Presentation to

CASFOS Officer Trainees

21.09.2020

Dr Sonali Ghosh, IFS

DIGF-Central Zoo Authority

Wildlife Management and Livelihoods

Presentation Outline

Overview –Wildlife

Management Categories

Case study –World

Heritage Sites

Way forward in post

pandemic world

Suggested reading

Article 51A of the Constitution

To protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers, wildlife and to have compassion for living creatures;

To develop the scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform;

Definition of Protected Area“A geographically defined area which is designated or regulated and managed to achieve specific conservation objectives” (CBD Article 2)

“An area of land and/or sea especially dedicated to the protection of biological diversity and natural and associated cultural resources, and managed through legal or other effective means (IUCN 1996).”

“ A clearly defined geographical space, recognised, dedicated and managed, through legal or other effective means, to achieve the long-term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values” (Dudley, 2008).

“OECM- A geographically defined area other than a Protected Area, which is governed and managed in ways that achieve positive and sustained long-term outcomes for the in situ conservation of biodiversity with associated ecosystem functions and services and where applicable, cultural, spiritual, socio–economic, and other locally relevant values.” (CBD, 2018).

IUCN’s Six Protected Areas Management Categories

Category I. Strict Nature Reserve: managed for science or wilderness

Category II. National Park: managed primarily for ecosystem

protection and recreation

Category III. Natural Monument: managed primarily for conservation

of specific natural features

Category IV. Habitat/Species Management Area: managed for

conservation through active intervention

Category V. Protected Landscape/Seascape: Managed for cultural and

scenic integrity, conservation, and recreation;

settlements and agricultural areas are accommodated

Category VI. Managed Resource Protected Area: Managed primarily for

the sustainable use of ecosystems IUCN = The World Conservation Union, previously known as

the International Union for the Conservation of Nature

There are 202,467 terrestrial and inland water protected areas recorded in the World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA), covering

14.7% (19.8 million km2) of the world’s extent of these ecosystems (excluding Antarctica) (source:

https://wdpa.s3.amazonaws.com/Protected_Planet_Reports/2445%20Global%20Protected%20Planet%202016_WEB.pdf )

AICHI BIODIVERSITY

TARGETS- 10th CoP CBD

in 2010 aims at “at least

17 per cent of terrestrial

and inland water, and 10

per cent of coastal and

marine areas “ under PA

system by 2020.

Scientific Basis for creating PAs

SLOSS = single large or several small

Minimum Critical Area: The minimum size needed to support viable populations of constituent species

Minimum Dynamic Area: The minimum size needed to absorb large disturbances and still maintain colonization

sources and viable populations

Redundancy

Representativeness

Gap Analysis

Goals of Protected areas•Protect particular species•Preserve biodiversity: focus on areas of high species richness/endemism•Preserve large and functioning ecosystems and their services

•Sustaining Livelihoods

Benefits provided by Protected areas Conservation of ecosystems and biodiversity Recreation Prevention of erosion on watersheds Provision of clean water to cities Provision of clean air Control of biological pests Preservation of medicinal and genetic resources Maintenance of harvestable resources Soil regeneration Nutrient cycling Carbon sequestration/climatic regulation Ecosystem Based Disaster Risk Reduction

Tiger Reserve (50)

National Park (101)

Wildlife Sanctuary (553)

Conservation Reserve (86)

Community Reserve (163)

Elephant Reserve, Biosphere Reserve , World Heritage Site, trans-boundary Protected Area etc. are recognized as management categories and their whole areas or parts may be notified as one or the other of the above legal categories

Legal Categories of PAs in India

Source: http://www.wiienvis.nic.in/Database/Protected_Area_854.aspx

The Constitution of India clearly states that it is the duty of the state to ‘protect and improve the

environment and to safeguard the forests and wildlife of the country’.

Growth of Protected Areas in India

700

2006-1

5

Protected Area Governance (IUCN 2013)

IUCN defines four governance types.

