whole tourism system model- neil leiper
TRANSCRIPT
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MODULE 1
Geography of travel and tourism (Definition and Concepts)
And The Tourism System
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DEFINING TOURISM
Acc. to WTO “the activities of a persontraveling outside his or her usualenvironment for less than a specifiedperiod of time and whose main purpose oftravel is other than the exercise of anactivity remunerated from the placevisited”.
(Mathieson and Wall,1982) “Thetemporary movement of people todestinations outside their normal places ofwork and residence, the activitiesundertaken during their stay in thosedestinations, and the facilities created tocater to their needs.”
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PRODUCTS INDUSTRIES
1. Accommodation services for visitors 1. Accommodation for visitors
2. Food and beverage serving services 2. Food and beverage serving activities
3. Railway passenger transport services 3. Railway passenger transport
4. Road passenger transport services 4. Road passenger transport
5. Water passenger transport servcies 5. Water passenger transport
6. Air passenger transport services 6. Air passenger transport
7. Transport equipment rental services 7. Transport equipment rental
8. Travel agencies and other reservation services8. Travel agencies and other reservation services activities
9. Cultural services 9. Cultural activities
10. Sports and recreational services 10. Sports and recreational activities
11. Country-specific tourism characteristic goods11. Retail trade of country-specific tourism characteristic goods
12. Country-specific tourism characteristic services
12. Other country-specific tourism characteristic activities
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THE TOURISM SYSTEM
TRAVELLERGENERATING
REGION
TOURISTDESTINATION
REGION
DEPARTING TRAVELLERS
RETURNING TRAVELLERS
TRANSIT
ROUTE
REGION
“One of the leading models of tourism Attraction systems was created by Leiper in 1990”
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LEIPER 1979 (UPDATED 1990)
Leiper consider the
phenomenon tourism as a
system, which is functioning
under various environments.
Eg.Human,Socio,Cultural,Econ
omical,Technological,Physical
Political &Legal Environment
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What are “whole tourism systems”?
Real WTS are people, places, organisation thatinteract in certain roles when tourism happens.
Models of WTS are representations of real WTS,frameworks for researching and studying tourismin a comprehensive and systematic manner.
Five elements in every WTS• At least one tourist.
• One tourist generating place (where tripsbegin and end).
• At least one tourist destination place.
• At least one transit route.
• At least one tourism industry.
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LEIPER’S MODEL
TGR- Traveller-Generating Region. “push”
TRR- Transit Route Region.
TDR- Tourist Destination Region. “pull”
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PUSH & PULL FACTORS
Push Factor : factorswhich encourageindividuals to move awayfrom their home settingthrough Tourism
Pull Factor: thoseattributes of a differentplace which attract or
'pull' them towards it.
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GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES
Leiper outlines three geographical elements in his model:
1) Traveller-generating region;
2) Tourist destination region; and
3) Transit route region.
The tourist destination functions as a ‘pull’ factor in the market and provide
an area for most of the tourism activity. It attracts different kinds of tourists with
such tourism products as attractions and the quality of management and
service.
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Tourist Generating Region (TGRs)
TGRs are places where a tourist's trip begins and normally
ends, the generating regions are the place for the essential
markets of the tourist business and it is the basis of tourist
industry.
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TRANSIT ROUTE REGION (TRR’s) The area between the Traveler Generating Region and
the Tourist Destination Region is known as the TransitRoute
While a long haul journey a Temporary stoppage is called a transit route.
Here traveller stays for some time in manner to change flight or for re fuelling.
•It includes the short period of travel to reach thedestination.•Includes the stop over's.•The intermediate places which the tourist may visiten-route.
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Tourist Destination Region (TDR’s)
TDRs are places where a tourist's main visiting activitiesoccurs. Its important for TDR to have some specialfeatures, activities to attract tourist.
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Tourist
Tourist is considered as the most
important element of the System.
Without the presence of tourist the
System may not function at all
A temporary visitor staying at least 24hrs
and less than 1 consecutive year.
The following are to be considered
tourists:
• Persons traveling for pleasure, for health.
• Persons traveling in a representative capacity
of any kind.
• Persons traveling for business reasons.
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TOURISM INDUSTRY• The tourism industry refers
to the businesses andorganizations that help topromote the tourismproduct.
• This is the last element inLeiper’s Model.
• The Tourism Industry is theamalgam of differentindustries.
• It includes:
• Hotels
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AIRLINES
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TRAVEL AGENCIES
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According to Leiper, variousindustrial sectors can belocated in different places.
In the traveler-generatingregion, we can find travelagents and tour operators.
In the destination region, wecan find attractions andhospitality industry and in thetransit route region, we havethe transport sector.
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All the Elements of the System interact with one another invarious contexts like delivering the Tourism Products,Transacting the Products…….
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Destination: It’s the connection of tourists withplaces that makes a place a tourist destination
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A place becomes a tourist destination only if a tourist visit
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Environments
• Tourism systems are open systems, they interactwith environments
• Environments are surrounding conditions, whichmay affect a system and/or be affected by it.
• Physical, social, cultural, economic, political,technical, legal etc.
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Examples Of Environments Affecting WTS
Spectacular scenery, a feature of the physical environment, can be vital for a place’s role as a tourist destination
Political policies of governments can be vital in determining flows of tourists out of generating regions and into destinations.
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Uses of WTS Model It reminds us of all the elementary things that make up tourism.
It enables us to see how the elements interrelate to make tourismhappen.
A place can be viewed and studied as (i) a generating place, (ii) apoint in transit and/or (iii) a destination