why immigrants came? jobs - factories, mines, railroads, farms free land - homestead act education...
TRANSCRIPT
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Why Immigrants Came?
• Jobs - factories, mines, railroads, farms
• Free Land - Homestead Act• Education – free public schools• Freedom – political and
religious
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Violent massacres of Jews in Russia in the late 1880’s
Pogroms
Many immigrants came to have religious freedom and escape religious persecution, such as the Pogroms in Russia.
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How Many Came?
• Between 1865 and 1920• About 30 million came• Nearly doubled population of
U.S.
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Immigrants“Old” & “New”
1865 – 1890
• Germany• England• Ireland
Western Europe
1890 – 1920
• Italy• Jews from Russia
• Poland• Greece
Eastern and Southern Europe
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Russian-Jewish Immigrants 1911
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Hungarian Immigrants 1920
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How They Came
•Steam powered ships•Crossed the Atlantic in 2 –
3 weeks
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A famous steamship from 1912
The RMS Titanic – the largest, most luxurious passenger ship of the time (2222
passengers)
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The Main Staircase on the Titanic
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Parlor on the Titanic
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Steerage• Large open area beneath a
ship’s deck near the steering mechanism
• Cheap tickets• Limited toilet facilities• No privacy• Poor food
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1875 Steerage
Rates from
Europe to New York
Average Fair: Adults
$22Children $12
Infants $3
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Typical Steerage Accommodations
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What happened when they arrived?
•Most Europeans came in through the port of New York – Ellis Island
•Subjected to physical exams and quarantined or sent back if found to be diseased
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Ellis Island
•Huge reception area in New York harbor near the Statue of Liberty
•Opened by federal government in 1892 for steerage passengers entering the country
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Ellis Island, New York
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Ellis Island Registry Room, 1905
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Where did many of these European immigrants settle after crossing
the Atlantic by steam ship?
The port cities where they entered:
New York Boston
Baltimore
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Ghettos
Ethnic communities within a city
ChinatownLittle Italy
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Asians• Mostly Chinese• Settled in California• Most worked on railroads or
mining• Worked for extremely low wages
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Chinese immigrants working on the Central
Pacific Railroad
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Chinese man in traditional
clothing, 1900
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•Look closely at the following picture of Chinese immigrants.
•What can you infer from the picture?
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Chinese Immigrants 1900
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Mexicans• Settled largely in the Southwest
(Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, California)
• Agricultural jobs• Built Southern railroads• Accepted hard jobs for low wages,
especially after Chinese were excluded from immigrating
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How did many Americans respond
to the huge numbers of new
immigrants?
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Nativists and Nativism
• Native-born Americans Native-born Americans who who opposed immigrationopposed immigration, because , because they believed that many of these they believed that many of these “new immigrants” would never fit “new immigrants” would never fit into American society.into American society.
• Thought schools should Thought schools should Americanize immigrantsAmericanize immigrants by by teaching English and “Anglo-teaching English and “Anglo-Saxon” values.Saxon” values.
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Chinese Exclusion Act
• 1882 – Law that prohibited any new Chinese laborers from entering the U.S.
• Labor unions claimed that American wages were dropping because Asian immigrants accepted such low pay.
• Law was in effect until 1943
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Immigration Brings Rapid
Urbanization
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Urbanization
The growth of cities (urban areas)
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Philadelphia
c.1890
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New York City
c. 1900
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Urban Living Conditions
• Crowded - Insufficient adequate housing• Air Pollution – soot from factories made
the air dark and foul• Water Pollution - Poor sanitation –
human and animal waste, garbage, rats in streets
• Diseases - Tuberculosis, malaria, typhoid• Fire – Wooden buildings burned rapidly –
No fire/safety codes• Great Chicago Fire of 1871
– 18,000 buildings destroyed– 250 died
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Great Chicago Fire of 1871
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Tenements
• Low-cost apartment buildings
• No windows in some rooms• Crowded• No electricity• No plumbing• Sinks and toilets in hall or
basement
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Dumbbell Tenement Design
Improvement: Courtyard in middle allows window in every room
Windows
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New York Tenement,
c.1890
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Tenement living
c.1890
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How did these conditions affect
politics in the cities?
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Political Machines
• Corrupt powerful organizations that worked to keep a particular political party elected to city offices, such as mayor
• Usually run by a party “boss” • The boss either ran for office himself
or chose someone else whom he could control.
• Promised new immigrants favors and help in return for their vote
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Tammany Hall
• The most famous political machine
• Ran the NYC Democratic Party• “Boss Tweed”• Featured in the movie, Gangs of
New York
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“Boss” William Tweed
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Boss Tweed:
“As long as I count the
votes, what are you
going to do about it?”
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What will it take to change the filth,
disease, crime and corruption in the
cities of America in the Gilded Age?
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Social Reform
•Efforts to improve society by–Aiding and educating the poor– Eliminating evil or destructive
elements
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Jacob Riis
• Immigrant from Denmark 1870•Lived in NYC tenements•Became a newspaper reporter•Wrote How the Other Half
Lives, exposing the terrible conditions in tenement slums
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Prohibition
•Movement to legally abolish alcohol in the U.S.
•Supporters blamed immigrants for a large portion of the alcohol-related problems in the nation.
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Social Gospel Movement
•Churches sought to address problems like drinking and gambling by applying Jesus’s teachings to society.
•Sought labor reforms and improved living conditions for workers
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Education
•Schools aimed at assimilating immigrants into society.
• Immigrants sought literacy and civic skills needed to gain citizenship.
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Settlement Movement
• Reformers who believed that hand-outs did not help the poor
• They would settle among the needy to witness their plight first-hand and offer social services through “settlement houses.”
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Hull House
• A “settlement house” in Chicago• Opened by Jane Addams and Ellen
Gates Starr in 1889• Provided child-care, playgrounds,
clubs and children’s summer camps, legal offices and a health clinic
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Jane Addamsc. 1896
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Hull House
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Hull House
Museum in
Chicago today
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Purity Crusaders
• Sought to end the vices (immoral behavior) such as alcohol, drugs, prostitution and gambling
• Formed societies that supported candidates for office and sought legislation to end vice and corrupt political machines
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