with the help of……. - huji.ac.ilchem.ch.huji.ac.il/~porath/nst2/lecture 4 notes - e-beam...

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e-Beam Lithography Danny Porath 2002 (Cumming et. al.) With the help of……. 1. Yosi Shacam – TAU 2. Delft people (Emile Van der Drift) and site 3. … Nice Simulations: http://www.matter.org.uk/tem/sitemap.htm Outline SEM/TEM: 1. Examples, links and homework 2. Lithography: e-Beam, direct 3. Etching and process Internet Sites “Handbook of Microlithography, micromachining and microfabrication”, Editor P. Rai-Choudhury. http://www.matter.org.uk/tem/sitemap.htm http://www.cnf.cornell.edu/spiebook/toc.htm http://dsa.dimes.tudelft.nl/ http://www.dimes.tudelft.nl/ http://www.dimes.tudelft.nl/2001/report.pdf http://www.eng.tau.ac.il/~yosish/courses.html http://www.jcnabity.com/ http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/labs/vc/theory/photolith.html http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/labs/vc/ . . . . Homework 4 1. Read the paper: “Metal Nanoparticles, Nanowires and contact electrodes self-assembled on pattered monolayer templates – a bottom up chemical approach” Hoeppener et. al., Advanced Materials 14(15) , 1036 (2002). - Emphasize the lithography part. 2. Choose a (complicated) lithography example form the web or a paper and explain how it was done. 3. For Mashkianim: Read/brows the paper: (just for review) “Nanometer-scale lithography for large lateral structures” J. Romijn and E. Van der Drift, Physica B 152 , 14 (1988). Also at: http://dsa.dimes.tudelft.nl/usage/publications/nanometer/nanometer.html Examples (Cumming et. al.)

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Page 1: With the help of……. - huji.ac.ilchem.ch.huji.ac.il/~porath/NST2/Lecture 4 notes - e-beam process.pdfThe steady state passivation layer thickness is a balance of CFx deposition,

1

e-Beam Lithography

Danny Porath 2002

(Cumming et. al.)

With the help of…….

1. Yosi Shacam – TAU2. Delft people (Emile Van der Drift)

and site3. …

Nice Simulations: http://www.matter.org.uk/tem/sitemap.htm

Outline SEM/TEM:

1. Examples, links and homework

2. Lithography: e-Beam, direct

3. Etching and process

Internet Sites“Handbook of Microlithography, micromachining and

microfabrication”, Editor P. Rai-Choudhury.http://www.matter.org.uk/tem/sitemap.htm

http://www.cnf.cornell.edu/spiebook/toc.htmhttp://dsa.dimes.tudelft.nl/

http://www.dimes.tudelft.nl/http://www.dimes.tudelft.nl/2001/report.pdf

http://www.eng.tau.ac.il/~yosish/courses.htmlhttp://www.jcnabity.com/

http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/labs/vc/theory/photolith.htmlhttp://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/labs/vc/....

Homework 41. Read the paper:

“Metal Nanoparticles, Nanowires and contact electrodes self-assembled on pattered monolayer templates – a bottom up chemical approach”Hoeppener et. al., Advanced Materials 14(15), 1036 (2002).

- Emphasize the lithography part.2. Choose a (complicated) lithography example form the web or a paper and

explain how it was done.3. For Mashkianim: Read/brows the paper: (just for review)

“Nanometer-scale lithography for large lateral structures”J. Romijn and E. Van der Drift, Physica B 152, 14 (1988).

Also at: http://dsa.dimes.tudelft.nl/usage/publications/nanometer/nanometer.html

Examples

(Cumming et. al.)

Page 2: With the help of……. - huji.ac.ilchem.ch.huji.ac.il/~porath/NST2/Lecture 4 notes - e-beam process.pdfThe steady state passivation layer thickness is a balance of CFx deposition,

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Examples

(Glasgow University.)

Optical micrograph of a 140 GHz low noise amplifier

Examples

(Glasgow University.)

Lines and spaces in Shiply UV5 resist written using e-beam lithography

Examples

(Glasgow University.)

