WithWithRev. Fr. Andrew Manickam Rev. Fr. Andrew Manickam

OFM CapOFM Cap

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““Covenant”Covenant” Definition of “Covenant”: a formal Definition of “Covenant”: a formal

agreement, contract, testament, or treaty agreement, contract, testament, or treaty between two parties with specific between two parties with specific obligations on each side:obligations on each side:

Ancient terminology : Hebrew berith, Greek Ancient terminology : Hebrew berith, Greek diatheke, Latin testamentumdiatheke, Latin testamentum

Used 285 times in the Hebrew Bible (first Used 285 times in the Hebrew Bible (first use at Gen 6:18) and 33 times in the New use at Gen 6:18) and 33 times in the New TestamentTestament

The entire Bible is the story of the covenant. The entire Bible is the story of the covenant.

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Main Covenants in the Main Covenants in the Hebrew Bible:Hebrew Bible:

Adam and Eve (Gen 1-2, although the Adam and Eve (Gen 1-2, although the word “covenant” is not used, some divine word “covenant” is not used, some divine promises are made)promises are made)

Noah and his Family (Gen 6-9)Noah and his Family (Gen 6-9) Abraham and his descendents (Gen 12, Abraham and his descendents (Gen 12,

15,17)15,17) Moses and the Israelites (Exod 20-34, Moses and the Israelites (Exod 20-34,

Deut 5-11)Deut 5-11) David and the Kingdom (2 Sam 7)David and the Kingdom (2 Sam 7)

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The “New” or “Renewed” The “New” or “Renewed” Covenant:Covenant:

Jeremiah Jeremiah

Jesus Jesus

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The Adamitic covenantThe Adamitic covenantThe Covenant with AdamThe Covenant with AdamGen 1:28 -30, Gen 3:15Gen 1:28 -30, Gen 3:15

It is bilateral ie. With obligations on both It is bilateral ie. With obligations on both sides – on the part of God promises of sides – on the part of God promises of paradise and immortality; on the part of paradise and immortality; on the part of man the obligation to obey God’s precept.man the obligation to obey God’s precept.

It is a conditional, not an absolute It is a conditional, not an absolute covenantcovenant

It carries with it a sanction – the penalty It carries with it a sanction – the penalty of deathof death

It is characterized by familiarity between It is characterized by familiarity between God and Adam God and Adam

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Two Creation Accounts Two Creation Accounts Genesis 1 and 2 record two accounts of Creation. These Genesis 1 and 2 record two accounts of Creation. These

are not two conflicting accounts, they are complementary are not two conflicting accounts, they are complementary accounts with different emphases.accounts with different emphases.

In Genesis 1, God the Creator makes a cosmic home or In Genesis 1, God the Creator makes a cosmic home or temple for himself. His final creation –man and women- he temple for himself. His final creation –man and women- he makes in his image, and he calls them to imitate him makes in his image, and he calls them to imitate him (verse 28)(verse 28)

In Genesis 2 God works as Father. He lovingly fashions In Genesis 2 God works as Father. He lovingly fashions man from the dirt of the earth, breathes life into him, man from the dirt of the earth, breathes life into him, creates a garden paradise for him and creates a spouse creates a garden paradise for him and creates a spouse for him from his very side. God commands man to “till…for him from his very side. God commands man to “till…and keep” the garden (Genesis 2:15) a call to priestly and keep” the garden (Genesis 2:15) a call to priestly sacrifice in the garden sanctuary.sacrifice in the garden sanctuary.

Adam is God’s royal firstborn son, the high priest of Adam is God’s royal firstborn son, the high priest of humanity.humanity.

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Genesis speaks of 3 important lessons and Genesis speaks of 3 important lessons and why salvation is needed. something must why salvation is needed. something must have gone wrong with God’s creation to the have gone wrong with God’s creation to the extent that the whole human race needs to extent that the whole human race needs to be redeemed. be redeemed.

To understand this salvation history we need To understand this salvation history we need to go back to the last 3 chapters of Genesis.to go back to the last 3 chapters of Genesis.

Conclusion : We see a God who is closely Conclusion : We see a God who is closely linked with His creation. God is one with linked with His creation. God is one with creation.creation.

