whole semester notes

8/3/2019 Whole Semester Notes

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Intro. To Music (ch 1, 7, 3, 2, 4, 8)

8-24-09

Ch 1: Listening to music

Why do we listen to music?

Gives us pleasure

Affects our minds and bodies

Intensifies and deepens our feelings

Heightens the emotional experience of events

How musical sounds and sound machines work:

Listening to music- A physical reaction to a disturbance in ourenvironment

A sound machine creates a vibration + creates sound waves +

processed by the inner ear + converted into(did not finish)

Low-pitched sounds vibrate slowly

High-pitched sounds vibrate quickly

Musical sounds tend to be regular in vibration

Acoustics remain the same but the means of capturing and preservingsound have been constantly evolving.


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Up until 900 C.E. most music was passed down orally. At around this

time Benedictine monks started to write down their religious chants.

Around 1250 more popular styles of music began to be notated.

As centuries go by the written music or scores became more elaboratewith tempo (how fast) marks and dynamic (how loud or soft) markings.

19th century marks the advent of playback technology with the

invention of the phonograph by Thomas Edison. (1877)

Classical Music

Popular Music

Classical music, high art or learned music, requires a particular set of

learned skills to perform and appreciate it.

Popular music- music with large mass of appeal

Classical music separates itself from popular music:

1. Relies on acoustic instruments

2. Preset musical notation3. Primarily institutional and is more about sounds and gestures than relying

on lyrics

4. Longer and more demanding to listen to5. The rhythm or beat varies6. More abstract and timeless


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Why listen to Classical Music?

Relieves stress and is relaxing

Centers the mind

Provides a vision of a better world

Learning opportunity, people history, the world

Classical Music is all around you. You may find out you know morethan you realize, you just did not know what it was called.

Learn to be a good listener, active versus passive learning.

Musical Style

(Style- How the elements interact)

Can be separated in to 8 main periods (know dates)

o Middle Ages (464-1475) Sounds like church (very heavy)

In Latin

no instruments

Renaissance (1475-1600)

Men and women

o Renaissance (1475-1600)

Just Vocal

Only men

Imitation


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Sounds like a church (very Heavy)

o Baroque (1600-1750)

Instruments

No vocals

upbeat

o Classical (1750-1820) Tempo changes

Clear melody

Dynamic contrast

o Romantic (1820-1900)

Dark

Wind instruments

Tells a story

Freeer

Progressively gets louder than soft again

o Impressionism (1880-1920) Piano

More ditance

o Modern (1890-1985)

Complex

American

o Postmodern (1945-present)

Strong beat


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Chapter 3

Melody

A melody is a series of pitches arranged to form a cohesive, musical line.

More commonly called a tune.

Most melodies have four main elements in common:

1. a solid tonal center

2. forward motion

3. a goal or climax

4. a final feeling of response

Melodies are made up of pitches

Pitch is the relative position of a sound high or low.

Musical sound a produced by regular vibrations. Duplication f a pitch

either high is called the octave. The octave is produced by either a doublingor having of the vibration.

A= 440 Octave up is 880 Octave down is 220

All cultures use the octave. Divided up differently in difficult music

cultures.

Western music has preferred a division of 7 pitches in the octave.

C D E F G A B then back to C. (the octave)


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Melodies are notated on a grid work of lines called a staff. This staff is

marked with a clefto show the relative position of the pitches. Two mostimportant clefs are the Treble Clefand the Base Clef.

High Voices have the treble clefLow voices have the base clef

The piano, because it can play both treble and bass uses a Great Staff.

Of course just seven pitches can get boring so we have smaller subdivisionof the pitches and some pitches were placed in between the seven main

pitches. These pitches are marked with the following two signs:

Sharp #

o This means to play the pitch between that note and the

one just about it. Flat b

o This means to play the pitch between that note and the

one just below it.

o This is why pianos have black keys

Melodies have a central pitch, called the Tonic

This central tonic pitch is the basis for a scale tat is given that tonic

notes name (a C scales tonic note is C)

Scales can b either major or minor. What makes a scale major orminor depends on the arrangements of the whole and half steps within the

scale.

