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WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK FOR MONITORING SWIFTS
HABITAT/ BIRDNEST
Kee Mee Lee
Bachelor of Engineering with Honors
(Electronic & Computer Engineering)
2009
Borang Penyerahan Tesis
Universiti Malaysia Sarawak
R13a
BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS TESIS
Judul : WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK FOR MONITORING SWIFTS HABITAT/ BIRDNEST
SESI PENGAJIAN: 2008/2009
Saya KEE MEE LEE
(HURUF BESAR)
mengaku membenarkan tesis * ini disimpan di Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut:
1. Tesis ini adalah milik Universiti Malaysia Sarawak. 2. Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dibenarkan membuat salinan
untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja. 3. Membuat pendigitan untuk membangunkan Pangkalan Data Kandungan Tempatan. 4. Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dibenarkan membuat salinan
tesis ini sebagai bahan pertukaran antara institusi pengajian tinggi. 5. ** Sila tanda (�) do mana kotak yang berkenaan.
SULIT (Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau kepentingan Malaysia seprti yang termaktub di dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972).
TERHAD (Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang telah ditentukan oleh organisasi/ badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan).
TIDAK TERHAD
Disahkan oleh
( TANDATANGAN PENULIS) (TANDATANGAN PENYELIA)
Alamat tetap: LOT 280 TAMAN BUMIKO
98000 MIRI, SARAWAK Dr. Al-Khalid bin Haji Othman Nama Penyelia . Tarikh: 06 APRIL 2009 Tarikh: 06 APRIL 2009
CATATAN * Tesis dimaksudkan sebagai tesis bagi Ijazah Doktor Falsafah, Sarjana da Sarjana Muda.
** Jika tesis ini SULIT atau TERHAD, sila lampirkan surat daripada pihak berkuasa/organisasi berkenaan dengan menyertakan sekali tempoh laporan. Ini perlu dikelaskan sebagai Sulit atau TERHAD.
����
PERAKUAN TESIS TERHAD
Adalah dengan ini diperakukan bahawa tesis ini mengandungi beberapa maklumat
yang mungkin bernilai komersil dan maka dengan itu, pengedarannya adalah
TERHAD. Mana-mana individu atau pihak yang berminat untuk mengkomersilkan
projek ini mestilah terlebih dahulu mendapatkan persetujuan dan kelulusan bertulis
dari penulis dan penyelaras projek ini. Tindakan undang-undang akan diambil
terhadap mana-mana individu atau pihak yang melanggar peraturan tersebut di atas.
Tempoh klasifikasi TERHAD tesis ini adalah berkuatkuasa selama 24 bulan bermula
dari 06 APRIL 2009.
LIMITED THESIS CERTIFICATION
It is hereby certified that this thesis contains some information that are potentially of
commercial value and therefore its circulation is classified as LIMITED. Any
individual or party interested to commercialize this project must firstly obtain a
written agreement from the author and the supervisor of this project. Legal action
will be taken against any individual or party for breaking the above requirement. The
period of the LIMITED classification will last for 24 months starting on 06 APRIL
2009.
This final year project 2 report,
Title : WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK FOR MONITORING
SWIFTS HABITAT/ BIRDNEST
Prepared by : KEE MEE LEE
Matric No. : 14262
is hereby read and approved by:
06 APRIL 2009
Dr. Al-Khalid bin Haji Othman Date
(Project Supervisor)
WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK FOR
MONITORING SWIFTS HABITAT/
BIRDNEST
KEE MEE LEE
This project is submitted to
Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Bachelor of Engineering with Honours
(Electronics and Computer)
2008
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Dedicated to my dearest Mom, Chris, Vina,
and Abok
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere thanks and gratitude to
my project supervisor, Dr. Al-Khalid bin Haji Othman for his precious counsel and
guidance throughout the project and my study in UNIMAS. I am greatly indebted to
him and this thesis is an acknowledgement of his tenacity and confidence in me.
This thesis would have been very different without the help of my brother and
my friend Tan Kheng Chok who had given me useful suggestions and
recommendations during project planning which were very helpful in improving my
thesis. Thanks for their encouragement and support.