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Temptation and Fall : Temptation and Fall : Making Sense of the StoryMaking Sense of the Story

Man fall into sin is a very puzzling thing. The Catechism Man fall into sin is a very puzzling thing. The Catechism gives us three important things to remember when gives us three important things to remember when examining man’s temptation and fall (1) “The account of examining man’s temptation and fall (1) “The account of the fall in Genesis 3 uses figurative language, (2) but the fall in Genesis 3 uses figurative language, (2) but (the account) affirms a primeval event, a deed that took (the account) affirms a primeval event, a deed that took place at the beginning of the history of man (Cf. GS place at the beginning of the history of man (Cf. GS 13&1) 13&1)

(3) “revelation gives us the certainty of faith that the (3) “revelation gives us the certainty of faith that the whole of human history is marked by the original fault whole of human history is marked by the original fault freely committed by lour first parents (Cf. Council of freely committed by lour first parents (Cf. Council of Trent).Trent).

Through the account in Genesis 3 is written more like Through the account in Genesis 3 is written more like poetry than journalism, it affirms an actual event – the poetry than journalism, it affirms an actual event – the “original fault” of Adam and Eve – that forever marks “original fault” of Adam and Eve – that forever marks human history human history

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The TestThe Test God’s Harmony Is Broken By Human ChoiceGod’s Harmony Is Broken By Human Choice We’ve all seen Bible story images of a long, We’ve all seen Bible story images of a long,

thin snake slitheringthin snake slithering around a tree. It is important to note however, around a tree. It is important to note however,

that the Hebrew word for serpent is nahash , that the Hebrew word for serpent is nahash , which is a much more dangerous animal than which is a much more dangerous animal than the garden-variety snake. Nahash refers to an the garden-variety snake. Nahash refers to an extremely deadly and dangerous creature extremely deadly and dangerous creature ( Numbers 21:6-9, Isaiah 27:1) Revelation ( Numbers 21:6-9, Isaiah 27:1) Revelation 12:3,9) Once we see the nature of the serpent 12:3,9) Once we see the nature of the serpent that confronts Adam and Eve, we see the that confronts Adam and Eve, we see the serious challenge and grave threat Adam faces serious challenge and grave threat Adam faces in guarding the garden and his wife (CCC395).in guarding the garden and his wife (CCC395).

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Reaching OutReaching Out God shows mercy to Adam and Eve. He covers God shows mercy to Adam and Eve. He covers

their nakedness by making them garments their nakedness by making them garments out of animal skins, thus making the first out of animal skins, thus making the first sacrifice of animals to cover the shame of his sacrifice of animals to cover the shame of his children.children.

God does not give up on his fallen son and God does not give up on his fallen son and daughter, however. He promises a Redeemer daughter, however. He promises a Redeemer who will save His children, who will set right who will save His children, who will set right the wrong of Adam and Eve. The early Church the wrong of Adam and Eve. The early Church fathers understood this promise as the “first fathers understood this promise as the “first gospel” (Protoevangelium) (CCC,410)gospel” (Protoevangelium) (CCC,410)

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What are they?What are they? As a son will Adam trust God as Father As a son will Adam trust God as Father

enough to obey?enough to obey? As king will Adam exercise dominion As king will Adam exercise dominion

over the beasts and drive the Serpent over the beasts and drive the Serpent out of the garden?out of the garden?

As husband, will Adam protect his bride?As husband, will Adam protect his bride? As priest will Adam – if need be- offer his As priest will Adam – if need be- offer his

life in a sacrifice of love and obedience?life in a sacrifice of love and obedience?

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Questions For Reflection Questions For Reflection What are some practical ways I can What are some practical ways I can

draw strength from God to resist draw strength from God to resist temptation and avoid sin?temptation and avoid sin?

How can I grow in an attitude of How can I grow in an attitude of repentance when I commit sins?repentance when I commit sins?

Have I tried to “hide”from God? Have I tried to “hide”from God? Have I refused to acknowledge my Have I refused to acknowledge my need for his mercy?need for his mercy?