Cell growth along lithographically patterned lines

Examples (DIMES- DELFT)

Examples (DIMES- DELFT)Bonding

(Delft University.)

Page 3: With the help of……. - huji.ac.ilchem.ch.huji.ac.il/~porath/NST2/Lecture 4 notes - e-beam process.pdfThe steady state passivation layer thickness is a balance of CFx deposition,

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Post-processing surface micromachining

(Delft University.)

polyimide as sacrificial layer for an all-dry etch release of microstructures

Post-processing surface icromachining

(Delft University.)

Polyimide as sacrificial layer for an all-dry etch release of microstructures

Post-processing surface micromachining

(Delft University.)

Sacrificial layer is used to avoid stickingWind Sensor

(Delft University.)

Using the sensor,wi nd-speed and direction may be determined with an inaccuracy of ± 2° and ± 5%respectively in the range 0 -25 m/s.

Diamond Membranes

(NASA)

Fabricating Diamond Membranes Using Reactive-Ion Etching

CVD

Scratch

Al Evaporation

RIE

The Delft DIMES Team

Page 4: With the help of……. - huji.ac.ilchem.ch.huji.ac.il/~porath/NST2/Lecture 4 notes - e-beam process.pdfThe steady state passivation layer thickness is a balance of CFx deposition,

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Overview (based on: http://dsa.dimes.tudelft.nl/usage/techno_intro/Introduction_technology.htm)

1. Nanofabricationa) Conceptb) Trends

2. Pattern definition3. Resist4. Wet chemicals5. Pattern transfer

a) Subtractive: Etching, Multilayer maskingb) Additive: Deposition

6. Inspection7. Examples

Concept

Controlled realisation of a 3-dimensional

structure

Dimensions, accuracies and tolerances in

the nano-range

Step-by-step process, layer by layer

Integration to a complete process

Feedback loop between process and

performance

Multilevel MetalizationState of The Art Applications

Molecular DevicesNanomechanical structuresNanomagnetic structuresNanofluidicsOn-chip integration & “Lab on a chip”

TechnologyFabrication beyond limitsAtomic scale techniques

Process Design ……A matter of making choices

filmsubstrate substrate

Etch Deposit

Start

After mask removal

substrate

maskAfter lithography

mask

Different approaches …. Different results!!!

Within each layer Pattern Definition

Resist layer technologyExposurePattern development

Pattern transferAdditiveSubtractive

Mask removalInspection

Page 5: With the help of……. - huji.ac.ilchem.ch.huji.ac.il/~porath/NST2/Lecture 4 notes - e-beam process.pdfThe steady state passivation layer thickness is a balance of CFx deposition,

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Pattern Definition Radiation source

PhotonsElectronsX-rayIons

ApproachShadow mask – controlledDirect write

Mask Controlled Optical lithography

light source

Mask

contact proximity projection

Substrate + resist

gap

optical

system

Limitations – Diffraction Limited Optical lithography

Resolution K1λ/NADepth of Focus K2λ/(NA)2

From µm down to 50 nm!!!

Direct Write e-Beam lithography

e-

electron gun

beam blanker

deflection coils, lenses

vacuum chamber

mechanical drive

table position monitor

substrate

film

resist

table

computer control

Performance EBPG-5

Details down to 20 nm! Alignment within 50 nm

heavy metal

topography

Limitations (1) e-Beam lithography

Resolution factorBeam quality (~1 nm)Secondary electrons (lateral range – a few nm)Beam focus on surface

Performance recordsOrganic resist PMMA ~ 7 nmInorganic resist, b.v. AIF3 ~ 1-2 nm

diaphragm

substrate

beam

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Limitations (2) e-Beam lithography

Forward scatteringHigh keV, thin resist layerBack scattering

Electron rangeAmount f(atom number)

10 KV 25 KV 50 KV

X-ray Lithography Shadow mask concept – λ=1 nm

Projection concept – λ=13.7 nm

Pyrex

SiBoron nitride

polyimide

Au absorber protective coating

X-ray Lithography (NSL@MIT)

X-ray lithography done with the JMAR laser plasma x-ray source.

