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6/21/15, hlegm - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Page ttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phlegm

PhlegmFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Phlegm/!fl"m/ (Greek: !"#$%&"inflammation, humour caused byheat") is a liquid secreted by the mucous membranes of mammals. Its

definition is limited to the mucus produced by the respiratory system,

excluding that from the nasal passages, and particularly that which isexpelled by coughing (sputum). Phlegm is in essence a water-based gel

consisting of glycoproteins, immunoglobulins, lipids and other

substances. Its composition varies depending on climate, genetics, and

state of the immune system. Its color can vary from transparent to pale

or dark yellow and green, from light to dark brown, and even to dark

grey depending on the constituents.

Contents

1Distinction between mucus and phlegm1.1 Mucus1.2 Phlegm

2Excessive phlegm creation3 Phlegm and humourism4Illnesses related to phlegm5 References6 Further reading

Distinction between mucus and phlegm

Contrary to popular misconception and misuse, mucus and phlegm are not always the same.

Mucus

Mucus is a normal protective layering around the airway, eye, nasal turbinate, and urogenital tract. Mucus is

adhesive viscoelastic gel produced in the airway by submucosal glands and goblet cells and is principally wa

t also contains high-molecular weight mucous glycoproteins that form linear polymers.

Phlegm

Phlegm is more related to disease than is mucus. Phlegm is a secretion in the airway during disease and

nflammation. Phlegm usually contains mucus with bacteria, debris, and sloughed-off inflammatory cells. On

phlegm has been expectorated by a cough it becomes sputum.[1]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phlegm#cite_note-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycoproteinshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linear_polymers&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Viscoelastic_gel&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submucosal_glandshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goblet_cellshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasal_turbinatehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urogenital_tracthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phlegm#Further_readinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phlegm#Illnesses_related_to_phlegmhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phlegm#Phlegm_and_humourismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phlegm#Excessive_phlegm_creationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phlegm#Phlegmhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phlegm#Distinction_between_mucus_and_phlegmhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climatehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneticshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Phlegm.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Englishhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Phlegm.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phlegm#cite_note-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linear_polymers&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycoproteinshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goblet_cellshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submucosal_glandshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Viscoelastic_gel&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urogenital_tracthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasal_turbinatehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phlegm#Further_readinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phlegm#Referenceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phlegm#Illnesses_related_to_phlegmhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phlegm#Phlegm_and_humourismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phlegm#Excessive_phlegm_creationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phlegm#Phlegmhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phlegm#Mucushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phlegm#Distinction_between_mucus_and_phlegmhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_systemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneticshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climatehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipidshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoglobulinshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycoproteinshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coughhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_nosehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_systemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucous_membranehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquidhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Englishhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Phlegm.jpg


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Excessive phlegm creation

There are multiple factors that can contribute to an excess of phlegm in the throat or larynx.

Vocal abuse: Vocal abuse is the misuse or overuse of the voice in an unhealthy fashion such as clearingthe throat, yelling, screaming, talking loudly, or singing incorrectly.

Clearing the throat: Clearing the throat removes or loosens phlegm but the vocal cords hit togeth

causing inflammation and therefore more phlegm.[2]Yelling/screaming: Yelling and screaming both cause the vocal cords to hit against each other

causing inflammation and phlegm.[3][4][5][6][7]

Nodules: Excessive yelling, screaming, and incorrect singing as well as other vocal abusive habican cause vocal nodules. See vocal fold nodule for more information on nodules.

Smoking: Smoke is hot, dry, polluted air which dries out the vocal cords. With each breath in of smoke

the larynx is polluted with toxins that inhibit it from rehydrating for about 3 hours. [8]The vocal cordsneed a fair amount of lubrication and swell from inflammation when they do not have enough of it. Wh

the vocal folds swell and are inflamed, phlegm is often created to attempt to ease the dryness.[9][10]

Experiment on smoking correlations: In 2002, an experiment was done and published by theAmerican College of Chest Physicians to find if there was a correlation of smokers with coughinand phlegm. In the study, 117 participants were studied, a mix of current smokers, ex-smokers, nsmokers, and a positive control of participants with a disease, COPD (Chronic ObstructivePulmonary Disease.) At the end of the experiment, experimenters found that there was a high

correlation between phlegm and cough with smoking of 0.49 (p


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Phlegm was thought to be associated with apathetic behaviour; this old belief is preserved in the word

phlegmatic". This adjective always refers to behaviour, and is pronounced differently, giving full weight to

g": not /!fl"mat#k/ but /fl"g!mat#k/.[16]To have "phlegm" traditionally meant to have stamina and to be

unswayed by emotion. Sir William Oslers 1889 Aequanimitas

http://www.medicalarchives.jhmi.edu/osler/aequessay.htm) discusses the imperturbability or calmness in a

storm required of physicians. "'Imperturbability means coolness and presence of mind under all circumstance

calmness amid storm, clearness of judgment in moments of grave peril, immobility, impassiveness, or, to use

old and expressive word, phlegm." This was his farewell speech at the University of Pennsylvania in 1889before becoming Physician-in-Chief at the recently founded Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, Maryland

This is from "Celebrating the Contributions of William Osler"

http://www.medicalarchives.jhmi.edu/osler/osler150.htm) in the Alan Mason Chesney Medical Archives

http://www.medicalarchives.jhmi.edu/) of the Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions (http://www.jhmi.edu/)."