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The New Adam in the The New Adam in the GardenGarden The work of salvation is not complete with Jesus’ The work of salvation is not complete with Jesus’

death for our sins. We are saved by the cross and death for our sins. We are saved by the cross and the Resurrection. “Jesus our Lord…was put to the Resurrection. “Jesus our Lord…was put to death for our trespasses and raised for our death for our trespasses and raised for our justification (Romans 4:24-25). Without the justification (Romans 4:24-25). Without the Resurrection we could not be saved.Resurrection we could not be saved.

On Easter Sunday Jesus rises from the dead and On Easter Sunday Jesus rises from the dead and appears in the garden (John 20:15)appears in the garden (John 20:15)

Because of their sin man and woman were Because of their sin man and woman were banished from the garden. On Easter Sunday Jesus banished from the garden. On Easter Sunday Jesus restores humanity, announcing the new creation in restores humanity, announcing the new creation in a garden.a garden.

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The Covenant with NoahThe Covenant with Noah

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The Covenant with NoahThe Covenant with Noah Noah and a renewed CreationNoah and a renewed Creation Adam’s Family DividedAdam’s Family Divided Cain and the Wicked LineCain and the Wicked Line Seth and the Righteous LineSeth and the Righteous Line Saved through WaterSaved through Water Genesis 6:5Genesis 6:5 Genesis 6:11,12Genesis 6:11,12 Genesis 6:9Genesis 6:9

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A New Creation, The Hebrew word for A New Creation, The Hebrew word for covenant, berith (beh-reet) is first used in covenant, berith (beh-reet) is first used in Genesis 6:18; “I will establish my covenant Genesis 6:18; “I will establish my covenant with you and you shall come into the ark, you, with you and you shall come into the ark, you, your sons, your wife, and your sons’ wives your sons, your wife, and your sons’ wives with you”with you”

He is promising to renew the covenant of He is promising to renew the covenant of Creation. He wants to renew his covenant Creation. He wants to renew his covenant with Noah’s household.with Noah’s household.

There are several significant parallels There are several significant parallels between the flood narrative (Genesis 6-8) and between the flood narrative (Genesis 6-8) and the Creation account (Genesis 1-2).the Creation account (Genesis 1-2).

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In both narratives a new world In both narratives a new world emerges from the waters of “the emerges from the waters of “the deep” (Gen 1:2;7:11). The number deep” (Gen 1:2;7:11). The number seven recurs in both accounts.seven recurs in both accounts.

Gen 7:10Gen 7:10 Gen 8:4Gen 8:4 Gen 8:10-12Gen 8:10-12 Gen 7:2Gen 7:2

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Noah’s name means “rest” Noah’s name means “rest” or “relief” (Gen 5:29)or “relief” (Gen 5:29)

The Sabbath is the sign of God’s covenant The Sabbath is the sign of God’s covenant with creation, the rainbow becomes the with creation, the rainbow becomes the sign of God’s renewed covenant with sign of God’s renewed covenant with creation.creation.

The Tower of BabelThe Tower of Babel

Though sin shatters the human race into Though sin shatters the human race into separate peoples. God extends his separate peoples. God extends his providential care to the nations. He providential care to the nations. He extends his covenant with Noah to “all extends his covenant with Noah to “all flesh that is upon the earth” (Gen 9:17). flesh that is upon the earth” (Gen 9:17).

““The covenant with Noah remains in The covenant with Noah remains in force during the times of the Gentiles, force during the times of the Gentiles, until the universal proclamation of the until the universal proclamation of the Gospel (Gen 9:13, Luke 21:24 (CCC, 58)Gospel (Gen 9:13, Luke 21:24 (CCC, 58)

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A Flood of ComparisonA Flood of Comparison The covenant with Noah points us to The covenant with Noah points us to

the Sacrament of Baptism ( 1 peter the Sacrament of Baptism ( 1 peter 3:20-21) 3:20-21)

The flood is a type of baptismThe flood is a type of baptism

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SummarySummary

The author of Genesis linked Adam The author of Genesis linked Adam and Eve to Noah, Abraham and the and Eve to Noah, Abraham and the rest of Salvation History.rest of Salvation History.

