wirelessdataservices · viii contents 3 adoptiontrendsandanalysisbyregion 32 3.1usa 32...

Wireless Data Services

Technologies, Business Models and Global Markets

By the time this book is published, there are likely to be over 1.3 billion mobile subscribers around

the world. Despite this phenomenal global growth, wireless technologies have progressed in very

different ways in the key territories of Asia, Europe, and North America. Technologies such as

i-mode in Japan, SMS in Europe, PDAs and BlackBerry in North America point us to the fact

that wireless applications and services are often unique to the culture and business models of a

region. This book takes a deeper look intowhy certain technologies, businessmodels, and adoption

strategies succeed while others fail, and how all these elements will impact on the future of wireless

communications.With the help of examples, case studies and interviews with industry luminaries,

the authors identify the key factors behind the success or failure of different strategies and provide

insights into how to match wireless technology and services to global markets.

Chetan Sharma is a recognized industry expert in the strategy and implementation of wireless dataand pervasive computing ideas and solutions. Mr. Sharma was formerly Leader of the Emerging

Solutions practice at Luminant Worldwide. Prior to this, he served as founder and principal of

Luminant’s wireless practice. In this role, he oversaw global client engagements, provided vision

and strategic direction, conductedwireless research anddevelopment, and establishedpartnerships

with leading industry players.

Yasuhisa Nakamura is Senior Vice President at NTT DoCoMo USA. He is a widely recognized

specialist of wireless telecommunications industry with over 20 years of experience. Dr. Nakamura

holds more than 50 patents (awarded and pending) and is a frequent speaker at international

conferences.

www.cambridge.org© Cambridge University Press

Cambridge University Press0521828430 - Wireless Data Services: Technologies, Business Models and Global MarketsChetan Sharma and Yasuhisa NakamuraFrontmatterMore information

http://www.cambridge.org/0521828430

http://www.cambridge.org


Wireless Data ServicesTechnologies, Business Models

and Global Markets

Chetan Sharma

Yasuhisa Nakamura






published by the press syndicate of the university of cambridgeThe Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom

cambridge university pressThe Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011–4211, USA477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, AustraliaRuiz de Alarcon 13, 28014 Madrid, SpainDock House, The Waterfront, Cape Town 8001, South Africa


C© Cambridge University Press 2003

This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exceptionand to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,no reproduction of any part may take place withoutthe written permission of Cambridge University Press.

First published 2003

Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge

TypefaceMinion 10.5/13.5 pt. System LATEX2ε [tb]

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN 0 521 82843 0 hardback

The publisher has used its best endeavors to ensure that the URLs for external websites referred to in thisbook are correct and active at the time of going to press. However, the publisher has no responsibility for thewebsites and can make no guarantee that a site will remain live or that the content is or will remainappropriate.






To my lifelong sweetheart, my staunch supporter, my angel, my SarlaChetan

To my parents (Toshikazu, Mariko) family (Izumi, Asami, Ryo, Yu) andall who have enlightened my life

Yasu






Contents

List of figures page xiiAbout the authors xvForeword xviiAcknowledgements xxList of abbreviations xxii

1 Introduction 1

1.1 Progress in wireless technology 31.2 The business model and global wireless competition 41.3 Cross-cultural challenges 51.4 What makes this book unique? 61.5 How is the book organized? 71.6 Who should read this book? 91.7 Summary 10

2 The impact of globalization 12

2.1 The impact of globalization and wireless technology on education 132.2 The impact of 9/11 on the world 152.3 Globalization: culture and lifestyle 202.4 Effect on business sectors 222.5 Operator perspective 232.6 Equipment manufacturer perspective 262.7 Computer industry perspective 29






viii Contents

3 Adoption trends and analysis by region 32

3.1 USA 323.2 South America 373.3 Japan 393.4 South Korea 423.5 China, Taiwan and Hong Kong 433.6 Europe 453.7 Australia 473.8 Africa 483.9 The growth of WLAN 49

4 Subscriber needs and expectations 52

4.1 Personal subscribers 524.2 Enterprise subscribers 56

5 The wireless value chain 65

5.1 The wireless value chain 665.2 Aggregators – content/application/services 785.3 Enterprise solution providers 805.4 Where is the value in the wireless value chain? 815.5 Analyzing the forces influencing the value chain 825.6 Conclusion 94

6 Global wireless technologies: systems and architectures 95

6.1 The pervasive computing landscape 956.2 Systems and architectures 996.3 Packet data 1026.4 2G cellular systems (GSM, cdmaONE, PDC and TDMA) 1076.5 Wireless LAN, home networks 1096.6 PAN 1156.7 Evolution scenarios towards 3G 1166.8 Devices and terminals 1206.9 Smart cards 123






ix Contents

7 Global wireless technologies: network, access, and software 124

7.1 Network and access technologies 1247.2 Position location 1247.3 Fiberless optical system 1277.4 Smart antennas 1297.5 Wireless WAN 1307.6 IP-based technologies 1307.7 Voice 1327.8 Telematics 1367.9 Biometrics 1387.10 Software: catalyst to wireless internet 1437.11 SMS 1437.12 Software agents 1457.13 Middleware/gateway components 1467.14 Service discovery and synchronization 1477.15 Transcoding of content 1507.16 Mobile internet 152

