railroads. railroads tracks steam traction development of railroads
TRANSCRIPT
RAILROADSRAILROADS
RailroadsRailroads
TracksTracksSteam TractionSteam TractionDevelopment of RailroadsDevelopment of Railroads
Railroad TracksRailroad Tracks
Wooden RailsWooden RailsCast-Iron RailsCast-Iron RailsWrought Iron & Steel RailsWrought Iron & Steel RailsRail Size & CapacityRail Size & CapacityEvolution Of RailsEvolution Of RailsJointsJointsTrack GaugeTrack Gauge
Wooden TracksWooden TracksAlso CalledAlso Called
WagonwaysWagonwaysTramroads - Tram Was Originally A Coal WagonTramroads - Tram Was Originally A Coal Wagon
Built In England As Early As 16th CenturyBuilt In England As Early As 16th CenturyCoal, Ore, & Stone From Mines Or QuarriesCoal, Ore, & Stone From Mines Or Quarries
First WagonwaysFirst WagonwaysParallel Lines Of PlanksParallel Lines Of PlanksGreater Speeds, Rough SurfaceGreater Speeds, Rough Surface
Crossties IntroducedCrossties IntroducedWooden Tracks Faced With Iron StripsWooden Tracks Faced With Iron Strips
Modern RailsModern RailsFirst Cast-Iron RailsFirst Cast-Iron Rails
British Foundry (1767)British Foundry (1767)Toothed RailToothed Rail
Patent - British Coal Miner (1811)Patent - British Coal Miner (1811)Rack & Pinion On Third RailRack & Pinion On Third RailStill Used - Pikes Peak & Swiss MountainsStill Used - Pikes Peak & Swiss Mountains
Modern RailsModern RailsEvolved From Edge Rails in Northern EnglandEvolved From Edge Rails in Northern England
Early 19th CenturyFlange On Inside Of Wheel
Modern Rails (Continued)Modern Rails (Continued)PrototypePrototype
Flat-Footed “T” RailFlat-Footed “T” RailRobert Livingston Stevens (1830)President Of Camden & Amboy Railroad
Stands On Base Wider Than Head Of “T”Stands On Base Wider Than Head Of “T”Could Be InvertedTie Plates - Prevents Cutting Into Tie
Bridge RailBridge RailInverted “U” ShapeInverted “U” ShapeLongitudinal TimbersLongitudinal TimbersGreat Western Railway - England Till 1892Great Western Railway - England Till 1892
Modern Rails (Continued)Modern Rails (Continued)
Bullhead Rail - Also Called Double-HeadedBullhead Rail - Also Called Double-HeadedEvolved From “I” Shaped Rail From 1835Evolved From “I” Shaped Rail From 1835Thicker, Wider Head Than “I” RailThicker, Wider Head Than “I” RailAlso Called Double-Headed RailAlso Called Double-Headed Rail
Could Be Inverted In Theory
Wrought-Iron & Steel RailsWrought-Iron & Steel Rails
Wrought-Iron RailsWrought-Iron RailsIntroduced In England In 1820sIntroduced In England In 1820s
Steel RailsSteel RailsManufactured In US in 1865Manufactured In US in 1865
Transverse Fissures InsideTransverse Fissures InsideControlled Cooling & InspectionControlled Cooling & InspectionHardened EndsHardened Ends
Rail Size & CapacityRail Size & Capacity
Early RailroadsEarly Railroads40 lb/yd, 3 ft40 lb/yd, 3 ft
Early 20th CenturyEarly 20th Century60 lb/yd, 30 ft60 lb/yd, 30 ft
1930s1930s100 to 130 lb/yd, 40 ft100 to 130 lb/yd, 40 ft
TodayToday152 to 155 lb/yd, 45 to 60 ft152 to 155 lb/yd, 45 to 60 ft
Evolution Of Rail ShapesEvolution Of Rail Shapes
Around 1800Around 1800
Cast-Iron Rail (1820-1830)Cast-Iron Rail (1820-1830)
Evolution Of Rail ShapesEvolution Of Rail Shapes
Bridge Rail - Inverted UBridge Rail - Inverted UBordeaux-Sete LineBordeaux-Sete Line
Double-Headed RailDouble-Headed Rail
Bridge Rail - BrunelBridge Rail - BrunelContinuous timberContinuous timber
JointsJoints
ProblemsProblemsJoint Is Weak Spot - Lengthen RailJoint Is Weak Spot - Lengthen RailExpansion & Contraction - BucklingExpansion & Contraction - Buckling
Butt Welded Joints - Up To 0.25 milesButt Welded Joints - Up To 0.25 milesBars Bolted To Sides - StevensBars Bolted To Sides - StevensWider Tie PlatesWider Tie PlatesAnticreepersAnticreepers
GaugeGaugeDistance Between Inner EdgesDistance Between Inner Edges
Measured 0.626” Below HeadMeasured 0.626” Below HeadStandard - 56.5”Standard - 56.5”
US, Canada, GB, Mexico, Sweden, EuropeUS, Canada, GB, Mexico, Sweden, EuropeStandard - SpeculationStandard - Speculation
From Early TramroadsFrom Early TramroadsAccommodate Wagons With Axle Length = 60”Accommodate Wagons With Axle Length = 60”Head Width - 1.75” On Early RailsHead Width - 1.75” On Early Rails
Narrow Gauge In US - 3 ftNarrow Gauge In US - 3 ftFills & Clearances, Lighter Rails, Tighter TurnsFills & Clearances, Lighter Rails, Tighter Turns917 miles In US (1871)917 miles In US (1871)
Gauge (continued)Gauge (continued)