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The Abrahamitic The Abrahamitic covenantcovenant

It is bilateral: on the part of God, promises of a great It is bilateral: on the part of God, promises of a great posterity (Gen 12:2, 15:5), possession of Palestine (Gen posterity (Gen 12:2, 15:5), possession of Palestine (Gen 12:7, 15:7, 18) extraordinary blessings on the patriarchs 12:7, 15:7, 18) extraordinary blessings on the patriarchs and through them on all mankind (Gen 12:3, 15: 5-6) on and through them on all mankind (Gen 12:3, 15: 5-6) on the part of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob : the obligation of the part of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob : the obligation of serving God (Gen 17:7), moral integrity (Gen 17:1), 1819, serving God (Gen 17:7), moral integrity (Gen 17:1), 1819, 265) and faith in God’s promises (Gen 15:6, Rom 4:1-25)265) and faith in God’s promises (Gen 15:6, Rom 4:1-25)

It is a absolute, not conditionalIt is a absolute, not conditional Circumcision – external sign of those who enter the Circumcision – external sign of those who enter the

covenantcovenant There is , as in the Adamitic covenant, familiarity There is , as in the Adamitic covenant, familiarity

between man and God (Gen18:17)between man and God (Gen18:17) To be noted that in this pact, made first with a single To be noted that in this pact, made first with a single

family, is extended to a nation at Sinai Exod 19-24) and family, is extended to a nation at Sinai Exod 19-24) and finally to all mankind through Christ and the New finally to all mankind through Christ and the New Testament.Testament.

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Abraham : Our Father in Abraham : Our Father in FaithFaith God’s covenant with Abraham and the connection God’s covenant with Abraham and the connection

between covenant blessing and trials for God’s between covenant blessing and trials for God’s faithful people in the example of Abraham.faithful people in the example of Abraham.

And God Blessed Them…And God Blessed Them… Gen 1; 22, 28, 2:3Gen 1; 22, 28, 2:3 Genesis shows how the blessing passes from father to Genesis shows how the blessing passes from father to

son.son. God extends his family even further.God extends his family even further. Noah was the father of the householdNoah was the father of the household Abraham is the head of an extended familyAbraham is the head of an extended family Adam triggered the covenant curses through his Adam triggered the covenant curses through his

disobedience; Abraham secures God’s blessings disobedience; Abraham secures God’s blessings through his righteousness.through his righteousness.

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In Genesis 12: 1-3 God promises In Genesis 12: 1-3 God promises Abram three things: Abram three things:

1) land and nationhood (12:1-2),1) land and nationhood (12:1-2), 2) a dynastic kingdom (12:2)2) a dynastic kingdom (12:2) 3) worldwide family (12:3)3) worldwide family (12:3)

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Abraham Responds in Abraham Responds in Faith Faith

Abraham’s life reveals that the road to Abraham’s life reveals that the road to blessing is paved with trials and blessing is paved with trials and temptations.temptations.

Gen 12:10Gen 12:10 Gen12:10-20; 20Gen12:10-20; 20 Genesis 15,16,17,18:16-19:29Genesis 15,16,17,18:16-19:29 Gen 22:1-19 Gen 22:1-19

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Three Promises Three Promises Strengthened by Three Strengthened by Three

OathsOaths The First Covenant Oath – Gen 15 The First Covenant Oath – Gen 15

Abram is still childlessAbram is still childless

God swears that Abram will be a God swears that Abram will be a father to innumerable descendents, father to innumerable descendents, who will be delivered from bondage who will be delivered from bondage and receive the Promised Land (Gen and receive the Promised Land (Gen 15:13-16).15:13-16).

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The Second covenant The Second covenant Oath Oath

At this point God renames Abram At this point God renames Abram “Abraham”, meaning “father of a multitude” “Abraham”, meaning “father of a multitude” (Gen 17:15) He also renames Sarai “Sarah” (Gen 17:15) He also renames Sarai “Sarah” meaning “great mother” (Gen 17:15)meaning “great mother” (Gen 17:15)

God swears another covenant oath to God swears another covenant oath to Abraham to give him a son through his wife Abraham to give him a son through his wife Sarah, Ishmael is not the chosen heir.Sarah, Ishmael is not the chosen heir.