8 Business models and strategies 159

8.1 Introduction 1598.2 The i-mode phenomenon 1608.3 Business model for content service providers 1668.4 Business model of advertising and publishing services 1738.5 Business model for device manufacturers 1768.6 Business model for operators 1788.7 Business model for WLAN operators 1828.8 Business model for platform services 1858.9 Business model of fixed wireless integration 1868.10 Business model for 3G services: differentiation from 2G systems 1878.11 Conclusion 192

9 Business issues and challenges 193

9.1 Hyping: a useful business strategy? 1949.2 Transition from flat rate to a la carte billing models 1979.3 Mobile SPAM 199






x Contents

9.4 WLAN business 2009.5 Interoperability 2039.6 Decreasing churn and increasing ARPU 2049.7 3G auctions and spectrum 2069.8 Consolidation 2079.9 Market saturation and search for new market strategies 2099.10 Privacy 2119.11 Security 2159.12 Position location rollout and privacy 2169.13 Mobile fraud 2209.14 Transfer of technology 2239.15 Conclusion 225

10 Technology issues and challenges 226

10.1 Technology development and the laws 22610.2 Spectrum issues 23010.3 Challenge for high-performance devices 23210.4 IEEE 802.11 vs bluetooth vs 3G 23310.5 Transition from 2.5G to 3G 23510.6 Battery life 23810.7 Security 23910.8 Transcoding and usability – phones/apps/services 24410.9 Global roaming 24510.10 Billing and payment issues 247

11 Case studies 252

11.1 Southern wines and spirits 25211.2 British petroleum 25411.3 SEGA 25711.4 RIM in enterprise 26011.5 Conclusions 261

12 Perspectives 262

12.1 Introduction 26212.2 One-on-one with Mark Anderson 262






xi Contents

12.3 One-on-one with Frank Yester 26712.4 One-on-one with Jon Prial 27212.5 One-on-one with Steve Wood 27612.6 One-on-one with Mark Tapling 28112.7 Conclusion 284

13 Future of wireless technologies, applications and services 288

13.1 Introduction 28813.2 Systems beyond 3G (B3G) 29213.3 Future of devices and displays 29813.4 Battery technology 29813.5 How to get on well with a limited frequency resource? 30213.6 Re-configurable terminal/software defined radio technology 30313.7 Mesh networks 30413.8 Seamless migration and multiple wireless systems 30713.9 Multimodal user interfaces 30813.10 Wearable computing 31013.11 Ultrawideband technology 31113.12 Applications and services 31413.13 The promise of Web services 32013.14 Intelligent agents 32213.15 R&D 32413.16 Conclusions 329

14 Conclusions and recommendations 330

14.1 Background factors for predicting the future of mobile business 33114.2 Scenarios 33314.3 Lessons 33614.4 What is next? 33814.5 Epilog 340

References and recommended reading 343Books 343Magazine articles and whitepapers 346Reports 348

Index 349






Figures

1.1 Relationship of the wireless industry with globalization. page 21.2 Internationalization – intelligent translation is more than

word-for-word (top); layout and real-estate can be markedlydifferent (bottom). 8

2.1 NTT DoCoMo’s investment around the world. 252.2 Convergence of computing and communications platforms. 303.1 Penetration of wireless telephone in the world. 333.2 Forecast of US mobile subscribers. 343.3 Latin American subscriber forecast. 383.4 Japanese wireless market growth. 403.5 The growing importance of wireless data in Japan. 423.6 Subscriber forecast for China. 443.7 Revenues for all applications in Europe. 473.8 WLAN ARPU in the USA. 504.1 Medical application. 584.2 The growth of i-mode in the corporate market. 625.1 The wireless value chain. 695.2 A look at the value chain across different geographies. 815.3 Positioning in the wireless value chain. 825.4 Porter’s five force analysis. 845.5 Wireless industry using Porter’s model. 855.6 The double helix of industry structure. 865.7 Wireless value-chain relationship. 895.8 Device value chain. 905.9 The double helix of device value-chain dynamics. 915.10 The double helix of the infrastructure chain. 936.1 The pervasive computing ecosystem. 966.2 A wireless network and its major components. 1006.3 Call set up process in wireless networks. 1016.4 GPRS network configuration. 103






