wmo standards & best practices
TRANSCRIPT
World Meteorological OrganizationWorking together in weather, climate and water
WMO STANDARDS & BEST PRACTICES
1st GCW CryoNet Meeting (Vienna, 20-22 November 2012)
WMO/OBS www.wmo.int
WMO
Dr M. OndrášChief, WMO Observing Systems Division
Outline
1. About WMO2. Standardization within WMO and
relevance to GCW3. Recommendations for GCW Actions
WMO Organigram
WMO Convention(Part II, Article 2, Purposes)
(a) To facilitate worldwide cooperation in the establishment of networks of stations for the making of meteorological observations as well as hydrological and other geophysical observations related to meteorology, and…;
(b) …(c) To promote standardization of meteorological and
related observations and to ensure the uniform publication of observations and statistics;
General Regulation of WMO ( Annex III, Structure and TOR of TCs)
I. Basic Commissions• CBS – (A)• CIMO – (A)• CHy – (A)• CAS – (B)
(A) Basic operations and facilities(B) Research in Atmospheric sciences
II. Applications Commissions• CAeM – (C)• CAgM - (C)• JCOMM - (C) • CCl - (C)
Develop, for consideration by the Executive Council and Congress, proposed international standards for methods, procedures, techniques and practices in meteorology and operational hydrology including, in particular, the relevant parts of the Technical Regulations, guides and manuals.
(C) Applications to economic and social activities
WMO Regulatory Materialhttp://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/manuals.html
Technical regulations Manuals (Standard pr.) Guides (Recommended pr.
WMO Regulatory Material
Technical Regulations (WMO-No. 49) (Mandatory publication):
– Volume I: General Meteorological Standards & Recommended Practices
– Volume II: Meteorological Service for International Air navigation
– Volume III: Hydrology– Volume IV: QM– Seven Annexes: WMO Manuals
WMO Regulatory MaterialA. Manuals (standard practices):1. International Cloud Atlas (WMO-No. 407), Volume I - Manual on the observations of
clouds and other meteors2. Manual on Codes (WMO-No. 306)3. Manual on Global Telecommunication System (WMO-No. 386) and Manual on the
WMO Information System (WMO-No. 1060)4. Manual on Global Data Processing and Forecasting Systems (WMO-No. 485)5. Manual on Global Observing System (WMO-No. 544) 6. Manual on Marine Meteorological Services (WMO-No. 558)7. Manual on the Implementation of ETR standardsB. Guides (recommended practices):• Guides on GOS, GDPFS, GTS, • Guide to Met. Instruments and Methods of Observation• Guide to Hydro Practices• Guides to Practices or Services for different app areas, such as Climatology,
Agrometeorology, Aviation, MarineC. Other Technical Documents needed for general understanding
WMO Regulatory Material
International Meteorological Vocabulary
• Aimed at standardizing the terminology used in
this field and at facilitating communication
between specialists speaking different
languages
• 1st edition in 1967,
• Last hard copy edition 1992
(3500 terms in four languages)
• Further updates in digital : METEOTERM
WMO Regulatory Material
METEOTERM
• 34662 terms in six languages• Includes:
• International Meteorological Vocabulary• International Glossary of Hydrology• Terms from related sciences that appear in WMO documents
Cryospheric Vocabulary ?
http://wmo.multicorpora.net/METEOTERM/Main2.aspx?changeTermbase=0
Partnership & Standardization
Working agreements:– UN: such as FAO and UNESCO– Intergovernmental: such as ESA and
EUMETSAT– Nongovernmental: such as IUGG, ICSU
Working agreements - standardizationstandardization:– International Organization for Standardization
(ISO), as of 2008– International Committee for Weights and
Measures (CIPM), as of 2002
Partnership in StandardizationCooperation Agreement with ISO (2008):1. Development of joint ISO/WMO tech standards2. WMO existing standards can become ISO standards3. WMO retains primary control of its own standards4. Underlines authority of WMO standards and enhances
international recognition WMO standardsNeed for GCW standards to be promoted to ISO standards ?
Working Arrangements with CIPM (2002): Ensuring traceability of measurements to SIPart of MRA: mutual recognition of standards & calibration & measurement certificatesNeed for GCW measurements to be traceable to SI ?
Partnership in Standardization
(ISO)
Partnership in Standardization
(CIPM)
Manual on the Global Observing System, WMO-No. 544
Part I. General Principles Regarding the Organization, Design and Implementation of the Global Observing System
• Part II. Requirements for Observational Data - WMO Rolling Review of Requirements
• Part III. & Part IV Surface- and Space-based Subsystems: Composition & Implementation of Elements
• Part V. Quality Control
Need for a review of existing GCW practices ? ; “GCW Manual”?
http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/OSY/Manuals_GOS.html
WMO Global Observing System (GOS)(Design & Evolution)
1. A process named the Rolling Review of Requirements (RRR) has been instituted for continuously reviewing the requirements of Members and international programmes.
