. In addition to initiativesthat support reusable packaging, designers are increasinglyturning to biodegradable products, such as:

• Creative Edge Packaging hopes to transform the ready-mealtray market in the UK and Europe with its newenvironmentally friendly alternative. The company usesbagasse (waste from sugar cane once the juice is extracted)as its raw material, which is biodegradable.

• Green Mountain Coffee Roasters and International Paperhave launched a hot beverage cup made from corn, which isalso biodegradable. They claim that Americans last yearused 14.4 billion hot beverage cups, which would circle theearth 55 times when placed end-to-end; and if all thosecups used a corn-based lining, the saved oil could heat 8300 homes each year.

However, not all packaging is evolving with sustainability inmind. According to a new report from NonMarkets LC, theglobal smart packaging market will grow to US$4.8 billion in2011 and reach $14.1 billion in 2013. The report, titled ‘SmartPackaging Markets: 2006–2013’, indicates that the arrival of abroad range of printable electronics is making smarterpackaging possible. This can range from using chip-based RFID(radio-frequency identification) tags which combat

counterfeiting, to time or temperature indicators on foodproduce. One wonders how this trend will impact on materialsrecovery and how the waste industry will respond to a blend ofpackaging that is part-polymer and part-WEEE. Let us hope thatadvances in packaging technology do not move at such a speedthat the infrastructure developed to recover materials cannotkeep up.

Guy Robinson is Commissioning Editor of WMW.


Notes1. Derived by the Bio Intelligence Service from Canadean &

BCME, 2002, and ‘Performance, feasibility and cost ofdifferent collection systems’, Coopers & Lybrand, 1995.

2. Effectiveness of packaging waste management systems inselected countries: an EEA pilot study, EuropeanEnvironment Agency, 2005, www.eea.eu.int.


The design of packagingmaterial is evolving to

take account of its own life-cycle impact

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Emotional attachment

L andfills around the globe are overloaded with fullyfunctional appliances – freezers that still freeze and toastersthat still toast – their only crime being a failure to sustain an

emotional attachment to their users. Waste of this nature canthus be seen as a symptom of a failed relationship, split by onesingle yet profoundly universal inconsistency –consumer desires relentlessly grow and flex whilematerial possessions remain relatively frozen in time.This incapacity for mutual evolution renders mostproducts incapable of sustaining a durablerelationship with their users. The mountain of electronic andelectrical waste this single inconsistency generates isunsustainably large, and comes at increasing cost to both thenatural world and manufacturers who fail to meet theforthcoming legislative demands of the European WEEE Directive.

The conventional model of durability and wasteFew would contest that the principal endeavour of durability isto optimize objects’ functional lives. As a result it is natural for

most designers to focus on the object’s survival in their designmethodologies. In these somewhat superficial scenarios,durability is distinguished purely by a product’s physicalendurance, whether cherished or discarded; engineerstriumphantly celebrate as fully functioning hairdryers emerge

from a five-year landfill hiatus. Is this durable product design,or simply the designing of durable waste? Landfills bloat withstrata upon strata of durable goods, slowly living out their toughrobust existences beneath ten thousand tonnes of like-mindedscrap. It therefore appears clear that there is little pointdesigning physical durability into consumer goods, if theconsumer has no desire to keep them. In addition, productfailure is essentially characterized by blown circuits, stressfractures and a host of other technical and physical glitches; inattending solely to physical ageing, invaluable alternativerenderings of durability are overlooked.

If we are to develop new ways of working in compliance with

Emotional attachmentDeveloping lasting relationships with our belongings

by Jonathan Chapman

These days, a product’s physical longevity will not

prevent it from being thrown away if the owner no

longer wants it. To avoid unnecessary waste of

otherwise useful goods, is it time we should start to

form emotional bonds with them?

MAIN PHOTO Denim jeans have supported emotionally durable relationships for decades. ALL PHOTOS: KATHERINE ANNE ROSE © 2005

Waste of this nature is a symptomof a failed relationship



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WEEE legislation, we must begin by breaking away from thephysical model of durability and product longevity, todevelop greater understanding of the sustainability ofempathy, meaning, desire and other metaphysical factors thatinfluence the duration of product life.

Sustainable design is symptom-focusedIn the last 40 years, countless strategic approaches to sustainabledesign, from the bizarre to the banal, have circulated the moreprogressive creative ponds. Many of these approaches focuspurely on specific stages of the product life-cycle; these aregenerically referred to as Design for X (DfX) strategies. TheseDfX strategies – including design for disassembly, design forrecycling and design for reuse – are increasingly deployed by thewhite goods, electronics and automotive sectors where legislativedemand for waste minimization such as WEEE is mounting fast.Other popular strategies include alternative energies, from solarto human power, sourcing local materials and processes,collapsible objects to conserve landfill space, supply chainmanagement, zero emissions, compostable products and agrowing interest in edible packaging – to name but a smallhandful. Despite their apparent diversity, in their current guisesustainable design methodologies lack philosophical depth,adopting a symptom-focused approach comparable to that ofwestern medicine.

Many healthcare professionals candidly admit that westernmedical practice is frequently more concerned with thesuppression of undesirable symptoms than with the actualrestoration of health per se. If a patient has a headache forexample, a western doctor will most likely prescribe drugs tomask the pain, with little regard to what may be causing thediscomfort. However, experienced Chinese medical practitionersstate that over 50% of headaches are caused by the body’sinability to detoxify as a result of mild dehydration, and are

Outcasts in an age of innovation

In a world where innovation is expected, material culturehas adopted an expendable and sacrificial persona. Tonight,a flat-screen Trinitron TV lies face down, discarded like aspent cigarette in the wet space between pavement androad; an abandoned refrigerator stands outcast in a darksuburban alleyway, while an Apple Macintosh from the‘beige era’ garnishes a skip filled with construction rubble.

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thus curable by simply drinking a large glass of water. For decadesthe consumer machine has raged forth practically unchanged,leaving designers to attend the periphery, healing meresymptoms of what is in essence a fundamentally flawed system.

Amidst the frantic scramble to comply with forthcomingdemands of legislation such as WEEE, the root causes of theecological crisis we face are often overlooked; meanwhileconsumers continue wastefullyon, but now they do so withrecycled materials instead ofvirgin ones. Indeed, sustainabledesign has developed a tendencyto focus on the symptoms of theecological crisis rather than theactual causes. In consequence,deeper strategic possibilities are overlooked which, if developed,might build further value into existing waste-minimizingmethodologies. By failing to understand the actual driversunderpinning the human consumption and waste of goods,sustainable design resigns itself to being a peripheral activity,rather than the central pioneer of positive social change that itpotentially could be.

Emotionally durable designProducts with emotionally durable characteristics already exist,and in surprising numbers. For example, jeans may bedescribed as emotionally durable; purchased like blankcanvases, jeans are worked on, sculpted and personified over

time. Like a second skin they are lived in, faded and bulged byour experiences. Jeans are like familiar old friends; thecharacter they acquire provides reflection of one’s ownexperiences, taking the relationship beyond user-and-used tocreator-and-creature. To intensify the sense of creation further,people rip their jeans, cut them with knives, scrub them with ayard brush, bleach them and throw paint over them. One

woman in New Jersey takes the notion of customization a stepfurther by driving a pick-up truck over her pair, all to intensifyand personalize the accumulation of patina.

On a more technological note, the fast-growing industry ofdomestic robotics is all too aware of the crucial role thatemotional durability plays in the nurturing of lastingsubject/object relationships; global giants like Sony, Honda andSamsung invest substantial capital into the research anddevelopment of digital products that users are likely to nurturedurable emotional attachments to.

Launched on-line in 1999, Aibo (Artificial IntelligenceroBOt) comes with six basic emotions – happiness, anger,sadness, dislike, fear and surprise – and four basic urges – to love,

Amidst the scramble to comply with thedemands of legislation, the root causes ofthe ecological crisis are often overlooked

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explore, move and be recharged – that begin lightly to scratchthe complex surface of human behavioural ambiguity, thoughits emotional capabilities are still quite primitive. Severalproduct generations later in 2001, the Aibo ERS-220 poppedits head out of the Sony kennel, bringing with it a 75-wordvocabulary and an onboard camera with which to take its ownphotographs. It also uses a combination of lights with which itcommunicates its moods and also expresses itself quite stronglyto the owner. It can also learn tricks and react to complex voicecommands, and has numerous sensors enabling appropriatefeedback in response to petting (or lack ofpetting in the more neglectful cases).Furthermore, the nature of interactionthat occurs between an ERS-220 and itsowner shapes the growth of its characterand temperament. To make things evenmore interesting, it cannot be reset and somust be lovingly raised from a naive pooch to a wise old hound.This places a certain parental responsibility on the owner’sshoulders, coercing them to tread carefully and treat their newcompanion well in order to avoid ending up with an adolescentrogue instead of the subservient robo-pup so fondly dreamt of.

WEEE and the economics of product life extensionThe steady increase in legislation such as the WEEE Directivecontinues to turn up the heat on designers and manufacturers,the pressure to be ecologically accountable is increasing fast.However, when set against the commercial backdrop of

continually newer and shinier things, a discussion on productlife extension and desirable ageing strategies appearssomewhat impromptu; when considering the future extensionof product longevity, the underlying question might stilltherefore be: how can the economy survive if we only sell oneunit per consumer?

This would seem at first to be a valid question. To suggestthat consumers should keep what they have – and for longer –grates harshly against the current model of global capitalism.Yet in allowing consumers to develop a degree of empathy with

the products they own, you automatically nurture a visceralempathy with that particular brand. The felt sense of empathyresonates deeply within consumers’ perceptions of a particularcorporation’s core values, and this is vigorously influentialover both the intensity and longevity of relationships thatconsumers establish with a particular brand.

Turnover can still be generated long after an product hasbeen sold – through upgrade, repair and servicing, forexample – and for this reason those at boardroom level shouldcease to recoil in terror at the very thought of extendingproduct lifespans; on the contrary, if revenue can be generated

6th International Electronics Recycling Congress17 – 19 January 2007, Hamburg, GermanyThe leading experts in the field of electronics recycling will meet and discuss about:

– How do electronics manufacturers close the recycling loop?– Challenges of the systems & recycling industry– Country reports of US, Asian and European markets– Round table and presentations about REACH and RoHS

Keynote Speakers from the industry and autorities will present updates about regula-tions and policies as well as challenges of the international trading of WEEE scrap.

The participants have the opportunity to visit a leading copper smelter or a successfulelectronics recycling plant.

For further information, please contact: ICM AG, International Congress & Marketing, Schwaderhof 524, 5708 Birrwil, SwitzerlandPhone +41 62 785 10 00, Fax +41 62 785 10 05, [email protected], www.icm.ch

Congress program and registration form available now at www.icm.ch

WEEE

GOES

GLOBAL

To suggest that consumers shouldkeep what they have grates harshly

against the model of global capitalism

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long after a product has been sold – without the need forfurther costly manufacturing, resource extraction, energyconsumption, atmospheric pollution and waste – it can onlybe regarded as a more lucrative destiny for corporatevisionaries to pursue. Furthermore, this period ofengagement between subject and object may be reframed asthe greatest means for businesses to generate furtherturnover, while also reducing the unnecessary volumes ofproduction, consumption and waste that have become socharacteristic of the modern world.

Legislation such as the WEEE Directive is beginning toengage industry in re-evaluating the importance of productlife considerations. At present, products designed for take-back are generally geared toward economical disassembly andrecycling/reuse, but this has proven to come at a significantcost to producers. Largely as a result of the WEEE Directive,waste will become an economically detrimental practice forbusiness; failure to accommodate the demands of the WEEEDirective and other waste-minimizing legislation in futureconcepts will incur added costs, making these forthcomingpolicies dangerous things to ignore.

It is therefore imperative that we pioneer new ways ofworking that empower industry to act with the degree of freedomthat it has become so accustomed to, while avoiding the costlybreach of environmental legislation.

Jonathan Chapman is Senior Lecturer at University of Brighton, UK.


This article is based on the author’s book Emotionally DurableDesign, published by Earthscan, June 2005. His forthcomingbook: Designers, Visionaries and Other Stories will be published insummer 2007. Visit: www.earthscan.co.uk


Bollegraaf Recycling MachineryP.O. Box 321, 9900 AH Appingedam, The Netherlands

Tel. +31 (0)596 65 43 33, Fax +31 (0)596 62 53 90, [email protected]

Lubo Screening & Recycling Systems b.v.P.O. Box 2222, 7801 CE Emmen, The Netherlands

Tel. +31 (0)591 66 80 80, Fax +31 (0)591 66 80 88, [email protected]

Extending product life reduces waste and can be an economically sound move for businesses

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German-British Chamber of Industry and Commerce,

6th Floor, Carolyn House, Dingwall Road,

Croydon, Surrey CRO 9XF,

Tel. +44 (0)20 8681 8166, Fax +44 (0)20 8681 8028,

E-Mail: [email protected]

Cologne, 24 – 27 October 2006

www.entsorga-enteco.com

The International Trade Fair for Waste Management andEnvironmental Technology

Entsorga-Enteco 2006 will cover the entire international spectrum of

waste management and environmental technology.

Entsorga-Enteco stands for innovative products, technologies, system

and services providing the greatest expertise in environmental

protection and recovery.

Entsorga-Enteco serves the growing demand of commercial and

municipal decision-makers from all over the world.

Entsorga-Enteco offers the all-encompassing services of Koelnmesse.

Think global, act local.Today’s technology for tomorrow’s environment.

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Buy tickets and register online

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Gearing up for future needs?

We share a continually shrinking planet in travel andcommercial terms, yet many of us are proud of ourlocal or national traditions and either do not want, or

would actively resist, change for its own sake. But in thecommercial world, that’s not to say we can’t learn from othermarkets or sectors. Let’s consider the whole business of recyclingand composting. Use whatever figures you like, but these sectorsare set to double over the next few years as landfill space getsever scarcer. We’re never likely, as a society, to recycle 100% of ourwaste. But recent statistics suggest that, without constraints onlarge multinational food and beverage producers, the volume ofwaste packaging looks set to continue in an upward spiral –despite moves by some countries to encourage depositreturnable bottles and other containers.