I would also like to thank the engineers from National Instrument and
Crossbow Technology support team, my course mate Kuan Yee Chiang and my
friend David Foh for having assistive discussion with me throughout the project
accomplishment. Their valuable tips and advices are very much appreciated.
Finally, I would like to extend my gratitude to electronics laboratory
technicians En. Azizan, En.Yusmizan and En. Kamri for granting me crucial excess
to the instruments and components in the Wireless Sensor Network Laboratory.
Their friendliness and invaluable help is really appreciated.
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ABSTRACT
Swift farms that resemble the natural habitat of cave for swifts breeding have
been designed and growing very fast in Malaysia. The swiftlet farming industry has
the potential to grow into a multi-million ringgit industry due to the industry’s
relatively profitable risk-return profile as well as a continuously growing demand for
edible birds nests by wealthy overseas countries. There is also a discernable world-
wide trend pursued by international as well as home grown pharmaceutical and
herbal products companies in using edible birds’ nests as base materials for
producing natural and organic health supplement products for local and overseas
consumption. It is known that the ideal temperature for swifts breeding is between
27°C to 29°C. However, a real-time monitoring system has never been designed for a
swift habitat. Temperature and humidity of the farms can only be monitored
manually by entering the farms once in every four to six weeks. There has yet to be a
monitoring system to monitor the essential natural requirements of a swiftlet farm
which are the temperature, humidity and the light density being developed. There is
also no remote controlling system for all the equipments in the swift farm. The
equipments can only be turned on and off with a timer control or manually. With
research and investigation of the technology of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), this
thesis suggests a solution to the problem. To fulfill the hardware design for this
project, a sensor node (MTS400), IRIS and Micaz radio transceivers and a USB
interfaced gateway base station of Crossbow (Xbow) Technology WSN were
employed. The Graphical User Interface (GUI) of this project is written in Laboratory
Virtual Instrumentation Engineering Workbench (LabVIEW) along with Xbow
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Technology drivers provided by National Instrument. As a result, this monitoring
system is able to read temperature and humidity data, present data read in both tables
and waveform charts, display warning on the GUI and send a notification email
whenever the temperature reading is out of spec, save all the monitoring data into a
database, email the monitoring data to the system operator and owner, and the system
can be remote accessed and controlled from anywhere through the internet using
LogMeIn software. Finally, this research draws a conclusion that a WSN Monitoring
System for Swift Habitat as a tool that enable the enhancement to the current swift
farming industry in Sarawak had been successfully developed.
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ABSTRAK
Ladang-ladang yang menyerupai habitat semulajadi gua untuk burung walid
telah direka bentuk dan semakin meningkat di Malaysia. Industri penternakan burung
walid mempunyai potensi untuk menjadi satu industri berjuta-juta ringgit yang amat
menguntungkan risiko akibat permintaan yang meningkat secara berterusan untuk
sarang burung oleh negara asing yang kaya. Terdapat juga satu trend yang dikejar di
seluruh dunia oleh farmaseutikal antarabangsa dan syarikat-syarikat produk herba
dalam menggunakan sarang burung sebagai bahan-bahan asas untuk mengeluarkan
produk makanan tambahan kesihatan organik untuk penggunaan tempatan dan luar
negara. Suhu antara 27°C untuk 29°C adalah paling sesuai untuk pembiakan burung
walid. Bagaimanapun, tiada sistem pemantaun pernah direka bentuk. Suhu dan
kelembapan bagi ladang-ladang hanya dapat dipantau secara manual dengan
memasuki ladang-ladang dalam setiap empat atau enam minggu. Masih belum wujud
satu sistem pemantauan untuk memantau sifat-sifat semula jadi bagi satu ladang
burung walid iaitu suhu, kelembapan dan ketumpatan cahaya. Sistem kawalan jauh
bagi semua peralatan-peralatan dalam ladang burung walid juga belum wujud.