Major scale: 1-1-1/2-1-1-1-1/2

Minor scale: 1-1/2-1-1-1/2-1-1

To tell the performer what key they are to play the piece in, the composermarks the staff with a key signature


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The key of the piece is the name of the scale that the piece is based on.

Modulate, keys move different keys shifts throughout piece

Melodies move by step or leap

Antecedent phrase-moves away

Consequent phrase-comes back

Cadence-final note that brings piece to close

Ch.2 Rhythm

Affects how melody and harmony are expressed in time

Notation freezes music in fixed forms

Notated by lines or flags on notes

Rhythm-organization of time in music

Beat- divides passing of time into equal units

Beats are grouped into measures or bars

Beats are connected to make meter


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Duple meter-ONE two

Triple meter-ONE two three

Quadruple meter-ONE two Three four

Fraction placed on score to tell meter signature or time signature

First is upbeat, 2nd is downbeat

Pickup-beats that happen before the first strong beat

Beat with most impt beat is big beat. But sometimes an emphasis or

ACCENT is placed on other beat-syncopation

Tempo-speed of music

Grave (grave)

Largo (slow)

Lento

Adagio

Andante (moving fast)

Andantino (faster)

Moderato

Allegretto

Allegro-fast

Vivace-fast and lively

Presto-very fast

Prestissimo (fast as possible

Speeds up-Accelerando

Slows down-ritardando

Chapter 4 Harmony

In the broadest sense, the peaceful arrangement of diverse elements

IN music the sounds that support and enrich the melody. It provides

accompaniment to the melody.

Harmony is built of chords or a group of two or more pitches sounding together

Basic chord in western music is called the triad. It is built on three pitches arrangedin a certain way.

These triads are built from the keys and scales discussed earlier.


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Each note of the scale is given a number or its degree. Roman numerals are usedfor this.I, ii, iii, IV, V, VI, vii, I

Of these the one built on I is called the TonicTonic = I

Dominant = VSubdominant=IV

These are strung together into Chord progressions.

All of the notes of the chords can be struck together or they can be spread out. To

do this is called an arpeggio. When pitches are sounded together some of them

sound sweet and these are called consonances. Some will be jarring. These are

called dissonances. It is the interplay of consonance and dissonance that build up

and release the tension in the music.

Chapter 8 Medieval Music (474-1475)

The various roles music played in:

The Monastery

The Cathedral

The Court

Musical Instruments

The Monastery

Life in the monastery followed a very strict code of behavior and an order of worship

that followed the hours of the day

4:00 am get up and sing psalms5:00 am sing psalms6:00 am sing psalms7:00 am etc.Mass service at 9:00 the highlight of the day

Simple life of work and worship.

The plainsong used to sing these psalms evolved into a written collection of musiccalled:Gregorian Chant a large body of unaccompanied vocal music set to latin textsthat were written for the Roman Catholic Church starting very early in the churchshistory. Written for 15 centuries (named for Pope Gregory the Great).

Gregorian chant is pure melody. This kind of music when you just have a singlemelodic lime is called monophonic music or monophony (music for one line). Itwould often be doubled at the octave.


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Either for a choir of men or a choir of women, never together

Two types of singing:1. Syllabic singing one or two notes for each syllable of text2. Melismatic singing: many notes sung to just one syllable

Listen to: All the Ends of the Earth CD 1 T1

Hildegard of Bingen (1098-1179)

Given to the church as a child as titheAt 52 founded a convent near Bingen, GermanyFirst Renaissance man a Medieval woman

PlaywrightPoetMusicianNaturalistPharmacologistVisionary

Wrote her own text

Listen to: Oh Greenest Branch CD I T2

Music in the Cathedral

Notre Dame of Paris constructed during the age of cathedrals (1150-1350) Thesebuildings took around a century to complete

In Paris we have two great churchmen/musicians that take music to the next stageof development

Perotinus and Leoninus

They created a new style of music called polyphony. Which means many voices,

Polyphonc music has more than one melody.This early polyphony is called organum.