1. Governance by government: Federal or national ministry/ agency in charge;

sub-national ministry/agency in charge; government-delegated management (e.g. to

NGO)

2. Shared governance: Collaborative management (various degrees of influence);

joint management (pluralist management board; transboundary management

(various levels across international borders)

3. Private governance: By individual owner; by non-profit organisations (NGOs,

universities, cooperatives); by for profit organisations (individuals or corporate)

4. Governance by indigenous peoples and local communities: Indigenous

peoples conserved areas and territories; community conserved areas –

declared and run by local communities

World Heritage Site: Categories

Cultural Heritage (869 properties)

Monuments

Groups of Buildings

Sites

Natural Heritage (213 properties)

Natural features

Geological and physiographical features

Natural sites

Mixed Heritage (39 properties)

Both Cultural & Natural Values

https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/• Great Himalayan National Park Conservation Area (2014)

• Kaziranga National Park (1985)

• Keoladeo National Park (1985)

• Manas Wildlife Sanctuary (1985)

• Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National Parks (1988,2005)

• Sundarbans National Park (1987)

• Western Ghats (2012)

• Khangchendzonga National Park (2016)

© M & G Therin-Weise

ECOSYSTEM SERVICES OF WILDLIFE AREAS (PAs)

Global examples (Osipova et.al, 2014)

Climate Regulation -WHS contain comparatively higher carbon density than biome average,

Global examples (Osipova et.al, 2014)

Global examples (Osipova

et.al, 2014)

CASE STUDY – Western Ghats

more…

Chain of mountains over an

area of 140,000 km2 in the

State of Kerala, Tamil Nadu,

Karnataka, Goa, Maharashtra

and Gujarat

Internationally recognized as a

region of immense global

importance for the

conservation of biological

diversity, unique geological,

cultural and aesthetic values

• 39 serial sites, less than 3% of the land area of India yet

contain more than 30% of all plant, bird and mammal

species found in India. Many are endemic species.

• 58 Protected Areas (14 National Parks and 44 Wildlife

Sanctuaries) located in the Western Ghats representing

9% of the land area

One of the world’s eight ‘Hottest Hotspots’ (Myers et al

2000) with over 5000 species of flowering plants, 139

mammal species, 508 bird species, 179 amphibians

At least 325 globally threatened species recorded (IUCN

Red List)

A spectacular array of evergreen forests ensconced in

valleys, surrounded by exceptional short grasslands,

sparkling perennial rivers and plateaus of wildflowers

Fact Sheet- UNESCO World Heritage Site

( Western Ghats)

Serial Sites in Western Ghats...

contd…

Serial Sites in Western Ghats...

The Western Ghats Serial Sites

Sahyadri Sub-Cluster (7 of 7)

The Western Ghat Serial Nomination

Sahyadri Sub-Cluster (7 of 7)

Site element Name Latitude Longitude Area

036 Kas Plateau 17°43'N 73°48'E 11.42 km2

037 Koyna Wildlife

Sanctuary

17°23‘ to 17°44'N 73° 34‘ to 73° 51' E 423.55 km2

038 Chandoli National Park 17° 03' to 17°17' N 73° 03‘ to 73° 41' E 308.90 km2

039 Radhanagari Wildlife

Sanctuary

16° 10' to 16° 30' N 73° 52‘ to 74° 5' E 282.35 km2

Outstanding Universal Value Criteria met

(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii) (viii) (ix) ✓ (x) ✓

Study Objective

Mapping socio-economic benefits provided by the site to

local communities and visitors and possible contribution

to provisioning and cultural ecosystem services.

