will internet of things feed the world?

Will Internet of Things feed the World?

Prof. Riccardo BeltramoUniversity of Torino

Department of Management - Area of Commodity ScienceResearch Centre on Natural Risks in Mountain and Hilly Environments

4th BEMM 2016, Hammamet, Tunisia

“In the summer of 1970, an international team of researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology began a study of the implications of continued worldwide growth. They examined the five basic factors that determine and, in their interactions, ultimately limit growth on this planet: world population, food product ion , nonrenewable resource depletion, industrial output, and pollution generation. The MIT team fed data on these five factors into a global computer model and then tested the behavior of the model under several sets of assumptions to determine alternative patterns for mankind’s future. ”


1970

’s

overshoot and collapse

Prof. Riccardo Beltramo

The Problem

The Food and Agricultural Organisation of the UN (FAO) predicts that the global population will reach 8 billion people by 2025 and 9.6 billion people by 2050.

In order to keep pace, food production must increase by 70 percent by 2050.


Today


Different scenarios, on the basis of different hypothesis



Agriculture4th BEMM 2016, Hammamet, Tunisia


http://www.globalresearch.ca/catastrophic-fall-in-2009-global-food-production/12252

Countries by USD value of their agricultural output, as of 2006.




Population & Agriculture4th BEMM 2016, Hammamet, Tunisia


World undernourishment todayImage from Wikimedia Commons



Machinery

Seeds

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Energy

Fertilizers

Other products

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Pesticides

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Food


AgricultureHuman Resources


Drivers• Climate change

• Environmental quality: Land degradation, Soil contamination, Water use, Air emission.

• Energy: Paradigm shift

• Nutrition: Diet shift

• Conscious consumption



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Agriculture & Environment

Human Resources


Climate change

Climate change could increase annual precipitation and make more fresh water available in some places. Rising temperatures, however, could increase the rate of evaporation from surface waters and reservoirs and lead to the loss of freshwater held in glaciers. Furthermore, increased rainfall might come in the form of storms that lead to flooding and damage thereby doing more harm than good. Climate change poses a series of risks to water availability and water management systems, although much uncertainty remains.




Countries experiencing droughts highlighted




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Land degradation leads to a significant reduction of the productive capacity of land.

• Unsuitable agricultural land use• Poor soil and water management practices• Deforestation• Removal of natural vegetation• Frequent use of heavy machinery• Overgrazing• Improper crop rotation• Poor irrigation practices

• Landslides• Natural disasters• Droughts• Floods


Land degradation

Human Resources


Global Assessment of Soil Degradation (GLASOD) was undertaken in the early 1990s (Oldeman, Hakkeling and Sombroek 1990, UNEP 1992) and a land degradation assessment of drylands (LADA) was initiated by GEF and UNEP in 2000 and is now being developed with FAO.

http://www.unep.org/dgef/LandDegradation/tabid/1702/Default.aspx4th BEMM 2016, Hammamet, Tunisia


Land

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Water

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Excessive withdrawalfrom surface waters

Excessive withdrawal of waterfrom underground aquifers

Pollution of fresh water resources

Inefficient use of freshwaterPoor irrigation practicesLeakage in water delivery systems

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Water (mis-)use

Human Resources


–Giovanni Mela

“Farming accounts for around 70% of waterused in the world today…”.



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…and also contributes to water pollution from excess nutrients, pesticides and other pollutants.

Other products


Soil contamination

Human Resources


• High applications of fertilizers and pesticides can increase nutrients and toxins in groundwater and surface waters, incurring health and water purification costs, and decreasing fishery and recreational values.

• Agricultural practices that degrade soil quality contribute to eutrophication of aquatic habitats and may necessitate the expense of increased fertilization, irrigation and energy to maintain productivity on degraded soils.

• Practices that change species composition or reduce biodiversity in non-agricultural systems may also diminish goods and services, because the ability of ecosystems to provide some services depends both on the number and type of species in an ecosystem.