2. Through RRR WMO generates guidance to Members, named Statements of Guidance. 3. The Vision of the GOS provides high-level goals to guide the evolution of the Global
Observing System in the coming decades (currently Vision for 2025).4. Responding to the above Vision, the Implementation Plan for the Evolution of global
observing systems (EGOS-IP) is a key document providing Members with clear and focused guidelines and recommended actions in order to stimulate cost-effective evolution of the observing systems to address in an integrated way the requirements of WMO programmes and co-sponsored programmes.
5. As a general principal, the evolution of the system is based on proven techniques and represents the best mix of observing elements that:
– satisfies to the maximum extent the data requirements in respect of accuracy, frequency and spatial resolution;
– is operationally and technically feasible;– meets the cost-efficiency requirements of Members;– is able to meet long-term needs of relevant WMO Programmes and a wide variety of purposes;– covers ocean and data-sparse areas adequately;– permits making new technologies available at affordable costs, so that all Member countries can
maintain and satisfactorily operate their national components of the system and benefit from them in a sustainable and self reliant manner;
– permits the availability and accessibility of data for operational, research and educational purposes.
WMO Rolling Review of Requirements
Implementation Planfor Evolution of the GOS
All applications synthesis Recommendations for the
observing system
WMO Members’Space Agencies
and partner organizations’
Programmes
Critical Review
Long-term vision of the GOS
RequirementsRequirements
RequirementsRequirements
Statements of guidance
per application
Monitoringsurface/space
observingcapabilitiesand plans
Similar approach GCW Requirements?
How URs are specified in WMO RQ DB
• For each application & each geophysical variable:– (i) Horizontal and (ii) Vertical resolution,
(iii) Accuracy, (iv) Observing cycle, and (v) Timeliness
• For each parameter:– “min” (or threshold), represent the value below
which observations are worthless– “max” (or goal), represents value beyond which
improvement gives no additional value – “breakthrough” (or optimum), represents
optimal cost/benefit
Performance-benefit curve for an obs. system
WMO User Req. DB & Application Areashttp://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/OSY/GOS-redesign.html
1. Global NWP 7. Ocean applications
2. High resolution NWP 8. Agricultural met.
3. Synoptic met. 9. Hydrology
4. Nowcasting & VSRF 10. Climate monitoring
5. Seasonal & Inter-Annual F. 11. Climate appl.
6. Aeronautical met. 12. Space weather
7. Atm. Chemistry New?: Cryosphere
WMO Database to serve as one-stop-shop for Cryo UR&OSC?Identify focal points from different Cryo areas Verify existing Cryo variables and add new Cryo variables in
WMO User RQ & Obs. Systems Capabilities Database
WMO Technical RegulationsPART I. WIGOS (draft outline)
1. INTRODUCTION – Purpose of WIGOS– WIGOS component observing systems– Collaboration with co-sponsored and non-WMO observing system– Governance and management
2. COMMON ATTRIBUTES OF COMPONENT SYSTEMS– Requirements– Design, planning and evolution– Operations and Maintenance – Data and Information Management– Standardisation of Instrumentation and Methods of Observation – Quality Management – Capacity Development
3. SPACE-BASED SUB-SYSTEM OF WIGOS 4. GLOBAL OBSERVING SYSTEM (GOS) OF WWW5. GLOBAL ATMOSPHERE WATCH (GAW) – Observing Component of GAW6. WHYCOS - Observing component of WHYCOS7. GLOBAL CRYOSPHERE WATCH (GCW) - Observing component of GCW
Schematic of Global Observing Systems
SYSTEMS OCEAN ATMOSPHERE LAND
GEOSS
GOOS GTOSWIGOS
GCOSCRYO
Guide to Meteorological Instruments and Methods of Observation, WMO-No. 8
• Comprehensive und up-to-date guidanceon the most effective practices for making meteorological observations and measurements
• Describes instruments, systems and techniques in regular use from the simplest to the most complex
• Does not describe instruments and methods to be used only for research or experiments
• 1st edition 1954• 7th edition 2008• Supplement to 7th edition: 2011
http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/IMOP/publications/CIMO-Guide/CIMO_Guide-7th_Edition-2008.html
CIMO Guidehttp://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/IMOP/publications/CIMO-