A second voice is added usually at the 5th or 4th.

Listen to: Leoninus, Organum from All the Ends of the Earth CD1 T3

Composers become very involved with writing music to accompany the Mass.

The Mass has two parts; the proper and the ordinary

The Proper texts change with the liturgical year.


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The Ordinary texts remain the same

The parts of the ordinary of the Mass:KyrieGloriaCredo

SanctusAgnus Dei

The Mass continues throughout history to be a form utilized by composers.

Guillaume de Machaut, Kyrie of the Mass of Our Lady (required listening)

Machaut worked at the cathedral of Notre Dame of Reims (France)

He adds not just one voice to his music, but three!

He takes the old chant melody and has it held with long notes in the tenor line. He

then constructed two voices above the tenor, the alto and the soprano, and onevoice below the tenor, the bass.

This is the basic construction of the choir today.Machaut CD1 T4

Another World of Medieval music, The Court. This music focused around the popularsong and dance of the royal courts. Traveling entertainers went from castle tocastle providing amusement and news.

This brought about a breed of poet musicians called troubadours or trobairitz(women). These people had a higher social standing, could even be from thenobility, or were clerics living outside of the church and had some education, whichis why some of this music survives.

Let us listen to one of these early songs. Most talk of courtly love.Countess of Dia, I must sing CD1 T5

Musical Instruments

People become interested in developing and working with musical instruments.Harp, lute, rebec, flute, recorder, trumpet, sackbut, shawm, and cornetto. Somewere considered haut or loud. Others were considered bas or soft.

These instruments either accompanied a singer or formed a dance band.

Listen to The Spanish Tune, CD1 T7

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Chapter 9 Renaissance Music (1475 1600)


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Renaissance means Rebirth

Originated in Italy, a rebirth of interest in the Fine ArtsPoetryPaintingMusic

Architecture

Rediscovery of Ancient Greece and Rome

Secular music rises in importance and starts to be placed alongside Sacred music

Humanism, people have the capacity to shape and create their own world, ratherthan just being conduits of divine inspiration. Artists start to view themselves asimportant for being creative and start signing and taking credit for their art work.

Time of great artists such as:da Vinci

Michelangelo

Josquin Deprez and the Renaissance Motet

Worked in Italy for various dukes in Milan and Ferrara and for the Pope in Rome

He was temperamental and egotistical. He demanded high pay and only wrotewhen he wanted to.

Composers of the Renaissance still wrote Masses but they turned their attentions toa new form called the motet

a motet is a composition for choir, in Latin on a sacred subject. These were to besung in the church or chapel or in the home for private devotionals

usually sung a cappella which means, literally, in the chapel, but in musical termsmeans just voices singing with no accompaniment. Remember instruments otherthan the organ were not allowed into the church at this time.

These use the standard 4 voices we saw set forth in the Middle Ages Soprano,Alto, Tenor, Bass

Josquin liked to use a melodic technique called Imitation, Where each voice enterswith the same melodic fragment.

Listen to Josquin, Ave Maria CD 1

This kind of writing became very elaborate and creative and started to cause someconcern. It became difficult to understand the words and the music became socomplex that it was becoming more about the composer than the sacred subject.

Also we have an important world event October 31, 1517 Martin Luther nailed his


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95 theses against the Catholic Church to the door of the castle church inWittenberg, Germany and started the Protestant Reformation

In Response to this Catholic Church began to clean house

The Counter Reformation

The Council of Trent (1545-1563)

One thing they examined was music. They decided that the music had gotten toopopular and elaborate and thy almost decided to outlaw polyphony of any kind and

just use the Gregorian Chant in the church services again.

Lucky for music the compositions of Pierluigi da Palestrina came to the attention tothe council

They saw that he used a style of polyphony that was more in keeping with thespiriting of the old chants, yet still allowed for the multiple voices. Palestrina ecame

known as the Savior of Church Muisc.

Following a strict set of rules, Palestrinas music is often constructed around a pointof imitation

Each phrase of text is assigned its own motive or fragment of melody. Thisfragment appears, in turn, in each voice part.