So it’s only right to assume that, if collections of recyclablematerials are to form an increasingly large part of our waste

collection operations, the vehicles used on such services must beat least as efficient as those currently used on current domesticand trade waste rounds (routes), rather than less so.

Have we lost our way?And yet a review of the various bodies and handling systemsdesigned to meet recycling needs tends to suggest otherwise.True, the market for recyclable materials handling systems is amuch ‘younger’ market than that for normal compaction refusecollection vehicles (RCVs) – even if history shows us that‘recycling’ and separating reusable resources such as newspaperand cardboard is hardly a new idea. Maybe the difference wasthat in the 1930s, 1950s or 1960s ‘recycling’ was desirable butoptional, whereas today it’s increasingly essential.

The worrying fact today is that, though it’s easy enough tojustify the cost of a high-specification, purpose-built RCV againsta cheaper alternative, the actual utilization of some specialistrecycling units is still very low. Couple this with sometimes poorpayloads (a load of plastic bottles is unlikely to cause an overload)and it begs the question, has recycling efficiency already lost its way?

This is a worrying situation from the point of view of thosespecifying a vehicle. You could be sitting in an office anywhere

Gearing up for futureneeds?Truck transmissions could be at the centre of a new round of productivity in recycling

by Malcolm Bates

US-based Allison has a large slice of the global

market for automatic gearboxes in refuse collection

vehicles. Now the company looks to convert

operators of hooklifts, skip trucks and other units

used on recycling duties to the virtues of automatic

gearboxes.

MAIN PHOTO Could the operational benefits of fully automatic gearboxes apply tobulk waste transfer and the collection of recyclables – two more operations that

require large trucks to work in congested urban streets? LEFT Constructionequipment, loading shovels, telehandlers and articulated dump trucks like these

JCB units, fitted with hooklift equipment for the disposing of waste on roughlandfill haul roads, all now use either fully automatic, hydrostatic or power shift

transmissions. It would be unthinkable to build such a machine with a manualtransmission and conventional clutch



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from the US to China and picking out a compaction body andhopper for domestic or trade waste collection from the pages ofan equipment buyer’s guide. You might have one or twoproblems regarding power take-off (PTO) provision if usinglocally-sourced chassis in some markets, but generally speaking,the end product would be pretty similar, and quite possibly fromthe same manufacturer, wherever you’re located on the planet.

Going back to national characteristics, generations of

Americans have been happy to let the gearbox make up its ownmind and do the ‘shifting’ automatically – rather unlike theItalians, say, who love to play with at least five gears in the latestsporty car. What’s the connection to the waste industry? Well,while most of the trucking industry around the globe has stayedwith manual range-change and splitter gearboxes on longdistance trucks, drivers of RCVs have had the benefit of selectingthe drive button on their Allison World Series automaticgearboxes and concentrating on the traffic, where the loadingcrew is located, parked cars, playing children and the countlessother distractions that make the job so demanding.

Time to think automatically?Over the last two or three vehicle generations, the higher ‘firstcost’ cost of specifying automatic gearboxes (not always of Allisonmanufacture, but this US-based company dominates the market)can be fully justified by offering reduced downtime, improvedsafety and less operator fatigue. And yet? Take a look at thevehicles specified for recycling or bulk waste hauling or onhooklift or demount body operations involving scrap, greenwaste or composting operations. The vehicles handling anincreasing proportion of the overall waste mountains we allcreate don’t tend to feature the same high levels of specification.In fact, anything goes.

Is there a particular reason for this? Or is it because the‘recycling vehicle’ fleet is still seen very much as a ‘less-than-essential add-on’ and is sometimes the responsibility of a totallydifferent department? Clearly this situation cannot be allowed tocontinue.

Some very unsuitable body/chassis/cabs have come about inthe name of ‘recycling’. Considering how recycling is already wellon track to becoming a ‘front line’ service, it’s essential thatvehicle specifications likewise get up to ‘front line’ standards.

Starting pointThe starting point could be that all recyclable vehicle operationsshould draw on the best-practice aspects of current-generationRCVs. Indeed, many argue that the best vehicle for collecting alltypes of recyclable material is the very same RCV currently used topick up mixed household and trade waste. After all, the basicdesign is well proven. It works well enough under most globalconditions. Crews are familiar with its operation. And going backto utilization figures, when a normal compaction-type RCV isn’tbeing used to pick up recyclable materials, it can be used to pickup general waste. So if one unit goes down, substituting it for

another basically standard machineshould cause no problems. In mostcases, the opposite doesn’t apply tospecialist recyclable units.

And if that argument stands up? Inmost developed markets, that RCV willcome with an automatic gearbox. Thismight add to the initial cost by asmuch as $10,000, but will more thanjustify itself by performing well over anextended period with little downtime.

Interestingly, there is anotherfactor to consider. In the past, andcertainly in the US market, there was

The actual utilization ofsome specialist recycling

units is still very low

LEFT Swedish truck manufacturer Scania has been at the forefront of co-operationwith Allison Transmission to enable fully automatic gearboxes to be incorporated

as on-line build items to help keep costs down. This fully automatic Scania LowEntry is used as a factory ‘dock shunter’ by famous Swedish retailer Ikea

BELOW LEFT Allison Transmission, the leading supplier of automatic gearboxes forworld markets, is looking for wider markets in bulkwaste and recycling vehicles.

Gear shift patterns are selected to suit differing operational demands PHOTO:ALLISON TRANSMISSION BELOW RIGHT While many of the world’s truck-makers haveintroduced their own ‘intelligent’ semi-automatic gear-change options on manual

gearboxes, fully automatic gearboxes look set to continue as the equipment ofchoice amongst waste collection service operators as they have a proven record

of reliability PHOTO: ALLISON TRANSMISSION



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a distinct difference between widespread auto box provision inlighter duty vans and light trucks, RCVs and trucks used forurban distribution against manual transmissions in heavy-dutyline haul trucks. That position has now shifted since thewidespread provision of what could best be called ‘semi-automatic clutch’ manual gearboxes.

As the electronics have become more intelligent, so theability of these systems to make up- and down-shifts at just theright moment, without the driver having to take either a handoff the wheel or place a foot on the pedal, has grownconsiderably – to the point where most are, with the exceptionof a clutch pedal-induced initial take-off, almost entirely ‘fully automatic’ in use.

Semi-auto option?With most European truck ranges now almost entirely made up ofsuch ‘semi-auto’ transmissions, could such options enjoy success inthe wider waste and recycling market? Especially as they are often

ABOVE LEFT The hooklift/skip loader bulk waste and recyclable materials sector isthe next major market that could benefit from automatic gearboxes. This 6 x 4

Scania hooklift truck/trailer combination is part of a fleet used on a 120 km shuttleservice taking laden RCV pod units to a UK disposal site. Rush-hour traffic candramatically increase both drive train and driver stress factors. Both can, it is

claimed, be reduced by automatic transmissions ABOVE What’s the situation withmedium-duty vehicles such as this stillage-based recycling unit based on a

DAF–Paccar chassis? Here the problem can be more complex as the cost of afully automatic gearbox is greater in relation to the cost of the complete vehicle.

Increased demand (and customers from the recycling sector asking for thefeature) has already started to reduce costs and speed up chassis build time

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only a little more expensive than standard manual shift gearboxesand almost entirely considerably cheaper than a full auto option.

Certainly, a semi-auto ‘intelligent shift’ gearbox is a better betthan a straight manual transmission for many operations. Semi-autos retain full engine braking (not possible on full auto boxes),which is a major safety advantage in hilly districts. But the semi-auto doesn’t have such a good record for on/off highwayapplications where the clutches and electronics are more likely tofail or cause loss of traction.

Perhaps none of these issues would warrant a detailedanalysis were it not for the fact that there is clearly a majordifference in the purchasing patterns between say conventionalRCVs (99.9% fully automatic) and recycling vehicles, skiptrucks, hooklifts and refuse bulkers– where the percentage of fullyautomatic trucks currently inservice hardly registers on the dial.

This has been spotted by thebiggest global manufacturer of fullyautomatic gearboxes, US-basedAllison Transmission. Starting thismonth and being rolled out in Europe during 2007, Allison isbusy asking European waste and recycling operators why theybuy the transmission specifications that they do, and what itwould take for them to consider buying a fully automatic truck?Clearly, high up the list is whether the customer’s chassismanufacturer of choice is prepared to build a chassis with a ‘thirdparty’ component rather than their own manual or semi-auto

options. Until very recently, the answer to that was often aresolute ‘no’. And to make matters worse for potential customers,the specialist custom truck brands have all but been wiped out bymergers and closures.

Change of policy?But according to David Crowther, a UK-based waste industryspecialist for Allison Transmission, there are firm signs of thatpolicy changing. ‘Operators of semi-auto gear box trucks workingon waste operations have experienced problems of overheating onmultiple stop/start and off-highway operations, and driverssuddenly find the unit will shut down to protect itself. Being stuckon a landfill haul road as a result of not being able to shift quickly

from forward to reverse without losing momentum can be badenough, but the effects of losing drive entirely at a key momentdoesn’t bear thinking about,’ he suggests.

The case of Scania is also worth noting if we were looking fora further example of the ‘softening’ of this policy from major,world-class truck chassis manufacturers. Thanks to a newproduction system and flexible team working methods, it is nowmuch easier for large manufacturers like Scania to build widelydifferent specifications on the same production line. As wehighlighted in the last issue of Waste Management World, this,coupled with a ‘modular’ design approach, enables high-horsepower tractor units for central or southern Europeancustomers to be built on the same lines as a fully automaticgearbox, low cab truck for urban distribution, or waste collectionduties in Sweden, the UK or other widely differing markets.

With one of the most successful semi-auto shifts (nowstandard on most heavy duty specification chassis), Scania mighthave been the last to wish to encourage customers to go for fullyautomatic Allison boxes. But Scania has engineered its cabdashboard panels to enable existing control stalks to take theauto box mode selector, thus doing away with the need to modifythe cab interior. It sounds a small step, but it has major benefits.

The plan?Allison Transmission is out to persuade users in the scrap, wasteand recycling industry to switch to fully automatic trucks onsafety, productivity and reliability grounds. It is already lookingclosely to see how its dealers and agents in the major Europeanmarkets can identify suitable applications (starting in the US andEurope, but expanding from there).

‘There are a number of taboos that need addressing,’suggests David Crowther. ‘First that fully auto trucks are worseoff-highway than manual gearbox trucks.’ But probably thebiggest issue will be over residual values. Where there is a resalevalue on a refuse collector, it would be true to say that an autobox specification will have a resale value while, in most markets,

There is a major difference in thepurchasing patterns between conventionalRCVs and recycling vehicles, skip trucks,

hooklifts and refuse bulkers

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a manual gearbox machine will not. Currently the reverse is truewhen it comes to skip trucks, hooklifts and other units used onrecycling, so there’s still a long way to go.

But does the argument stand up? Certainly a reduction in

drive line abuse and failure, reduced driver fatigue and areduction in repetitive strain injury cases are worth considering.The next phase is probably going involve Allison Transmissionworking with various truck chassis manufacturers to put suitabledemonstration vehicles out into the market place.

I’d say that, at the very least, you should be prepared to beconvinced.

Malcolm Bates is Transport Correspondent of

Waste Management World.



ABOVE, LEFT TO RIGHT Lower down the weight classes, unladen chassis weight isan increasingly important consideration. Like many others, Isuzu offers a semi-

auto gearbox with, in effect, almost fully automatic characteristics while retainingengine braking. This EasyShift system is now standard in markets such as the UK,

where this NTM compaction unit is working in the hire/rental market ● Letting theelectronics do the work. The author put the Isuzu EasyShift system through

extensive stop/start tests and was unable to ‘beat’ it. The small shift lever has twomodes – automatic shift and clutch-less driver-determined shifting ● Isuzu

competitor Mitsubishi-Fuso units are widely used in waste, recycling and satelliteunit applications, but no factory-fitted automatic gearshift option has been

available. This Canter 7.5 tonner, fitted with a Garwood compaction body/hopper,has an Allison automatic gearbox fitted off-line for evaluation purposes. It is seen

here on test by the author in the hilly Pennine district of northern England

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The route to compliance

A utomotives have been recycled for many years primarilybecause of the intrinsic value of the car’s metal content.While this is an important driving force, the reach of

recycling has been limited, and significant quantities of scrap fromend-of-life vehicles (ELVs) have still found their way into landfills.

Pressure over the last 25 years has been increasing to imposea minimum level on the amount of a vehicle that is recycled andto ensure that related recycling activity is undertaken in asustainable manner. In Europe, this resulted in the developmentof a legislative tool – known as the ELV Directive – to addressboth of these issues.

Officially published in October 2000, the ELV Directivestipulates that, from January 2006, 80% of a vehicle must beretrieved for recycling while another 5% must be collected andused in energy-recovery processes. By 2015, these targets rise to85% for recycling plus an additional 10% for energy recovery.

How is Europe responding to these targets? The opening ofthe section on ‘current status’ in an official report,1 published inNovember 2005, reads as follows:

‘Although most Member States have transposed the Directive andcommunicated their transpositions to the Commission, steps to achieveeffective implementation are far from complete today, even though thefirst targets set for reuse, recycling and recovery are to be met not laterthan 1 January 2006.’

And the concluding point in this section states that:

‘Some of the new Member States may not, however, be able to developtheir systems quickly enough to meet the 2006 targets on time.’

This suggests that Europe is struggling to improve on the statusquo. By referring to the UK position, this article endeavours toexplore some of the underlying issues.

How can we move up a gear?It was generally accepted that 75% of a car was recycled already,a figure roughly equivalent to the general metal content of a car.These figures were proven by trials undertaken by the SimsGroup on behalf of the UK Department of Trade and Industry.With this in mind, what steps are needed to increase the recyclingrates to the levels sought by European legislation?

Presently, the UK Government gives a 1% allowance for fuel,while other fluids, tyres and battery from the vehicle take thisadditional figure up to approximately 5%. However, this meansthat there is still a 5% shortfall to the 85% threshold.