Guide/CIMO_Guide-7th_Edition-2008.htmlPart I. Measurement of meteorological Variables:• CHAPTER 1. General (Includes Measurement standards and Definitions)• CHAPTER 2. Measurement of temperature• CHAPTER 3. Measurement of atmospheric pressure• CHAPTER 4. Measurement of humidity• CHAPTER 5. Measurement of surface wind• CHAPTER 6. Measurement of precipitation (includes snow fall, depth, cover)• CHAPTER 7. Measurement of radiation• CHAPTER 8. Measurement of sunshine duration• CHAPTER 9. Measurement of visibility• CHAPTER 10. Measurement of evaporation• CHAPTER 11. Measurement of soil moisture• CHAPTER 12. Measurement of UA pressure, temperature and humidity• CHAPTER 13. Measurement of upper wind• CHAPTER 14. Present and past weather; state of the ground• CHAPTER 15. Observation of clouds• CHAPTER 16. Measurement of ozone• CHAPTER 17. Measurement of atmospheric composition
CIMO Guide
Part II. Observing Systems:• CHAPTER 1. Measurements at automatic weather stations • CHAPTER 2. Measurements and observations at aeronautical met stations• CHAPTER 3. Aircraft observations• CHAPTER 4. Marine observations• CHAPTER 5. Special profiling techniques for the BL and the troposphere• CHAPTER 6. Rocket measurements in the stratosphere and mesosphere• CHAPTER 7. Locating the sources of atmospherics• CHAPTER 8. Satellite observations (is being completely revised)• CHAPTER 9. Radar measurements• CHAPTER 10. Balloon techniques• CHAPTER 11. Urban observations• CHAPTER 12. Road Meteorological Measurements• New chapter: Measurements in the harsh environment (including cold climate)Part III. QA and Management of Observing Systems:• CHAPTER 1. Quality management• CHAPTER 2. Sampling meteorological variables• CHAPTER 3. Data reduction• CHAPTER 4. Testing, calibration and intercomparison• CHAPTER 5. Training of instrument specialists
Review existing instrument & obs methods practices for Cryo?Expand CIMO Guide to include instruments for Cryo?
Centres of Excellencein support of calibration, traceability, data
compatibility and integration16 Regional Instrument Centres (RICs) and 2 Regional Marine Instrument Centres (RMICs):
• Must operate calibration laboratories based on international standards, such as ISO 17025
• Must maintain a set of standard instruments• Must assist WMO Members in calibrating their ntl standards
7 Testbeds and Lead Centers:• Must provide guidance in integration of ground-based remote-sensing
and in situ observations, as well as in the development of standard procedures and advice related to instrument use and operation
• WMO-CIMO Testbed for In-situ Remote Sensing Instrument, Sodankylä, Finland. => opportunity for synergy
Similar approach to GCW Reference sites / Supersites ?
STANDARDIZATION – harsh (cold) environment
Courtesy: Darren Tessmer, MSC
Herschel Island AWS
Issues:Large amounts of snowPower - significant periods of no data
Elevated plateau may not always be a solution
Whistler MountainHigh Level
Courtesy Bill Scott, MSC
STANDARDIZATION – harsh (cold) environment
STANDARDIZATION –harsh (cold) environment
AWS Russkiy IslandCourtesy: A. Klepikov, Roshydromet
Issues:IcingDifficult access (helicopter)Wild animals
Pond Inlet (Nunavut) AWS
Courtesy: D. Tessmer, MSC
INTERCOMPARISONSBelow: WMO Field Intercomparison of
Thermometer Shields and Humidity Measuring Instruments
VEIG
LBOM
LLANLCOC
SCAE
SDAV
SSOCSYOUVDAV
VROT
VTHY VYOU
WMO Intercomparisonshttp://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/IMOP/publications-IOM-
series.html
• Intercomparisons:– To determine and intercompare performance characteristics of
instruments under field or laboratory conditions– To link readings of different instruments – data compatibility &
homogeneity
• CIMO Survey on National Summaries of Methods and Instruments for Solid Precipitation Measurements at AWSs, WMO/TDNo.1544, 2010
• WMO Solid precipitation intercomparison (including snowfall & snow depth, 2011-2014
Need for intercomparisons in Cryo ?Participation in WMO Solid precipitation intercomparison ?
RECOMMENDATIONS for GCW Actions & Implementation Plan
1. Standardization of Practices (networks, observations, instruments, data exchange & policy, products):
• Review existing GCW practices & develop inventory; and identify differences and inconsistencies
• Identify a need for new standard/best practices, identify priorities and develop newstandard/best practices
• Develop Cryospheric Vocabulary• Identify standard/practices that may be promoted to ISO standards?• Develop “GCW Manual”; would provide input to WIGOS Manual, CIMO Guide
2. Register user requirements in WMO RRR DB (RQs & OS capabilities):• Propose a new application area – Cryosphere• Identify focal points for Cryo different appl areas and OS Capabilities• Verify existing variables and add new (key) Cryo variables in RRR DB
3. Establish Centers of Excellence from among GCW Reference sites:• E.g., Instrument Centers and Testbeds responsible for maintaining a set of standard
instruments, calibration, intercomparison, traceability, compatibility, integration of RS and in-situ observations
4. Instrument Intercomparisons:• Identify needs• Participation in WMO Solid precipitation intercomparison (SPICE)
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