CARBON COMPOUNDS AND CELL BOUNDARIES

Why is life carbon based? Carbon atoms are: -able to bond with up to four other atoms -able to make single, double or triple

bonds -able to make chains, rings of almost

unlimited size Therefore can form lots of different

organic ‘living’ compounds. Four major types of organic compounds

found in living things: A) Carbohydrates B) Lipids C) Nucleic Acids D) Proteins

Carbohydrates:

Most important energy source for our bodies Plants supply them for us since we can’t make

them Single sugar units

(monomers/monosaccharides) Several sugar units (polymers/polysaccharides) Examples: glucose (blood), fructose (plant), lactose (milk), cellulose (plant cell walls, a.k.a.

fiber orroughage), starch ( stored in plants for energy), glycogen (stored in animals for energy).

-polysaccharides are formed through dehydration reactions (linking through water removal)and broken up through hydrolysis reactions (splitting through water addition)

Cellulose (fiber) in our diet helps digestion because it holds water in the large intestine

But: cellulose itself (corn for example) cannot be digested by humans

Cellulose can be digested by cows with help from microbes in their stomachs,

and by beavers and rabbits who......well......... eat their own poop

Lipids:1. What are lipids made of?

2. What are some categories of lipids?

3. Why are lipids important for our bodies?

4. What do the terms ‘saturated’ and unsaturated fats mean?

Lipids: Made up of C and H atoms, not water soluble Categories include fats, oils, and waxes Important because they are: a) An important source of energy storage b) The main component of our cell

membranes c) Raw materials for hormones (such as

steroids) d) Carriers of vitamins e) Cushions for our organs f) Insulation from cold

Saturated fats = single bonds, Unsaturated = double

Saturated fats: worse for our health because not broken down as easily Lead to cancer, high blood pressure (plaque), diabetes etc.

Cell Membrane = Lipid Bi-layer

Cell Boundaries: (Pgs 182-189): 1. What are the functions of the cell membrane?

2. What do we call the double layered sheet that forms the core of nearly all cell membranes?

3. What is the difference in function of the proteins and the carbohydrates attached to a cell membrane?

4. In what organisms are cell walls found? 5. What are plant cell walls mostly made of? 6. What do we mean when we say the ‘concentration of a solution’? 7. What is diffusion? 8. What does it mean when we say that a system has reached equilibrium? 9. What does it mean when we say that biological membranes are selectively permeable? 10. What is osmosis? 11. Looking at figure 7-15 on page 185, answer the following questions: a) In the beaker on the left, which solution is hypertonic and which is hypotonic? (left

solution vs right solution). b) In this model, to which material is the membrane permeable, water or sugar? c) Draw a third beaker which would show two solutions (left and right) which are isotonic. 12. What happens in the process of facilitated diffusion? 13. What is the role of protein channels in the cell membrane? 14. What is active transport? 15. What is the difference between active transport and facilitated diffusion? 16. Describe each of the following forms of active transport: a) endocytosis, b) phagocytosis, c) pinocytosis, d) exocytosis

Etymology List: 1. Bio = life 2. ology = study of 3. genesis =

beginning 4. a =

negative/opposite 5. homeo/homo =

same 6. stasis/static =

stay/stop 7. anthropo =

mankind 8. centric = centered 9. phil = to like/love 10. pro =

early/primitive

11. karyon = nut/nucleus

12. eu = true 13. mono = one 14. poly = several 15. ose = sugar 16. hydro = water 17. exo/ecto

=outside 18. endo =inside 19. hypo =

below/lower 20. hyper =

above/higher

Etymology List: 21. tonic = strength 22. iso = same 23. phago = eat 24. pino = liquid(tiny

drop) 25. lysis/lytic = to

break 26. cyto = cell 27. de = removal of 28. osis

=state/condition of 29. osmos =

thrust/push 30. bi = two

Nucleic acids: 1. What are nucleic acids made of? 2. Why are nucleic acids important

for our bodies?

Proteins:1.What are proteins made of?2.Why are proteins important for

our bodies?

Nucleic acids: Contain C, H, O, N,

and P atoms. Made up of

repeating units called nucleotides.

Store and transmit hereditary (genetic) information.

A.K.A. DNA and RNA

Proteins: Made up of C, H, O and N. Many amino acids joined together. Structural components of cells, and therefore our physical characteristics Very diverse in form compared to other carbon compounds. Also used for: A) Chemical reactions, B) Fighting disease, C) Transporting substances in and out of cells , D) Possible energy

source

Review assignment:

Pg 57: #’s 18, 19, 21

Pg 197: #’s 1 through 10, 12, 17, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, and 33

Pg 199: #’s 1, 2, 3, 5, 6