Peralatan hanya boleh dikawal dengan menggunakan satu kawalan penentu masa atau
secara manual. Dengan pengajian teknologi Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), tesis
ini mencadangkan satu penyelesaian kepada masalah itu. Untuk memenuhi reka
bentuk perkakasan projek ini, satu buku penderia (MTS400), radio transceiver IRIS
dan Micaz dan satu stesen pangkal get laluan USB sebagai ruang hubung kait
Crossbow (Xbow) Teknologi WSN telah digunakan. Antara Muka Pengguna Grafik
(GUI) projek ini ditulis dengan menggunakan Laboratory Virtual Instrumentation
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Engineering Workbench (LabVIEW) dan juga pemandu-pemandu Xbow Technology
yang disediakan oleh National Instrument. Hasilnya, sistem pengawasan ini berupaya
membaca suhu dan kelembapan, memaparkan data dalam meja-meja dan carta-carta
gelombang, menunjukkan amaran pada GUI dan menghantar pemberitahuan emel
apabila bacaan suhu di luar spekulasi, menyimpan data pemantauan ke sebuah
pangkalan data, emel data pemantauan kepada pengendali sistem dan pemilik, dan
sistem tersebut boleh dicapai dan dikawal dari mana-mana saja melalui internet
menggunakan perisian LogMeIn. Akhirnya, penyelidikan ini menyimpulkan bahawa
sebuah sistem pemantauan WSN untuk habitat burung walid yang boleh digunakan
sebagai satu alat untuk peningkatan industri pertanian di Sarawak telah direkacipta
dengan jayanya.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONTENTS PAGE
Acknowledgement
Abstract
Abstrak
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Figures
Abbreviation
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Statement of Problems
1.3 A Solution: Wireless Sensor Network Monitoring System
1.4 Objectives
1.5 Benefits on Project Application
1.6 Thesis Structure
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Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Swiftlet Farming
2.3 Wireless Sensor Network (WSN)
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2.4 A Solution: Wireless Sensor Network Monitoring System
2.5 Wireless Sensor Network Protocols
2.5.1 Wireless Sensor Network with Single Sink
2.5.2 Wireless Sensor Network with Multiple Sink
2.5.3 Wireless Sensor Network with Actuator
2.5.4 Wireless Sensor Network with Heterogeneous Nodes
2.5.5 Wireless Sensor Network with Multiple Gateways
2.5.6 Wireless Sensor Network with Mobile Gateways
2.5.7 Wireless Sensor Network with Mobile Nodes and
Mobile Gateways
2.6 Wireless Sensor Network Technology
2.7 IEEE 802.11x
2.7.1 IEEE 802.11—Layer 1: Overview
2.7.1.1 Independent Basic Service Set Networks
(IBSS)
2.7.1.2 Distribution System Concepts (DSC)
2.7.1.3 Extended Service Set (ESS) Networks
2.7.1.4 Integration of Wired and Wireless LANs
2.7.2 IEEE 802.11 Services—Layer 2: Overview
2.7.2.1 IEEE 802.11 MAC Layer Operations
2.8 IEEE 802.15.4
2.8.1 IEEE 802.15.4 Physical Layer
2.8.2 IEEE 802.15.4 Piconets
2.9 Summary
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Chapter 3 DESIGN METHODOLOGY AND SYSTEM
DEVELOPMENT
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Design Methodology
3.3 Development Architecture
3.4 Methods Applied
3.5 Summary
Chapter 4 WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK MONITORING
SYSTEM: HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE
DEVELOPMENT
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Hardware Development
4.2.1 Environmental Sensor Board
4.2.2 Data Acquisition Board
4.2.3 Processor/Radio Board
4.2.3.1 Radio Communication
4.2.3.2 Radio RF Channel Selection
4.2.3.3 Radio Transmission Power
4.2.3.4 Antennas Design
4.2.3.5 The Use of Flash Data Logger and Serial ID
Chip
4.2.3.6 ATmega1281 Fuses
4.2.4 USB Interface Board
4.2.4.1 In-System Processor (ISP)