Apart from the metals, the next biggest constituent part of avehicle is plastic, and this is the next targeted product. At themoment, there are no proven technologies to bridge that gapand so, consequently, companies are exploring their own ways torecover plastics. Interestingly, one of the few countries at themoment where the 85% minimum is being reached is theNetherlands, where historic taxes have meant that there is anational ‘fund’ to help subsidize the further recycling of vehicles.However, it will not be long before other countries reach the 85%level, without relying on the state subsidy of recycling – and theUK is leading that push for change.

The route to complianceELV recycling in the UK

by Derek Campbell

European legislation is pushing for 85% of the content

of end-of-life vehicles to be recycled. EU countries are

already on average recycling about three-quarters,

but to maximize the recycling potential, investments

on technologies and tighter enforcement are needed.

The UK situation points to some of the obstacles.

MAIN PHOTO Metals, which make up roughly 75% of a car, have the largestrecycling potential, and plastics comes next FACING PAGE The recovery of scrap

from vehicles needs to be done through authorized, experienced outlets



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Authorized treatment facilitiesThe new legislation has created a need for investment in therecycling process, purchasing bespoke equipment and setting upsite infrastructure to achieve the requirements of a license for anauthorized treatment facility.

Now, vehicles at the end of their lives have to be recycled viaan authorized treatment facility (ATF). This means that inaddition to dismantling an ELV, the plant must also removehazardous residues before the car passes further down therecycling chain.

Once an ELV reaches an ATF, its battery is immediately takenout. The components that are then removed include tyres, allfluids including engine oil, gearbox oil, hydraulic oil in shockabsorbers, fuel, anti-freeze and windscreen wash. Holes aredrilled into the petrol pump, engine sump and gearbox tofacilitate this, with oils being drained or sucked out of the vehicle.

In addition, lead balancing weights and any component withmercury content (which is used in some internal vehicle switches)are also removed. All of these products are then handled by anauthorized trader for onward recycling and processing. Inaddition, other hazardous elements of the ELV are also dealt withat this point, including seat-belt pretensioners and air bags,which include explosive devices in them and have to be eithersafely removed or set off in the car in a controlled manner beforethe car goes for further reprocessing.

Therefore, there has been a need for significant investmentat the ATF level. Specialist equipment needed includes shockabsorber tools, liquid removal systems, machinery to detonate airbags safely, as well as specialist surfaces that will not absorb fluids.Therefore, as a society, we have moved a long way from justcrushing cars. Yet, we still have a long way to go.

All part of the processOnce the ELV has been processed, it may then be crushed on siteat the ATF, and afterwards taken to a large shredder facility (theUK has approximately 1200 ATFs and 37 shredders). Oncecrushed, most ELVs have to travel some distance on the back ofa commercial vehicle to get to the shredder, and on from therefor further processing. Consequently, it is more cost-effective forthe ELV to be crushed into as small a size as possible, in order tomake transportation as efficient as possible.

Once at the shredder, all of the ferrous metal and the ‘heavyfraction’ – the heavier waste products such as aluminium, copper

and brass – are recovered. The heavy fraction is then sent to‘dense media’ plants, of which there are four in the UK, for therecovery of non-ferrous metals. These non-ferrous metals areincluded in the 75% metal content already recovered from thevehicle.

The process is then left with the ‘light fraction’ – the plastics,fibre, internal carpets and other light materials from a vehicle.The light fraction would have gone to landfill; however, with thedrive to reach the 85% target, there are increasing investigations

on recovering this fraction in order to improve the recyclingrates. Presently the recycling of light fraction and plastics fromELVs is not happening to any significant extent. However,intensive research in this area continues and breakthroughs, it ishoped, are round the corner.

Everything must go The international trade in recycled products from a vehicle ishuge. In terms of the ferrous metals, recycled material eitherstays in the UK or goes abroad, to as far afield as China andTaiwan. There is also a thriving scrap metals market from the UKto continental Europe, particularly to Spain. There are no issueswith regard to the reuse of steel and fatigued metal – and therecycled metals from cars go through an arc furnace where it isturned into new, pure steel, before re-entering the system.

Indeed, there is more of a drive, environmentally, to addmore electric arc furnaces to the steelmaking process. They aresix times more environmentally friendly than conventionaloxygen furnaces – so it pays twice for a car to be recycled andthen to re-enter the manufacturing process, rather than steelbeing made from ‘new’.

Elsewhere, non-ferrous metals are joining their ferrouscousins on the international trade stage – and much of thisexport business from the UK is being done with China,particularly with regard to aluminium.

Other materials recycled from a car tend to be consumeddomestically. For instance, tyres have a multitude of uses,including carpet underlay, retreaded or ‘remould’ tyres – andeven in the construction of new, improved sea defences.

However, the biggest user of oldtyres is the cement industry, wherethey are used as a fuel in cementkilns. Indeed, the metal residue in atyre, both radial and cross-ply, is a

positive benefit to the kilns, where it might hamper the tyre’sprospective use in other applications.

Nevertheless, the domestic market is saturated with tyres (inthe UK at least) – and recently the Landfill Regulations haveaided the UK’s drive towards the recycling of old vehicle rubber.It has brought about a ban on the landfilling of shredded tyres,as well as whole tyres. This is a step forward – but unfortunately,the legislation does not provide an answer for the 60,000 tonnesof shredded tyres currently waiting to be recycled.



There is a need for significant investmentin authorized treatment facilities



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The one other main area of product left from the recycling ofa car is waste oil. This is generally treated domestically, oneexample being recycled for use with industrial burners. However,this market needs to grow to cater for the increasing volume ofwaste oil, and therefore it is imperative for the system to recyclemore of this increasingly expensive – and finite – fossil fuel.

The road blocks ahead There are a number of obstacles to optimizing an ELV recyclingsystem. One important aspect is the lack of public knowledgeabout how to dispose of their old cars correctly – see box below.

In addition, a major challenge in the UK is the lax vehicle-licensing system. It is still possible in the UK to sell a car for cashand accept at face value the name and address that the newowner gives. People can therefore purchase cars providingfictitious names, or giving someone else’s details. Consequently,this weakness in the system has allowed up to two million falselyregistered cars to be on the UK’s roads. These vehicles are alsonot taxed, not insured, probably haven’t passed the Ministry ofTransport’s vehicle safety test and possibly not safe. And there isno way to trace their ownership if they are illegally disposed ofor scrapped.

Furthermore, the ELV Directive prescribes for the issuing ofa Certificate of Destruction (CoD) when a vehicle is delivered byits last owner to an ATF to be scrapped. Only ATFs are allowed

to issue such certificates. In the UK, however, the last owners ofunwanted cars have no need to obtain a certificate because thereis no penalty if they do not. Therefore, they have no incentive todeliver their vehicle to an ATF.

Who fought the lawWhile most law-abiding last owners will indeed ensure that thishappens, the lack of a robust system actually encouragesunscrupulous last owners (such as the two million anonymousones) to take their unwanted cars to an illegal operator to be

scrapped. Why is this? The answer is simple. An ATF hasfacilities to properly de-pollute vehicles and it has undertaken toassist the UK in achieving the prescribed recycling targets. Theseactivities, however, come at a cost. The professional operator canrarely match the prices offered for ELVs by illegal operators whohave no intention of incurring the cost of either de-polluting thevehicle or attempting to reach the recycling targets.

Everyone knows that illegal operators exist in the ELV sector.Yet, the UK’s Environment Agency has limited resources andsupport mechanisms to effectively control these people. Many ofthem treat environmental fines, which are generally small, as a

business expense. If they are closeddown by the EA, which can involve alengthy process, there is nothing to stopthem starting up again around the corner.

The only way that the ELVregulations can be made to work

effectively is through the adoption of a robust licensing systemthat ensures every car is registered to its legitimate owner andthat a financial penalty is applied to the last owner of the vehicleshould they fail to obtain a CoD from an ATF.

All parties involved in the implementation of the ELVDirective continue to debate practical issues concerning itsintroduction. And in the UK, the supply chain, including centralgovernment, the vehicle manufacturers and the recyclingindustry, is now working together to enable it to take its place atthe top of the responsible ELV-recycling nations table.

Note1. Stakeholder Consultation on the Review of the 2015 – targets

on reuse, recovery and recycling of end of life vehicles, Final Report, November 2005, available athttp://ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/elv_index.htm

Derek Campbell is ELV and Business Development Manager at

Sims Group UK Limited.



Informing the public

Encouraging more people to dispose of their cars in anenvironmentally friendly manner is something that everyoneagrees is necessary. However, more can be done to tell thepublic about how to go about recycling vehicles that havecome to the end of their lives.

In order to play its part in that learning process, the SimsGroup has developed www.recycleyourcar.co.uk – a websitethat provides the public with information and access to theirnearest ATF, as well as help with the process of how to dealwith an ELV. All facilities listed on the site are approved bythe UK Environment Agency and have to demonstrate strictadherence to the ELV legislation.

ELV regulations can only be made towork effectively through the adoption ofa robust licensing system

An appropriate vehicle-licensing system can prevent unscrupulous owners fromdisposing of their cars illegally



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LANDFILL 63WASTE MANAGEMENT WORLD September–October 2006

A compact guide tolandfill operationMachinery, management and misconceptions

The period from 1960 to the current day has been an era of unprecedentedchange in how we think about, manage and regulate solid waste. Significantdrivers behind these changes – including more rigorous environmentallegislation – range from a better understanding of the environmentalramifications of waste to negative public opinion on certain treatmentoptions. Let’s face it, who wants to live next to a landfill? Not me, right? But

why is this? Is there a fundamental belief that we are putting our health at risk, or is there a

basic misunderstanding of how a landfill works and how a well managed landfill canbe both environmentally and financially viable? My instinct would tell me it’s the latter.

A multitude of elements contribute to successful landfill management: thegeological make-up of a site, landfill design, liner technology, type of waste, watercontent, etc. But one of the more common misperceptions is the general idea that solidwaste management is a simple, low-tech, unskilled industry. In reality nothing could befurther from the truth.

Modern landfill managementThere are three significant issues that should be considered:

• the importance of achieving high waste compaction densities• the vital role management plays in running a modern sanitary landfill• choosing the best equipment to accomplish the task.

Landfill operators tread a fine line. They have to maximize operation efficiency with the

least cost while also ensuring worker safety and promoting a positive public perception

of the site. Understanding the importance of compaction, properly managing site

operation, and choosing the right equipment are all indispensable for the job.

by Richard Bliss



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LANDFILL September–October 2006 WASTE MANAGEMENT WORLD64

A compact guide to landfill operation

High waste compaction densitiesAchieving high waste compaction densities is fundamentalto managing a modern sanitary landfill. High compactiondensity is the means by which owners maximize the returnon their infrastructure investment. The infrastructureinvestment is fixed and the incremental operating costs ofachieving high densities are small relative to the additionalvolume and revenue the site can accommodate. Goodcompaction improves safety by providing a stable surfaceupon which the machinery and people work. A dense wastemass also reduces the major nuisance factors of vectors(rodents), odour, blowing paper and surface-watercontamination. Luckily the ‘how to’ of achieving highcompaction densities are few and straightforward.

‘The onion skin approach’ Thin layers improve the crushing action of the compactorand permit increased machine travel speeds due to reducedrolling resistance. Studies have demonstrated up to an 8%increase in machine coverage (due to increased speed) on a0.6-metre layer versus a 0.9-metre layer. Thin layers causeless wear and tear on the machine, which translates to lessmaintenance cost, less downtime, therefore less revenue lossand less fuel consumption.

Multiple compactor passesWaste becomes compacted when a force (the weight andmotion of the compactor) moves over it, crushing out theair voids, shredding the material and binding it to otherwaste. By running over the waste in one direction – onemachine pass – and returning along the same tracks – asecond pass – waste rebound is minimized as the structureof the waste breaks down. This action degrades the waste,improving compaction. Most operators will move over byone wheel width (right or left) and continue to compactacross the new layer. This technique assures total coverageof the new layer with four machine passes. To make sureyou are achieving the best possible compaction, adopt an

attitude of ‘keep moving’. All waste is differentand may require modified compaction andshredding techniques. The utilization of a‘keep moving’ attitude will lead to morecomplete compaction at higher density levels.This thought process is especially helpfulduring peak periods.

Operate in patternsIf the working face of the landfill is relativelylarge, it may be difficult to tell where acompactor has made a pass and where ithasn’t. Complete and uniform compaction isimportant because, in its absence, there willbe soft spots under the surface. Soft spots willbe hidden by subsequent layers of waste andeventually lead to differential settling of thelandfill surface. In addition to the safetyhazards of ‘soft spots’, differential settlingrobs the landfill of air space. There is a theory

that, over time, all waste in the landfill becomescompletely compacted by the weight of the mass above it.Studies in North America demonstrate that if waste isplaced and covered before being completely compacted,air space can be lost and is never recovered. Differentialsettling, which is the inevitable result of soft spots, willrequire expensive post-closure repairs in landscaping,involving the hauling of additional cover dirt, and oftenrepairing torn liners. It is particularly egregious to sufferthese additional expenses at a time when the site isgenerating no revenue.

To achieve uniform compaction, operators shouldoperate the machines in a defined ‘pattern’. A pattern isdefined as a ‘set sequence of operations’. This setsequence, either individually or as a team, should cover

the entire area before adding a new layer. This organizedapproach helps reduce confusion and cycle times whileyielding more complete compaction and the reduced riskof soft spots.

It is worth reiterating that compaction is achievedthrough compression, binding and shredding of materials.The look of the compacted surface can be deceiving. A‘well finished’ look (neat and even) on a layer ofcompacted material may present the appearance of ‘total’compaction while hiding future problems. Again, thicklayers may compact only on top and some materialsappear compacted when they are not. Thin layers, properpasses and covering the whole area with a pre-plannedpattern before adding more waste, is the only method thatwill assure complete compaction.

