History of Wildlife History of Wildlife ManagementManagement

LemmonsLemmons

WILDLIFE WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT….MANAGEMENT….

What is it?What is it?

Wildlife Management...Wildlife Management...

In wildlife management In wildlife management there are various there are various controls used to controls used to maintain the maintain the qualityquality and and quantity quantity of animals.of animals.

The change or The change or improvement needed improvement needed determines the control determines the control used.used.

Wildlife ControlsWildlife Controls

Game Management begins Game Management begins with the control of with the control of hunting.hunting.

Others then follow.Others then follow.

Wildlife ControlsWildlife Controls

The first step is restrictions on huntingThe first step is restrictions on hunting Predator controlPredator control Reservation of Game lands (parks,forests, and Reservation of Game lands (parks,forests, and

refuges)refuges) Artificial ReplenishmentArtificial Replenishment Environmental controls (control of food water and Environmental controls (control of food water and

disease)disease)

TermsTerms

Wildlife Wildlife - Wild, undomesticated vertebrate or - Wild, undomesticated vertebrate or invertebrate species living in their natural habitatinvertebrate species living in their natural habitat

Management Management - identifying, solving and preventing - identifying, solving and preventing problems.problems.

Wildlife Management Wildlife Management - the process of preserving, - the process of preserving, increasing, or decreasing wildlife populations.increasing, or decreasing wildlife populations.

TermsTerms

Aesthetic Values Aesthetic Values - values that relate to natural beauty - values that relate to natural beauty or artistic appreciation.or artistic appreciation.

Biotic Community Biotic Community - A group of plants and animals - A group of plants and animals that live in the same environment.that live in the same environment.

Domestic Domestic - tame- tame FeralFeral - a domestic animal that has reverted to wild. - a domestic animal that has reverted to wild.

Example - cat, dog, hogExample - cat, dog, hog

TermsTerms

Ecology Ecology - The relationship of living things - The relationship of living things within their environment.within their environment.

Ecological Balance Ecological Balance - The stable relationship of - The stable relationship of living things within their environment.living things within their environment.

Harvesting Harvesting - to gather or hunt.- to gather or hunt. HabitatHabitat - natural home of an animal or plant - natural home of an animal or plant Pelt Pelt - A hide, especially with fur.- A hide, especially with fur.

Preservation PracticesPreservation Practices

RestockingRestocking Predator ControlPredator Control Habitat DevelopmentHabitat Development Game RefugeGame Refuge Restrictive LawsRestrictive Laws

Preservation = increasePreservation = increase

Harvest = decreaseHarvest = decrease

Biotic CommunityBiotic Community

FARM PONDFARM POND small plantssmall plants small animalssmall animals tadpoles/insectstadpoles/insects small fishsmall fish all forms of all forms of

wildlife are wildlife are dependent on dependent on the other- the other- symbiosissymbiosis

ECONOMIC BENEFITSECONOMIC BENEFITS Landowners lease Landowners lease

hunting lands.hunting lands. Fish FarmsFish Farms Trapping for PeltsTrapping for Pelts Meat productionMeat production Residual monetary Residual monetary

benefits for benefits for communitiescommunities

Aesthetic BenefitsAesthetic Benefits U.S. has over 700 U.S. has over 700

million acres of million acres of national forest, national forest, parks, wildlife parks, wildlife refuges and public refuges and public domain!domain!

3 types of refuges3 types of refuges Big Game, Small Big Game, Small

Game, WaterfowlGame, Waterfowl

HistoryHistory

What do you think started the move toward wildlife What do you think started the move toward wildlife management?management?

Until about 1905 the main concern of the public was to Until about 1905 the main concern of the public was to preserve hunting, rather than improve the wildlife population.preserve hunting, rather than improve the wildlife population.

People believed that restrictions on hunting would make the People believed that restrictions on hunting would make the species last longer.species last longer.

People didn’t realize that management could aid in the People didn’t realize that management could aid in the production and maintenance of the animal supply.production and maintenance of the animal supply.

B.C. and HistoricB.C. and Historic

Game management Game management dates back to the dates back to the beginning of human beginning of human history. history.