xiii List of figures

6.5 All-IP 3G architecture. 1066.6 FOMA (3G) phones from NTT DoCoMo. 1096.7 Comparison of 802.11a and 802.11b. 1146.8 Concept of IMT-2000 radio access systems (for terrestrial). 1186.9 Three-mode proposal on 3G by the OHP. 1197.1 Voice Web system. 1337.2 Cost analysis for various biometric technologies. 1427.3 Error trade-offs. 1427.4 Global growth in IM subscribers. 1447.5 Transcoding as a component of the middleware engine. 1517.6 WAP programming model. 1537.7 WAP architecture. 1537.8 Comparison of i-mode /WAP architecture. 1547.9 Concept of XHTML, i-HTML and WML. 1557.10 Java 2 editions and their target markets. 1568.1 BOBO mechanism. 1648.2 Total ecosystem of wireless Internet. 1658.3 Operator-led revenue flow scheme. 1718.4 Portal-led revenue flow scheme. 1728.5 Financial service provider-led revenue flow scheme. 1728.6 Cooperative revenue flow scheme. 1738.7 Worldwide advertising market forecast. 1748.8 Wireless data tariff comparison. 1798.9 i-mode services by traffic distribution. 1808.10 Variance in WLAN pricing models (as of March 2003). 1858.11 Cmode services. 1868.12 Concept of FWI (AOLi service). 1878.13 Configuration of a remote live monitoring service. 1899.1 The hype–reality curve: (a) generalized, (b) mCommerce. 1959.2 Average CPGA for carriers. 2059.3 Carriers’ ARPU/month. 2069.4 Position-location application framework. 2199.5 Mobile fraud distribution by type. 22110.1 Moore’s Law. 22710.2 Shannon’s Law vs Moore’s Law. 23010.3 Gene’s Law. 23110.4 Spectrum requirements for technology migration. 23710.5 User retention vs click distance. 24610.6 mCommerce payment model. 25011.1 Process flow of HSE application. 25511.2 Application architecture. 256






xiv List of figures

11.3 ROI for the BP project. 25711.4 SEGA mobile games. 25811.5 SEGA wireless universe. 25913.1 Nine building blocks of the wireless world. 29113.2 The paradigm shift from first generation towards beyond 3G. 29213.3 Mobility vs bit rate perspective of 3G–4G systems. 29313.4 mITF’s view on Systems beyond IMT-2000. 29413.5 The concept of IP-based core network configuration. 29713.6 Concept next-generation devices. 29913.7 Fuel cell from Polyfuel. 30213.8 SALT architecture. 30913.9 Multimodal access scenarios. 31013.10 Multimodal integration framework. 31113.11 Spatial capacity comparison between IEEE 802.11, Bluetooth, and

UWB. 31413.12 Future applications and services. 31913.13 Web services framework architecture. 32213.14 Changing paradigms of R&D. 32614.1 Three pillars of progress. 33114.2 Personalization in travel solutions. 33214.3 Where does wireless go from here?. 33314.4 How Oxygen will work. 341






About the authors

Chetan Sharma is a recognized industry expert in the strategy and implementationof wireless Internet and pervasive computing ideas and solutions. He has a strongbackground in developing distributed network-based technologies for the wirelessindustry, including extensive experience in managing and delivering all phases ofthe system development cycle. His particular fields of interest are in wireless Inter-net applications, multi-modal access, pervasive computing, and Internet security.Mr. Sharma has assisted some of the most prominent telecom operators in NorthAmerica, Europe, and Asia.Most recently, he was Leader of Emerging Solutions practice at Luminant World-

wide. Prior to his leadership of the R&D group, he served as founder and principalof Luminant’s wireless practice. In this role, he oversaw global client engagements,provided vision and strategic direction, conducted wireless research and develop-ment, and established partnershipswith leading industry players. From1994 to 1999,Mr. Sharma was a systems engineer and product manager, focusing on mobile com-munications, at Cellular Technical Services, a Seattle firm, then at Philips ConsumerCommunications.Mr. Sharma is the author of two other books on wireless and voice commu-

nications. He is author of the best-seller Wireless Internet Enterprise Applications(John Wiley & Sons, 2000), and co-author of VoiceXML: Strategies and Techniquesfor Effective Voice Application Development (John Wiley & Sons, 2002), Mr. Sharmahas patents in wireless communications, is regularly invited to speak at conferencesworldwide, has appeared as a technology expert witness in intellectual property liti-gation cases, and is an activemember in industry bodies and committees.Mr. Sharmahas an MSEE from Kansas State University and a BE from University of Roorkee.

Yasuhisa Nakamura is a widely recognized specialist of the wireless telecommuni-cations industry with over 20 years of experience. He graduated from University ofTokyo in 1980 and joined NTT Electrical Communication labs doing research indigital radio transmission systems. In 1986 and 1987, he was invited to join FranceTelecom tabs (CNET) as a researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. from the University of






xvi About the authors

Tokyo in 1991. From 1995 to 1998, he served NTT Central Personal Communica-tions, Inc., as a senior manager and was engaged in the development and overseasdeployment of the 1.9 GHzmicro-cellular system – PHS. During this period, he wasinvited as a lecturer to the Malaysian Institute of Technology, Malaysia.Dr. Nakamura joined NTT DoCoMo in December 1998 and served as executive

senior manager of the PHS business planning division. In March 1999, he went toRio de Janeiro, Brazil, as a technical director of NTT DoCoMo Telecomunicacoesdo Brasil, 100% subsidiary of NTT DoCoMo. His assignment was to work withlocal authorities and companies to facilitate the deployment of DCM technologyinto Latin America. He and his staff developed and launched a mobile portal servicecalled WMAP for the Brazilian market. He was a lead negotiator with the BrazilianGovernment in introducing the GSM system into the Latin America region.In June 2001, he was nominated as a senior vice president of NTT DoCoMo USA.

Dr. Nakamura hasmore than 50 patents (awarded and pending) and papers on wire-less technologies and is a frequent speaker at international conferences. He was amember of TG8/1, ITU-R on FPLMTS (Future Public Land Mobile Telecommuni-cation Systems; former name of IMT-2000) and Asia Pacific delegate for the radiocommittee of the IEEE. He is a member of the IEEE and IETE, Japan. He is consid-ered an expert in dealing with cross-cultural business and technology challenges inthe wireless industry as he has the unique experience of working on four differentcontinents.