Listen to Sanctus of the Mass, Eternal Gifts of Christ CD1 T9

Note about the choirs

An early decree by the Apostle Paul prohibited women from singing in the RomanChurch except in Convents. Women were also not allowed to perform in theatricalproductions in areas controlled by the church.

To get the high voices needed for the soprano lines there were men who learned toused their falsetto range very well. There were also boy sopranos or most famous,castrated males called castratos or castrati. These men developed powerful voicesand great lung capacity.

The popular music of the Renaissance revolved around a type of vocal compositionknown as the Madrigal. It is a piece for several solo voices that sets a piece ofsecular poetry, usually love poetry. Madrigals started in Italy and soon spread allover Europe. They became extremely popular in England. Around 40,000 of thesewere published by the year 1630.

Groups of men and women could get together at social gatherings and sing.

Madrigals like to use a technique called word painting. Word painting is when themusic follows the words. Basically they are musical puns.


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Listen to Weelkes, As Vesta was from Latmos Hill Descending CD1 T10

Chapter 5: Dynamics and Color

After the three basic building blocks of music are laid down there is a secondarystructure of dynamics and color. These are the names for the nuances created byplaying on different instruments or using different voices as well as the volumelevels of those instruments of voices.

Which instruments are used and what volume they are playing at cane be a big partof communicating a musical idea.

Dynamics are the various levels of Volume, loud or soft.

Fortissimo ff very loudForte f loudMezzo Forte mf moderately loudMezzo piano mp moderately softPiano p softPianissimo pp very soft

Dynamics can change gradually of suddenly. An example of a sudden dynamicchange is the sforzando. This a sudden loud attack on one note or chord.

Gradually getting louder: Crescendo

Gradually getting softer Decrescendo or diminuendo

Color

Color is the tone quality of any sound produced by a voice or instrument. Timbre isa more technical term for the same thing. Different instruments and voices producedifferent colors or timbres.

We have already been introduced to the choir or chorus

The basic four parts are:SopranoAlto

TenorBass

When we sing, we force air up through our vocal chords (two folds of mucousmembrane within the throat) causing them to vibrate.

Male vocal chords are longer and thicker than female ones which is why the malevoices tend to be lower.

Of the four basic parts, the soprano and alto are the womens parts and the tenorand bass are the mens parts.


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When all of the voices come together it is called a chorus or a choir.

There are also middle ranges in both the female and male voices. The middlefemale voice is called the mezzo soprano and the middle male voice is called thebaritone.

Musical instruments are also grouped into instrument families

StringsA group of instruments that produce sound through having strings stretched on aframe. One large group within this group is the

Violin group or bowed stings.

Bowed strings are instruments that use a bow to vibrate the strings

The violin family has four instruments

From highest to lowest:

ViolinViolaCelloDouble bass

They also have a series of special effectsVibratoPizzicato

TremoloTrillMute

There is also a cousin of the strings that has its strings plucked instead of bowed,this is the harp. In the orchestra the harp uses both arpeggios and glissandos togreat effect.

WoodwindsA family of instruments that create sound by blowing air through a wooden tube orpipe. Some of these instruments are now made of metal. The larger the pipe, thelower the sound.

PiccoloFlute(single reeds)ClarinetBass clarinet(double reeds)Oboe


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English hornBassoonContrabassoon(saxophone) not generally a member of the orchestra (single reed)

Brasses

Brass instruments are made of metal and they make sound by using a cup shapedmouthpiece.

TrumpetTromboneFrench horn

Tuba

PercussionInstruments that are struck

Timpani

Snare drumBass drumCymbalsXylophoneGlockenspielCelesta

Keyboard Instruments

PianoPipe OrganHarpsichord

The Symphony Orchestra

The largest and most colorful musical ensemble can have from around 50 to over100 players

Study orchestra seating chart on page 47

Chapter 10: The Baroque

if it aint Baroque, dont fix it

Four important things:1. Opera2. The Orchestra


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3. The Violin4. The Organ

First Opera1600 Italy started talking about ancient Greek plays they were sung rather thatrecited music wasnt written down but they were sung birth of western opera

First Grand opera written in 1607Orfeo by Claudio Monteverdi

Toccata: (a touched thing) an instrumental piece that requires great technicaldexterity of the performers.

