ASTRI Proprietary

Wireless IoT Technologies and

Applications

- Near Field Communication

Bryce Yau

Manager, IC Design

6 May 2016

ASTRI Proprietary

• IOT and NFC

• NFC Introduction

• NFC Standards

• NFC Chip Manufactures and Users

• NFC Device Architecture

• NFC Forum Test

• NFC in Mobile Payment

• Summary

Outline

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IOT and NFC

The Internet of Things (IOT)

Physical objects (such as: devices, vehicles, building...), they are embedded with electronics, software, sensor and with network connectivity to collect and exchange data.

Enabling Technologies

RFID, NFC, Optical tags, Bluetooth low energy, ZigBee, Z-Wave, LTE-Advanced, WiFi-Direct

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• NFC technology builds on Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) foundation.

• NFC forum, formed in 2004 by Nokia, Philips and Sony, promotes NFC and device compliance, 180+ members.

• Physical touch isn’t required to share information.

• Bringing two devices containing NFC chips together activates electromagnetic induction, similar to the way of proximity cards.

NFC – Introduction (1)

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• Devices exchange data over the unlicensed 13.56MHz radio spectrum, at the relatively slow data rate of up to 424Kbps.

• Distance less than 10cm and supports encryption.

• NFC forum defines three operation modes.

NFC – Introduction (2)

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NFC – History (1)

• 1983 The first patent to be

associated with the

abbreviation RFID was

granted to

Charles Walton

• 2000 ISO/IEC 14443-1

was published

• 2004 Nokia, Philips and Sony

established the

NFC Forum

"Portable radio frequency

emitting identifier"

U.S. Patent 4,384,288

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NFC – History (2)

• 2006 First NFC Phone

Nokia 6131

• 2010 First Android NFC Phone:

Samsung Nexus S

• 2011 First company for its devices

to be certified by MasterCard

Worldwide: RIM

• 2014 Apple Pay

Initial release, Oct 2014

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• Ease of use, security and versatility.

• It enables easy payments, information sharing, and data transfer.

• It can be easily integrated with public transit payment systems, retailers' POS, and healthcare systems.

NFC – Features

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NFC – Applications

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NFC Forum and ISO

NFC Forum

• Developing standards-based specifications

• Encouraging the development of products using NFC Forum specifications

• Educating the market globally about NFC technology

• Ensuring that products claiming NFC capabilities comply with NFC Forum specifications

ISO

Proximity, near field and vicinity standards

– ISO/IEC 14443 (proximity contactless cards)

• Included as a base standard in Digital Protocol and Analogue specifications

– ISO/IEC 18092 – NFCIP-1• Included as a base standard in Digital

Protocol and Analogue specifications

– ISO/IEC 15693 – Vicinity• Out of scope of NFC Forum work

– ISO/IEC 21481 – NFCIP-2• Specifies the communication mode

selection mechanism

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ISO/IEC Identification cards- Contactless integrated

circuit cards – Proximity cards

14443-1 (2000) Physical characteristics

14443-2 Radio Frequency power and signal interface

14443-3 Initialization and anticollision

14443-4 Transmission protocol

ISO/IEC Telecommunications and information exchange

between systems – Near Field Communication

18092 (2004) Near Field Communication Interface and Protocol (NFCIP-1)

NFC Standards (1)

ISO/IEC Identification cards- Contactless integrated

circuit cards – Vicinity cards

15693 (2000) Read: 70cm, Authenticate: 50cm, Write: 35cm(max distance:1.5m, out of NFC forum scope)

ISO/IEC Telecommunications and information exchange

between systems – Near Field Communication

21481 (2005) Near Field Communication Interface and Protocol -2 (NFCIP- 2)

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NFC Standards (2)

Reader to Card (PCD > PICC) Type A Type B

Frequency 13.56 MHz 13.56 MHz

Modulation 100% ASK 10% ASK

Bit coding Modified Miller NRZ

Data rate 106 kb/s 106 kb/s

Card to Reader (PICC > PCD)

Modulation Load Load

Bit coding OOK BPSK

Subcarrier 847kHz 847kHZ

Bit coding Manchester NRZ

Data rate 106 kb/s 106 kb/s

The ISO 14443 standard has two modes with the following

features:

PICC: Proximity inductive coupling card (card, tag)PCD: Proximity coupling device (reader, writer)

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NFC Standards (3)

ISO/IEC18092

Communication modes: Active, Passive

Operation modes: Read/Write, Peer-to-peer,

Card-Emulation

Mode Operation

Read/Write NFC enabled devices can read or write data to any of the supported types in a standard NFC data format.