A ‘keep moving’ attitude willlead to more complete

compaction

ABOVE LEFT Proper landfill compaction maximizes the use of a landfill’s capacities and therebyreduces costs ABOVE RIGHT A track-type loader handling cover material. Landfill equipment incurlarge costs, so it is important to choose the right one ALL PHOTOS: CATERPILLAR



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The constituents of the waste will influence compaction.An increasing level of biowaste diversion and increasingpercentages of packaging, paper and plastics (even withhigh rates of recycling) have caused waste streams enteringlandfills in western Europe to become drier. Dry waste ismore difficult to shred and structurally break down unlessthere is adequate surface or ambient moisture. One way toovercome this obstacle is to blend moist waste loads with thedry material. This blending process is a worldwidemanagement challenge that operators, spotters andsupervisors face every day.

Management framework, tips and toolsAs previously mentioned, the general public has a variety ofmisperceptions about waste management professionals’importance and the complexity of their work. Most peopletend to focus their attention on more pleasant endeavoursthan waste management, which is often perceived asdistasteful. This stance can be instantly changed, however,when plans are announced to site a new landfill or expandan existing landfill somewhere in the region. The noticeserves as a trumpet call, rallying otherwise docile and amiableindividuals to mortal combat against a supposed evil anddeceitful enemy. Thus the ‘B.A.N.A.N.A’ concept (BuildAbsolutely Nothing, Anywhere Near Nobody) is born.

A great deal of this fear and suspicion comes from a lackof understanding of the sophistication and dedication oftoday’s waste management professional. A well managed,

unobtrusive landfill requires all the management acumenand sophisticated tools of any modern complex business.

Protecting the environment and thereby the localpopulation, assuring the safety and well being of employees,and running an efficient site that complies with all legal andenvironmental requirements are number-one priorities forthe waste management team. If done correctly, the site willgenerate good returns for the owners (if a privateenterprise) or minimize financial burden to the generalpublic (if a public enterprise).

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Landfill management: in brief

Waste compaction is a primary responsibility of the landfillmanagement team. It’s fundamental for protecting theenvironment and the surrounding population. Optimumcompaction increases the life expectancy of the landfill bymaximizing the use of available space. It’s also a clearindicator of a well managed landfill.

Landfill management is a complex and demanding task.It requires all the skills of any sophisticated managementfunction with significant consequences for failure. New high-tech management tools can be applied to reduce riskand increase efficiencies.

Machine selection decisions are vitally important to thefinancial and operational success of a landfill. Work with aknowledgeable machine supplier with waste specificarrangements and a proven track record.



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LANDFILL September–October 2006 WASTE MANAGEMENT WORLD66


The financial landscapeThe upfront infrastructure costs of amodern sanitary landfill quickly get tomillions of euros. Once the landfill isconstructed, the largest single variablecost is the procurement and operationof a sizeable fleet of equipment. Themain types of equipment used inlandfill management are as follows:

• landfill compactors • track-type tractors • track-type loaders • hauling units (articulated trucks or

on-highway trucks) • hydraulic excavators • wheel loaders.

Some landfill managers prefer to hold in-house all theperipheral requirements of supporting a modern mobileequipment fleet, such as routine maintenance, oilsampling, scheduled machine rebuilds, warehousing ofspare parts, etc. That said, landfill applications haveproven to be one of the most destructive and demandingapplications for heavy equipment. And the harsh nature ofthe work plus the worldwide scarcity of qualified dieselmechanics have caused many managers to look to theirequipment suppliers to provide theseservices on a cost-effective, contractualbasis. TM&R (total maintenance andrepair) contracts with the equipmentprovider have become common, if notthe norm, for the industry. This allowsthe landfill management team to focustheir talents on the primary goal of an environmentallycompliant operation. It also means maintenance costs canbe managed through negotiation and budgeted well inadvance.

Filling to the brimThe fill sequence is extremely important and a keymanagement requirement. Occupying available air space inthe most efficient manner involves multiple variables. Thefill sequence should:

• minimize costs related to hauling distances for covermaterial

• keep dozing distances short • construct large areas for use during rainy seasons, while

assuring that internal slopes are maintained. Thisallows surface water to flow away from the waste mass,enabling operations to continue uninterruptedregardless of the weather.

Managers must be constantly vigilant to maintain smoothdaily operations while also being mindful of the finalprofile of the site. Rehandling of waste material or

inefficient use of cover material are both expensivepropositions that are obviously to be avoided.

One new 21st-century management tool available to themodern landfill manager is the use of GPS (globalpositioning system) technology in the daily operation ofthe site. This technology, although new to landfillapplications, has been successfully used by largeearthmoving contractors and mines for a decade.

One such technology, the Caterpillar CAES system, isaccurate to ±2 cm in altitude. Machine operators have adisplay screen in the cab that tells them when the machine

has achieved maximum compaction because there is nofurther shrinkage in the waste from additional passes. In atrack-type tractor, it assures that the operators know whenthey’ve spread the cover soil to the exact specification.Methane headers, flare vents, drainage pipes and otherobstacles are clearly identified on the screen, eliminatingthe risk of accidentally running over and destroying them.The software ties into the site-engineering software andenables the management to construct the landfill accordingto the site design and verify it on a real-time basis. GPS canreplace much of the intuition of landfill management withreal-time data, providing managers and regulators withfacts rather than opinion.

Machine selectionChoosing the right machine for the task is extremelyimportant particularly in landfills because of the uniquelyharsh conditions. Prime production machines such ascompactors and track-type tractors are vital in meetingdaily production demands and complying with regulatoryrequirements. Choosing the wrong type or size of machineis a mistake that will cost the operation year after year.

Considerations in waste equipment design include

Choosing the wrong type or size ofmachine is a mistake that will cost the

operation year after year

GPS technology can help operators determine the extent of compaction in different parts of the site. Shownhere are the instrument panel and in-cab screen for one such application



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LANDFILL


operator safety, increased heat transfer capability and thespecial guarding of vulnerable components (such ashydraulic cylinders, fuel tanks and moving parts in theundercarriage and transmission). Modifications toequipment from suppliers such as Caterpillar have evolvedover years of close collaboration with large wastemanagement companies. Eventually these modificationsbecame so extensive that specialized waste-handlingconfigurations emerged as a means of standardizingarrangements and saving individual customers the expenseof multiple, cumulative, single modifications. Waste-handling configurations are the result of years of ‘hardlessons learned’ and should not be taken lightly byprocurement managers.

The multitude of variables involved in making theproper machine choice makes it a very difficult topic forbrief discussion, but two key guidelines worth noting are asfollows:

• Track-type tractors are for dozing, landfill compactors are forcompacting. The more you can apply this principle indaily operations, the better your results will be fromboth a production and cost standpoint. Workingtogether, tractors and compactors can accomplishmore as a system than as independently working units.Track-type loaders are extremely versatile and can beused in many varied waste applications in all kinds ofweather. Landfills of 500 tonnes/day or less should

seriously consider track loaders, it could be the onlymachine needed. Versatility and capability of workingalone also make track-type loaders an attractivemachine for larger operations as well.

• Standard machines will not survive on the landfill for long.Operators will benefit from working with equipmentsuppliers who have a broad range of waste-specificmachines and an in-depth understanding of thecustomer’s requirements. With this in mind, it makessense to discuss the relevant waste requirements withpotential equipment suppliers and check that theyunderstand your business and offer equipment to meetyour needs.

Another good tip is to visit other landfills, observe theequipment being used (and not being used because they’redown) and ask the manager for an honest appraisal ofperformance. They say learning from our mistakes is a signof intelligence, learning from others’ mistakes is a sign ofwisdom. Be wise – it’s less costly!

Richard A. Bliss is Specialty Markets Segment Managerfor Europe, Africa and Middle East at Caterpillar SARL,Geneva, Switzerland.e-mail: [email protected]



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69BIOWASTEWASTE MANAGEMENT WORLD September–October 2006

Biogas takes to the roadSweden’s Växtkraft project shows the way ahead

Sweden has declared its intention of becoming completely independent of oilin the coming 20–30 years. How? More plants like the new one at Västeråsoffer one route – here a community is replacing oil products with transportfuel made from its own biowaste resources. This is a fine project, but is by nomeans unusual in Sweden, where many buses and other vehicles bear thelabel ‘run on biogas’ and toll motorways have signposts saying ‘toll-free for

biofuelled vehicles’.The beauty of this particular system is that it takes separated household biowastes,

together with a grass crop grown and harvested by local farmers, and generates biogasfor use as a vehicle fuel in the nearby city of Västerås, while surplus gas is used in acombined heat and power plant to provide electricity which feeds into the grid, andheat for the local district heating system.

Sweden requires all its municipalities to draw up waste management plans withgoals, strategies and action plans to improve the handling of waste from anenvironmental point of view. The municipalities within this region of Sweden, to thewest of Stockholm, take an active share in the regional waste management planning,along with the regional waste management company, VafabMiljö. Planningencompasses issues such as waste avoidance and minimization, information andeducation activities, economic incentives such as differentiated waste handling fees,source separation, collection and transport of waste and waste fractions. Reuse,material recovery and energy utilization of clean, source-separated waste fractions arehigh priorities. The residual waste is source-separated into two parts. The first is ahigh-quality fraction containing wet organic waste, mainly food residuals, for biologicalwaste treatment in combination with energy utilization if possible. The other is aresidual, high calorific-value residual waste fraction for incineration in waste-to-energyplants – these produce electricity, but in addition the heat is often used within amunicipality’s district heating system.

Since 2005, biowastes and energy crops from Västerås in Sweden have been treated in

an integrated biogas plant. The outcome? Fuel equivalent to 2.3 million litres of petrol

each year for all the city’s buses and waste trucks and 500 other vehicles, generation of

heat and power, and valuable fertilizers for local farms. Surely this remarkable project

could serve as a role model for other towns around the globe.

by Jackie Jones

P R O J E C T P R O F I L E

Many tollmotorways inSweden have

signpostssaying ‘toll-free

for biofuelled vehicles’

‘

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BIOWASTE September–October 2006 WASTE MANAGEMENT WORLD70

Biogas takes to the road

Keeping the waste greenHouseholds in the district covered by the Växtkraft plantare not obliged to separate their waste. They have theoption of participating in the source separation scheme,which means that their biowaste is collected for processingat the plant. However, if they prefer, they can compost itthemselves, or put it out with other kitchen waste fortreatment in a waste-to-energy plant. The voluntary natureof the arrangement minimizes the risk of the biowaste beingcontaminated by other wastes in unmotivated households.

The households that do sign up to separate theirbiowaste sign a written agreement with the municipality,committing themselves to separating the waste inaccordance with instructions from the municipality (it alsogives the municipality the right to do occasional checks ifrequired).

Of the 144,000 households in the region, approximately90% participate in the scheme, with another 7% carrying outhome composting. Only 3% choose not to separate their waste.

In the bagHouseholds are provided with special brown paper bags forthe biowaste, and these are printed with sorting instructionsto serve as a reminder. The only permissible contents arefood leftovers, garden waste, wilted flowers, pot plants andhousehold paper. Householders place the filled bags inspecial ventilated plastic bins. In apartment blocks there arespecial bins in the refuse chamber or separate recyclinghouses (where newspapers, glass, etc. are also placed forcollection). Waste from institutional kitchens is handled inthe same way (sludge from grease separators incommercial/institutional kitchens is collected in slurryexhauster vehicles and delivered straight to the plant.)

Benefits on the farmSeventeen local farmers are co-owners of Svensk VäxtkraftAB. Together they account for 20% of the share capital.These farmers are also contracted for cultivation of the leycrops used in biogas production. This is a grass crop with ahigh percentage of clover – under EU regulations it may begrown on set-aside land. It should, though, be part of theregular crop rotation, usually undersown in a cereal crop of

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in oil plants for harvest in spring. Svensk Växtkraft providesguidelines for the undersowing, fertilizing and cropmanagement.

The crop is cut at the same time that cattle silage is beingmade. Svensk Växtkraft sends in contractors to do this. Thecrop is wilted and then chopped finely,then fed into giant plastic bags – or tubes– each up to 90 metres in length, storedadjacent to the biogas plant.

The farmers receive high-qualityfertilizer in two forms: first a liquidfertilizer, which can be pumped andapplied to the fields using a conventional slurry-spreader;second, a solid fertilizer. Both of these are delivered to the

farms by the company. It’s early days yet, but it is anticipatedthat these digestion residuals will replace the use of mineralfertilizers on approximately 1500 hectares of cereals.

Liquid and solid digestates from the biogas plant areaccepted as fertilizers in organic farming under EC

regulations – and when the decision to build the plant wasmade, it was a precondition that the digestates should be


• Capacity from 10 to 100 tonnes• Specialized classifying and sorting• Superior end product quality• Fractions by your choice• Reliable, cost-effective operation

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12. - 14.9.2006

Hall 17

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Hall 6D

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FI-26101 Rauma, Finland

www.bmh.fi

Agent in Germany: Recycling Solutions GmbH

Mr. Michael Ralfs, phone 0173 6870017

UK Agent: Cape Machinery International

Mr. David Hennessey, phone 07886 552286

Digestion residuals will replace the useof mineral fertilizers on approximately

1500 hectares of cereals

FACING PAGE Buses and other heavy vehicles are filled up with the biofuel produced at the plant ABOVE LEFT Ley crop being collected from the fieldABOVE RIGHT The crop is then packed and stored in plastic bags, each up to 90 metres long ALL PHOTOS: SVENSK VÄXTKRAFT



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accepted by the appropriate Swedish bodies for use inconventional cereal production and in organic farming.Regular quality checks are carried out.