Foreword

Rapid and widespread growth of wireless technology in the 1990s shaped one ofthe largest technology markets after the PC revolution in the 1980s. Untetheredconnectivity, any time anywhere, fueled a major market and technology disruption,which permeated almost every consumer market worldwide. The domino effect ofthe success of wireless technology resulted in a unique opportunity for innovationand creativity in technology, marketing, and business strategy.Unceasing innovation in technologies ranging from the semiconductor industry

to network design set the stage for the immense success of wireless technology suchthat, within a few years of its inception, the wireless phone transcended from aluxury gadget or business item to a necessary tool in everyday life. The personalizedaspects ofmobile phones, along with ease of use in voice-centric applications, helpedto make the mobile phone an indispensable part of our life beyond age, gender, oreven social class.The next commonsense step was perceived to be further wireless services in addi-

tion to voice. Yet wireless, like any othermajor technology andmarket breakthrough,is no exception to the cyclic nature of the high tech economy. Rapid market growthdriven by innovation and competition diminished the profitmargins of the terminalmarket and network access rate to a level that compelled the technologists and mar-keters to search for new applications andmarkets. Sluggish, or in some cases negative,growth of ARPU for voice services and attractive promises of 3G systems motivatedmany wireless operators to explore new opportunities of the wireless data marketand embrace the tremendous spectrum and infrastructure costs of next-generationnetworks.Offering services beyond voice-centric applications (such as wireless data, wireless

Internet, andvideo streaming)has been themain focusof new systems such as 3Gandwireless local area networks. However, data services require a new paradigm shift onboth the technology and business fronts. Technical challenges of data services such asthe bursty nature of data traffic, high data rate, variable quality of service measures,complex application software requirements, and network design/optimization de-mand new standards and creative solutions. Equally important business issues such






xviii Foreword

as the complex wireless value chain for data services, pricing policies, and the criticalrole of content and applications have sent business strategists back to the drawingboards.I marvel at the breathtaking rate of growth in wireless technology from the bulky

brick-sized phone with basic network features of a few years ago to the pocket-sized advanced communicator and complex networks of today. Yet I believe wirelesstechnology will bear many future wondrous achievements beyond our simplisticpredictions. Ubiquitous wireless connectivity will go beyond today’s applicationsand devices to the extent that upcoming breakthroughs will dwarf the achievementswe have seen so far, thanks to the multiple effects that I briefly outline below.� Astonishing advances in the semiconductor industry prompted the diminishingcost of silicon real-estate in complex systems on chip solutions without compro-mising power consumption. Therefore, wireless connectivity will not constitute aprohibitive cost factor of future devices, beyond the wireless phone. Also, com-plex terminals including multimode and adaptable devices capable of supportingmultiple applications and networks are more practical.

� A major upward shift of complexity to application processors from modemprocessors is eminent. Software complexity continues to tilt the complexitybalance. Emergence of advanced real-time operating systems with the goal of jointoptimization of hardware and software will facilitate support of many new appli-cation, some of which we may not have envisaged yet, in future wireless devices.

� Heterogonous networks offer an adaptive, scalable, and cost-effective backbonefor new and otherwise overwhelming wireless services. Seamless support of a va-riety of services with different quality of service requirements and multiple airinterfaces demands an intelligent network. Advances in IP backbone can facilitatethe fastest/shortest access link with a combination of different wireless and wiredlinks to provide the most cost-effective and reliable link for respective services.Integration of cellular, wireless LAN and other ad hoc networks can expedite thetransition. Also, security, as one of the key concerns of pervasive wireless network,can more efficiently be addressed in an all-IP network.

� The wireless value chain has been evolving from a basic voice-centric modelto a more comprehensive structure to support new services and technologies.Content providers, virtual service providers, and service aggregators are amongthe new elements of the new pyramid, requiring a different business model andinteraction.A global perspective of the wireless industry gives us a more comprehensive view

of the direction that the overall industry is taking. ITU efforts during the past fewyears have proved that the roadmap toward a single worldwide solution is morechallenging than many anticipated as cultural differences, intellectual properties,economical conditions, and many other factors can impact on the direction of thismarket.






xix Foreword

In this book, the authors havewith great care analyzed and articulated the businessand technology aspects of wireless data. The unique global perspective of wirelessmarket and technology presented in this work offers a comprehensive view of thechallenges and future promises of one themost dynamicfields ofmodern technology.