Card-Emulation NFC-enabled devices can act as a reader when in contact with tags, also it can act as a tag (contactless card) for other readers (POS terminals)

Peer-to-Peer Two NFC-enabled devices can exchange data.

Read/Write: Proximity coupling device (PCD)Card-Emulation: Proximity inductive coupling card (PICC, card, tag)Peer-to-Peer: NFC devices

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NFC Standards (4)

ISO/IEC 21481 (NFCIP-2)

Near Field Communication Interface and

Protocol -2

• Specifies the communication mode selection mechanism, designed to not disturb any ongoing communication at 13,56 MHz, for devices implementing ISO/IEC 18092 and the reader functionality for integrated circuit cards compliant to ISO/IEC 14443 or ISO/IEC 15693.

• This International Standard requires implementations to enter the selected communication mode as specified in the respectivestandard.

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NXP (Mifare)

Infineon

Sony (Felica)

ISO 14443 A

ISO 14443 B

Rejected

NFC Forum

NFC-A

NFC-B

NFC-F

Same frequency: 13.56MHz

NFC Forum and ISO

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NFC Type A vs. Type B

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The NFC Forum Certification Mark- It is the industry-facing mark.

- It is used to indicate that a hardware device has

been certified compliant with NFC Forum

specifications.

- Use of the NFC Forum Certification Mark is granted

only to NFC Forum member companies that have

successfully completed certification

The NFC Forum N-Mark - It is the consumer facing trademark.

- Anyone can use, as long as the tag or device meets the

applicable NFC Forum technical specifications, as

described in the N-Mark Trademark License Agreement.

- Touchpoint for NFC tags and NFC-enabled devices.

- Indicator of NFC functionality in software.

NFC Forum – The Standardization Body of NFC

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• Short-range (~ 10 cm), 13.56 MHz secure contactless technology

• Standardized in ISO 18092, ECMA and ETSI

• Compatible with existing ISO 14443 contactless cards & reader infrastructure

• Reader and card mode possible in same device

• Device-device connectivity

• Data exchange rate up to 424kbit/sec

NFC Technology at a Glance

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NFC – Major Chip Suppliers

Ranks No. 1 in chips for eGovernment applications such as electronic passports, No. 1 in transport and access management, and is No. 1 in RFID tags and labels

NXP (Netherlands)

Shipped out NFC chip since 2010.

$47.5 million purchased UK based company in 2010, announced its first NFC chip in Sep 2011 (40nm SOC). Combo chip with WiFi, Bluetooth, FM and NFC in 2013.

First combo wireless chips incorporation NFC, Bluetooth, WiFi. 2012.

Though the end of 2011, was one of only two providers of NFC chips to handset makers.

A major supplier of processor chips for smartphones, announced its first NFC chip in 2013

The world’s largest supplier of processor chips to smartphone makers, has entered the NFC market, expects to begin shipping a standalone NFC chip in volume to device makers by the third quarter of 2013.

Chip to include WiFi and NFC, to be shipped out during first half of 2013. (Marvell holds up to 85% WiFi chip market)

Announced at Mobile World Congress (MWC) 2013 in Barcelona, Spain, Samsung-Visa alliance to boost NFC payments adoption

STMicroelectronics(Switzerland)

Broadcom (US)

TI (US)

Inside Secure (France)

MediaTek (Taiwan)

Qualcomm (US)

Marvell (US)

Samsung (Korea)

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Apple – NXP chip

Samsung – NXP chip

Sony Ericsson – NXP chip, STMicroeletronics

Huawei – NXP chip

Nokia – NXP chip (Symbian based phones)

Google Nexus S – NXP chip

Motorola – NXP chip

RIM BlackBerry – Inside Secure chip

ZTE 中興中興中興中興– Inside Secure chip

Intel – Inside Secure chip + others

Nintendo Wii U – Broadcom

NTT DoCoMo – Sony Felica Chip

Hong Kong Octopus – Sony Felica Chip

China Unicom – Shanghai Fudan Microelectronics

Shanghai Simcon – Shanghai Fudan

Microelectronics

Google wallet over 200,000 merchants across the

United States.

NFC – Chip Users (1)NFC embedded phone

2013: 138 models

2016: 376 models

Acer, Alcatel, Apple, Asus, BlackBerry, C-Mii, Casio, Fujitsu, Google, HTC, Huawei,Kuoziro, Lenovo, LG, Megafon, Mobiwire, Motorola, Nokia, Orange, Panasonic, Pantech, Samsung, Sharp, Sonim, Sony, Toughshield, Turkcell, Vertu, Xolo, ZTEO

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NFC – Chip Users (2)Biometric Passport / E-Passport / Identification Card

For identification system such as facial recognition, fingerprint recognition and iris recognition. With ISO/IEC14443 standard, minimum of 32KB EEPROM. The comparison of biometric features is performed outside the passport chip.