The plant itselfThe anaerobic digestion plant is located on the edge ofVästerås, at Gryta. The schematic of the plant (see Figure 1)shows the many processes. In brief, waste trucks unload thesource-separated organic waste in the receiving hall of thebiogas plant. Stored silage is also brought in here from thestore. The solid material is then diluted and mixed, in threeturbomixers, into a slurry with process water (10% solidmatter). The slurry is then screened before passing into one

TABLE 1. KEY DATA

Incoming substrates to the biogas plant (per year)

Source-separated organic waste from households and 14,000 tonnes

institutional kitchens – dry matter content of 30%

Liquid waste (grease trap removal sludge) – 4000 tonnes

dry matter content of 4%

Ley crop from contracted area of 300 hectares – 5000 tonnes

dry matter content 35%

Production (per year)

Biogas from biogas plant 15,000 MWh

Biogas from sewage plant 8000 MWh

Upgraded biogas to fuel quality

• Energy 23,000 MWh

• Equivalent to petrol 2.3 million litres

Digestion residuals (fertilizers)

Solid – dry matter of 25%–30% 6500 tonnes

Liquid – dry matter 2%–3% 15,000 tonnes

AGROPTI-gas

In 2003, the Växtkraft project became an EU demonstrationproject within the AGROPTI-gas 5th framework programme,adding national and international partners into the project.These partners co-operate in the demonstration, evaluationand dissemination of the project.

AGROPTI-gas is divided into various parts:

• demonstration – including purchasing, building and start-up of the systems

• analyses of the socioeconomic effects of the project• analyses of the handling systems for ley crop and

digestion residuals• evaluation of the technical and biological processes• dissemination of findings.

Project partners are Svensk Växtkraft, JTI (Swedish Instituteof Agricultural Engineering), SDU (University of SouthernDenmark), FAL (Federal Agricultural Research Centre,Germany), BAI (Bulgarian Association of Investors), LRF (National Federation of Swedish Farmers) and theMunicipality of Växjö.

See www.agroptigas.com for further information.



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BIOWASTE


of three sanitizer tanks, where it is kept at 70ºCfor one hour (usually one of the tanks is in theprocess of being filled, one is treating slurry,and the other is in the process of beingemptied). After being sanitized, the slurry ispumped into the digester. This has a volume of4000 m3 and has no moving parts inside – thedigestate is mixed by compressed biogas.

Gas is produced at a rate of 250–350Nm3/hour. The gas immediately goes througha compressor, and the bulk of it passes into thegasometer (some is fed back into the digesterto mix the next lot of digestate). Thegasometer regulates the flow of biogas to theon-site upgrading plant, and acts as storage forup to 800 m3 of pressurized biogas.

The primary uptake of the biogas is in thetown as a vehicle fuel (see below), and anyexcess is used in an on-site gas-engine heatand power plant that supplies the town.Occasionally, further excess gas has to beflared off, as its longer-term storage isimpractical.

Scrubbing upBiogas from the anaerobic digester at Gryta goes throughan upgrading process. So does a smaller amount of biogas(150–250 Nm3/hour) from an existing digester at the

town’s sewage treatment plant, which is delivered the fewkilometres to the Gryta site by pipeline.

Upgrading of the raw biogas to fuel quality is donewith pressurized water in a scrubber column. At a pressureof 10–12 bar, any carbon dioxide and other impurities are


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Facilities for clean environment

shredder

deep bunker

light fraction

heavy fraction

wet crushingscreen rake

sand trapturbomixer

suspensionbuffer tank

sanitation 70ºC 1 hour

solid digestate6500 tonnes/year

process water buffer process waterdigester

silage feeder

silage 5000 tonnes/year

gas storageto gas-upgrading plant

flare

biogas compressor

walking floorsieve over-flow

liquid digestate15,000 tonnes/year

liquid/semi-liquid organic waste4000 tonnes/year

biowaste 14,000 tonnes/year

sieve

centrifuges

FIGURE 1. Plant schematic. SOURCE: SVENSK VÄXTKRAFT



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absorbed in the water. Purified biogas (methane) iscollected at the top of the column. When it leaves thescrubber, the process water is fed into a flash tank, wherethe pressure is reduced to 2–4 bar in order to recover anymethane in the water – recovered methane is fed back tothe inlet of the compressor. (The loss of methane in theprocess is guaranteed to be less than 2%, and is normallyexpected to be less than 1%.)

The used water is regenerated in a ‘stripper column’,where degassing of carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulphideis carried out at atmospheric pressure with air that is

blown through the column. (Before the gas is blown intothe atmosphere it is treated to avoid any odour problems.)When working at full capacity, the fresh water demand iscalculated at under 1 m3/hour.

Throughout the process, an advanced measurementand surveillance system monitors the system and thequality of the gas.

Biogas on the roadThe treated gas is then piped to filling stations in themiddle of town.

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Composting Systems• Tunnel • Windrow • Line • Container and Briquollar Systems

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Material Reclamation Facilities (MRF) for• Kerbside Collected Dry Recyclables, e.g. “DSD”, “Green Dot”• Industrial, Commercial and/or Mixed Solid Waste (MSW)Refused Derived Fuel (RDF) as fluff or pellets

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ABOVE LEFT Organic waste is diluted and mixed with process water into a slurry in three turbomixers ABOVE RIGHT In the digester, mixing of digestate is done bycompressed biogas



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BIOWASTE


Local biogas is sufficient to supply at least 40 city buses,10 refuse-collection vehicles and some 500 cars and lighttransport vehicles (a back-up supply of LNG is kept, incase the supply of biogas should falter temporarily). Thebiogas system offers:

• fast refuelling of buses and refuse collection vehicles –less than 5 minutes

• very high availability due to: – double high-pressure compressors with 1000%

redundancy– few critical components in the fuelling system– LNG reserve– large high-pressure storage

– ability to refuel up to 40 buses without use of high-pressure compressors

• a public filling station for cars and other small vehicles.

A little history It was farmers near Västerås who first came up with theidea of a biogas plant using ley crops, back in 1990. In1995 the idea came up of doing this in combination withbiowaste. Planning work for the biogas plant began inearnest in 1998, and the Svensk Växtkraft AB companywas set up in April 2003, its owners being local farmers(20%), the Swedish farmers’ federation (20%), the localenergy company (40%) and the local waste managementcompany (40%).

Planning was finished in September 2003, and SvenskVäxtkraft decided to go ahead with the project. In November2003, it became a demonstration project within the EUAGROPTI-gas programme (see boxed text on page 80). Thefirst production of vehicle fuel started in October 2004, usingbiogas from the sewage treatment plant. A few months later,in July 2005, the biogas plant was taken into operation.

Jackie Jones is Editorial Director of Waste ManagementWorld.e-mail: [email protected]



Main contractors and financial support

The biogas plant was supplied and installed by Ros RocaInternational AS (www.rosroca.de); The upgrading plantand fuel system by YIT Vatten och miljötechnik (www.vit.fi);and the gas pipelines and liquid digestate storage byLindesberg Grus och Maskin.

The Växtkraft project is carried out with financialsupport from the Local Investment Programme and theEuropean Union (5th Research and TechnologicalDevelopment Programme). The farmers’ participation in the project is sponsored by Sparbanksstiftelsen Nya and LRF.

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WASTE-TO-ENERGY 77WASTE MANAGEMENT WORLD September–October 2006

A plant for all seasonsAlternative fuel production in Olpe, Germany

The shortage of landfill space throughout Europe and the recognition thatlandfilling is not a sustainable long-term solution for waste managementhave prompted many countries to adopt landfill bans, at least forbiodegradable waste. In addition, waste is increasingly being recognized as aresource in terms of both material and energy. This has resulted in a hugeincrease in processing capacity for alternative fuels.

Although the volumes processed are increasing dramatically, the sale and use ofalternative fuels are dragging well behind. Disposal companies are having troublefinding a market, particularly for lower-quality alternative fuels.

Generating fuel from wasteWaste for alternative fuel production usually arises from one of two sources. Mono-fractions are processed from separated waste and partial fractions from mixed waste.The source type determines, to a large extent, the form of the plant used for processingthe material.

While mono-fractions can be processed into alternative fuel without further pre-treatment, mixed waste has to be first separated by preliminary mechanical processinginto fractions that are suitable (or not) for alternative fuel processing. Examples of‘suitable’ fractions include paper, cardboard, textiles and plastic films.

Flexible handling of the material stream and the use of the best possible processingtechnology enable production of quality-assured alternative fuel, with a correspondingincrease in the opportunity to secure sustainable sales. Quality assurance is central tothe success of this technology.

The SITA plant in Olpe, GermanyIn November 2005, SITA Umwelt Service GmbH, a subsidiary company belonging tothe SITA Group, commissioned a new plant for preparation of alternative fuels inOlpe, Germany. With a total capacity of approximately 80,000 tonnes per year, the

Solid waste with high calorific value can be processed to produce alternative fuels that

replace primary energy sources in cement and power stations. A new plant in Germany

exemplifies this technology and is able to accept both mixed and pre-treated waste.

by Harald Hoffmann

P R O J E C T P R O F I L E



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WASTE-TO-ENERGY September–October 2006 WASTE MANAGEMENT WORLD78

A plant for all seasons

plant began full operation in February 2006. The design of the plant takes into account the varying

characteristics of the waste to be processed. It is divided intotwo separate halls, located alongside each other.

Hall one: direct processingDirect processing of highly calorific mono-fractions ofknown composition takes place in the first hall. This waste,originating from trading and industrial companies, isusually delivered by lorry in bulk containers. The materialemptied from the containers is conveyed by means of

feeding wheels along a conveyor belt into the hopper of aWEIMA WFC 2500 ‘FineCut’ granulator (see textbox on p. 80).

The waste is introduced to the granulator in a controlledway with the aid of a vibrating post-pressure device and issubsequently granulated between the rotor and statorblades. It is then delivered via free-fall through theperforations (diameter = 30 mm) of a sieve locatedunderneath the rotor. In this way, a material fraction isobtained with a particle size of approximately 20 mm.Residual polyvinylchloride (PVC) and other heavyconstituents are then removed from this material fraction,leaving the lighter materials (higher calorific fractions) tobe used as refuse-derived fuel (RDF).

RDF is ideally characterized by:

• high and consistent energy content• chlorine content of less than 0.3% by weight • a particle size of approximately 20 mm.

Different types of RDF are distinguished primarily bygranulate size. A predictable, more uniform end product isachieved by mixing RDF from mono-fractions asappropriate with the RDF from other mono-fractionsand/or mixed-fractions.

Hall two: mechanical pre-treatmentThe second hall in the Olpe plant is used for separatingmixed waste into two main fractions – one that is suitable forthe production of alternative fuel and one that is not. Thesuitable fraction is processed through preliminary

granulation into a particle size of 200–300 mm, depositedinto containers, and transported by lorry to the first hall(approximately 50 metres away). This refined fraction canthen be mixed with the RDF from mono-fractions asappropriate. The fraction that is not suitable – the mid-calorific fraction – is usually disposed of by incineration.

The rationale behind this approachThe main advantage of this approach is that treated wastecan be fed directly into the system (without requiringfurther pre-treatment) in addition to standard mixed waste.The plant therefore offers flexibility in treating waste fromdifferent sources. It can also offer capacity to other sites thatmay be full or unable to process a certain type of waste.

In addition, it is possible to optimize the energy contentof the final product; low-energy fractions can be enrichedwith high-energy fractions and an overall optimum energycontent set. The energy content of processed alternativefuel lies in the range of 19,000–25,000 kJ/kg.

SITA’s waste treatment plant in Olpe, Germany produces alternative fuels fromsolid waste with high calorific value

The plant offers flexibility in treating waste from

different sources

Dieselstrasse 5-9, D-21465 Reinbek / HamburgPhone: +49 (0)40 - 727 71 - 0, Fax: +49 (0)40 - 727 71 - 100

KAHL plants for the production of fluff and pellets as alternative fuels

Kahl machines are used for the compaction of by-products from plants for mechanical/biological waste treatment and in mechanicalwaste treatment plants themselves. The conditioned residual waste is sold in the form of pellets or fluff.



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WASTE-TO-ENERGY September–October 2006 WASTE MANAGEMENT WORLD80


Market outlookGermany is playing a pioneering role in Europe – andperhaps worldwide – with its ban on the landfilling ofuntreated waste. As a consequence, its capacities for the

production of RDF are increasing. However, someproducers are finding a problem obtaining a market fortheir product. As time goes by the market may consolidateand the market indicators may change, for example, as a

Continuous Emissions Monitoring Process Control Data Management

Opsis AB Box 244 SE- 244 02 Furulund, Sweden Tel: +46 (0)46 72 25 00 Fax: +46 (0)46 72 25 01 E-mail: [email protected] URL: http://www.opsis.se

“ Our main tasks are to burn waste and produce energy, not to maintain monitoring equipment ”

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The WEIMA granulator

At the heart of the Olpe treatment plant is the WFC 2500FineCut granulator. Its rotor has a diameter of 800 mm, with aworking width of 2500 mm. This large surface area offers amechanism for dissipating the heat generated by friction, thuspreventing processed plastics (and other materials) frommelting.

The electromechanical drive has a power rating of 250 kWat a rotation speed of 160–320 revolutions per minute (rpm).The machine runs continuously and has an output ofapproximately 6–8 tonnes per hour. Constant operation is vital,according to Heiner Biermann, themanager of the Olpe facility: ‘Ourproduction runs practically aroundthe clock. This requires robustengineering and good technicalsupport’.

The life of the blades isapproximately 150 hours whenusing conventional blade steel.Extensive trials have confirmed thatblade life can be increased to

500 hours with the use of a hardened metal. The blades canbe reversed and adjusted precisely to maximize efficiency.Central lubrication prevents damage to the rotor’s bearings.

Maintenance of the entire plant takes place on a weeklybasis (each Saturday). Heiner Biermann adds: ‘severalmaintenance operations, such as setting the cutting gaps andchanging the blades, can be performed very quickly due to thegood access via hydraulically operated contamination andinspection flaps’. The sieve, which is segmented and made ofHardox metal, only needs changing once a year.

BELOW LEFT The granulator used at the plant BELOW The rotor with blades

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WASTE-TO-ENERGY


result of the ever-increasing price of fossil fuels. (To readmore about the demand for RDF in Germany, see twoarticles in the May–June 2006 issue of Waste ManagementWorld .)

The primary markets for these alternative fuels are the power and cement industries. The EuropeanCement Association (CEMBUREAU) recently releasedposition papers on when a waste ceases to be a waste, the European Commission’s Thematic Strategy on the Prevention and Recycling of Waste, and the revision of the Waste Framework Directive.