This prefigures the covenant God will make This prefigures the covenant God will make with David to establish his kingdom in 2 with David to establish his kingdom in 2 Samuel 7:9.Samuel 7:9.

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The Third Covenant OathThe Third Covenant Oath

Abraham to sacrifice his son on a Abraham to sacrifice his son on a mount called Moriah (Gen 22:1-2)mount called Moriah (Gen 22:1-2)

For the third and final time, God For the third and final time, God renews His covenant with Abraham renews His covenant with Abraham and He swears to bless all of the and He swears to bless all of the nations through the seed of nations through the seed of Abraham (Gen 22:11-18)Abraham (Gen 22:11-18)

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Three OathsThree Oaths

These three covenant oaths will be These three covenant oaths will be fulfilled by the Exodus and the fulfilled by the Exodus and the Mosaic covenant, the kingdom and Mosaic covenant, the kingdom and the Dravidic covenant, and Jesus the Dravidic covenant, and Jesus Christ and the new covenant.Christ and the new covenant.

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The Obedience of Abraham The Obedience of Abraham and Isaacand Isaac

Mount Moriah the place where Abraham offers Mount Moriah the place where Abraham offers Isaac, is part of a chain of mountains outside Isaac, is part of a chain of mountains outside Jerusalem.Jerusalem.

2 Chronicles 3:1 2 Chronicles 3:1 There the people of Israel offer their sacrifices There the people of Israel offer their sacrifices

– in effect reminding God of his covenantal – in effect reminding God of his covenantal promise to Abraham – until the need for these promise to Abraham – until the need for these sacrifices ends when Christ comes as the true sacrifices ends when Christ comes as the true Lamb of God. Indeed, Calvary-the place where Lamb of God. Indeed, Calvary-the place where Jesus is crucified – is one of the peaks of Jesus is crucified – is one of the peaks of Moriah.Moriah.

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The Sinaitic covenant The Sinaitic covenant (Moses and the (Moses and the

Israelites)Israelites) In Egypt the descendents of the patriarchs increase to In Egypt the descendents of the patriarchs increase to such an extent that for political reasons they are such an extent that for political reasons they are enslaved by the Paraohs. When in God’s providential enslaved by the Paraohs. When in God’s providential design they have been oppressed and enslaved to the design they have been oppressed and enslaved to the point where they typify as a people a sinfully enslaved point where they typify as a people a sinfully enslaved condition of all mankind, God raises up Moses and condition of all mankind, God raises up Moses and commands him to bring His people out of bondage and commands him to bring His people out of bondage and lead them to Sinai.lead them to Sinai.

On Sinai God fulfills His promise to Abraham ( Gen 12:3) On Sinai God fulfills His promise to Abraham ( Gen 12:3) extending His covenant to the Israelite people, extending His covenant to the Israelite people, amplifying laws and obligations, taking the Israelites to amplifying laws and obligations, taking the Israelites to Himself as His covenanted nation (Exod 19-24) greatest Himself as His covenanted nation (Exod 19-24) greatest promise them His blessing, protection, prosperity and promise them His blessing, protection, prosperity and peace. His greatest promise is one of intimate peace. His greatest promise is one of intimate familiarity. familiarity.

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The call of MosesThe call of Moses Exodus 2:1-10Exodus 2:1-10 Exodus 2:11-25Exodus 2:11-25 Exodus 3:2,6-8Exodus 3:2,6-8 Exodus 3:18-20Exodus 3:18-20 Deliverance From EgyptDeliverance From Egypt Exo 8:25-27Exo 8:25-27 Exo 7:14-25Exo 7:14-25 Exo 9:1-7Exo 9:1-7 Exo 10:21-23Exo 10:21-23 Exo 11:4-9Exo 11:4-9 Exo 12:1-27Exo 12:1-27 Exo 12:5-11Exo 12:5-11 Exo 12:13Exo 12:13 The death of his firstborn son is the event that finally The death of his firstborn son is the event that finally

breaks Pharaoh (Ex 12:30-32)breaks Pharaoh (Ex 12:30-32)

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The First Covenant With The First Covenant With IsraelIsrael