X-ray mask X-ray replication

& liftoff (Ti/Au)

Resist Processing Resist

Substrate

Mask

coating

exposure

development

positive negative

pattern transfer

resist strip

Typical Resist Materials (e-Beam 100 kV, Optical 300-400 nm)

Substrate exposurePMMA* e-beam 600 µC/cm2 (+) +and

-

SNR e-beam, DUV µC/cm2 140 -

HSQ (FOX-12) e-beam µC/cm2 500 -

SAL 603 e-beam 3-5 µC/cm2 -

NEB 22-2A e-beam µC/cm2 18 -

HPR NUV 50-100 mJ/cm2 +

AZ NUV 50-100 mJ/cm2 +

AZ, HPR image reversal

NUV 50-100 mJ/cm2 -

* BROAD RANGE OF PRODUCTS

Mask writingPBS e-beam 36 µC/cm2 +

SAL605 e-beam 7 µC/cm2 -

Resist Coating Spin processViscositySpin speedSurfaceDirect ambient

Step coverage

Adhesion

H | O |

H | O |

H | O |

hydrophylic hydrophobic

Si | O |

R R

Si | O |

R R

Si | O |

R R

primer

Page 7: With the help of……. - huji.ac.ilchem.ch.huji.ac.il/~porath/NST2/Lecture 4 notes - e-beam process.pdfThe steady state passivation layer thickness is a balance of CFx deposition,

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Resist Thickness R

topography coverage

dry etch erosion R

lift-off

resolution

pinholes

R

R

R

Resist Issues (1) Materials

Glass temperature Tg – pattern stabilityMolecular weight resolution Substrate atomic number Z proximity effectsChemical composition etch resistance

adhesion

ProcessDevelopment (strength, time, temperature) Baking (time, temperature) Post-treatment: descum, native oxide strip

Resist Issues (2) Materials

Descum

Wet Chemical Treatment ……An example…

Inspection

post-bake

pre-bake

exposure

spin coating

film deposition

resist strip

clean

development rinse and dry

pattern transfer

surface treatment

Wet ChemicalsSubstrate cleaning

fuming HNO3H2SO4/H2O2 (piranya)RCA-process

HCl/H2O2 (metallic) NH4OH/H2O2 (organic)

Resist technologyketone solvents Acetone IPA

Mask removalfuming HNO3PRS

Wet etchingstrong acids alkaline agents

Wet EtchantsH2O sloluble

Nitric acid HNO3

Hydrofluoric acid HFPhosphoric acid H3PO4

Hydrochloric acid HClSulfuric acid H2SO4

Acetic acid H4C2O4

Potassium hydroxide KOHMask strippers (PRS, etc.) strong alkaline

TOXIC, HazardousSafety handling

protection (gloves, glasses) sequence of mixing sequence of diluting

Moisture attackbeneficial role of H2O

special application kits

Page 8: With the help of……. - huji.ac.ilchem.ch.huji.ac.il/~porath/NST2/Lecture 4 notes - e-beam process.pdfThe steady state passivation layer thickness is a balance of CFx deposition,

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Organic LiquidsH2O insloluble

Flamableheating ‘Au-bain-Marie’

Toxic vapoursmandatory extraction conditions

Insoluble residuesacetone/IPA treatment

Etching

(Darling et. al.)

Dry EtchingProfile control

Characteristics

High resolution

Dry Etchingmechanism (1)

diffusion to surface

adsorption

reaction desorption

diffusion into bulk gas

plasma

generation of etchant species

gas flow

ion bombardment

radicals

Dry Etching+ +

Mask

mechanism (2)

• reaction

• desorption

• passivation

sidewall passivation

ion-induced etching

(e.g. O, CF 2 )

(e.g. F, Cl)

ions

Dry Etchingreactive ion etching RIE)