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4.2.4.2 Mote Programming Using the MIB520
4.2.4.3 MIB520 Use: Install Future Technology
Devices International USB Virtual COM Port
Drivers
4.2.4.4 Reset
4.2.4.5 JTAG
4.2.4.6 Power
4.2.4.7 USB Interface
4.2.4.8 51-Pin Mote Connector Interface
4.2.5 PC Parallel Port Interface for Controlling System
4.3 Software Development
4.3.1 Mote Tier
4.3.1.1 Mote Configuration
4.3.2 Server Tier
4.3.3 Client Tier
4.3.3.1 Virtual Instrument Software Architecture
(VISA)
4.3.3.2 Future Technology Devices International
Combined Driver Model (FTDI CDM)
4.4 Monitoring Software Design
4.4.1 Email Block Design
4.5 Controlling Software Design
4.6 Remote Access Software: LogMeIn
4.7 Summary
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Chapter 5 RESULTS, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSIONS
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Overall Hardware Design Outcome
5.3 Monitoring System GUI Design Outcome
5.4 Controlling System GUI Design Outcome
5.5 Remote Access with LogMeIn Outcome
5.6 Summary
Chapter 6 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
6.1 Conclusions
6.2 Recommendations
REFERENCE
APPENDIX A MTS400
APPENDIX B MDA300
APPENDIX C IRIS (XM2110)
APPENDIX D ATmega 1281 Fuses
APPENDIX E MIB520 USB Interface
APPENDIX F MIB520 51-Pin Mote Connector Interface
APPENDIX G The Installation Instruction for FTDI CDM
APPENDIX H Poster for Engineering Expo 2009
APPENDIX I Article on Sin Chew Daily News
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LIST OF TABLES
TABLES PAGE
Table 2.3 : Research Laboratories and Ongoing Research Project
Related to Wireless Sensor Network
Table 2.6 : Comparison of Basic Wireless Sensor Network
Technology
Table 2.8 : IEEE 802.15.4 Frequency Bands and Data Transfer
Rates
Table 4.2 : Atmel® AT86RF230 Output Power Settings
Table 4.3 : Binary Output Written to Parallel Port
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LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURES PAGE
Figure 1.3 : Bird Nest Monitoring System Design
Figure 2.5 (a): Wireless Sensor Network with Single Sink
Figure 2.5 (b): Wireless Sensor Network with Multiple Sink
Figure 2.5 (c): Wireless Sensor Network with Actuator
Figure 2.5 (d): Wireless Sensor Network with Heterogeneous Nodes
Figure 2.5 (e): Wireless Sensor Network with Multiple Gateways
Figure 2.5 (f): Wireless Sensor Network with Mobile Gateways
Figure 2.5 (g): Wireless Sensor Network with Mobile Nodes and
Mobile Gateways
Figure 2.7 (a): A Typical Independent Basic Service Set Network
Figure 2.7 (b): A Typical Distributed System and Several Access
Points
Figure 2.7 (c): A Wireless LAN with a Connection to an IEEE
802.x Wired LAN
Figure 2.7 (d): Relationship of IEEE 802.xx Standards to OSI
Layers
Figure 2.7 (e): Logical Architecture of the IEEE 802.11 Standards
Figure 2.8 (a): IEEE 802.15.4 LR-WPAN Star Topology
Figure 2.8 (b): IEEE 802.15.4 Peer-to-Peer Topology
Figure 2.8 (c): IEEE 802.15.4 Cluster Tree Network Topology
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Figure 2.8 (d): IEEE 802.15.4 Super Frame Structure
Figure 2.8 (e): IEEE 802.15.4 Physical Protocol Data Unit
Figure 3.2 : Methodology Flow Chart
Figure 3.3 : System Architecture for Habitat Monitoring
Figure 4.2 (a): MTS400 Sensor Board
Figure 4.2 (b): MTS400 Sensors Schematic [27]
Figure 4.2 (c): Photo of the XM2110 —IRIS with Standard Antenna
Figure 4.2 (d): Block Diagram of the IRIS XM2110 [28]
Figure 4.2 (e): Illustration of an Antenna Option for the Motes
Using a Linx Antenna and Ground Plane [28]
Figure 4.2 (f): Atmel AT45DB041 [28]
Figure 4.2 (g): MIB520 Block Diagram
Figure 4.2 (h): Top View of an MIB520
Figure 4.2 (i): DB-25 Female Connector
Figure 4.3 (a): Software Framework for a Wireless Sensor Network