The Lord brings his people to Mount The Lord brings his people to Mount Sinai. Here he declares they are a Sinai. Here he declares they are a “kingdom of priests and a holy nation” “kingdom of priests and a holy nation” (Exo19:6)(Exo19:6)

Ten Commandments (Exo 20:1-Ten Commandments (Exo 20:1-17,32:16)17,32:16)

He gives them civil laws telling them He gives them civil laws telling them how to deal with certain criminal how to deal with certain criminal actions (Ex 21-23)actions (Ex 21-23)

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God’s Second Covenant God’s Second Covenant With Israel With Israel

Exo 32:1-6Exo 32:1-6 In worshipping the golden calf, Israel succumbs In worshipping the golden calf, Israel succumbs

to three major temptations: ,money, sex and to three major temptations: ,money, sex and power.power.

When Israel breaks the covenant, the nation When Israel breaks the covenant, the nation deserves the covenant curse of death (Exo 32:7, deserves the covenant curse of death (Exo 32:7, 3:10,5:1,6:7)3:10,5:1,6:7)

Exo 32:10Exo 32:10 Moses comes down from the mountain and upon Moses comes down from the mountain and upon

seeing the idolatry of Israel, smashes the tablets seeing the idolatry of Israel, smashes the tablets of the ten Commandments (Exo 32:15-19)of the ten Commandments (Exo 32:15-19)

Exo 32:26-28Exo 32:26-28

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Jesus as the New MosesJesus as the New Moses

The Covenant with DavidThe Covenant with David

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David’s Rise to PowerDavid’s Rise to Power 1 Samuel 13:141 Samuel 13:14 Samuel 16:11-13Samuel 16:11-13 David can’t build a house for the Lord.David can’t build a house for the Lord. Three levels of meaning of house (bayith)Three levels of meaning of house (bayith) family: God gives Davidfamily: God gives David dynasty: God promises David that a royal heir dynasty: God promises David that a royal heir

will reign on the throne of the kingdom foreverwill reign on the throne of the kingdom forever temple: God will allow David’s son Solomon to temple: God will allow David’s son Solomon to

build the temple, the house of God (2 Samuel build the temple, the house of God (2 Samuel 7:13)7:13)

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David as liturgical LeaderDavid as liturgical Leader God’s family has expanded from a God’s family has expanded from a

marriage (Adam), to a household marriage (Adam), to a household (Noah), to a tribe (Abraham), to a (Noah), to a tribe (Abraham), to a nation (Moses) and finally now to a nation (Moses) and finally now to a kingdom (David)kingdom (David)

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Jesus as the New David Jesus as the New David Compare the key Davidic covenant text with the angel Compare the key Davidic covenant text with the angel

Gabriel’s description of Jesus to Mary at the Gabriel’s description of Jesus to Mary at the Annunciation.Annunciation.

2 Samuel 7:8-17 Luke 1:32-332 Samuel 7:8-17 Luke 1:32-33‘‘a great name” (9) “He will be a great name” (9) “He will be

great”great”““he shall be my son (14) Will be called son of the Most he shall be my son (14) Will be called son of the Most

High”High”““your throne shall be established” “God will give to him your throne shall be established” “God will give to him

the the throne of His Father throne of His Father

David”David”““forever” (16) “reign…forever”forever” (16) “reign…forever”

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Primary Features of the Primary Features of the Davidic CovenantDavidic Covenant

The Davidic kingdom is internationalThe Davidic kingdom is international 1 Chronicles 11;1-121 Chronicles 11;1-12 1 Kings 5:1-121 Kings 5:1-12 The Davidic kingdom is located in The Davidic kingdom is located in

JerusalemJerusalem

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The ‘new covenant’The ‘new covenant’ Jeremiah 31:31-34Jeremiah 31:31-34 v. 31 ‘Behold, the days are coming, declares v. 31 ‘Behold, the days are coming, declares

the Lord, ‘when I will make a new covenant the Lord, ‘when I will make a new covenant with the house of Israel and with the house with the house of Israel and with the house of Judah.of Judah.