“Agricultural sustainability and intensive production practices” David Tilman, Kenneth G. Cassman, Pamela A. Matson, Rosamond Naylor and Stephen Polasky Nature 418, 671-677(8 August 2002) doi:10.1038/nature01014

http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v418/n6898/fig_tab/nature01014_F1.html4th BEMM 2016, Hammamet, Tunisia


c, total global pesticide production3 and global pesticide imports (summed across all countries)

“Agricultural sustainability and intensive production practices” David Tilman, Kenneth G. Cassman, Pamela A. Matson, Rosamond Naylor and Stephen Polasky Nature 418, 671-677(8 August 2002) doi:10.1038/nature01014



Agriculture doesn’t mean just food



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Biomass for energy production

Grains and starch crops:Sugar cane CornWheat Sugar beetsIndustrial sweet potatoes, etc.

Agricultural residues:Corn stover Wheat straw Rice straw Orchard prunings, etc. Forestry materials:Logging residues Forest thinnings, etc.Animal byproducts:Tallow Fish oil Manure, etc. Energy crops:SwitchgrassMiscanthusHybrid poplarWillowAlgae, etc.

Food waste:Waste produce Food processing waste, etc.

Urban and suburban wastes:Municipal solid wastes (MSW) Lawn wastes Wastewater treatment sludge Urban wood waste Disaster debris Trap grease Yellow grease Waste cooking oil, etc.

‘food-vs.-fuel’ debate


Human Resources


“By 2050, global population is projected to be 50% larger than at present and global grain demand is projected to double. This doubling will result from a projected 2.4-fold increase in per capita real income and from dietary shifts towards a higher proportion of meat (much of it grain-fed) associated with higher income.”


Diet shift

Nature 418, 671-677 (8 August 2002) | doi:10.1038/nature01014

review article

Agricultural sustainability and intensive production practices David Tilman1, Kenneth G. Cassman3, Pamela A. Matson4,5, Rosamond Naylor5 & Stephen Polasky2


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Conscious consumption

Food

Human Resources


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Conscious consumption

Human Resources


How can we deal with “Food Security”?



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Current estimates put global food loss and waste between one-third and one-half of all food produced. Loss and wastage occurs at all stages of the food supply chain or value chain. In low-income countries, most loss occurs during production, while in developed countries much food – about 100 kilograms per person per year – is wasted at the consumption stage.http://www.fao.org/food-loss-and-food-waste/en/, http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2013/01/10/food-waste-half-of-all-fo_n_2445022.html, http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2012/ph240/briggs1/docs/mb060e00.pdfhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_waste

100 kilograms per person

per year

global food loss and waste


Human Resources


http://www.fao.org/food-loss-and-food-waste/en/

http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2013/01/10/food-waste-half-of-all-fo_n_2445022.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_waste

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Pharmaceutical

Nutraceutical

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production

MU LTIFU N C TION A LITY

Waste valorization


Human Resources


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• The European Union has sponsored several projects on the topic during the Seventh Framework Programme and, now, during Horizon 2020.

• Several private companies are also starting to be active in this field, such as Anemon (Switzerland), eCow (UK), Connected Cow (Medria Technologies and Deutsche Telekom). Smart fishing is at initial stage with some projects in Europe, South Korea, North America and Japan.

Federico Guerrini, The Future Of Agriculture? Smart Farming, Forbes, FEB 18, 2015, http://www.forbes.com/sites/federicoguerrini/2015/02/18/the-future-of-agriculture-smart-farming/#1e0857bd337c4th BEMM 2016, Hammamet, Tunisia

Research fundingProf. Riccardo Beltramo

http://www.forbes.com/sites/federicoguerrini/2015/02/18/the-future-of-agriculture-smart-farming/#1e0857bd337c

Smart Farming1. Fleet management – tracking of farm vehicles.

2. Arable farming, large and small field farming. Meteorological Station Network: Study of weather conditions in fields to forecast ice formation, rain, drought, snow or wind changes.

3. Livestock monitoring. Location and identification of animals grazing in open pastures or location in big stables. Offspring Care: Control of growing conditions of the offspring in animal farms to ensure its survival and health. Toxic Gas Levels: Study of ventilation and air quality in farms and detection of harmful gases from excrements.

4. Indoor farming – greenhouses and stables: Control micro-climate conditions to maximize the production of fruits and vegetables and its quality. Compost: Control of humidity and temperature levels in alfalfa, hay, straw, etc. to prevent fungus and other microbial contaminants.