Dr. A. Bahai






Acknowledgements

My life’s journey has been blessed with the touch of so many individuals that it ishard to capture them all or do justice to their influence onmy thinking andmywork.I am forever indebted to a number of important contributors listed below.This project was inspired by the vision of Dr. Nakamura. Working with him on

this book was truly a rewarding experience. My thanks for the sojourn and for ourprecious friendship.Many thanks to Eric Willner and his team at Cambridge University Press for their

continuous enthusiasm, support, and feedback that made this project a reality. Iwould also like to express our gratitude to Beverley Lawrence for her painstakingcopyediting work and attention to detail.I thank Ed Reilly, Michel Gaultier, Neeraj Chawla, Steve Elston, Miten Mehta,

Connie Wong, Scott Weller, Dave Keller, Charlie Matheson, Naveen Jain, LatifNathani and Sunil Jain for their assistance with the project. My thanks also to myfriends who have supportedme all along –Mani, Sumeet, John, Verma, Anil, Rajeev,Bill, Rajesh, Bruce, AJ, Ramani, Ashu, Nitish, Rana, Amit, Sunny, Tom,Nitin, Sudhir,Jayant, Prashant, and countless others.I also thank our interviewees (and their organizations) – Steve Wood (Wireless

Services Corporation), Mark Tapling (Everypath), Mark Anderson (Strategic NewsService), Jon Prial (IBM), Frank Yester (Motorola), Scott McBurney (BusinessLink),and Satoshi Nakajima (UI Evolution) – for kindly taking some time from their busyschedules to share their vision and perspectives.I thankmymentorDmitry Kaplan and good friend JoeHerzog who helped on this

project as if it were their own. Their thorough review, insights, comments, correc-tions, and suggestions throughout the course of the project were invaluable. Theirhelp is very much appreciated.I am also thankful for the blessings of my parents Dr. C.L. Sharma and Prem

Lata Sharma. I wouldn’t be here without them. I would also like to thank Rahul,my brother, and Dropadi, Deepti, Aditya, and Rakesh Sharma for their support andencouragement.There is one person in my life who urged me on by way of her untiring support

and seemingly unlimited belief in me; compared with that person, all else pales. This






xxi Acknowledgements

project wouldn’t have even begun if it weren’t for the sacrifice and patience ofmywifeSarla, who is my biggest cheerleader. I owe her more than I can ever put in words.My thanks to the Almighty for our union and my deepest gratitude to Sarla for herpresence, support, and everlasting smile.

Chetan Sharma

This book project is a result of joint collaboration with my co-author Mr. ChetanSharma, who Imet by chance after wemoved from “Always Sunny” Rio de Janeiro to“Always Rainy” Seattle in late 2001. I had beenmeaning towork on a book project forseveral years. The gloomy weather provided the perfect diversion and opportunityto work on this project.First, I thank Dr. Ahmad Bahai, CTO National Semiconductor and Professor at

Stanford, for kindly taking the time to pen the foreword for this book.I thank all ofmy ex-bosses andmentors, especiallyDr.Kenji Kohiyama,Dr. Takeshi

Hattori, Dr. Takehiro Murase, Dr. Syuzo Komaki, Dr. Osamu Kurita, and Mr. TadaoKobayashi who have taught me all about work ethics.I have a deep respect for the NTT DoCoMo management, especially, Dr. Keiji

Tachikawa, Mr. Shiro Tuda, Dr. Kota Kinoshita, Mr. Nobuharu Ono, Mr. KeichiEnoki, and Mr. Kiyoyuki Tsujimura, who are leading a great global company. It ismore than an honor to work as a wireless engineer for such an awesome company.I am also thankful to my parents Toshikazu and Mariko Nakamura and to my

sister Kazuko. I hope for their eternal health.Lastly, I am eternally grateful to my wife andmy family, Izumi, Asami, Ryo and Yu

for their patience to help maintain our cross-continental lifestyles. Thank you for allyour support and encouragement. I do believe your experience in different cultureswill be very useful in the future.

Dr. Yasuhisa Nakamura






Abbreviations

2G Second-Generation Mobile Network2G+ or 2.5G Second-Generation Enhanced3GPP Third-Generation Partnership Project3WC Three Way calling4GL Fourth-Generation Language802.x Series of LAN standards developed by IEEE911 Emergency telephone number in North AmericaAAA Authentication, Authorization and Accounting (as specified by the

IETF)ABR Available Bit RateAC Access Control, or Alternating Current, or Authentication Center

(also AUC)ACD Automatic Call DistributorACE Authentication EncryptionACEK Authentication Encryption KeyACK AcknowledgementACP Access Control PointACRE Authorization and Call Routing EquipmentADPCM Adaptive Differential Pulse Code ModulationADSL Asymmetric Digital Subscriber LineA-GPS Assisted GPSAGRAS Air–Ground Radiotelephone Automated ServiceAIDC Automatic Identification and Data CaptureAIN Advanced Intelligent NetworkA-Key Authentication KeyALI Automatic Location InformationAM Amplitude ModulationAMPS Advanced Mobile Phone SystemANI Automatic Number IdentificationANSI American National Standards Institute






xxiii Abbreviations

ANSI-41 ANSI standard for mobile management (ANSI/TIA/EIA-41)AOA Angle of ArrivalAPI Application Programming InterfaceARDIS Advanced Radio Data Information ServiceARIB Association of Radio Industries and Businesses (Japan)ARP Address Resolution ProtocolARPA Advanced Research Projects AgencyARPANET ARPA NetworkARPU Average Revenue Per UserARQ Automatic Repeat RequestARS Automatic Route SelectionASCII American Standard Code for Information InterchangeASIC Application-Specific Integrated CircuitASN.1 Abstract Syntax Notation 1 (ISO)ASP Application Service ProviderASR Automatic Send Receive, Automatic Speech RecognitionATIS Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions (formerly