CEMBUREAU comments that the useof waste in the production of clinker isundoubtedly a recovery operation of boththe energy and material content.However, it believes that neither the thematic strategy northe revised Waste Framework Directive should lead to awholesale declassification from the waste status, thusenabling operators to bypass relevant waste legislation.

For wastes to be considered as alternative fuels,CEMBUREAU states that they should:

• be processed in a recovery operation for use assubstitutes for raw virgin materials and fuels

• be intended for use in a specific, well definedinstallation or process

• meet technical specifications and requirements• be processed under environment and health standards

at least equivalent to those achieved under the currentwaste legislation

• be subject to quality control• perform well as alternative fuels – demonstrating a

long-term positive record in technical, environmentaland health terms

This position sets a challenge for the waste industry, whichmust show it can deliver reliable alternative fuel. Both thecement industry and power plants will not purchase the fuel

if they think that their business will be compromised. Byworking more closely with these industries, there is greaterscope for developing this market, as well as offering much-needed treatment capacity for diverted waste.

Harald Hoffmann is Sales Director at WEIMAMaschinenbau GmbH, Isfled, Germany.e-mail: [email protected]



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With the high demand for power, PlantManagers areunder continuous pressure to operate their plants atoptimal capacity. Key plant component life spans arecontinually diminishing each year. Conventionalmethods of repair/replace only consume resourcesand lessen productivity of the overall plant.Corrosion/Erosion attack reduces equipmentperformance, reliability and in extreme cases; leads

to unexpected failures and shutdowns.

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The waste industry must show it candeliver reliable alternative fuel

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COLLECTION AND TRANSPORT 83WASTE MANAGEMENT WORLD September–October 2006

Getting more for lessNew vacuum sweepers offer more productivity for less driver fatigue

Have you ever wondered what processes are involved when a major motorvehicle manufacturer introduces a new design of car, panel van or truck?Such are the demands placed on manufacturers to confirm to various roadtraffic regulations, exhaust emissions and crash test standards that it’s awonder designers and stylists ever manage to make the end result to lookeven remotely attractive.

Over the last couple of months, I’ve been testing a number of new trucks andlighter-duty commercials and have been struck by how well they’ve been ‘packaged’.But a better driver environment (manufacturer-speak for ‘nice new cab’) andergonomic control layouts aren’t there just to look good. They’re essential in busy,overcrowded highways so that the driver can work safely without fatigue.

‘Good design’ and how new improved driver environments might be put intoproduction – and whether the technology should be shared with other ‘productionpartners’ around the world – have become as significant for manufacturers as meetinglegislative demands and emission standards. Though you might think all this wouldslow down new product development, the exact opposite seems to be the case.

After a flurry of design activity resulting in several new generations of machine overthe last five years or so (most notably from German-based manufacturer Hakowerke),I had expected the market for small vacuum sweepers to flatten out while the otherplayers took stock and maybe considered a round of product rationalization and evenmergers, before climbing the commercial mountains outlined above all over again.

True, there have been some mergers and rather dramatic realignments since we lastlooked at highway and precinct sweepers in any detail in Waste Management WorldJanuary–February 2006. But even so, the end results haven’t been as negative in termsof customer choice as was predicted. By most established criteria, the takeover of UK-based Johnston Sweepers by Swiss-based Bucher Schörling could have resulted in jobcuts in the UK, a streamlining of the extensive combined product lines and therationalization of key components and fabrications. When a major brand takes over itsclosest rival, ‘dual branding’ often results in the closure of at least one design

Even though the global market for compact and purpose-built skid sweepers is highly

competitive, three new designs underline how important it is for end-users to keep up to

speed on new developments.

by Malcolm Bates



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COLLECTION AND TRANSPORT September–October 2006 WASTE MANAGEMENT WORLD84

Getting more for less

department and an overall loss of market share. Some ofthat may happen in the future, but in the case of Johnston,the reverse currently seems to be the case. More resourceshave been put into product development and there’s a newconfidence in the future. Following the announcement ofthe new C200 Compact back in the spring, the wholeJohnston product range is now less than four years old.

Looking beyond first costIf you’re operating vacuum sweeping machines and arelooking to meet future operational demands, it’s going tobe even more essential to look past the initial purchase price(the ‘first’ cost) and consider added value features that mayinfluence whole life costs. Manufacturers have finally caughton to the fact that a driver environment with airconditioning (full climate control can’t be long in coming),precise and easy-to-use controls, and the ability to work awhole shift without fatigue are key factors in the purchasingdecision. Comfort is no longer a luxury, it’s a health-and-safety ‘must have’.

You could argue that such matters have always been atthe heart of the process. But based on the time I recentlyspent on three new models of vacuum sweeper, I’d say theimprovements you can expect today, as each new generationof sweeper is announced, makes the notion of buying orcosting a sweeper over its maximum working life worthexamination.

Contract hire might not be the accepted convention inall world markets, but ‘getting more spec’ for your budgetmakes the idea of using this option to ensure that ‘front line’machines are to the latest design and meet the latestemissions standards on noise, vibration and exhaust anincreasingly compelling one. Even if finding another use foran existing four-year-old machine is going to be far from easy.

Starting workSo, let’s get specific. While driving down to the Johnstonplant at Sittingbourne in southern England to try out thelatest C200 Compact, I reflected on the fact that the

original Compact machine was designed and built in thesame town by Babcock Sweepers in the 1980s and that I wasthen the first ‘outsider’ to drive the prototype out of theshop for an earlier magazine test. The machine becamepart of the Johnston product range a few years later and,over the last two decades, the Compact has beenprogressively improved with more refined power, machinesuspension and numerous other changes.

Before sitting down at my keyboard to write this, Ilooked up my notes on that initial product test all thoseyears ago to check on my first impressions then to see howthey compared to my first impressions of the new C200. Thecabin interior of the original machine consisted almostentirely of untrimmed steel panels, with little or noattention to sound deadening. The controls, although easyto use, were basic. And I made a note about asking thecompany directors about the wisdom of not having includedsome form of chassis suspension from day one. It was, I wastold, being considered ‘in the future’. How right they were– it was more than a decade before basic rubber suspensionbecame available. And the Compact was well into its thirddecade before the full Glide suspension to automotivestandards became an option!

Thankfully there will be no such ‘drift’ on the new C200.While it retains much of the original concept in terms of sizeand major component configuration, Johnston designershave done enough for the C200 to justify its ‘new’ tag. True,the 2 m3 hopper, its overall layout and the location of the2.8-litre VM diesel power unit (Euro-4 versions will come onstream this month) are very much as before. The originalCompact chassis terminated at the front axle, resulting inthe cab being cantilevered out from it with the brushessuspended from the cab floor. On the C200, the chassisextends under the cab and has the sweep gear mounteddirectly to it, while the cab is positioned on four rubbermounts to reduce noise and vibration.

Much improvedThe new arrangement is therefore far more logical. It mightnot sound much like ‘rocket science’ and, indeed, it isn’t.But it makes a major improvement to the driverenvironment. But what really amounts to a bonus – and isabsolutely in line with our theme of ‘more for less’ – is thefact that, on the new C200, the brush design features acomprehensive ‘break-back’ protection system to helpensure machines can continue working after hittingobstructions during normal sweeping in city precincts.Obviously there are limits to the abuse any machine can takewithout damage, but again, the new system is muchimproved over the old.

But if these specification upgrades are worth having,they are as of nothing compared with the new cab interior.Speaking personally and from a design viewpoint, I don’tfind the outside of the all-new C200 cab especially attractivebut I can’t fault the increased shoulder room, the flat cabfloor with new trap-viewing windows and the deep frontscreen inside.

With a brand new cab design, numerous specification enhancements and the useof ABS body panels, the Johnston C200 is designed to be a compact sweeper for

world markets



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The new layout has been made possible by doing awaywith the centre console design and rerouting the centralpick-up tube to the fan. Tinted glass and a much-improvedair conditioning system meant that I never gave ‘heat’another thought until I got stuck in a motorway traffic jamon the way home!

The combination of a much improved cabin with theJohnston ‘palm rest’ joystick control for the sweep gear andthe same J-Plex multi-function screen for most of the otherfunctions and machine status controls works well. Johnston,like many specialist manufacturers, has found it difficult toembrace the advantages of CAMbus and the ‘drive-by-wire’technologies that are now an everyday feature of themainstream automotive world. But they have done so andthe company is fully aware that it needs to offer the samelevels of specification in a compact sweeper as are expectedin a car or truck.

Customer driven?After several hours of sweeping on urban highways, tightresidential streets and in the town centre shopping precinctswith very acceptable levels of performance, it was time tosee how the new C200 performed in transit mode. A fast,safe transit speed is often the hardest criterion to achievefor the designer of a compact sweeper and the market is fullof good, not so good and quite frankly dangerous productsthat are physically unable to meet such demands.

In the new C200, the foot pedals (brake and hydrostatic‘go’ control) are positioned on the same level to make it easyfor the driver to ‘cover’ the brake if need be. If I were beingcritical, a simple angled footrest ‘brace’ for the otherwiseunemployed left foot would aid comfort.

It’s another small thing but Johnston, like manymanufacturers of purpose-built skid sweepers, use small –and cheap – cab door mirrors. I know the C200 comes witha standard rear-view CCTV camera, but the distraction ofthe driver having to look so far off the centre line of visionto find the door mirrors could be avoided by mounting therear-view mirrors ‘bus fashion’ ahead of the front screen sothey can be viewed through the wiper-swept area of thefront screen.

But if cab ‘space’ and low levels of noise and vibration –

matched with a proven record of reliability and efficiency –are the main factors when making the choice between onedesign of compact sweeper over another, the new C200 isoff to a flying start. It’s already in production and largeorders from hire/rental companies in the UK are anexcellent vote of confidence.

Seeing double?Having looked in detail at some of the complex issuesbehind the design of one new purpose-built vacuumsweeper, how hard must it be to simultaneously launch two?That’s exactly what occurred recently at French-basedmanufacturer, Mathieu Yno. There are some interestingparallels with the position of Johnston Sweepers to considerwhile also taking into account aspects that might comeunder the heading of ‘Vive l’difference’.

Like Johnston, Mathieu Yno has been on the receivingend of recent corporate changes. But thankfully, likeJohnston, the company looks set to benefit from them. Nowpart of the increasingly influential Fayat Group (which alsoincludes construction machinery giant Bomag), MathieuYno has benefited from the Group’s financial muscle anddesign experience. At first glance there may not perhaps becommon ground between the cab design of a road rollerand a compact sweeper, but there most definitely is in termsof ergonomics and cab control systems. Not that the existingdesigns of the company’s Azure sweepers and Aquazurapavement wash scrubber/driers were unattractive. It’s justthat the new generation Azura Concept 2000 compact andthe totally new Grand Azura 4000, which takes Mathieu Ynointo a new market segment, are so much better.

Is there any tangible benefit in ‘trendy design’ or ‘funkystyling’? It’s a question that’s often asked. We are, after all,talking about machines with a very basic function in life. Inmy view, yes there is. Any single machine that adds to theenvironment from a visual viewpoint rather than detractingfrom it, or just blending in is saying to residents – ‘look, I’mout here sweeping your streets in exchange for your taxes’.

ABOVE LEFT A new ‘break-back’ system for the leading front brushes has beendesigned by Johnston to reduce damage while sweeping in tight precincts

ABOVE The new Mathieu Yno Azura Concept 2000 (on right) and Grand Azura 4000are the scene of much activity prior to their UK launch at the annual CIWM event



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SENNEBOGEN Maschinenfabrik GmbHHebbelstrasse 30 • D-94315 StraubingTel.: +49 (0) 9421/540-144 / 146 / 150Fax: +49 (0) 9421/ 43882E-Mail: [email protected] www.sennebogen.com

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COLLECTION AND TRANSPORTSeptember–October 2006 WASTE MANAGEMENT WORLD88


On a driver level, any machine that looks good and feelsgood to drive is going to do more work, suffer less abuseand break down less often than one that doesn’t.

On these criteria alone, both new Azuras should claiman increased market share – especially if it can be shownthat they have gained enhanced reliability and toughnessfrom the Bomag connection.

New brush system So what are the new Azuras like to drive? The AzuraConcept 2000 replaces the existing 2 m3 Azura sweeper andis already in production. Powered by a 3.3-litre VM four-cylinder turbocharged diesel (with a Cummins 97/68/CE lowemissions option), the new Concept 2000 has a sweep widthof 1250–2450 mm, controlled by an in-cab joystick.

But unlike most designs of compact sweeper, MathieuYno machines have previously featured a ‘trailing brush’design that required a different technique from the driver.Recognizing that world markets might prefer an alternative,there is a completely new reversible system with the newConcept 2000. That is to say, the brushes can be used in thetrailing position or flicked through 180° so the actual brushruns ahead of the mounting axis. Having this facility allowsthe driver maximum versatility in being able to ‘hook’debris out from between parked cars and make a cleansweep in cul-de-sacs without leaving the cab and resorting tothe use of a broom and shovel – though a crew member canbe accommodated should this work method be preferred.

But again, like the Johnston C200, the cab interior is themain area of improvement on the new Azura. Althoughroughly the same size as the original Azura, the new modelhas more space and features some really clever designtouches – not least of which is the ‘over-the-shoulder’ viewof the windows aft of the cab door B-post. These are fittedon both sides, so work whether the machine is left-handsteer for the UK and Australian/Japanese markets or right-hand steer for other markets.

Also as with the new Johnston product, both Azurasutilize plastics body panelling that is designed to take the

www.hako.com

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COLLECTION AND TRANSPORT


knocks and shocks of urban use – and be easily replacedwhen they don’t! In many ways, Mathieu Yno designershave made more of this by creating a bold side elevationand a curved tail that would have been very hard to createin sheet metal. The overall effect is stunning.

Big newsSo what of the Grand Azura 4000? Any new machine thattakes a well known manufacturer into new territory hadbetter be good. After just a few minutes behind the wheel ofthe Grand Azura 4000, it was clear that a great deal of efforthad gone into making it a machine that drivers will like.