Tribes that restricted Tribes that restricted hunting were more hunting were more likely to survive and likely to survive and prosper over those who prosper over those who had no restrictions.had no restrictions.

Late 13th CenturyLate 13th Century

The first clear record on a system of game The first clear record on a system of game management concerning conservation was found in management concerning conservation was found in the Mongol Empire.the Mongol Empire.

Marco Polo described the game laws of Kublai Marco Polo described the game laws of Kublai Khan. Khan.

People were prohibited from killing hares, deer, large People were prohibited from killing hares, deer, large birds, and other animals between the months of birds, and other animals between the months of March and October. To enable the animal March and October. To enable the animal populations to increase and multiply.populations to increase and multiply.

Late 13th century contd..Late 13th century contd..

In Europe, from 1200-1800 management was In Europe, from 1200-1800 management was established mostly to benefit the upper classes.established mostly to benefit the upper classes.

In 1536, Henry VIII established protection of all In 1536, Henry VIII established protection of all waterfowl during May-August. Wildlife reserves also waterfowl during May-August. Wildlife reserves also occurred during this year.occurred during this year.

During the 1600’s James I extended landowners During the 1600’s James I extended landowners protection of trespass to all hunting, for game protection of trespass to all hunting, for game protection. (poaching)protection. (poaching)

Aldo LeopoldAldo Leopold

In the 1930’s he saw In the 1930’s he saw that wildlife was that wildlife was disappearing. He began disappearing. He began asking questions about asking questions about how to manage animals. how to manage animals. Wrote “Game Wrote “Game Management” which Management” which became the first step became the first step toward wildlife toward wildlife management.management.

Era’s of Wildlife Management (5)Era’s of Wildlife Management (5)

Historians group these eras according to their Historians group these eras according to their attitudes, conditions, and management strategies.attitudes, conditions, and management strategies.

The Era Of Abundance (1600-1849)The Era Of Abundance (1600-1849) The Era Of Exploitation (1850-1899)The Era Of Exploitation (1850-1899) The Era Of Protection (1900-1929)The Era Of Protection (1900-1929) The Era Of Game Management (1930-1965)The Era Of Game Management (1930-1965) The Era of Environmental Management (1966-The Era of Environmental Management (1966-

present)present)

Group ActivityGroup Activity

Each group will prepare Each group will prepare a presentation for the a presentation for the class on their assigned class on their assigned Era. This presentation Era. This presentation must hit key points, must hit key points, vocab, and have SOME vocab, and have SOME KIND OF VISUAL KIND OF VISUAL (anything).(anything).

Era Of Abundance Era Of Abundance (1600-1849) (1600-1849)

Early American settlers had no reason to worry, for they Early American settlers had no reason to worry, for they had an enormous quantity of wildlife around them.Their had an enormous quantity of wildlife around them.Their only purpose for management was predator control.only purpose for management was predator control.

The earliest record of wildlife mgt.. occurred in the The earliest record of wildlife mgt.. occurred in the Mass. Bay Colony in 1630, paying one penny for wolf Mass. Bay Colony in 1630, paying one penny for wolf killed, aiding in predator control.killed, aiding in predator control.

Extinction is when a species no longer exists.Extinction is when a species no longer exists. In 1646 a hunting season was established on deer. 1708 In 1646 a hunting season was established on deer. 1708

first bird season. first bird season.

Era of AbundanceEra of Abundance

In 1779 the Act of the Preservation of Deer passed In 1779 the Act of the Preservation of Deer passed in Vermont. This act protected bucks, does, and in Vermont. This act protected bucks, does, and fawns January -June.fawns January -June.

In 1848 Rhode Island passes laws against hunting In 1848 Rhode Island passes laws against hunting migratory game birds in spring.migratory game birds in spring.

Era Of ExploitationEra Of Exploitation (1850-1899) (1850-1899)

Destruction of buffalo occurred during this era.Destruction of buffalo occurred during this era. In 1850, millions of buffalo roamed the land. By the In 1850, millions of buffalo roamed the land. By the

close of the century the buffalo was nearly extinct.close of the century the buffalo was nearly extinct. At one time there were so many buffalo that Buffalo At one time there were so many buffalo that Buffalo

Bill Cody would shoot 200 head per day, in one Bill Cody would shoot 200 head per day, in one month he shot 4280.month he shot 4280.