ECSA)ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode, Automatic Teller MachineATVEF Advanced Television Enhancement FormatAuC Authetication CenterB2B Business-to-BusinessB2C Business-to-ConsumerBER Bit Error RateBIOS Basic Input–Output SystemB-ISDN Broadband ISDNBOC Bell Operating Company (USA)BONDING Bandwidth On Demand Interoperability Groupbps bits per secondBRI Basic Rate Interface (ISDN)BS Base StationBSC Base Station ControllerBSS Basic Service SetBSS Business Support SystemsBTS Base Transceiver StationCAD Computer-Aided DesignCAM Computer-Aided ManufacturingCAMEL Customized Applications for Mobile-network Enhanced Logic

(GSM/ETSI)CAN Campus Area NetworkCAVE Cellular Authentication and Voice Encryption






xxiv Abbreviations

CBR Constant Bit RateCCC Clear Channel CapabilityCCCH Common Control ChannelCCD Charge Coupled DeviceCDMA Code Division Multiple AccessCDPD Cellular Data Packet DataCDR Call Detail Recordc-HTML compact-HTMLCK Ciphering KeyCLEC Competitive Local Exchange CarrierCLI Calling Line IdentificationCMIP Common Management Information Protocol (ISO)CNET CentreNational d’Etudes en Telecommunications (France Telecom)CNI Calling Number IdentificationCO Central OfficeCODEC Compression/DecompressionCORBA Common Object Request Broker Architecture (OMG)CPIM Common Presence and Instant MessagingCPP Calling Party PayCPS Cycles per second (hertz)CPU Central Processing UnitCSR Customer Service RepresentativeCSS Cascading Style LanguageCSU Channel Service UnitCT Cordless TelecommunicationsCTI Computer Telephony IntegrationCTIA Cellular Telecommunications Industry AssociationCTIA Cellular Telecommunications Industry AssociationDAB Digital Audio BroadcastingD-AMPS Digital Advanced Mobile Phone ServiceDARPA Defense Advanced Research Projects AgencyDAT Digital Audio TapedB deciBelDBMS Database Management SystemDBS Direct Broadcast SatelliteDCE Data Communications Equipment, or Distributed Computing

EnvironmentDDD Direct Distance DialingDDS Dataphone Digital ServiceDECT Digital Enhanced (formerly, European) Cordless

Telecommunication






xxv Abbreviations

DES Data Encryption StandardDHCP Dynamic Host Configuration ProtocolDLCS Digital Loop Carrier SystemDLL Dynamic Link LibraryDNA Digital Network ArchitectureDNS Domain Name ServerDPCM Differential Pulse Code ModulatorDRM Digital Rights ManagementDS Digital Service, Digital SignalDS-0 Digital Signal, Level 0 (64 kbps)DS-1 Digital Signal, Level 1 (1.544 Mbps)DS-1C Digital Signal, Level 1C (3.152 Mbps)DS-2 Digital Signal, Level 2 (6.312 Mbps)DS-3 Digital Signal, Level 3 (44.736 Mbps)DS-4 Digital Signal, Level 4 (274.176 Mbps)DSI Digital Speech InterpolationDSL Digital Subscriber LineDSP Digital Signal ProcessorDSS Decision Support SystemDSU Digital Service UnitDTAM Document Transfer and Manipulation (ISO)DTE Data Terminal EquipmentDTMF Dual-Tone MultiFrequencyDTU Data Transfer UnitDTV Digital TelevisionDV Digital VideoDVB Digital Video BroadcastingDWDM Dense Wavelength Division MultiplexingE2E End-to-EndE911 Enhanced 911EAI Enterprise Application IntegrationEBCDIC Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange CodeEBPP Electronic Bill Presentation and PaymentEBU European Broadcasting UnionEbXML e-business XMLEC European CommunityECMA European Community Manufacturers AssociationEDACS Enhanced Digital Access Communication SystemsEDGE Enhanced Data Rates for Global EvolutionEDI Electronic Data InterchangeEFT Electronic Funds Transfer






xxvi Abbreviations

EHF Extremely High Frequency (more than 30 GHz)EIA Electronic Industries AssociationEIR Equipment Identity RegisterEISA Extended Industry Standard ArchitectureEJB Enterprise Java BeansEMS Enhanced Messaging ServicesENS Enhanced Network ServicesEOT End of TransmissionE-OTD Enhanced Observed Time DifferenceEPI External Provisioning InterfaceERP Enterprise Resource ManagementESMR Enhanced Specialized Mobile RadioE-TDMA Expanded Time Division Multiple AccessETSI European Telecommunications Standard InstituteEU European UnionFCC Federal Communications Commission (USA)FDD Frequency Division DuplexFDDI Fiber Distributed Data InterfaceFDMMA Frequency Division Multiplexing Multiple AccessFHSS Frequency Hopping Spread SpectrumFIFO First-In First-OutFM Frequency ModulationFMS Fraud Management SystemFolP Fax over IPFPLMTS Future Public Land Mobile Telecommunications SystemFR Frame RelayFRS Family Radio ServiceFSK Frequency-Shift KeyingFSS Fixed Satellite SystemFTP File Transfer Protocol (TCP/IP)FWA Fixed Wireless AccessGAN Global Area NetworkGb gigabitGB gigabyteGEO Geostationary-Earth-OrbitGGSN Gateway GPRS Support NodeGHz gigahertz (billions of cycles per second)GIF Graphics Interchange FormatGIS Geographic Information SystemsGMLC Gateway Mobile Location CentreGMRS General Mobile Radio Service






xxvii Abbreviations

GMSC Gateway Mobile Switching CentreGOSIP Government Open Systems Interconnection Profile (USA)GPRS General Packet Radio ServiceGPS Global Positioning SystemGRX GPRS Roaming ExchangeGSA Global mobile Suppliers AssociationGSM Global System for Mobile telecommunications, or Groupe Special