5. Wine Quality Enhancing. Monitoring soil moisture and trunk diameter in vineyards to control the amount of sugar in grapes and grapevine health.

6. Fish farming

7. Forestry

8. Storage monitoring–water tanks, fuel tanks



Towards Smart Farming, Agriculture embracing the IoT Vision, 2014 Beecham Research Ltd.

• Precision agriculture aims to optimise the yield per unit of farming land by using the most modern means in a continuously sustainable way, to achieve best in terms of quality, quantity and financial return.

• Precision agriculture makes use of a range of technologies that include GPS services, sensors and big data to optimise crop yields. Rather than replace farmer expertise and gut feeling, ICT- based decision support systems, backed up by real time data, can additionally provide information concerning all aspects of farming at a level of granularity not previously possible. This enables better decisions to be made, resulting in less waste and maximum efficiency in operations.



Internet of Things beyond the Hype: Research, Innovation and Deployment Ovidiu Vermesan1, Peter Friess2, Patrick Guillemin3, Raffaele Giaffreda4, Hanne Grindvoll1, Markus Eisenhauer5, Martin Serrano6, Klaus Moessner7,

Maurizio Spirito8, Lars-Cyril Blystad1 and Elias Z. Tragos9

“Internet of Things (IoT) is a concept and a paradigm that considers pervasive presence in the environment of a variety of things/objects that through wireless and wired connections and unique addressing schemes are able to interact with each other and cooperate with other things/objects to create new applications/services and reach common goals.”



microcontroller

Scatol8®: A Path To Sustainability

sensors

actuatorstransmission

4th BEMM 2016, Hammamet, TunisiaProf. Riccardo Beltramo

SensorsEnvironmental parametersAcceleration

Power consumption

Wind direction

Distance

Liquid flow rate

Air quality (presence of smoke, benzene, carbon dioxide, LPG, propane, hydrogen, oxygen, methane, carbon monoxide)

Illuminance

Mass (eg. Production waste )

Movement (eg. Intrusion, counting pieces, etc.).

Oxidation-Reduction Potential

pH

Rain

Atmospheric pressure

Radioactivity (α, β, γ decays)

Noise

Temperature of liquids

Soil temperature

Air temperature

Soil moisture

Humidity

Wind speed

Vibration

Biometric parametersBiometric parameters (ECG, EMG, respiration rate, glucose and blood pressure, pulsation of the heart, galvanic skin response, body temperature)



Actuators


Sensors networkTailor-made sensors & network

4th BEMM 2016, Hammamet, Tunisia Prof. Riccardo Beltramo

Sensors networkTailor-made sensors & network


Sensing layer

Access layer

Network layer

Middleware layer

Application layerto capture

to transfer

to integrate

to manage

to build practicalapplication


Examples

ProprietaryJohn Deere is using the IoT to connect each of its vehicles to a mobile online platform called JDLink, which gives farmers and their dealers remote access to see location, utilization and diagnostic data for each machine.

Its John Deere Operations Center offers comprehensive IoT solutions for farmers, including wireless data streaming of production data, mobile monitoring, and weather and crop reporting in real time. Networked sensors and both historical and real-time data on weather, soil conditions and crop status help farmers enhance the value of their operations by ensuring equipment is operating reliably. They optimize each job by ensuring that crops are planted and harvested when and how they will produce the best yields, and achieving what John Deere calls “agronomic optimization” by engaging the trusted partners of the farmer to analyze data and recommend changes for future crop years.



New machines from John Deere can not only plow, sow and reap, they can also collect a Farmer’s Almanac worth of data, including air and soil temperatures, moisture, wind speed, humidity, solar radiation and rainfall.

Smart watering systems sprinkle just enough water on the fields, in just the right places, and can detect leaks in water pipes—vital in dry and drought-affected regions like California.