This little instrumental overture will evolve into a new genre or type ofcomposition later in music history.

The singing style of Orfeo are mainly Monody. There are different types of Monody:

Recitative something recited is musically heightened speech.In Baroque opera, just accompanied by the basso continuo, so its called simplerecitative

Aria song lyrical type of monody with regular rhythm. Passionate, expansive, andtuneful

Recitative moves the plot along; uses rapid text

Aria communicates an emotional state, text moves along leisurely

Arioso is a style of monody that is halfway between aria and recitative.

Listen to Act II Recitative At the bitter news and Arioso thou art deadListen to Act III Aria Powerful Spirit

The Emergence of the Orchestra

An Orchestra is an ensemble of musicians organized around a core of strings,playing under a leader.

Baroque orchestras had around 20 players, each playing a single line of music.

Listen to Baroque Orchestra

Jean Baptiste Lully, Overture to ArmideThe Violin

The most important string instrument of the Baroque period. Reaches its perfectionin the Baroque, particularly in the hands of Antonio Stradivari (1611-1737)

The composer Arcangelo Corelli (1653-1713) became a great composer/virtuoso for


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the violin. He worked out of Rome and did a lot of teaching of violin technique aswell as writing sonatas.

Sonata means something sounded these Baroque Sonatas consisted of acollection of movements, or smaller sections, each with its own mood and temp, butall in the same key. They were named after dances, such as

AllemandeSarabandeGavotteGigueListen to Trio Sonata in C major, Opus 4, No. 1 (1694)

Uses a walking bass, a bass line that moves down a steady moderate pace.

For 2 violins, cello and harpsichord

Concerto to strive together a musical composition that features a soloist and anorchestra in a friendly contest or competition

When there is one soloist: solo concertoWhen there is a solo group: concerto grosso

In the concerto grosso the full orchestra is called the tutti and the solo group iscalled the concertino

These concertos consist of three movements. A fast 1st, a slow 2nd, and a fast 3rd

Fast Slow Fast

The first tend to be serious or grand.The second, lyrical and tenderThe third, lighter and more dance-like

Block Architecture. Clearly delineated sections

Ritornello Form:A main theme, called the ritornello, is played by the tutti

In between statements of this theme, the soloist inserts fragments of the theme andextends them in virtuosic fashion.

Listen to Spring Concerto for Ritornello Form.

Vivaldi Spring from The Four Seasons, I. (required listening)

Antonio Vivaldi

Ordained as a priest. The Red Priest had fire red hair

Orphanage in Venice


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The Late Baroque and Bach

The Music of the Late Baroque is more about refinement than about innovation.

The music tends to be very rhythmic with continuous movement. Melodies areusually sequenced. Melodic Sequencing is when the melody, or a fragment of the

melody is repeated 2 or more times at different pitch levels.

The texture is dense. As the composers worked out the filing in of the inner voices,polyphony returns.

The greatest expression of polyphonic writing is a form called fugue.

Of all composers, J.S. Bach is considered a master of this form. It is a way to showoff technical skill in contrapuntal writing.

Fugue is a contrapuntal form and procedure. The word itself means flight

First there is a main theme called the subject

Each voice enters with the subject. This section is called the exposition.

Then this is followed by a free writing section called an episode

These 2 ideas then alternate.

Usually fugues are for 2-5 voices or parts. They have been written for as many as32.

Another technique preferred by Bach and certainly well suited to the organ. Thepedal point. A sustained note in the bass with the harmonies shifting over it.

The organ was a main instrument of the Baroque and Bach was considered avirtuoso organist.

Listen to J.S. Bach Organ Fugue in G min. (required listening)

G.F. Handel

Went to England for a visit and did not return. Then his employer in Germanybecame the King of England!