Third Rail ?Third Rail ? Central & South America - 66 inchesCentral & South America - 66 inches Spain & Portugal - 66 inchesSpain & Portugal - 66 inches Former Soviet Union - 60 inchesFormer Soviet Union - 60 inches Ireland - 64 inchesIreland - 64 inches South Africa & Japan - 42 inchesSouth Africa & Japan - 42 inches India - 66 inchesIndia - 66 inches Australia - Various GaugesAustralia - Various Gauges
Steam TractionSteam TractionEarly DevelopmentsEarly Developments
Trevithick, Rack Locomotive, Puffing Billy, Walking Trevithick, Rack Locomotive, Puffing Billy, Walking Locomotive, StephensonLocomotive, Stephenson
Early Railroad Lines & CompaniesEarly Railroad Lines & CompaniesRainhill CompetitionRainhill CompetitionRailroads In FranceRailroads In FranceRailroads In United States Railroads In United States Evolution of LocomotiveEvolution of Locomotive Increased SpeedIncreased SpeedAdvancementsAdvancements
Trevithick’s AttemptsTrevithick’s Attempts Richard TrevithickRichard Trevithick Pioneer Of All Locomotive Pioneer Of All Locomotive
BuildersBuilders 5 Ton Locomotive (1804)5 Ton Locomotive (1804)
Pulled 20 Tons @ 5 mphPulled 20 Tons @ 5 mphCylinderCylinder
8.25” Diameter 54” Stroke
Fractured Cast-Iron RailsFractured Cast-Iron Rails 8 Ton Locomotive (1808)8 Ton Locomotive (1808)
12 mph12 mph
Rack LocomotivesRack Locomotives
John Blenkinsop (1811)John Blenkinsop (1811) Cogwheel & RackCogwheel & Rack AdvantagesAdvantages
Heavier LoadHeavier LoadSteeper GradeSteeper Grade
Colliery RailwaysColliery RailwaysMiddleton - Leads (1812)Middleton - Leads (1812)Coxloge - Tyne (1813)Coxloge - Tyne (1813)
Double-Acting CylindersDouble-Acting Cylinders
Puffing BillyPuffing Billy
William Hedley (1813)William Hedley (1813)Concerned With Concerned With
Weight/Pull RatioWeight/Pull Ratio
Too Heavy For RailsToo Heavy For Rails Converted to 8 WheelsConverted to 8 Wheels
18151815
Converted Back to 4 Converted Back to 4 WheelsWheels18301830
Walking LocomotiveWalking Locomotive
Brunton Of ButterlyBrunton Of Butterly Built In 1812Built In 1812 Tried to Solve Weight/Pull Tried to Solve Weight/Pull
ProblemProblem
Stephenson’s Blucher (1814,1815)Stephenson’s Blucher (1814,1815) George StephensonGeorge Stephenson
Worked In CollieryWorked In Colliery
Two Vertical CylindersTwo Vertical Cylinders8” diameter, 24” Stroke8” diameter, 24” Stroke
Pulled 30 tons @ 4 mphPulled 30 tons @ 4 mph8 Times Weight, 2/900 Grade8 Times Weight, 2/900 Grade
InnovationsInnovationsFlanged WheelsFlanged WheelsConnecting RodConnecting Rod
Patent (1815)Patent (1815)Suspension Using Pistons & Suspension Using Pistons &
Steam Pres. On Pillow BlocksSteam Pres. On Pillow Blocks
Early Railroad Lines & CompaniesEarly Railroad Lines & Companies Stockton - DarlingtonStockton - Darlington
Opened 1821Opened 182112 miles Long12 miles LongChief EngineerChief Engineer
George Stephenson
Leader In ProductionLeader In Production Locomotion (1825)
8 tons, 50 tons, 5 mph
Lancashire Winch (1828) 7 tons, 50 tons, 8 mph
PassengersPassengers Carry (1823) Car - 21 People (1825)
Manchester - LiverpoolManchester - LiverpoolMajor TrafficMajor Traffic
Loverpool - Port (Cotton) Manchester - Textiles
RailwayRailway Began 1824 Finished 1830
Reduced TimeReduced Time 36 Hours By Canal 5 Hours By Rail
First Railroad BridgeFirst Railroad Bridge21 Stationary Engines21 Stationary Engines
Pulled Cable
Rainhill Competition (1829)Rainhill Competition (1829)500 Pounds Plus Cost Of Engine500 Pounds Plus Cost Of EngineConditionsConditions
Pull 3 Times Weight, 10 mph, 15 milesPull 3 Times Weight, 10 mph, 15 milesStephenson’s RocketStephenson’s Rocket
4.25 tons, Pulled 12.75 tons, Averaged 13.8 mph, 4.25 tons, Pulled 12.75 tons, Averaged 13.8 mph, Maximum 24.1 mph, Light Load 31 mphMaximum 24.1 mph, Light Load 31 mph
John Braithwaite’s NoveltyJohn Braithwaite’s Novelty7.7 tons, 13.8 mph, Broke Down7.7 tons, 13.8 mph, Broke Down
Timothy Hackworth’s Sans PareilTimothy Hackworth’s Sans Pareil4.77 tons, 16 mph, Broke Down4.77 tons, 16 mph, Broke Down
Two Other EntriesTwo Other Entries
Stephenson’s RocketStephenson’s Rocket
George & RobertGeorge & Robert Two Inclined CylindersTwo Inclined Cylinders
6” Bore, 12” Stroke6” Bore, 12” Stroke
50” Diameter Front Wheel50” Diameter Front Wheel Fire Tube BoilerFire Tube Boiler
25 Copper Tubes25 Copper Tubes3” Diameter3” Diameter
Exhaust Steam Injected At Exhaust Steam Injected At Base Of SmokestackBase Of SmokestackAdvantage ?Advantage ?