THE FUTURE IS SMART, Alec Scott, 8 ways the Internet of things will change the way we live and work, http://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/rob-magazine/the-future-is-smart/article24586994/



OnFarm http://bluehillresearch.com/

In 2011, Lance Donny, the CEO and founder of OnFarm, identified a unique opportunity to leverage his extensive personal agricultural knowledge with connected applications to create and deliver a transformational suite of Internet of Things-based agricultural management services. These services would be delivered as easy-to-use, smart, connected product applications that would provide OnFarm's customers with the ability to have a real-time big picture of the large and varying data points necessary for them to create optimal agricultural working and growing conditions.



OnFarm Grower DashboardTM



Precision Livestock Farming (PLF)Prof. Riccardo Beltramo

• Precision Livestock Farming is a subset of smart farming. Sensors are used for monitoring and early detection of reproduction events and health disorders in animals.

• Typical monitored data are the body temperature, the animal activity, tissues resistivity, pulse and GPS position.

• SMS alerts can be sent to the breeder based on predefined events.

Federico Guerrini, The Future Of Agriculture? Smart Farming, Forbes, FEB 18, 2015, http://www.forbes.com/sites/federicoguerrini/2015/02/18/the-future-of-agriculture-smart-farming/#1e0857bd337c4th BEMM 2016, Hammamet, Tunisia


http://www.forbes.com/sites/federicoguerrini/2015/02/18/the-future-of-agriculture-smart-farming/#1e0857bd337c

Development of specialized RFID tags that can be embedded into trees, manually or by machine. Some of these tags are made of biodegradable materials, so they can be ground with wood products to make pulp and paper.



"RFID can bring value by tracking timber through the whole logging operation, through shipment, monitoring for deliveries and such."

In pilots and deployments worldwide, governments, research institutes, forestry and sawmill companies, and wood products manufacturers are employing RFID to optimize forest production and improve the quality of wood products, as well as to minimize environmental damage and enable companies to comply with U.S. and European rules barring import of illegal or endangered timber products.

But before RFID-tagging becomes common practice in the forestry industry, tag prices must come down and more solid business cases must be demonstrated. Meanwhile, RFID shows promise as a tool to help control wildfires.



SK Telecom’s connected eel farm

The first pilot of the IoT aquaculture management system is being tested on an eel farm in Gochang, South Korea. A set of sensors in dozens of 20-foot-wide eel tanks wirelessly transmit data on water temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen levels to a sensor hub, which in turn connects to SK Telecom’s LTE network using a machine-to-machine radio.

https://gigaom.com/2014/09/01/meet-the-slimiest-thing-on-the-internet-of-things-sk-telecoms-connected-eel-farm/4th BEMM 2016, Hammamet, Tunisia


ExpensiveBig farms can afford them

but the average farm in Europe is…



http://www.globalagriculture.org/report-topics/industrial-agriculture-and-small-scale-farming.html



Average utilised agricultural area per holding, 2010 and 2013 (hectares)

http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/agriculture/farm-structure4th BEMM 2016, Hammamet, Tunisia


http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/agriculture/farm-structure

Li Minbo, Zhu Zhu, Chen Guangyu, Information Service System Of Agriculture IoT, ISSN 1848-3380, Print ISSN 0005-1144 ATKAFF 54(4), 415–426(2013) Duan Yan-e, Design of Intelligent Agriculture Management Information System Based on IoT, Intelligent Computation Technology and Automation (ICICTA), 2011 International Conference Congcong. Li*, Yanxia Guo and Jingren Zhou, Study and design of the agricultural informationization model based on internet of things, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, China, Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 2014, 6(6):1625-1630Xian-Yi Chen, Zhi-Gang Jin, Research on Key Technology and Applications for Internet of Things, 2012 International Conference on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering

Shaik. N. Meera, Anita Jhamtani, and D.U.M. Rao, INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY IN AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THREE PROJECTS FROM INDIA, The Agricultural Research and Extension Network, Paper n. 135, 2004


A literature review…Prof. Riccardo Beltramo

Nikesh Gondchawar, Prof. Dr. R. S. Kawitkar Duan Yan-e, IoT based Smart Agriculture, International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer and Communication Engineering Vol. 5, Issue 6, June 2016

Chandrakanth.R, Harshith.B, Rakesh.K, Soujanya.N, Dipti Patnayak, SMART FARMING SYSTEM USING IOT, World Journal of Engineering Research and Technology, 2016