MobileGUI Graphical User InterfaceGVPN Global Virtual Private NetworkH323 ANSI standard for format over IPHDLC High-level Data Link Control (ISO)HDML Handheld Device Markup LanguageHDSL High-bit-rate Digital Subscriber LineHDTV High-Definition TelevisionHF High Frequency (3 MHz to 30 MHz)HFC Hybrid Fiber/CoaxHiFi High FidelityHIPERLAN High-Performance Radio Local Area NetworkHIPERLAN/2 High-Performance Radio LAN Type 2HLR Home Location RegisterHMI Human–Machine InterfaceHomePNA Home Phoneline Networking AllianceHPPI High-Performance Parallel InterfaceHSCSD High Speed Circuit-switched DataHSDPA High Speed Download Packet AccessHTML Hyper Text Markup LanguageHTTP Hyper Text Transfer ProtocolHTTP-NG HTTP Next GenerationHTTPS HTTP SecureHVAC Heating, Ventilation, and Air ConditioningHz hertz (cycles per second)IAB Internet Architecture BoardIANA Internet Assigned Numbers AuthorityICANN Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and NumbersICI Interexchange Carrier InterfaceICMP Internet Control Message ProtocolICR Intelligent Call RoutingICS Intelligent Calling System ID IdentificationIDDD International Direct Dialing DesignatoriDEN integrated Dispatch Enhanced Network






xxviii Abbreviations

IDPR Interdomain Policy RoutingIECTC-100 Multimedia Systems and Equipments Standardization CommitteeIEC International Electrotechnical Commission, or InterExchange

CarrierIEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics EngineersIESG Internet Engineering Steering GroupIETF Internet Engineering Task ForceIIN Issuer Identification NumberILEC Incumbent Local Exchange CarrierIM Instant MessagingIMAP Internet Mail Access Protocol (IETF)IMEI International Mobile Equipment IdentityIMN Intelligent Mobile NetworkIMPS Instant Messaging and Presence ServicesIMSI International Mobile Subscriber IdentityIMT International Mobile TelecommunicationsIMT-2000 International Mobile Telecommunications 2000 (ITU)IN Intelligent NetworkIN7 Compaq SS7 stack (previously DECss7)INAP Intelligent Network Application Part (IN)INMS Integrated Network Management SystemINTELSAT International Telecommunications Satellite OrganizationIOC InterOffice ChannelIOPS Internet Operators’ Providers ServicesIOTP Internet Open Trading ProtocolIP Internet Protocol (IETF), or Intelligent Peripheral (IN)IPDR Internet Protocol Detail Record OrganizationIPN Intelligent Peripheral NodeIPR Intellectual Property RightsIPSec IP SecurityIPv4 Internet Protocol version 4IPv6 Internet Protocol version 6IPX Internetwork Packet ExchangeIRC International Record CarrierIrDA Infrared Data AssociationIrLAN Infrared LANIrLAP Infrared Link Access ProtocolIRQ Interrupt RequestIRTF Internet Research Task ForceIS Information System, or Interim Standard (TIA/EIA)IS-41 TIA/EIA Interim Standard for Mobile management






xxix Abbreviations

ISA Industry Standard ArchitectureISC International Switching CenterISDN Integrated Services Digital NetworkISM Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (frequency bands)ISO International Standards OrganizationISOC Internet SocietyISP Internet Service ProviderISSS Information Society Standardization SystemISUP ISDN Service User PartIT Information TechnologyITR Intelligent Text RetrievalITU International Telecommunications UnionIVR Interactive Voice ResponseIXC IntereXchange Carrier (also IEC)J2ME Java 2 Micro EditionJDC Japan Digital CellularJIT Just in TimeJPEG Joint Photographic Experts GroupkHz kilohertz (thousands of cycles per second)LAN Local Area NetworkLAP Link Access Protocol (or Procedure)LAT Local Area Transport (Digital Equipment Corporation)LATA Local Access and Transport Area (USA)LBA Location Based AdvertisingLBS Location Based ServicesLCD Liquid Crystal DisplayLCN Local Channel NumberLCR Least Cost RoutingLCS LoCation-based ServicesLD Laser DiodeLDC Long Distance CarrierLEC Local Exchange CarrierLED Light-Emitting DiodeLEO Low-Earth-OrbitLF Low Frequency (30 kHz to 300 kHz)LIR Local Internet RegistryLLC Logical Link ControlLMDS Local Multipoint Distribution ServicesLMS Location and Monitoring ServiceLMU Location Measurement UnitLRC Longitudinal Redundancy Check






xxx Abbreviations

LSI Large-Scale IntegrationLU Logical Unit (IBM)MAC Media Access ControlMAGIC Mobile Multimedia; Anytime, Anywhere, Anyone; Global