Using a 4 m3 hopper with, like the smaller Azuras, atwo/four-wheel steering capability which mechanically locksout when in transit mode, the Grand Azura 4000 isessentially twice the size of the smaller model. Maximumgross weight of the Concept 2000 is 4.2 tonnes with a 460-litre water capacity, while the Grand Azura 4000 is offeredin either 7.5 tonnes or 10 tonnes gross weight. The designof the Grand Azura is identical at both weights; the ratingpurely reflects differences in driver licensing in somemarkets.

The complexity of legislation facing the designers ofnew cars and trucks is nothing compared with thecomplexities of a purpose-built sweeper. The AzuraConcept 2000 has to be offered in 25, 40 and 50 km/hourmaximum speed capabilities to meet specific nationalregulations in different markets; the Grand Azura 4000 isavailable in 25, 50 and 80 km/hour versions for the samereasons. With a 4 m3 hopper and a street wash water tankcapacity of 750 litres, that weight can take a lot of stoppingat higher travel speeds. So it’s nice to see that four-wheeldisc brakes are there to get a grip and offset the urge fromthe Iveco 110 kW, 3.9-litre diesel engine.

There’s a lot of weight behind a laden Grand Azura4000, but the size of the machine soon ‘shrinks’ as thedriver learns how to get the best out of it. On the otherhand, payloads can remain usefully large at 5 tonnes.


SALES AND PURCHASEOF USED CLEANING VEHICLES AND TRUCKS

Clean Mat Trucks BVP.O. Box 170 6660 AD Elst (Gld) The NetherlandsTel +31 (0)24 348 13 00 Fax +31 (0)24 348 27 22E-mail: [email protected] Internet: www.cleanmat.eu

Garbage trucks; 160 pcs on stock Container trailers; 2- and 3-axles

Container portal trucks Sludge gulpers; 10 pcs on stock

Street sweepers; 10 pcs on stock Small garbage trucks; 10 pcs on stock

Tippers; 10 pcs on stock Street sweepers mid and small size;20 pcs on stock

Trucks with XL loading cranes Container trucks with loading cranes;2-, 3- and 4-axles

Container trucks; 2-, 3- and 4-axles;40 pcs on stock Trekkers with or without loading cranes

FACING PAGE Both new Azuras feature a two/four-wheel steering system andfour-wheel drive for maximum stability and agility. Both models also feature novel

side-viewing windows, aft of the door B-post, to boost driver vision at roadjunctions ABOVE Four-wheel steer sweeper designs need to pay special attention

to rear ‘swing clearance’. No such problem with the new Grand Azura 4000 – therear end is neatly rounded to avoid contact damage



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ConclusionIt could be argued that the ground-breaking high-qualitydesigns from Hakowerke or the technical innovation fromScottish-based manufacturer Applied Sweepers followed onfrom where the standard-setting Schmidt Swingo left off,and kick-started this new ‘design surge’. But it’s a fact thatgood-quality design and ‘a bit of style’ are now an intrinsic

part of the decision-making process when it comes toselecting a new purpose-built suction sweeper.

The bottom line is that it’s a buyer’s market. There’s lotsof new kit out there to choose from and, as most newdesigns offer more than current generations now in service,now looks like a good time to raise your game.

Malcolm Bates is Transport Correspondent of Waste Management World.e-mail: [email protected]


ABOVE LEFT The Grand Azura 4000 takes Mathieu Yno into the same territory asBucher, Johnston and American-owned Ravo ABOVE As the latest round of this

‘design revolution’ was started by Hakowerke, we can assume this innovativemanufacturer has no intention of standing still in the near future. As Hakowerke

also owns Multicar and produces the Tremo, could its next move be to produce alarger model too?

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Environmental concerns are pushing for an increasinglystreamlined process of waste disposal, treatment,neutralization and recycling. In some regions, while waste

treatment capacity is trying to catch up with an increasingdemand, it has become necessary to store solid waste in wastebunkers before treatment. The potential for fires in storageareas is a key concern for plant operators.

Waste stored temporarily in bunkers is potentiallyflammable. Fires can result from self-combustion, heatdevelopment due to pressure, spontaneous chemical reactionsbetween the waste materials, and build-up of methane gas. Theneed for fire prevention becomes even more acute forinstallations with a waste shredder: sparks formed during theshredding of metal and other solid parts can react withmethane gas, resulting in an explosive cocktail scatteringaround the entire waste bunker.

Waste bunker fires can be hazardous not only for operatorsbut also the environment. In addition to the fire and itsemissions, the heavily contaminated water used in firefighting,which hampers the further processing of the waste, has to bedisposed of as well. Furthermore, it is difficult to reachpotential fire spots still dangerously smouldering somewhere ina large and deep bunker.

PREVENTING FIRES WITH INFRAREDOptions for fire prevention and detection include laser-basedscanning and infrared camera. In particular, infrared camerasare an excellent tool, provided they offer some basic features,namely the ability to:

• detect and clearly visualize nascent hot spots throughsmoke and dust

• measure and indicate temperature • control pre-defined areas continually • raise an alarm when a temperature threshold is passed.

CASE STUDYFire prevention systems are installed by specialized systemintegrators. One such leading integrator on the market is thetechnology company m.u.t GmbH, based near Hamburg,Germany. One of the areas that m.u.t. has specialized in is earlyfire detection for air and land transportation carriers andthermal treatment plants.

m.u.t. offers a complete solution including planning,installation, software, hardware and maintenance. It hasinstalled more 40 infrared camera-based early fire detection

systems in waste bunkers across Europe. ‘Preliminary planningis the hardest part of the job’, says Werner Hagedorn, AccountManager for the early fire detection products. ‘We have todefine the best place to install the camera, divide the entirewaste bunker in zones and ensure that the minimum surfacearea required for detecting hot spots (commonly 30 x 30 cm inGermany) is covered by the camera.’

FLIR Systems, an infrared camera manufacturer based inSweden and the US, introduced its ThermoVision A40-M fix-mounted camera in 2002. Since then, m.u.t has integrated thecamera into all its waste bunker installations and into ARTUS,its early fire detection software suite.

The A40 camera offers a spectral range of 7.5–13 µm, whichallows monitoring through smoke and dust. One A40 camera,mounted on a pan stilt and placed in an appropriate protectivehousing, is able to inspect a surface of up to 2000 m2. Thecamera registers the surface temperature of the waste,comparing it to the maximum temperature defined by thewaste bunker operator.

The m.u.t. engineers divide the bunker surface in zonesdepending on the size of the waste bunker. The camera checksevery zone subsequently and its FireWire output providestemperature information and infrared imaging to the craneoperator’s monitor screen in real-time. Operator can also steerthe camera from their working place. Three alarm levelsmarked by visual as well as sound alarms warn the craneoperator of substantial temperature differences on the wastesurface in a particular zone. The waste is then mixed andturned, transferred to another zone, or carried directly to theoven for combustion.

Although every pixel of the infrared camera detectormeasures a temperature value, the m.u.t engineers have chosena temperature measurement based on a 3 x 3 pixel grid. Theyconsidered 2 x 2 pixels as inadequate and unreliable: ‘3 x 3 pixel secures additional measurement accuracy andconsequently a clearer image contrast, while excluding falsealarms’, says Volker Meliss, Marketing Director at m.u.t.

‘The ThermoVision A40 does all the measurements’, saysHagedorn, ‘and its measurement accuracy and reliability areexcellent. But above all, there is no need for a camera with acooled detector for such applications as waste bunkerinspections: the A40-M has an uncooled detector and needsvirtually no specific maintenance.’

Peter Smorscek works at FLIR Systems, Belgium.e-mail: [email protected]

TECHNOLOGY NEWS

T E C H N O L O G Y N E W S

Caught on cameraThe risk of fire becomes increasingly significant as more waste heads into temporary storage. Infrared camerascan help control this risk, writes PETER SMORSCEK

LEFT TO RIGHT The ThermoVision A40infrared camera, shown here in its

protective housing, can be installed inwaste bunkers to detect fire risk PHOTO:M.U.T GMBH ● The camera checks every

zone of the waste bunker surface ● Theinfrared image shows hot spots in the

waste that have a danger for spontaneousself-combustion and fire

September–October 2006 WASTE MANAGEMENT WORLD



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ISWA information

For more information, please check the ISWA website atwww.iswa.org, where you will find details ofconferences, listings of events and a registration form

The ISWA International Waste Manager(IWM) programme was launched inSeptember 2005. The programme isdesigned to provide an internationallyrecognized certification for individualprofessional waste managers based ontheir academic achievements andpractical work experience. Thecertification is awarded at three levels –intermediate, advanced, international –depending on how applicants meet theISWA criteria.

The stages involved in achieving

ISWA International Waste Managerstatus can be summarized as follows:

• Completion of an application formdescribing the applicant’s educationand practical work experience toensure they meet ISWA’s basicrequirements.

• Preparation of a detailed personalreport on the applicant’s academiceducation, training and practicalwork experience. In the report, theycan explain their professional

approach to waste management andindicate how they meet ISWA’s criteria.

• Participation in a professional reviewinterview either in person orelectronically.

• A commitment by the applicant tofollow ISWA’s Code of Ethics and toundertake a life-long programme ofContinuous ProfessionalDevelopment.

Register to the programme at

www.iswa.org

ISWA International Waste Manager

‘Biological waste treatment survey’ isthe latest updated version of thepublication on status and trends inbiological treatment by the ISWAWorking Group on Biological Treatment.The first version of the publicationdates back to 1996 and the new version

is based on a revised survey.The publication contains information

on the general, legal and economicaspects for waste management andespecially biological treatment.Furthermore, it contains more detailedinformation on composting, anaerobic

digestion, MBT (mechanical–biologicaltreatment), and the outlets for theproducts from biological treatment. Thesurvey is available at the ISWA on-linebookshop for downloading as PDF.

95 pages; price: €30

Biological Treatment of Waste(WGBTW)5 October 2006 – Copenhagen,Denmark (technical tour)Collection & TransportationTechnology (WGCTT)14–15 September 2006 – Budapest,Hungary26–27 April 2007 – Hamburg, Germany

Communication & Social Issues(WGCSI)5 October 2006 – Copenhagen,Denmark19–20 April 2007 – Edinburgh, Scotland, UK

Economic Analyses for SustainableDevelopment (WGEASD)None set

Hazardous Waste (WGHW)5 October 2006 – Copenhagen,Denmark (technical tour)20–21 November 2006 – Antwerp,BelgiumMach–April 2007 – Italy

Healthcare waste (HCW)5 October 2006 – Copenhagen,Denmark (technical tour)

Legal Issues (WGLI)5 October 2006 – Copenhagen

Recycling & Waste Minimization(WGRWM)5 October 2006 – Copenhagen,Denmark (technical tour)

Sanitary Landfill (WGSL)5 October 2006 – Copenhagen,Denmark (technical tour)September 2007 – Amsterdam, the Netherlands

Thermal Treatment of Waste(WGTT)5 October 2006 – Copenhagen,Denmark (technical tour)8–9 November 2006 – Austria

New ISWA publication

ISWA INFORMATION September–October 2006 WASTE MANAGEMENT WORLD92

Working groups meeting schedule 2006–2007



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WASTE MANAGEMENT WORLD September–October 2006 ISWA INFORMATION 93

The Board30 September 2006 – Copenhagen,Denmark1 October 2006 – Copenhagen,Denmark13 January 2007 – Bangalore, India14 April 2007 – Singapore23 June 2007 – Turkey22 September 2007 – Amsterdam, theNetherlands

Scientific & Technical Committee29–30 September 2006 – Copenhagen,Denmark9 January 2007 – telephone meeting12–13 April 2007 – Singapore21–22 June 2007 – Turkey (to beconfirmed)

Managing Editors (ME)5 October 2006 – Copenhagen,Denmark

Editorial Board (EB)5 October 2006 – Copenhagen,Denmark

Managing Directors Network (MD)30 September 2006 – Copenhagen,Denmark (together with Pre-GeneralAssembly)

EU/DG EnvironmentNone set

www.iswa.org

Committee meeting schedule 2006–2007

ISWA is looking for new Members – therefore pleaserecommend ISWA to people you meet through your work, atconferences or other professional occasions.

When you make your ‘sales speech’ you could mentionthat ISWA offers:

• the magazine Waste Management World• a recognized journal: Waste Management & Research• several newsletters • 10 Working Groups

• a unique network of waste managers worldwide• certified training through the International Waste Manager

programme• the special benefits you find useful in your daily work.

You can ask prospective new members to sign up at theISWA website www.iswa.org, use the application formbelow, or send the details of the new member [email protected] and the Secretariat will do the follow-up.

Get a new ISWA Member

Join ISWA now, and be a part of an international networkof solid waste management professionals. Complete theapplication form below to become a member of ISWA.

Send or fax this application to:

ISWA General SecretariatVesterbrogade 74, 3rd floor DK-1620 Copenhagen V, DenmarkTel: +45 32 96 15 88 Fax: +45 32 96 15 84

ISWA MEMBERSHIP APPLICATION

Name:

Company:

Address:

City:

Country:

Telephone:

Fax:

e-mail:

TYPE OF MEMBERSHIP (2006 FEES)

Organization MemberGold Member €1870(one representative in all Working Groups, link from ISWA home page to Gold Member’s home page and listing in Waste Management World)

Silver Member €1095(access to have one representative in all Working Groups)

Individual Member:Regular €184Developing Country €71Student €46Online €50 (must be registered online)

You can sign up for all ISWA Memberships online at the ISWA Shop onwww.iswa.org. Membership benefits can also be found on the website.

ISWA’s membership runs in accordance with a pro rata system on a quarterly basis.This means that you will only pay the membership from the quarter you join ISWA.