CHANDHINI. K., A Literature Study on Agricultural Production System Using IoT as Inclusive Technology, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH, Volume No.4, Issue No.1, December - January 2016, 2727 – 2731




OPENSOURCE


Opensource solutions…




Saving water with Smart Irrigation System in Barcelona



Waspmote Sensor Platform installed in the park


Sustainable Farming and the IoT: Cocoa Research Station in

Indonesia

http://www.libelium.com/sustainable-farming-and-the-iot-cocoa-research-station-in-indonesia/#!prettyPhoto-

img%5B20343%5D/1/

Parameters measured include:

• Temperature • Humidity • Photo-synthetically active radiation

(PAR) • Soil water potential



Smart Strawberries Crop Increases the Quality and

Reduces the Time from Farm to Market

Parameters measured include:

• Air Temperature • Soil water potential



Smart Agriculture: Monitoring greenhouse conditions to develop new products in the

food industry

Flores en la mesa is an Aragonese company that grows and sells fresh edible flowers and crystallized flowers

Parameters measured:

Temperature – Ground + Ambient Humidity – Ground + Ambient Ultraviolet



Smart Farming: Monitoring Horses and Equine Facility Management with Waspmote

http://www.libelium.com/smart-farming-monitoring-horses-equine-facility-management-waspmote/#!prettyPhoto



Preventing environmental impact in wastewater irrigation area for the largest

meat industry in Australia

The deployment involve Libelium Plug & Sense soil moisture sensors installed in a wastewater irrigation area as the basis of a real-time operational tool to guide management in turning irrigation systems on and off using soil moisture as a key indicator.

Management of soil moisture in wastewater irrigation is essential for the protection of groundwater from nitrate contamination.



• Monitoring environmental factors is not enough and complete solution to improve the yield of the crops.

• There are number of other factors that affect the productivity to great extent. These factors include attack of insects and pests which can be controlled by spraying the crop with proper insecticide and pesticides. Secondly, attack of wild animals and birds when the crop grows up. There is also possibility of thefts when crop is at the stage of harvesting. Even after harvesting, farmers also face problems in storage of harvested crop.

• So, in order to provide solutions to all such problems, it is necessary to develop integrated system which will take care of all factors affecting the productivity in every stages like; cultivation, harvesting and post harvesting storage.

• The paper aims at making agriculture smart using automation and IoT technologies. The highlighting features of this paper includes smart GPS based remote controlled robot to perform tasks like; weeding, spraying, moisture sensing, bird and animal scaring, keeping vigilance, etc. Secondly, it includes smart irrigation with smart control based on real time field data. Thirdly, smart warehouse management which includes; temperature maintenance, humidity maintenance and theft detection in the warehouse.

IoT based Smart Agriculture, Nikesh Gondchawar, Prof. Dr. R. S. Kawitkar, International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer and

Communication Engineering, Vol. 5, Issue 6, June 2016 4th BEMM 2016, Hammamet, Tunisia


Our experience


Precision Agriculture: Predicting Vineyard Conditions, Preventing Disease

Wireless sensor networks enable many new opportunities and innovations in the field of Predictive systems.

With these, pest prevention and irrigation can be administered when necessary. The end result is improved management, better grape quality, and lower costs.




The sensors are camouflaged as fanciful animals…Prof. Riccardo Beltramo


…and the dashboard shows the intensity of monitored variables…


Conclusions

• Data is the fundamental building block of smart farming.

• Everyday farming applications are starting to move into the cloud, with the aim of delivering benefits in terms of data access, synchronization, storage and even cost to the farmer.

Towards Smart Farming, Agriculture embracing the IoT Vision, 2014 Beecham Research Ltd. 4th BEMM 2016, Hammamet, Tunisia


Internet of things will not be able to feed the world by itself. Its spread and the consequent further reduction of costs can help out. The technology is in its infancy.

It will be necessary, however, to work at the same time on the development of management systems and of service activities appropriate to the cultural level of the operators who will benefit of them. Human resources training is a focal point.

These perspectives open challenging landscapes for research and training activities at international level, which involve Universities, farmer’s organizations, farmers and international organizations that deal with development of third countries.



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will internet of things feed the world?

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