Handel tried very hard to get England interested in Italian Opera. They just did notlike it as much and Handel kept going under financially with his opera companies.

He turns to a similar form called the Oratorio.

Oratorios started as an extended musical setting of a sacred text performed in aspecial hall or chapel. By Handels time they had become unstaged operas with areligious subject.


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It is constructed like opera with arias and recitatives. It is just not staged. Also thechorus plays a much bigger part.

These were less expensive to produce, played on the English love of choral musicand tapped into the markets of the faithful Puritan, Methodist and other Evangelical

sects.

These became very popular, the most popular one being The Messiah

Composed in 3 weeks in 1741

Premiered in Dublin, Ireland, where it drew a very large crowd and popular acclaim.

We have already listened to the Hallelujah Chorus which is required listening.

The Classical Period (1750-1820)

Coincides with a period in philosophy called The Enlightenment also called theAge of Reason. It was a time of scientific advances and revolution

The American Revolution

The French Revolution

Writers Voltaire and Rousseu

Changes came in the world of Music

These things included

1. Comic Opera, as opposed to Opera seria

- Opera seria: grandiose and about gods and legends- Comic opera or Opera Buffa uses everyday characters and middle class

values. Comic Opera would use spoken dialogue, simple songs, and things

like sight gags and slap stick comedy

2. Public Concerts

- The middle class starts to be able to afford, organize, and attend public

concerts. Music became accessible to everyone, not just the nobility or at

church

3. The Advent of the Piano

- The piano was invented in Italy in 1700. The newpianoforte, as it was

called, could be played both loud and soft. It gradually replaces theharpsichord. It gains a lot of popularity as a parlor instrument. Training on

the piano, knowledge of French and the ability to do needlepoint were all

signs of gentility and status that made a young woman suitable for

marriage

Classical Music has the following attributes:

1. Formal order


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2. Clarity

3. Balance

4. Lighter in tone

5. More natural

6. Simple, shorter melodies

7. Greater emphasis on homophonic texture8. Lesser use of counterpoint

9. The mood can be changeable within the movements

Form becomes very important in classical music

Form in music is created by the following:

Repetition

Contrast

Variation

Form is discussed by giving different musical ideas letter names such as A, B, or C

Ternary form has a simple arrangement of an A section, a contrasting B section,

then a return of the A section (ABA)

The Classical composers loved to use ternary form in relation to a type of dance

called the Minuet. A minuet is a dance in a moderate tempo and in a triple meter.

There are actually 3 little ABA forms inside of a big ABA form

Minuet ABA Trio CDC Minuet ABA

Let us listen to:

Mozart A Little Night Music 3rd movement, Minuet and Trio (required listening)

That is a simple ternary form now we look at a complex one

Sonata Allegro Form

Exposition

1st theme (tonic key)


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Transition theme (modulates)

2nd theme (new key)

Closing theme

Development

Themes are elaborated on, moved to new keys, pulled apart, put together in new

ways, etc.Recapitulation (everything in the exposition must return in the tonic key)

1st theme (tonic key)

Transition theme (no modulation)

2nd theme (tonic key)

Closing theme (tonic key)

Coda

Look at graph in text pg 185

Sonata Allegro is preferred for first movements of classical multi-movement works.

2nd movements often use:Theme and Variation Form

Listen to: Hadydn, Symphony No. 94 2nd mvt (required listening)

3rd movements usually used Minuet and Trio

4th movements would often use Rondo Form

Rondo can be graphed out as ABACA or ABACABA or ABACADA. All arecharacterized by a return of the A section with contrasting material in between. It is

similar to the Ritornello from of the Baroque.

Listen to Rondo

Mozart Horn Concerto in Eb major K.495 (required listening)

Multi-movement works

Alternating, fast slow fast

1st Sonata Allegro2ndTheme and Variations

3rd Minuet and Trio4th Rondo

Symphony a large scale work for an orchestraSonata a work for a solo instrument. Either a piano or an instrument such as violinaccompanied by the piano.