Vp Vdc

rf

plasma bulk

sheath ions radicals

Page 9: With the help of……. - huji.ac.ilchem.ch.huji.ac.il/~porath/NST2/Lecture 4 notes - e-beam process.pdfThe steady state passivation layer thickness is a balance of CFx deposition,

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Etching Machine

(Aultimut)

Fluorine basedSi, Ge, SiC, W, Nb, Mo, SiO2, Si3N4

Clorine basedGaAs, InP,GaN, Al, Ti, Cr, Al2O3

Very dificult to etchAu, Pt, Pd, Cu, Ni, Co, Fe,…

Dry Etching

Dry Etchingprocess issues

nonselective selective

Mask

etch stop

nonselective selective

isotropic anisotropic

Profile

micromasking

איכול איזוטרופי

מסכה

רזיסט

שכבה מאוכלת

Litho bias

Etch bias

אנאיזוטרופיאיכול

מסכה

רזיסט

שכבה מאוכלת

Litho bias

אנאיזוטרופיאיכול פלזמה

יונים ספוחים אטומי ם אינרטים

רזיסט

פולי

אוקסייד

Page 10: With the help of……. - huji.ac.ilchem.ch.huji.ac.il/~porath/NST2/Lecture 4 notes - e-beam process.pdfThe steady state passivation layer thickness is a balance of CFx deposition,

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Reaction Mechanism For C2F6 Etching Si

(ftp://uigelz.ece.uiuc.edu/pub/presentations/dzhang_avs99.pdf)

A CxFy polymer layer is formed on the Si surface in coincidence with Si etching. The steady state passivation layer thickness is a balance of CFx deposition, ion sputtering and F etching of the layer.

Si etching precursor (F) needs to diffuse through the passivation layer.

בעיות באיכולארוזיה של הרזיסט

התזה של הרזיסט

יצירת שוחות

Wet vs. Dry Etching

Wet etching Dry etching

selectivity ++ --

Dimension control -- ++

Advanced Mask Technologies

e-

image layer

film

intermediate

mask layer

substrate

expose develop dry etch dry etch dry etch F/Cl O 2 F/Cl

pmma

Positive tone with HR PMMADry etch purpose

Image layer to be baked at temperatures lower than used for the bottom mask layer!!

Advanced Mask TechnologiesDecoupling of imaging and actual mask functionNegative tone with Si-containing e-beam resist

Dry etch purpose

Image layer to be baked at temperatures lower than used for the bottom mask layer!!

e-

image layer

film

mask layer

substrate

expose develop dry etch dry etch O 2 F/

SNR

oxide

Advanced Mask TechnologiesLift-off purpose – double layer resist

o Dedicated solvents to avoid layer mixingo Short descum after developmento Optional native oxide stripo Film deposition temperature not too high

high mol. weight

low(er) mol weight

PMMA

Page 11: With the help of……. - huji.ac.ilchem.ch.huji.ac.il/~porath/NST2/Lecture 4 notes - e-beam process.pdfThe steady state passivation layer thickness is a balance of CFx deposition,

11

Electroplating

resist plating base substrate

e-beam litho electrogrowth + mask removal

patterning

Deposition Evaporation

methods: e-gun or resistive directional flux (ideal for lift-off!)

Sputteringmethods: ion beam or plasma non-directional flux (improved step coverage)

Evaporation

viscous

substrate

molecular flow

real source

virtual source region

e-gun heating

resistive heating

Sputtering

plasma bulk

ionstarget

film

DC/RF

DC/RF

shutter

substrate bias

sputter source

Substrate bias:

• fine tuning film morphology, roughness,..

• substrate cleaning

Thin Film Deposition IssuesStep coverage

Surface diffusion flux directionality

Film morphologyTemperature Ion treatment

StressThermal Growth induced

AdhesionCompatibility film-substrate StressBeneficial role few nm Ti, Cr or NiCr

Step coverageevaporation

sputtering

Lift-off performance

Page 12: With the help of……. - huji.ac.ilchem.ch.huji.ac.il/~porath/NST2/Lecture 4 notes - e-beam process.pdfThe steady state passivation layer thickness is a balance of CFx deposition,

12

Step coverageImpact process conditions (temperature, pressure)

conformal : high surface diffusion

nonconformal ; long mean free path

nonconformal ; short mean free path

InspectionTip techniques

with CCD-camera for on-chip inspectionStylus (α-step)

Height resolution 5 nmLateral resolution ≥ 15 µm

AFMHeight resolution monolayerLateral resolution ≤ nm

MicroscopyOptical microscopy (1 µm) Dark field, Interference contrast, luminescence Scanning Electron M. (≤ 1 nm)

20-25% of fabrication time!