v.32a Specifically, I will not make it like the v.32a Specifically, I will not make it like the covenant which I made with their fathers…covenant which I made with their fathers…

v. 32b since they broke this covenant of minev. 32b since they broke this covenant of mine v.32c even though I was a husband to them, v.32c even though I was a husband to them,

declares the Lord declares the Lord

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v.33a The reason the new covenant will be v.33a The reason the new covenant will be different in this regard is that this is the different in this regard is that this is the covenant which I will make with the house of covenant which I will make with the house of Israel after those days, declares the Lord, ‘I will Israel after those days, declares the Lord, ‘I will put my Law within them, and I will write it on put my Law within them, and I will write it on their heart.their heart.

v.33b the result of this new covenant will be v.33b the result of this new covenant will be that I will be their God, and they shall be my that I will be their God, and they shall be my people.people.

v.34a the ultimate consequence of this new v.34a the ultimate consequence of this new covenant relationship in which I am their God covenant relationship in which I am their God and they are my people is that they shall not and they are my people is that they shall not teach again each man his neighbor and each teach again each man his neighbor and each man his brother saying, “Know the Lord,”man his brother saying, “Know the Lord,”

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v.34b because they shall all know v.34b because they shall all know me, from the least of them to the me, from the least of them to the greatest of them, declares the Lord.greatest of them, declares the Lord.

v. 34c The basis for all of this is that v. 34c The basis for all of this is that I will forgive their iniquity an I will I will forgive their iniquity an I will remember their sin no more.remember their sin no more.

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Moses demonstrated that Moses demonstrated that the Sinai covenant had the Sinai covenant had been broken from the been broken from the beginning (Exo 32:19)beginning (Exo 32:19)

She remained ‘stiff-necked’ (exo She remained ‘stiff-necked’ (exo 32:9, 33:3,5,34:9, deut 29:4)32:9, 33:3,5,34:9, deut 29:4)

An ‘uncircumcised heart’ (Deut 10:6, An ‘uncircumcised heart’ (Deut 10:6, Jer 4:4, 9:25-26, Acts 7:51, Eze 20)Jer 4:4, 9:25-26, Acts 7:51, Eze 20)

The history of Israel as a people The history of Israel as a people under the Sinai covenant was under the Sinai covenant was consequently marked by consequently marked by faithlessness.faithlessness.

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For, as Jeremiah declares,For, as Jeremiah declares, From the day that your fathers came From the day that your fathers came

out of the land of Egypt to thus day, I out of the land of Egypt to thus day, I have persistently sent all my servants have persistently sent all my servants the prophets to them, day after day. the prophets to them, day after day. Yet they did not listen to me or Yet they did not listen to me or incline their ear, but stiffened their incline their ear, but stiffened their neck. They did worse than their neck. They did worse than their fathers (Jer 7:25-26)fathers (Jer 7:25-26)

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Jeremiah 31:31-34 thus looks to a Jeremiah 31:31-34 thus looks to a future in which Israel’s present state future in which Israel’s present state of rebellion and ‘stubbornness’ will of rebellion and ‘stubbornness’ will no longer undermine her covenantal no longer undermine her covenantal relationship with God.relationship with God.

Jesus : Jesus : Fulfillment of the Fulfillment of the

Promises Promises 1)The New Adam in the garden1)The New Adam in the garden 2)The Son of Abraham2)The Son of Abraham 3)The Son of David3)The Son of David

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Paul: an apostle of the new Paul: an apostle of the new covenantcovenant

……he understands himself to be he understands himself to be ‘a ,minister of a new covenant’ (2 Cor 3:6. ‘a ,minister of a new covenant’ (2 Cor 3:6. 1 Cor 11:23-26)1 Cor 11:23-26)

If Moses is the ‘law-giver’ who mediates If Moses is the ‘law-giver’ who mediates the Sinai covenant as a result of the the Sinai covenant as a result of the exodus, Paul is the “Spirit-giver’ who exodus, Paul is the “Spirit-giver’ who mediates the new covenant as a result of mediates the new covenant as a result of the ‘second exodus’ that has come about the ‘second exodus’ that has come about through Christ. Like Moses, Paul is called through Christ. Like Moses, Paul is called to be a mediator between God and his to be a mediator between God and his people. people.

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THE ENDTHE END