3 movements fast slow fast


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String Quartet a work for 2 violins viola celloSeveral movements, 3-5 movements

The solo concerto a large scale work for soloist and orchestra3 movements fast slow fast

Double expositionCadenza

Classical Period Composers

Haydn and Mozart

Together with Beethoven make up the First Viennese School

This is because they are all associated with the city of Vienna Austria. Vienna was acultural and political hub of the time. It was the fourth largest city in Europe. Peopleeven came to Vienna from as far away as Russia.

Franz Joseph Haydn (1732-1809) was born in a farmhouse in Rohau, Austria

His singing voice was heard by a choir director of St Stephens Cathedral in Vienna.He took Haydn back with him to Vienna.

While serving as a choirboy in the cathedral Haydn was taught the rudiments ofcomposition as well as the violin and the keyboard. After 10 years, his voice brokeand he was dismissed.

During the 1750s he managed to survive working as a freelance musician aroundVienna.

In 1761 he got a job as the Music Director of the Esterhazy Court

Prince Nikolaus Esterhazy was a great lover of music and he maintained anorchestra, a chapel for singing religious services, and a theater for opera at hisfamily estate Esterhaza in Hungary.

Haydn was essentially a servant in the household. He had to wear a uniform and hismusic belonged to his employer. He was not allowed to publish without permission.

His second contract did allow him to publish and his music spread through Europe.Haydn served at the Estate for nearly 30 years.

Haydn String Quartet The Emperor II

When the prince died, the successor dismissed the orchestra but allowed Haydn tostay on as composer, asking only for very little work in return. Haydn was thereforefree to travel and he was engaged to compose and conduct a series of Symphoniesin London, for a very handsome fee. The result of this is his 12 London Symphonies.(Nos. 93-104) Haydn was present to the King and Queen. He received an honorary


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doctorate from Oxford and was basically treated like a star.

He returned to Vienna a very wealthy man and when he died at the age of 77 hewas considered to be the most respected composer in Europe.

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791)

Born in Salzberg AustriaHis father Leopold was a musician, played violin in the orchestra of the Archbishopof Salzberg and wrote a best selling introduction to playing the violin.

By the age of 6 Mozart could play piano, violin and organ as well as compose

Leopold took his children on a three year tour of Europe and the young Mozartplayed in courts all over Europe.

In 1768 Mozarts first opera Bastien and Bastienne was produced in Vienna.Mozart was 12

Mozart continued to travel around Europe. This exposed the emerging composer toa wealth of musical styles and ideas. It also spread his fame throughout Europe. Inthe 1770s Mozart resided in Salzberg where he served in the court of theArchbishop.

By the age of 25 Mozart had had it with the archbishop and being treated like aservant. He moved to Vienna and tried to make a living a freelance musician. Heliked Vienna. There were many patrons and he was a comfortable distance from hisfather. He married against his fathers will to Constanze Weber. Both were romanticand impractical and like nice things. Mozart worked very hard and very fast. Heturned out most of his great masterworks in the years he was in Vienna up until isdeath in 1791 at the age of 35.

His great operas date from this timeThe Marriage of FigaroDon Giovanni

The Magic Flute

The operas did not go over as well as one would think, they played to undersoldhouses. Mozarts music fell out of fashion. His style was thought to be too dense,too intense, and too dissonant. He was even warned by a publisher to write in amore popular style or else I cannot pay for more of your music

In his last year of life, Mozart wrote a beautiful clarinet concerto. The opera, theMagic Flute, and most of his Requiem Mass.

No one really knows what Mozart died of. There is a great deal of speculation frompoisoning to a bad pork chop.

He was buried in a common grave so we do not have his remains for testing.


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Opera

Librettist Lorenzo da ponte

Don Giovanni

Vocal ensemble

La ci darcm la mano

The Magic Flute base on Masonic ideas Mozart was a Mason

Lecture 11

Overture to Don Giovanni- Mozart

We are now transferring time periods from the classical period which is all aboutForm into the Romantic Period which is all about emotion.

The composer who first started to really exemplify both of these is

Ludwig van Beethoven 1770-1827

Beethoven is a giant figure in music history. He is the iconic image of the musicianas artist and is famous for being angry, defiant, disheveled and generallyeccentric.