InspectionPlasma

Optical emission reactive species Langmuir probe ion flux

SubstrateLaser interferometry etch rate, endpointQuartz crystal layer thickness Ellipsometry surface constitution

layer growth Fluoroptic probe temperature

In situ process diagnostics

Ex situ process diagnostics Wafer curvature stress buildup Ellipsometry layer thickness

InspectionX-ray photoelectron spectroscopy XPSAuger electron spectroscopy AESSecondary Ion mass spectroscopy SIMSElectron Microprobe analysis EMPA Transmission Electron Micr. TEM/EDX

Chemical analysis

CharacteristicsSensitivity Lateral

resolutionSamplingdepth

XPS %At 1 mm2 nm

AES %At m µ nm

SIMS ppm 0.001 mm2 nm - m µ

EMPA %At m µ ≥ 0.2 µm

TEM/EDX %At nm p.m.

Self-Assembly Lithography (Sagiv@Weizmann)

Nanostructure made of a single layer of oriented molecules, self-assembled on a nanoelectrochemically patternedmonolayer surface on silicon (AFM image)

Self-Assembly Lithography (Sagiv@Weizmann)

Nanostructure made of a single layer of oriented molecules, self-assembled on a nanoelectrochemically patternedmonolayer surface on silicon (AFM image)

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Self-Assembly Lithography (Sagiv@Weizmann)

Nanostructure made of a single layer of oriented molecules, self-assembled on a nanoelectrochemically patternedmonolayer surface on silicon (AFM image)

Self-Assembly Lithography (Sagiv@Weizmann)

Nanostructure made of a single layer of oriented molecules, self-assembled on a nanoelectrochemically patternedmonolayer surface on silicon (AFM image)

Self-Assembly Lithography

(Sagiv@Weizmann)

Self-Assembly Lithography

(Sagiv@Weizmann)

9 nm

The RIE process (Reactive Ion Etching)

A dry etching process used in microelectronic manufacturing:

Applications:

1. Fast and ultra high surface cleaning

2. Surface activation

3. Photo-resist stripping

4. Semiconductor etching

Etching Machine

(Aultimut)

Page 14: With the help of……. - huji.ac.ilchem.ch.huji.ac.il/~porath/NST2/Lecture 4 notes - e-beam process.pdfThe steady state passivation layer thickness is a balance of CFx deposition,

14

תהליכי איכול יבש

לחץתהל יך טור 0.1-100איכול פ לזמ ה

טו ר 0.001-0.1(RIE) רא ק ט יביאיכול בגז 10-3-10-5י וני) MILLING( כרסום torr

איכול רטוב

איכול ר טוב הנו בדרך כלל איזו ט רופי

HF -איכול תחמוצת ב

SiO2+6HF--> H2+SiF6+6H2O

איכול סיל יקוןHNO3+HF+CH3COOH -חומצי

.KOH, NaOH, CsOH etc. -בסיסי

פוספו ר ית חומצה -איכול אלומ יניו ם

איכול בפלזמהפלזמ ה של ג זים הלוגנים מאכ לת סילי קון ואת רו ב

המ יק רואלק ט רוניק ה השכבות הדקות בת עשיי ת

ניתן לק בל פ לזמ ה המ אכל ת פו טורזיס ט באי טיו ת . רבה יחסי ת

,CF4מקובל ל השת מ ש בגזים המ כיל ים פ לואור כ מו CHF3, NF3ועוד

משת משי ם גם ב כלור או ב ת רכוב ות כלור

ניתן להש ת מש בת רכובות יוד וברום

?מה קובע את איכות האיכול כימ יי ת ה גז

השאיב ה הלחץ החל קי ב תא וקצב הז רי מ ה או מה ירו ת צו רת ח יבור , ג יאומט ר יה, חומרי ם-תא ה ר יאקצ יה