NFC insideSince 2004: USA, Pakistan, Dominican, Belgium

Over 55 countries are using.

Hong Kong: 2007 China: 201221

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NFC – In Hong Kong

1997Octopus Card

2008Hang Seng Bank Enjoy card

2010AutoTAXI (Service was stopped)

Hong Kong Monetary Authority

”We will conduct a study of the development of an

interoperable NFC mobile payment platform to cater to

the emergence of NFC-enabled smartphones” Sep 2012.

2016Apple Pay(American Express only)

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NFC Controller

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Capacitor C1 and C2 are the antenna matching components.

Block diagram of standard NFC antenna topology 1

NFC Antenna – Matching in Board Design

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NFC Antenna – Matching for Simulation

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Impedance response

NFC Antenna – Matching

Card antenna•81x49mm rectangular center tapped•Similar to the size of octopus card•ISO/IEC14443 class 1 •Inductance = 3.7uH•Self resonance frequency = 21MHz

Medium size antenna•50x40mm rectangular center tapped•ISO/IEC14443 class3•Inductance = 3.3uH•Self resonance frequency = 26MHz

Coin antenna •25mm circular center tapped•Similar to the size of Metro token•ISO/IEC14443 class 6•Inductance = 2.2uH•Self resonance frequency = 37MHz

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NFC Device Architecture

Host/BasebandController

NFCController

Secure Element

Antenna

Structure of a NFC device

Host-Controller• Application Execution Environment

(AEE) • Controls UI, Communication and

peripheral devices (Phone OS)

NFC-Controller• Contactless Front-end (CLF) • Converter between HF signal and digital

data

Secure Element• Trusted Execution Environment (TEE) • Secure environment to execute and store

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NFC Forum Certification Process

Test Tool

Vendor

Certification

Test Lab

Certification

Application

Certification

Administrator

NFC Forum

Validation

Third Party

Product submission

Test results report

Validation request

Test tool approval

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Test tool

submission

Validation

results

Too

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NFC Forum Certification Test

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Important RF tests

In active polling mode

• Carrier Frequency Accuracy• Power Level measurement• Waveform Characteristic measurement• Load modulation sensitivity• Threshold level test

In passive listening mode

• Load modulation measurement• Power reception test• Frame delay time

NFC Forum Test

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To ensure traceability and repeatability robot positioner is required

NFC Forum Test

Source: R&S NFC RF Measurements DUT Positioning

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Mobile Payment Growth Forecast

Juniper

Research

NFC payments to reach $95bn by 2018

The global value of NFC mobile and wearable payments is

expected to reach US$95bn annually by 2018, up from less than

$35bn last year

Juniper

Research

Mobile ticket purchases to hit 23bn by 2020

“With a number of transport agencies enhancing app capabilities

and integrating new payment services such as Apple Pay………”

the firm says.

MasterCard 38% of payments in Europe will be digital by 2020

co-operative Mobile payments will overtake cards and cash by 2025, says UK

retailer

Smart Insights Mobile wallet transactions to increase 61% by 2021

“The total mWallet revenue for the payments industry is

forecasted to experience a CAGR of 50% over the 2016-2021

period, surpassing the €1bn bar by 2021,” the firm adds.

NFC - Mobile Payment

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Source: Strategy Analytics

NFC - Mobile Payment

Strong global growth for NFC payments

2016: More than 100M people around the world will use an NFC handset to make a purchase.

December 2015: 3% was mobile payment(6 months after the launch of Apple Pay)

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NFC Technology Summary

Near Field Communication (NFC)• Communication technology

� Based on radio waves at 13.56 MHz frequency Short range (<= 10 cm theoretical, 1-4 cm typical)

� Low speed (106 / 212 / 424 kbps) => 13-50KBytes per sec � Low friction setup (no discovery, no pairing) � Setup-time < 0.1 Sec

• Communication roles

� Master Device: NFC Initiator (starts communication, typically a device)

� Slave Device: NFC Target (passive tag or device)

• Standardization

� NFC Forum (founded 2004 by NXP, Sony, Nokia) � 180+ members � Definition of standards (ISO14443,18092, 21481)

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End of PresentationThank you. Questions are welcome.

Corporate website: www.astri.org

Contact: Bryce Yaubryceyau@astri.org(852) 3406-2652

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