Science MuseumScience MuseumLondonLondon
Railways In FranceRailways In FranceLagged Considerably Behind Great BritainLagged Considerably Behind Great BritainMine Owners In France Pushed DevelopmentMine Owners In France Pushed DevelopmentSaint-Etienne to Andrezieux (1828)Saint-Etienne to Andrezieux (1828)
9.5 miles9.5 milesHorses, Carriages, & CablesHorses, Carriages, & Cables
Saint-Etienne to Lyon (1832)Saint-Etienne to Lyon (1832)United Loire & RhoneUnited Loire & RhoneSteam, Horses, & CablesSteam, Horses, & CablesIncluded Tunnel (1st) & Two BridgesIncluded Tunnel (1st) & Two Bridges2 hours, 35 minutes (40 miles)2 hours, 35 minutes (40 miles)
Marc SeguinMarc Seguin
First Builder Of First Builder Of Suspension BridgesSuspension Bridges
Built Fire-Tube Boiler For Built Fire-Tube Boiler For Steam BoatSteam BoatHot Gases From FireboxHot Gases From Firebox
Patent - 1828Patent - 1828 Copy Of Stephenson’s ?Copy Of Stephenson’s ?
Marc SeguinMarc Seguin
Bought Engines From Bought Engines From Stephenson & Copied Stephenson & Copied DesignDesign
Added Fan & BellowsAdded Fan & BellowsIncreased DraftIncreased DraftShorter SmokestackShorter Smokestack36 minutes To Build Up 36 minutes To Build Up
PressurePressure
4.5 tons4.5 tons Pulled 15 tonsPulled 15 tons
Evolution Of LocomotiveEvolution Of Locomotive
RocketRocketTubular Boiler, Separate Firebox, Direct Drive Tubular Boiler, Separate Firebox, Direct Drive
Without Gears, Better Steam DistributionWithout Gears, Better Steam DistributionVertical Cylinders Unstable At High SpeedsVertical Cylinders Unstable At High SpeedsHorizontal cylinder Inside BoilerHorizontal cylinder Inside Boiler Increased Number Of TubesIncreased Number Of Tubes
Planet LocomotivePlanet Locomotive
Stephensons (1832)Stephensons (1832) Built For Liverpool-Built For Liverpool-
Manchester RailroadManchester Railroad 8 tons8 tons
LancasterLancaster
Matthias Baldwin (1834)Matthias Baldwin (1834) Built For Charleston-Built For Charleston-
Hamburg RailroadHamburg Railroad Front Swiveling TruckFront Swiveling Truck
Railroads In United StatesRailroads In United States Started Same Time As In England & FranceStarted Same Time As In England & France United States Was Industrially UnderdevelopedUnited States Was Industrially Underdeveloped
13,000,000 People, 5 Cities Greater Than 25,00013,000,000 People, 5 Cities Greater Than 25,000 Cost Per MileCost Per Mile
1/4 Of European1/4 Of European1/7 Of British1/7 Of British
MilesMiles23 miles By 183023 miles By 18302818 miles By 18402818 miles By 1840Erie Canal Opened In 1825Erie Canal Opened In 1825
First Locomotive Built In USFirst Locomotive Built In US
Peter Cooper (1830)Peter Cooper (1830) Built For Baltimore & Built For Baltimore &
Ohio RailroadOhio Railroad
Best FriendBest Friend
18301830 Built By Westpoint Foundry Built By Westpoint Foundry
AssociationAssociation Built For South Carolina Built For South Carolina
RailroadRailroad
GrasshopperGrasshopper
18341834 Built By Cullingham & Built By Cullingham &
WinansWinans Built For Baltimore & Built For Baltimore &
Ohio RailroadOhio Railroad