).RIEרגיל או ( המ תח הספק , תד ר ה עבודה-העי רו ר

טמ פ ר טורה איכות ה רזיס ט תלוי בנ יקוי - ה מתא כלאיכות הש טח

יוני )MILLING(כרסום

יונים ה פוגע ים בפני השטח יכו לים ל הת יז חומ ר ש ק אופמן ”מקור מקובל לי ציר ת יוני ק רוי ע

סריג מחומם פולט אל קטרונ ים

) חיובית(אנודה

אטומי ארגון

אלק טרונים

יוני ארגון אנרגטיים

סריג שלילי

פרוסה

בעיות באיכולארוזיה של הרזיסט

התזה של הרזיסט

יצירת שוחות

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15

)RIE( ראקטיביאיכול גז

RF -הפ רוסות מחוב ר ות לאלק ט רודת ההלחץ החל קי נ מ וך בה רבה מאש ר בא יכול ב פלז מ ה

כמו , האיכול מ בוסס על שי לוב ש ל איכול כי מיי היו נים ”ע ) או התז ה(ע ם כ רסום , באיכול בפלז מה . הפוגע ים בש טח

RIE ישנ ה כיוו ניות , אנאיזוט רו פינותן איכולבאיכול

הכי מיה נותנ ת א ת הסל ק טיב יות

RIE -בעיות ב

יתכן ונוצר נ זק למוליך למחצ ה זיהומי ם -התז ת מ תכות מ האלק ט רודה הנ גדית

ניק ל ועוד, מת כת יי ם כ מו ברזלע ל (ופלואורידים ) על ס ילי קון (ק רב ידים יצי רת

). אלומיניום

מערכות פל זמה לניקוי

פלזמ ה של ח מצ ן לניקוי פו טורז י סט פלזמ ה של פלוא ור לנ יקוי ש כבו ת דקו ת ש ל תח מוצת

מר יאק טו רים פלזמ ה של כלו ר לנ יקוי שכבו ת דקות של סי ליקון

. א פי טקס י אליותממ ע רכות גידול גביש

בקרת תהליכי איכול: מגדי רי ם פ ר מ טר ים ק ר יט יים

רוחב קו

שיפוע צד

נזק

: מוצאים מת אם בינם ל פ רמ ט רי ם של ה תהל יךמה י רות ז ר ימ ת הג ז והכי מי ה , הספ ק חש מלי, לחץ.שלו

)CMP(כימי -איכול מכנו

שילוב של אי כול כי מי עם ל י טוש מכנ י

SLURRY

PADפרוסה

F, כוח

?CMPמה מאפיין

יחסי לז מן הלי ט וש

. יחסי לכוח ה אנכ י ולמה ירו ת ה יח סית ב ין הפ רוסה לפד

DISHING אפק ט של -תלוי ב מ רווח בין הקווים

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CMP של נחושת

תלוי ב היס טור י ה של הש כבות

משפי ע על התנ ג דות הקווים ועל האמ ינות של הם

DAMASCENE -משמש להגד ר ת המולי כים בת ה ליך ה

Dual-Damasceneתהליך

b.

M2

d.a.

c. f.

ILDM1

ResistCap layer

b. e.