Figure 4.3 (b): XMesh Network Diagram
Figure 4.3 (c): XServe Block Diagram [31]
Figure 4.4 (a): Monitoring Software Flow Chart
Figure 4.4 (b) Monitoring Software Block Diagram Drawn in
LabView
Figure 4.4 (c): Email Block Design
Figure 4.5 (a): Controlling Software Flow Chart
Figure 4.5 (b): Controlling Software Block Diagram Drawn in
LabVIEW
Figure 5.2 : Overall Hardware Design Outcome
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Figure 5.3 (a): Monitoring GUI when Temperature is Above 29°C
Figure 5.3 (b): Notification Email Received when Temperature is
Above 29°C
Figure 5.3 (c): Monitoring GUI when Temperature is Below 27°C
Figure 5.3 (d): Notification Email Received when Temperature is
Below 27°C
Figure 5.3 (e): Email Sent with CC Recipient, Email Message and
Monitoring Data Attached
Figure 5.3 (f): Database with Monitoring Data
Figure 5.4 (a): Controlling GUI with Parallel Port Interface
Figure 5.4 (b): LED Indicator Connected to Parallel Port Output
Figure 5.5 (a): LogMeIn Remote Access Page
Figure 5.5 (b): Remote Accessing Base Station PC from Remote PC
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ABBREVIATION
ADC - Analog-to-Digital Converter
AP - Access Point
APs - Access Points
ARIB - Association of Radio Industries and Businesses
ASK - Amplitude Shift Keying
BPSK Binary phase-shift keying
BSS - Basic Service Set
CAP - Contention Access Period
CDM - Combined Driver Model
CSMA/CA - Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance
DS - Distribution System
DSC - Distributed System Concept
DSM - Distribution System Medium
DSSS - Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
ETSI - European Telecommunications Standards Institute
ESS - Extended Service Set Networks
FCC - Federal Communications Commission
FCS - Frame Check Sum
FFD - Full-Function Device
FHSS - Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
FTDI - Future Technology Device International
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GPS - Global Positioning System
GSM - Global System for Mobile -communication
GTS - Guaranteed Time Slots
GUI - Graphical User Interface
HDLC - High Level Data Link Control
I/O - Input/ Output
I2C - Inter-Integrated Circuit
IBM - International Business Machines
IBSS - Independent Basic Service Set
IC - Integrated Circuit
ID - Identifier
IEEE - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
IP - Internet Protocol
IR - Infrared
IRIS - Latest generation of Motes from Crossbow Technology
ISM - Industrial, Scientific and Medical
ISP - Internet Service Provider
ISP - In-System Processor
JTAG - Joint Test Action Group
LabVIEW - Laboratory Virtual Instrumentation Engineering Workbench
LANs - Local Area Networks
LED - Light Emitting Diode
LLC - Logical Link Control
LR-WPAN - Low Rate Wireless Personal Area Network
MAC - Media Access Control
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MANETs - Mobile Ad hoc Networks
MDA300 - Data Acquisition Board
MIB520 - USB Interface Board
MICA/MICAz - Motes from Crossbow Technology
MMCX - Micro-Miniature Coaxial
MSDUs - Medium Access Control Service Data Units
MTS400 - Sensor Board
NAT - Network Address Translation
NI - National Instuments
OEM - Original Equipment Manufacturer
OQPSK - Offset Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
OSI - Open Systems Interconnection
PAN - Personal Area Network
PC - Personal Computer
PDA - Personal Digital Assistant
PDN - Premises Distribution Networks
PDUs - Protocol Data Units
PPP - Point to Point Protocol
PSTN - Public Switched Telephone Network
QoS - Quality of Service
RFDs - Reduced-Function Devices
RH - Relative Humidity
RSSI - Received Signal Strength Indication
SAP - Service Access Point
SHT11 - Single-chip humidity and temperature multi sensor module