Payment by credit card:

VISA Mastercard/Eurocard American Express Diners

Card number: Expiry date:

Card holder:

Signature:

Please send invoice

Membership application



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DIARY September–October 2006 WASTE MANAGEMENT WORLD94

2006WASTECON 2006 –Bridging the GapCape Town, South Africa

5–8 September 2006

The Institute of WasteManagement of Southern Africa,PO Box 79, Allen’s Nek,Roodepoort 1737, South AfricaTel: +27 21 559 4574Fax: +27 21 559 4574e-mail: [email protected]: www.iwmsa.co.za

RWM 2006 Birmingham, UK


Lucy Van Renselar, Emap Mclaren, 19th Floor, Leon House, 233 High Street, Croydon, Surrey, CR0 9XT, UKTel: +44 20 8277 5713Fax: +44 20 8277 5128e-mail: [email protected]: www.rwmexhibition.com

ORBIT 2006 – LargeInternational BiowasteConferenceWeimar, Germany


European Compost Network, PO Box 22 29, D-99403 Weimar,GermanyTel: +49 25 22 96 03 41Fax: +49 25 22 96 03 43e-mail: [email protected]: www.orbit2006.de

Metalriciclo 2006 Brescia, Italy


Federica Zaccaria, Edimet Spa, Via Corfù 102, 25124 Brescia, ItalyTel: +39 0302421043Fax: +39 030223802e-mail: [email protected]: www.edimet.com

Wastecon 2006 Charlotte, North Carolina,

USA


Liesl Smith, SWANA, PO Box 7219,Silver Spring, MD 20907, USATel: +1 800 467 9262Fax: +1 301 589 7068e-mail: [email protected]: www.swana.org

ISWA World Congress2006 Copenhagen, Denmark

1–5 October 2006

Dakofa, Vesterbrogade 74, 3rd Floor, DK-1620 Copenhagen V, DenmarkTel: +45 3296 9022Fax: +45 3296 9019e-mail: [email protected]: www.iswa.org

PROMA 2006 –International EnvironmentExhibitionBilbao, Spain

3–6 October 2006

Ana Belén Palencia, Bilbao Exhibition Centre, PO Box 468, 48080 Bilbao, SpainTel: +34 94 428 54 00Fax: +34 94 442 42 22

e-mail:[email protected]:www.bilbaoexhibitioncentre.com

Local Authority NetworkMeeting: the Transport ofWaste and RecyclablesLondon, UK

16 October 2006

Claire Appleby, London Remade, 1 Quality Court, Chancery Lane,London WC2A 1HR, UKTel: +44 20 7061 6380 e-mail: [email protected]: www.londonremade.com

SWET 2006 – The 3rdShanghai InternationalSolid Waste Equipment &Technology ExhibitionShanghai, China

17–19 October 2006

Shanghai International Exhibition Co Ltd, 8/F, OOCL Plaza, 841 Yan An Zong Road, Shanghai 200040, ChinaTel: +86 21 62792828Fax: +86 21 65455124e-mail: [email protected]: www.siec-ccpit.com/exhibition/swet&cet.htm

Entsorga-Enteco Cologne, Germany

24–27 October 2006

Koelnmesse GmbH, Messeplatz 1, D-50679 Köln, GermanyTel: +49 1805 242858Fax: +49 221 821 991390e-mail:[email protected]: www.entsorga-enteco.com

Eco Expo Asia –International Trade Fairon EnvironmentalProtectionHong Kong

27–30 October 2006

Messe Frankfurt (HK) Ltd, 3506, China Resources Building, 26 Harbour Road, Wanchai, Hong KongTel: +852 2802 7728Fax: +852 2598 8771e-mail:[email protected]: www.ecoexpoasia.com

EPIF 2006 – Eco-ProductsInternational Fair 2006Singapore

31 October – 2 November

2006

Enterprise Promotion Centres PteLtd, 1003 Bukit Merah Central,#02–10, 159836, SingaporeTel: +65 6278 2538Fax: +65 6278 7518e-mail: [email protected]: www.epif06.com

WasteMINZ 18th AnnualConference and Expo Christchurch, New Zealand

7–9 November 2006

WasteMINZ, Private Box 31 580,Milford, Auckland 1309, New ZealandTel: +64 9 486 6722Fax: +64 9 486 3722e-mail: [email protected]: www.wasteminz.org.nz

WASMA 2006 – The 3rdInternational SpecializedExhibition & Forum

Diary

Send details of your event to WASTE MANAGEMENT WORLD e-mail: [email protected]

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95

Moscow, Russia

7–10 November 2006

Asiya Husainova, MVK Holding Company, 1 Sokolnichesky val, Hall 4, Moscow, 107113, RussiaTel: +7 495 995 05 94e-mail: [email protected]: www.wasma.ru

Ecomondo 2006 Rimini, Italy


Daniela Bernabè, Rimini Fiera S.p.A., Via Emilia, 155, 47900 Rimini, ItalyTel: +39 0541 744 217Fax: +39 0541 744 295e-mail: [email protected]: www.ecomondo.com

ISWA Workshops atEcomondoLandfill Methane to MarketsSpecialized Workshop – 7 November (all day)Healthcare Waste, a Technicaland Legislative Workshop – 8 November (pm)WEEE: Managing SystemsComparison at the European Level– 9 November (pm)Some European Models forIntegrated Waste Management – 10 November (am)Contact ISWA Italia for moreinformation. Tel: +39 0 541 744271 e-mail: [email protected]

WRF’06 – WorldRecycling ForumShanghai, China


ICM AG, Schwaderhof 524, 5708 Birrwil, SwitzerlandTel: +41 62 785 10 00Fax: +41 62 785 10 05e-mail: [email protected]: www.icm.ch

IX International WasteManagement Symposium Zagreb, Croatia


Marija Novosel, ZGOS d.o.o., Zeleni trg 3, Zagreb, CroatiaTel: +385 1 6183 106e-mail: [email protected]

1st European BioplasticsConferenceBrussels, Belgium


European Bioplastics e.V.,Marienstr. 19–20, 10117 Berlin, GermanyTel: +49 30 28482 350Fax: +49 30 28482 359e-mail: [email protected]: www.conference.european-bioplastics.org

China Eco Expo Beijing, China


Global Eco Expo, 15030 Ventura Blvd, Sherman Oaks, CA 91403, USATel: +1 818 906 2700Fax: +1 818 986 5890e-mail: [email protected]: www.ecoexpo.com

Pollutec 2006 Lyon, France

28 November –

1 December 2006

Promosalons (UK) Ltd Tel: +44 20 8216 3100Fax: +44 20 8447 1146e-mail: [email protected]: www.pollutec.com

Canadian Waste &Recycling Expo Mississauga, Ontario,

Canada


Messe Frankfurt Inc., 1600 Parkwood Circle, Suite 515, Atlanta, GA 30339, USATel: +1 770 984 8016Fax: +1 770 984 8023e-mail: [email protected]: www.usa.messefrankfurt.com

VENICE 2006 – Biomassand Waste-to-EnergySymposium29 November – 1 December

2006

Venice, Italy

Eurowaste srl, Via Beato Pellegrino, 23, I-35137 Padova, ItalyTel: +39 049 8726986Fax: +39 049 8726987e-mail: [email protected]: www.venicesymposium.it

11th Annual CompostingAssociation AnnualConferenceBrighton, UK

6–7 December 2006

The Composting Association,Avon House, Tithe Barn Road,Wellingborough,Northamptonshire NN8 1DHTel: +44 870160 3270Fax: +44 870160 3280e-mail: [email protected]: www.compost.org.uk

2007IERC 2007 – 6thInternational ElectronicsRecycling CongressHamburg, Germany

17–19 January 2007


US Composting Council’s14th Annual Conferenceand Trade Show Orlando, Florida, USA

21–24 January 2007

Stuart Buckner, US CompostingCouncil, 4250 Veterans MemorialHighway, Suite 275, Holbrook, NY 11741, USATel: +1 631 737 4931Fax: +1 631 737 4939e-mail: [email protected]: www.compostingcouncil.org

genera 07 – Energy andEnvironmentInternational Trade FairMadrid, Spain

28 February – 3 March 2007

IFEMA – Feria de Madrid, Parque Ferial Juan Carlos I, 28042 Madrid, SpainTel: +34 91 722 30 00Fax: +34 902 22 57 88e-mail: [email protected]: www.genera.ifema.es

The 22nd InternationalConference on SolidWaste Technology andManagement

WASTE MANAGEMENT WORLD September–October 2006 DIARY 95


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First to STEINERT then on toENTSORGA!Presenting new sensorsorters and featuring on-site equipment demonstrations.Share the festivities at STEINERT one day beforeENTSORGA, on October 23, 2006Registration is free. RSVP: +49 221 4984 177 or e-mail: [email protected] further informations: www.steinert.de__________



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DIARY September–October 2006 WASTE MANAGEMENT WORLD96


Philadelphia,

Pennsylvania, USA

18–21 March 2007

Ronald L. Mersky, Conference Chair, Department of Civil Engineering,Widener University, 1 University Place, Chester, PA 19013-5792, USATel: +1 610 499 4042Fax: +1 610 499 4461e-mail: [email protected]: www.widener.edu/solid.waste

IARC2007 – 7thInternational AutomobileRecycling CongressAmsterdam,

the Netherlands

21–23 March 2007


Waste to Energy –International Exhibition &Conference for Energyfrom Waste and BiomassBremen, Germany

9–10 May 2007

Andrea Rohde, Messe Bremen,Theodur-Heuss-Allee 21–23, 28215 Bremen, GermanyTel: +49 421 3505 377Fax: +49 421 3505 340e-mail: [email protected]: www.wte-expo.de

WasteExpo 2007 Las Vegas, Nevada, USA

22–27 May 2007

WasteExpo, PRIMEDIA Business Exhibitions, 11 River Bend South, Stamford, CT 06907, USATel: +1 203 358 9900Fax: +1 203 358 3751e-mail:[email protected]: www.wasteexpo.com

5th International TradeFair and Congress onWaste Management,Recycling andEnvironmentalTechnologies Moscow, Russia

29 May – 1 June 2007

SIBICO International Ltd, POB#173, Moscow, 107078, RussiaTel: +7 495 782 1013Fax: +7 495 225 5986

e-mail: [email protected]: www.waste-tech.ru

RWM 2007 Birmingham, UK


Lucy Van Renselar, Emap Mclaren, 19th Floor, Leon House, 233 High Street,Croydon, Surrey, CR0 9XT, UKTel: +44 20 8277 5713Fax: +44 20 8277 5128e-mail: [email protected]: www.rwmexhibition.com

ISWA World Congress2007Amsterdam, the

Netherlands


Congrex Holland BV, P.O. Box 302, 1000 AH Amsterdam, A.J. Ernststraat 595, 1082 LD, Amsterdam, the NetherlandsTel: +31 20 504 02 05Fax: +31 20 504 02 25e-mail: [email protected]: www.iswa2007.org

11th International WasteManagement and LandfillSymposium

Sardinia, Italy

1–5 October 2007

Valeria Zampalocca, EuroWaste Srl, Via Beato Pellegrino, 23, 35137 Padova, ItalyTel: +39 049 8726986Fax: +39 049 8726987e-mail: [email protected]: www.sardiniasymposium.it

WASTECON 2007 Reno, Nevada, USA

16–18 October 2007

SWANA, P.O. Box 7219, Silver Spring, MD 20907-7219, USATel: +1 800 467 9262Fax: +1 301 589 7068e-mail: [email protected]: www.swana.org

Ecomondo 2007 Rimini, Italy

24–27 October 2007

Daniela Bernabè, Rimini Fiera S.p.A., Via Emilia, 155, 47900 Rimini, ItalyTel: +39 0541 744 217Fax: +39 0541 744 475e-mail: [email protected]: www.ecomondo.com

6th International Electronics Recycling 50Congress, HamburgAmandus Kahl GmbH & Co. KG 78Andritz 79Babcock & Wilcox Vølund 76Bano srl 23Binder+Co AG 48BMH Wood Technology 71Bomag 16Caterpillar SARL 2CHS Group 49Clean Mat Trucks BV 89Cranfield University 18Cross Wrap Oy IBCCSJ Al-Jon Ltd 67Cummins Power Generation 14, 15Degussa AG 1Doppstadt Calbe GmbH 9Earthscan 46Ecodeco 12Ecomondo 2006, Rimini 62Eldan Recycling A/S 26

Entsorga-Enteco, Cologne 52Frutiger & Co. 55Gicom b.v. 75Goudsmit Magnetics Systems BV 29Haas Recycling 72Hako-Werke 88Hammel Recyclingtechnik GmbH 68Hamos 29Heil Europe Ltd 82Holmen Paper Ltd 34Horstmann GmbH & Co. KG 74HSM Pressen GmbH + Co. KG 45ISWA Annual Congress 2006, Copenhagen 7Johnston Sweepers Ltd 17Komptech GmbH 5Lindner Recyclingtech 42Loglift Jonsered Oy AB 56Lubo Screening & Recycling Systems b.v. 51M&J Industries A/S IFCMacpresse Europa 37Mercedes-Benz 85NAUE GmbH & Co. KG 65

NTM AB 57Opsis AB 80PELLENC Selective Technologies 30Pöttinger Entsorgungstechnik 24Pollutec 2006, Lyon 20Powerscreen International Ltd 11Presona AB 33Proma 2006, Bilbao 70Rambøll Energy & Environment OBCRavo 90Rheinbraun Brennstoff GmbH 18RTT Systemtechnik GmbH 27Sennebogen Maschinenfabrik GmbH 87SMS Global Inc 81Steinert Elektromagnetbau GmbH 95Sutco RecyclingTechnik GmbH & Co. KG 73Tana Oy 22Toratec GmbH 36Vecoplan Maschinenfabrik GmbH 43vm-tec 24Weima 41Welger Recycling Engineering GmbH 36

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Knowledge taking people further

Ole Poulsen, Project Director

Ramboll Waste-to-Energy, Copenhagen, Denmark, tel. +45 4598 6000 [email protected]

www.ramboll.dk/wte

It is always a thrill to watch your plans materialize. As project manager for

the planning and implementation of a new 15 t/h waste-to-energy plant in

Trondheim, Norway, I presently advise the client during the construction

phase and co-ordinate between electromechanical and civil works supplies.

This is what we do in Ramboll Waste-to-Energy---

Tro

ndhe

im, N

orw

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