M2

a) Insulator deposition + Mask 1b) Mask 2c) Strip maskd) Selective stud etche) Barrier, metal and stud depositionf) CMP

RIE Simulation

(http://uigelz.ece.uiuc.edu/Projects/HPEM-ICP/)

Ar/Cl2/BCl3 gas mixture at 10 mTorr is used to etch a poly-Si wafer

RIE Simulation

(http://uigelz.ece.uiuc.edu/Projects/HPEM-ICP/)

Electron Density and etching profile

RIE Simulation, 600 W, 100 V

(http://uigelz.ece.uiuc.edu/Projects/HPEM-ICP/)

Electric field and power deposition. The short skin depth confines the electric field near the coil. Capacitive coupling produces ion acceleration into the wafer

RIE Simulation, 600 W, 100 V

(http://uigelz.ece.uiuc.edu/Projects/HPEM-ICP/)

Chlorine ions are the dominant charged species

Page 17: With the help of……. - huji.ac.ilchem.ch.huji.ac.il/~porath/NST2/Lecture 4 notes - e-beam process.pdfThe steady state passivation layer thickness is a balance of CFx deposition,

17

RIE Simulation, 600 W, 100 V

(http://uigelz.ece.uiuc.edu/Projects/HPEM-ICP/)

Chlorine atoms are the major etching species of the poly-Si. They produce an etch product of SiCl2

RIE Simulation, 600 W, 100 V

(http://uigelz.ece.uiuc.edu/Projects/HPEM-ICP/)

Some of the etch product is reionized as SiCl2+ and SiCl+ and accelerated

into the wafer. BCln+ ions are also plentiful

RIE Simulation, 600 W, 100 V

(http://uigelz.ece.uiuc.edu/Projects/HPEM-ICP/)

Some of the etch product is reionized as SiCl2+ and SiCl+ and accelerated

into the wafer. BCln+ ions are also plentiful

Effect of asymmetric pumping

(http://uigelz.ece.uiuc.edu/Projects/HPEM-ICP/)

Cl2 is injected through a symmetric array of nozzles from the top insulator. The gas is pumped either symmetrically through 3 evenly spaced pump ports or through a single pump port

Effect of asymmetric pumping

(http://uigelz.ece.uiuc.edu/Projects/HPEM-ICP/)

Electron impact dissociation of Cl2produces Cl atoms which is the primary etching species. The Cl atoms are consumed on the poly-Si wafer on the substrate. The top shows the Cl2 density at the top of the reactor (10 mTorr, 150 sccm). The bottom shows the Cl atom density just above the wafer. The Cl2density shows scalloping resulting from the injection nozzles. The Cl density at the wafer is essentially symmetric, though there is some small amount of biasing towards the pump ports.

The same values when using asymmetric pumping. The Cl reactant density clearly shows side-to-side dependencies. There is also some asymmetry in the Cl2 density at the top of the reactor. These asymmetries are functions of of gas pressure, reactive sticking coefficients and power deposition. .

Electron impact dissociation of Cl2produces Cl atoms which is the primary etching species. The Cl atoms are consumed on the poly-Si wafer on the substrate. The top shows the Cl2 density at the top of the reactor (10 mTorr, 150 sccm). The bottom shows the Cl atom density just above the wafer. The Cl2density shows scalloping resulting from the injection nozzles. The Cl density at the wafer is essentially symmetric, though there is some small amount of biasing towards the pump ports.

Symmetric Asymmetric

Si2F6 Etching of Si

(http://uigelz.ece.uiuc.edu/Projects/HPEM-ICP/)

Simulations of C 2 F 6 etching of Si in an ICP reactor

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Reaction Mechanism For C2F6 Etching Si

(ftp://uigelz.ece.uiuc.edu/pub/presentations/dzhang_avs99.pdf)

A CxFy polymer layer is formed on the Si surface in coincidence with Si etching. The steady state passivation layer thickness is a balance of CFx deposition, ion sputtering and F etching of the layer.

Si etching precursor (F) needs to diffuse through the passivation layer.

סיכוםתהל יכי האי כול נחוצים להגד ר ת קווי המולי כים

. והמגע ים, ב טכנולוגי ת האיכול, איכות האי כול ת לויה בלי תוג רפ י ה

. ובניקוי פנ י הש טחתופש א ת מקומו כט כנולוגיה ) CMP( כימ י -איכול מ כנו

.קר י טי ת לנחושת הדרי שות מביצו עי ה איכול היב ש הולכות ומח מ ירו ת ע ם

. יר ידת המ מדים