Between 1871-1872 8.5 million Buffalo were shot.Between 1871-1872 8.5 million Buffalo were shot.

Era of ExploitationEra of Exploitation The purpose of conservation in this era was to control the The purpose of conservation in this era was to control the

harvest of game species.harvest of game species. In 1852 the first state game laws and salaried game In 1852 the first state game laws and salaried game

wardens in Maine.wardens in Maine. 12 years (1864) later New York implemented the first 12 years (1864) later New York implemented the first

state hunting license requirements.state hunting license requirements. 1872 Yellowstone became the nation’s first national park.1872 Yellowstone became the nation’s first national park. Iowa became the first to establish limits on game birdsIowa became the first to establish limits on game birds By 1880, all states had game laws.By 1880, all states had game laws.

Era Of Protection Era Of Protection (1900-1929)(1900-1929)

1900, Lacy Act helped limit market hunting by 1900, Lacy Act helped limit market hunting by making interstate transport of illegally killed game making interstate transport of illegally killed game a federal offense, and regulating importation of a federal offense, and regulating importation of exotic wildlife.exotic wildlife.

1913, Weeks-McLean Act, developed federal 1913, Weeks-McLean Act, developed federal control over migratory birds and ended spring control over migratory birds and ended spring waterfowl hunting.waterfowl hunting.

1915, first funds for predator control.1915, first funds for predator control. State game and fish departments developed.State game and fish departments developed.

Teddy RooseveltTeddy Roosevelt Major contributor to wildlife management.Major contributor to wildlife management. Believed that wise use of resources would continue the Believed that wise use of resources would continue the

existence of wildlife.existence of wildlife. Personal philosophy of conservationPersonal philosophy of conservation

Outdoor resources as important systemsOutdoor resources as important systems Conservation as public responsibilityConservation as public responsibility Private resource ownership as a public trustPrivate resource ownership as a public trust science used for resource managementscience used for resource management 1903- Pelican Island (Vero Beach, FL) – 11903- Pelican Island (Vero Beach, FL) – 1stst Federal Bird Reservation Federal Bird Reservation 148 million acres of land set aside for national forest, national parks 148 million acres of land set aside for national forest, national parks

doubled.doubled.

Era Of Game ManagementEra Of Game Management(1930-1965)(1930-1965)

Increase in public funding Increase in public funding and effective conservation and effective conservation administration.administration.

Duck Stamp Act, 1934, Duck Stamp Act, 1934, Proceeds secure wetlands for Proceeds secure wetlands for breeding, migration breeding, migration stopover,and wintering of stopover,and wintering of waterfowl.waterfowl.

Era Of Game ManagementEra Of Game Management Pittman-Robertson Act which taxed hunting equipment Pittman-Robertson Act which taxed hunting equipment

and ammo. and ammo. Sept 1937 - Sept 1937 - excise tax that provides funds to each state

to manage such animals and their habitats. Notable species that have come back from the brink

since the implementation of this act include white-tailed deer, wild turkey, and wood ducks.

Era Of Environmental Era Of Environmental Management (1966-present)Management (1966-present)

1966, Endangered Species Act (several 1966, Endangered Species Act (several amendments)amendments)

1969, National Environmental Policy Act1969, National Environmental Policy Act 1970, Environmental Protection Agency1970, Environmental Protection Agency 1980, Nongame Wildlife Act1980, Nongame Wildlife Act 1999, Endangered Species List includes: 133 1999, Endangered Species List includes: 133

mammals, 124 birds, 25 fish.mammals, 124 birds, 25 fish.

Wildlife Management TodayWildlife Management Today

Conservation AssociationsConservation AssociationsDucks UnlimitedDucks UnlimitedQuail UnlimitedQuail UnlimitedNational Rifle AssociationNational Rifle AssociationTexas Waterfowl Texas Waterfowl AssociationsAssociations

Where do you think Where do you think wildlife management is wildlife management is

going?going?