The phlegm of Humourism is far from the same thing as phlegm as it is defined today. Nobel laureate Charle

Richet MD, when describing humorism's "phlegm or pituitary secretion" in 1910 asked rhetorically, "this

strange liquid, which is the cause of tumours, of chlorosis, of rheumatism, and cacochymia - where is it? Wh

will ever see it? Who has ever seen it? What can we say of this fanciful classification of humours into four

groups, of which two are absolutely imaginary?"[17]

Illnesses related to phlegm

Phlegm may be a carrier of larvae of intestinal parasites (see hookworm). Bloody sputum can be a symptom

serious disease (such as tuberculosis), but can also be a relatively benign symptom of a minor disease (such a

bronchitis). In the latter case, the sputum is normally lightly streaked with blood. Coughing up any significan

quantity of blood is always a serious medical condition, and any person who experiences this should seek

medical attention.

References

1. Rubin, Bruce (January 2010). "The Role of Mucus in Cough Research".Lung. 188 Suppl 1: S6972.

doi:10.1007/s00408-009-9198-7 (https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00408-009-9198-7). PMID 19936981

(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19936981).

2. [1] (http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=b55fc8ad-870c-4c29-8ca9-

529f67885780%40sessionmgr104&vid=2&hid=111)

3. "Elsevier" (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0892199708000878#ref_bib11). Sciencedirect.com.

Retrieved 2013-03-25.

4. [2] (http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/866872-overview#aw2aab6b3)

5. "Singers, Let's Prevent Vocal Problems!" (http://www.voiceteacher.com/mathis.html). Voiceteacher.com. 1987-08-01Retrieved 2013-03-25.

6. "Vocal Survival Techniques For Singers Who Abuse And Overuse Their Voices" (http://www.ent-

consult.com/loedingger.html). Ent-consult.com. Retrieved 2013-03-25.

7. "Voice & Swallowing Center - Voice Disorders" (http://www.entandallergy.com/vas/services/voice_disorders_visit.p

Entandallergy.com. Retrieved 2013-03-25.

8. Davies, Shela, "Sound Advice: Your guide to a strong, clear, easy voice" (http://www.shelaghdavies.com/soundadvic

9. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/172/3984/741.full.pdf

10. "Symptoms of cough and shortness of breath among occasional young adult smokers"

(http://ntr.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2009/01/01/ntr.ntp015.abstract). Ntr.oxfordjournals.org. Retrieved
http://ntr.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2009/01/01/ntr.ntp015.abstracthttp://www.sciencemag.org/content/172/3984/741.full.pdfhttp://www.shelaghdavies.com/soundadvice/http://www.entandallergy.com/vas/services/voice_disorders_visit.phphttp://www.ent-consult.com/loedingger.htmlhttp://www.voiceteacher.com/mathis.htmlhttp://emedicine.medscape.com/article/866872-overview#aw2aab6b3http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0892199708000878#ref_bib11http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=b55fc8ad-870c-4c29-8ca9-529f67885780%40sessionmgr104&vid=2&hid=111https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19936981https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00408-009-9198-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronchitishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemoptysishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookwormhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intestinal_parasitehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larvahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phlegm#cite_note-17https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Richethttp://www.jhmi.edu/http://www.medicalarchives.jhmi.edu/http://www.medicalarchives.jhmi.edu/osler/osler150.htmhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore,_Marylandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_Hospitalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvaniahttp://www.medicalarchives.jhmi.edu/osler/aequessay.htmhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Oslerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phlegm#cite_note-16https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phlegmatichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apathetic


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Wikimedia Commons has

media related to Bodily

fluids.

2013-03-25.

11. "Brigham Young University Sign-in Service" (http://web.ebscohost.com.erl.lib.byu.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?

sid=1dec7f0a-c4d8-4938-839c-34653897a520%40sessionmgr113&vid=1&hid=127).

Web.ebscohost.com.erl.lib.byu.edu. Retrieved 2013-03-25.

12. "Bronchitis" (http://www.umm.edu/altmed/articles/bronchitis-000019.htm). Umm.edu. 2012-12-03. Retrieved

2013-03-25.

13. [3] (http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=4&hid=111&sid=b3387fad-2fe1-4ede-a963-

0b5087cc9e5b%40sessionmgr115)

14. "Asthma" (http://www.netdoctor.co.uk/diseases/facts/asthma.htm). Netdoctor.co.uk. Retrieved 2013-03-25.15. "Brigham Young University Sign-in Service" (http://web.ebscohost.com.erl.lib.byu.edu/ehost/detail?sid=9f5c9302-e

4697-af82-

f0c56f213953%40sessionmgr115&vid=1&hid=127&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZSZzY29wZT1zaXRl#db=a

AN=66646265). Web.ebscohost.com.erl.lib.byu.edu. Retrieved 2013-03-25.

16. ; accessed 27 May 2012.

17. Charles Richet, MD, Professor of Physiology, University of Paris. Ancient Humorism and Modern Humorism. Deliv

at the International Congress of Physiology held in Vienna, September 27th to 30th 1910, as reported on page 921 of

British Medical Journal of October 1, 1910 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2336103/pdf/brmedj0787

0001.pdf

Further reading

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Categories: Body fluids Symptoms and signs: Respiratory system

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