wind energy - · pdf fileearly “windmill” in afghanistan (900ad) ... upward...
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KidWind Project | www.kidwind.org
Wind Power
- History - Technology - The Wind Resource - Wind in the Classroom
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Early “Windmill” in Afghanistan (900AD)
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Jacobs Turbine – 1920 - 1960 WinCharger – 1930s – 40s
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Smith-Putnam Turbine
Vermont, 1940's
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Modern Windmills
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Orientation Turbines can be categorized into two overarching classes based on the orientation of the rotor Vertical Axis Horizontal Axis
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Vertical Axis Turbines
Advantages • Omnidirectional
– Accepts wind from any angle
• Components can be mounted at ground level – Ease of service – Lighter weight
towers
• Can theoretically use less materials to capture the same amount of wind
Disadvantages • Rotors generally near ground
where wind poorer • Centrifugal force stresses
blades • Poor self-starting capabilities • Requires support at top of
turbine rotor • Requires entire rotor to be
removed to replace bearings • Overall poor performance
and reliability • Have never been
commercially successful (large scale)
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Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines
• Rotors are usually Up-wind of tower
• Some machines have down-wind rotors, but only commercially available ones are small turbines
• Proven, viable technology
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Modern Small Wind Turbines: High Tech, High Reliability, Low Maintenance
• Technically Advanced
• Only 2-3 Moving Parts
• Very Low Maintenance Requirements
• Proven: ~ 5,000 On-Grid
• American Companies are the Market and Technology Leaders
10 kW 50 kW
400 W 900 W
(Not to scale)
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Over-Speed Protection During High Winds
Upward Furling: The rotor tilts back during high winds
Angle Governor: The rotor turns up and to one side
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Yawing – Facing the Wind • Active Yaw (all medium &
large turbines produced today, & some small turbines from Europe) • Anemometer on nacelle tells
controller which way to point rotor into the wind
• Yaw drive turns gears to point rotor into wind
• Passive Yaw (Most small turbines) • Wind forces alone direct rotor
• Tail vanes • Downwind turbines
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Wacky Designs out there…
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Large Wind Turbines
• 450’ base to blade
• Each blade 112’
• Span greater than 747
• 163+ tons total
• Foundation 20+ feet deep
• Rated at 1.5 – 5 megawatt
• Supply at least 350 homes
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Wind Turbine Perspective
Nacelle 56 tons
Tower 3 sections
Workers Blade 112’ long
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KidWind Project | www.kidwind.org
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Wind Farms
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Off-Shore Wind Farms
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Middelgrunden
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Importance of the WIND RESOURCE
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Why do windmills need to be high in the sky??
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Turbulent wind is bad wind
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Calculation of Wind Power
•Power in the wind
– Effect of swept area, A
– Effect of wind speed, V
– Effect of air density,
Swept Area: A = πR2 Area of the circle swept by the rotor (m2).
Power in the Wind = ½ρAV3
R
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Importance of Wind Speed
• No other factor is more important to the amount of power available in the wind than the speed of the wind
• Power is a cubic function of wind speed
– V X V X V
• 20% increase in wind speed
means 73% more power
• Doubling wind speed means 8 times more power
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KidWind Project | www.kidwind.org
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• In the November-December Audubon Magazine, John Flicker, President of National Audubon Society, wrote a column stating that Audubon "strongly supports wind power as a clean alternative energy source," pointing to the link between global warming and the birds and other wildlife that scientist say it will kill.
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Impacts of Wind Power: Noise
• Modern turbines are relatively quiet
• Rule of thumb – stay about 3x hub-height away from houses
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•Where is the wind?
•Where are the population centers?
•Where are the wind farms?
•How do we get wind energy from the wind farms to the population centers?
Transmission Problems
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Wind Energy in the Classroom
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Standards/Skills • Scientific Processes (Collecting & Presenting Data,
Performing Experiments, Repeating Trials, Using Models)
• Use of Simple Tools & Equipment
• Forces Cause Change
• Energy Transformations (Forms of Energy)
• Circuits/Electricity/Magnetism
• Weather Patterns
• Renewable – Non Renewable Energy
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Middle • Building Wind
Turbines
• Assessing Wind Resource
• Mathematics
balloon
streamers
Kite or balloon string
~3m
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Secondary
• Advanced Blade Design
• School Siting Projects
• Data Analysis
• Advanced Math
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KidWind Project | www.kidwind.org
Circuits, Wind Farms, Battery Charging, and Hybrid Systems
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Questions???
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The KidWind Project www.kidwind.org