wildlife trade and trafficking mike shanahan / iied
TRANSCRIPT
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Wildlife trade and trafficking
Mike Shanahan / IIED
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http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/11/15/ivory-crushed-denver/3563633/
November 2013
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November 2013
China and France follow suit, Hong Kong approves plan to destroy massive stockpile over next two years (NPR, 2/17/14)
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White House moved to strengthen enforcement of laws and extend bans on trade in Feb. 2014
• extend ban on the commercial trade of elephant ivory – “All commercial imports/exports of ivory products will be
prohibited” (with a few exceptions).– “Sales of any ivory products within the U.S. will also be severely
restricted.”
(Walsh, Time, 2/11/14)
– “strengthening domestic and global enforcement of wildlife trade laws
– working with international partners to combat the global poaching trade”
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“Illegal wildlife trafficking—the unlawful slaughter of endangered animals to trade their valuable parts—has risen alarmingly in recent years.
• > 30,000 elephants killed in Africa in 2014 for their ivory
• 1,000 rhinos killed in South Africa alone
• increasing evidence linking illegal wildlife trading with corruption, terrorist groups and organized criminal networks.”
ivory stock seized recently at the autonomous port in Lome, Togo (west African), Emile Kouton, AFP/Getty Images / February 4, 2014)
(Paramaguru, Time 2/14/14)
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Feb. 2014: Leading nations met in London for highest-level talks ever on illegal trade in wildlife products.
• Outcome London Declaration: “countries agreed for the first time to renounce the use of products from species threatened with extinction.
Photo: Dan Kitwood/Getty Images. Protesters outside Conference
– eradicate market for illegal wildlife products
– ensure effective legal frameworks and strengthen law enforcement
– trafficking in illegal wildlife products in the same category as trafficking in drugs, arms and people.”
(Paramaguru, Time 2/14/14)
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A mixed history of bans and intermittent legal sales• 1989 ban on int’l trade in ivory: Convention on International
Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)
– Effective in the west
– Less effective in Asia (cultural and medicinal use)
• 1999: Botswana, Namibia, and Zimbabwe permitted to sell to Japan about 110,000 pounds from existing legal stocks of raw ivory – Stocks from animal deaths from natural causes or control programs– Raised $5M for elephant conservation. – Sales followed from Botswana, Namibia, and South Africa.
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Do the sales of legal stockpiles help or hurt conservation?• Empirical evidence is mixed: Did the 1999 sales encourage
on poaching? (Fischer, 2003/2014)
– Yes: Environmental Investigation Agency (nongovernmental UK org)
– No: UN Environment Programme and the TRAFFIC network (monitors wildlife trading)
• Issue interactions between segregated/separated markets: legal and illegal trade.
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Do the sales of legal stockpiles help or hurt conservation?• Sales of legal stockpiles:
– Rationale: adding supply decrease prices in the market for ivory decrease return to poaching (figure)
• Hope: satisfy some illegal demand without triggering resurgence in legal demand.
• two crucial assumptions:– illegally produced goods and legally sold confiscated
goods are truly interchangeable– consumers are indifferent to both wildlife populations and
the nature of the market
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Do the sales of legal stockpiles help or hurt conservation?• Sales of legal stockpiles:
– Unintended consequences: increase legal ivory supply decrease stigma of ivory ownership increase demand for new ivory increase prices and the return to poaching.
– More likely if
» demand is malleable; i.e. demand for ivory isn’t the same as any other good
» consumers care about the source of their ivory, the state of the elephant population, or just how others perceive it.
•
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Do the sales of legal stockpiles help or hurt conservation?• Sales of legal stockpiles:
– unintended consequences:• decrease stigma for existing consumers (previous
slide)• laundering may bring illegal goods to legal
markets; legal sales may lower the costs of illegal supply by making monitoring more difficult
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Similar dynamics are at play for other goods• “blood” diamonds from war-torn areas like
the Democratic Republic of Congo – stigma in demand; laundering in supply.
• Other products with segregated markets– GMO-free (genetically modified organisms),
cruelty-free, or organic produce; – certified, sustainably harvested timber; – drugs; and guns.