Zone Village name Sample Size

Chandoli range Khundlapur 30

Helwak range Baje, Dastan, Gadhokhop, Helwak, Kondhavale, Mendheghar, Nanel, Nav, Rasati,

Waghane, Male, Kolne, Patarpunj

108

Koyana range Deshmukhwadi, Dhuilwadi, Gawdewadi, Ghatmatha, Gokul, Humbarli,

Kamargaon, Manai nagar, Mirgaon, Navja, Torane, Van Kusawade

86

Kas and Bamnoli

range

Atale, Ekiv, Kas, Kasani, Wanjlewadi, Bamnoli, Palni 40

Radhanagari and

Dajipur range

Aadoli, Bhairibambar, Chapodi, Padali, Patpanhala, Savarde 60

Socio-Economic benefits to Forest Fringe Villages

Rice Rice Rice Rice Rice

Finger millet

Finger millet

Finger millet

Finger millet

Finger millet

Corn

Wheat

Wheat

Wheat

Wheat

Corn

Groundnut

Groundnut

Groundnut

Sugarcane

Sugarcane

VariVari

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Chandoli Helwak Koyana Kas Radhanagri

Pro

duct

ion

in T

ons/

year

Crop production

Rice Finger millet Wheat Groundnut Corn Sugarcane Vari

Chandoli Helwak Koyana Kas Radhanagri

Buffalo 2.16 ± 0.26 0.7 ± 0.31 0.53 ± 0.10 0.60 ± 0.17 1.05 ± 0.14

Cow 1.16 ± 0.20 0.75 ± 0.16 0.47 ± 0.14 1.18 ± 0.35 0.27 ± 0.11

Ox 0.2 ± 0.07 0.57 ± 0.09 0.48 ± 0.08 0.90 ± 0.15 0.62 ± 0.12

Goat 1.16 ± 1.16 0 0.09 ± 0.09 0.25 ± 0.15 0.13 ± 0.10

Total 3.7 ± 0.43 2.02 ± 0.45 1.59 ± 0.22 2.93 ± 0.41 2.07 ± 0.24

Average livestock per family

(Mean ± SE)

Crop production

across the four

study zones.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Chandoli Koyana Kas

No.

of people

Study sites

Willingness to Pay

Better tourismfacilities

Wildlifeconservation

Local community

No

Zone Sample size (#) Date sampled

Chandoli 10 2nd – 5th July 2017

Koyana 90 7th – 9th July 2017

Kas 200 22nd - 23rd July 2017

Tourism Benefits

Limitations of the Study for ES evaluation

Short Time frame

Deducted trends and drivers

Documented the OUV of the WHS for the first time

Availability of other primary data (especially past monetary values)

Coarse resolution of software/ computer applications

To be Economists or Naturalists ?

Priority on Management Action Plans

LIVELIHOOD SUPPORT – POST PANDEMIC

WORLD

COVID-19 Pandemic & UNESCO Monitoring of World Heritage Site Closure

Map disclaimer as available at http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/2103

• WH list includes a total of 1,121 natural,

cultural and mixed World Heritage sites;

• For some types of sites- city centres, urban

ensembles or agricultural landscapes access

may be still possible while site museums,

visitor centres, religious or emblematic

buildings;

• For some countries, sites are being re-

opened

• Natural heritage sites – monitoring

increased through anti-poaching units,

satellite images or drones and emergency

interventions, for example in case of fires.

Impact on Natural Heritage and livelihoods

Emerging Wildlife disease and susceptibility of

flagship species

(COVID-19: tiger-Bronx Zoo; African Swine

Fever: domestic/wild pigs-)

Increased Human Wildlife Conflict , Poaching,

opportunistic Hunting , tree felling

Unemployement, return of migrants

Protection & management challenges

Reduced revenue from tourism and cuts in

park operational budgets

Photo: Sonali Ghosh

Natural heritage for enhanced resilience

Sustainable tourism

through Nature Based

Tourism

Ecosystem based –

Disaster Risk

Reduction

One Health approach

The views expressed are personal

http://whc.unesco.org/en/resourcemanuals/

https://www.iucn.org/theme/world-heritage/resources/publications

GLOBAL EXAMPLES