Mobility Support; Integrated Wireless Solution; and CustomizedPersonal Service

MAN Metropolitan Area NetworkMAP Manufacturers Application Protocol (ISO, General Motors), or

Mobile Applications PortMAPI Messaging Applications Programming Interface (Microsoft)MAPS Maps Application Provisioning SystemMAU Multistation Access UnitMb Mega bitsMB Mega bytesMBS Mobile Broadband SystemsMC Management Center or Message CenterMCA Micro Channel Architecture (IBM)MCC Mobile Country CodeMCU Multipoint Control UnitMD Mediation DeviceMDF Main Distribution FrameMDN Mobile Directory NumberMEO Middle-Earth-OrbitMES Master Earth StationMF Mediation Function, or Medium Frequency (300 kHz to 3 MHz)MHS Message Handling Source MHz megahertz (millions of cycles per

second)MIB Management Information BaseMIC Management Integration ConsortiumMIME Multipurpose Internet Mail ExtensionsMIN Mobile Identity NumberMIPS Millions of Instructions per secondMIS Management Information Services, or Marketing Intelligence

SystemMJPEG Moving JPEGMLS Mobile Location ServicesMMAC Multimedia Mobile Access Communication systemsMMDS Multichannel, Multipoint Distribution ServiceMMF Mobile Manufacturers ForumMMI Man–Machine InterfaceMMS Multimedia Message Service






xxxi Abbreviations

MNC Mobile Network CodeMO Magneto-Optical ModemModulator/demodulatorMP3 Music PlayerMPEG Motion Picture Experts GroupMPLS Multi Protocol Label Switching (IETF)MPPP Multilink Point-to-Point ProtocolMRI Magnetic Resonance Imagingms millisecond (thousandth of a second)MS Mobile StationMSC Mobile Switching CenterMSIN Mobile Station Identification NumberMSISDN Mobile Subscriber Integrated Services Digital NetworkMSN Microsoft NetworkMSRN Mobile Station Roaming NumberMSS Mobile Satellite ServiceMTBF Mean Time Between FailureMTS Message Telecommunications ServiceMTSO Mobile Telephone Switching OfficeMTU Maximum Transmission UnitMVNO Mobile Virtual Network OperatorMVPRP Multivendor Problem Resolution ProcessMWIF Mobile Wireless Internet ForumNAI Network Access IdentifierN-AMPS Narrowband Advanced Mobile Phone ServiceNAP Network Access PointNAS Network Attached StorageNATA North American Telecommunications AllocationNBS National Bureau of StandardsNCC Network Control CenterNCP Network Control Program (IBM SNA), or Network Control PointNE Network ElementNEBS New Equipment Building SpecificationsNECA National Exchange Carrier AssociationNEF Network Element FunctionNetBIOS Network Basic Input–Output System (Microsoft)NFS Network File System (or Server)NIC Network Interface Card, or Network Information Center (Internet

Registry)NiCad Nickel CadmiumNiMH Nickel-Metal HydrideNIST National Institute of Standards and Technology






xxxii Abbreviations

NIU Network Interface UnitNLM NetWare Loadable Module (Novell)NLP Natural Language Processingnm nanometer (10−9 meter)NM Network ManagerNMC Network Management CenterNML/NMS Network Management Layer/Network Management ServiceNMS NetWare Management System (Novell)NMSI National Mobile Station IdentifierNMT Nordic Mobile TelephoneNO Network OperatorNOC Network Operations CenterNOS Network Operating SystemNRZ Non-Return to ZeroNTE Network Terminal EquipmentNTSA Networking Technical Support AllianceNTSC National Television Standards CommitteeNTU Network Termination UnitOA&M Operations, Administration and MaintenanceOAM&P Operations, Administration, Maintenance and ProvisioningOC Optical CarrierOC-1 Optical Carrier Signal, Level 1 (51.84 Mbps)OC-3 Optical Carrier Signal, Level 3 (155.52 Mbps)OC-9 Optical Carrier Signal, Level 9 (466.56 Mbps)OC-12 Optical Carrier Signal, Level 12 (622.08 Mbps)OC-18 Optical Carrier Signal, Level 18 (933.12 Mbps)OC-24 Optical Carrier Signal, Level 24 (1.244 Gbps)OC-36 Optical Carrier Signal, Level 36 (1.866 Gbps)OC-48 Optical Carrier Signal, Level 48 (2.488 Gbps)OC-96 Optical Carrier Signal, Level 96 (4.976 Gbps)OC-192 Optical Carrier Signal, Level 192 (9.952 Gbps)OC-256 Optical Carrier Signal, Level 256 (13.271 Gbps)OCR Optical Character RecognitionODBC Open Database Connectivity (Microsoft)ODS Operational Data StoreOEM Original Equipment ManufacturerOLAP Online Analytical ProcessingOLE Object Linking and Embedding (Microsoft)OMA Object Management ArchitectureOMAP Open Multimedia Applications PlatformOMC Operations and Maintenance Center






wirelessdataservices · viii contents 3 adoptiontrendsandanalysisbyregion 32 3.1usa 32...

Documents