While still composing in Classical forms, Beethoven expanded their limits. He added:

Slow introductionsUsed the Scherzo rather than Minuet and trioFalse recapitulations

Long codasAdding material in the recapitulationUsing themes from previous movements in later movementsAdded instruments to the orchestraAdded choir to the symphony

Beethoven started out as a virtuoso pianist

Due to going deaf he became more and more odd and introverted

Let us listen to what this tortured genius did to the established Classical forms

Required ListeningBeethoven, Piano Sonata Opus 13, The Pathetique Sonata (1799) 1st movement

Beethoven put a great deal of process into his symphonies. He worked them andreworked them. He only wrote 9. They are all masterworks.


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Beethoven Symphony No. 5 C min may be one of the most famous works in classicalmusic.

We will listen to the WHOLE SYMPHONY, 1st movement is required listening.

Heiligenstadt Testament

2nd movement theme and variations

3rd Scherzo Ternary

Connected to the 4th movement Sonata Allegro

Orchestra is louder and biggerthe parts are harder

The Romantic Period

Romantic Forms Monumental and Miniature

The monumental forms:Expanded sonata allegroExpanded orchestraLonger works

SymphonyOpera

Miniature forms

Short forms with whimsical titles (like arabesque or romance, to name a couple)

Often simple binary or ternary froms

Famous composers of the Romantic include:Hector BerliozFelix MendelssohnFrederick ChopinRobert SchumannFranz LisztGuiseppe VerdiRichard WagnerFranz Schubert

These were unconventional people they personified the Romantic Spirit

Self-expressionPassionExcess


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Love of natureLiteratureIrresponsibilityEven a bit of lunacyLife, and how they lived it, also became an art

Pirates of the Caribbean is the epitome of RomanticismThe romantics became very interested in literature and in having their musicexpress some sort of literary content. There was a great output of poetry and thatpoetry lent itself well to writing songs. This popularized a genre called the Art Song,a song for solo voice and piano accompaniment.

Art song was most popular in Germanic countries, which is why these songs areoften referred to as lied or the plural lieder.

A young Viennese man who was most famous for his lieder was Franz Schubert(1797-1828)

In his short life span Schubert wrote more than 600 lieder. He also wrote 8symphonies, 15 string quartets, 21 piano sonatas, seven Masses and four operas.

This is a huge output for someone who lived to be only 31 when he died. He diedjust one year after Beethoven did.

Schubert lived the life of a free artist he was often broke but spent his morningscomposing, his afternoons in the cafes and his evenings were often spent at thehomes of friends performing music. These evening became known as Schubertiads.A famous art song by Schubert.Erlking(1815)Based on a narrative verse by Goethe. Tells the story of the king of the elves andhis malevolent seduction of a young boy. The legend said that whoever wastouched by the king of the elves would die.

This exemplifies the romantic fascination with the supernatural and the macabre.

The song requires the singer to use four different tones of voice to represent fourdifferent characters.A narrator

The fatherThe boyThe erlking

The piano get to be the galloping horse.Listen to Erlking.

The interest in the use of literature in music took more than one turn.


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The art song is the most obvious.Another type of literary inspired music is program music.Program music is instrumental music that is meant to tell a story using musical

sound. The story can be from a play or a legend or a poem or even something madeup by the composer.

The program symphony is when a program, or story line is associated with eachmovement of a symphony. A program symphony can have a more flexible numberof movements than the traditional symphony.One of the most extreme examples of romanticism can be found ins a programsymphony by Hector Berlioz, called symphonie fantastique. (1830).Berlioz had been groomed to be a doctor just like his father but he found the studynot to his and discovered the concert hall irresistible. Even though he had no real

formal training he decided to become a great composer.He supported himself writing music reviews he honed his craft.Symphonie Fantastique has its beginning in a unrequited love story.Berlioz fell in love with an English actress named Harriet Smithson. He wrote herpassionate letters. She thought he was nuts. He scared her.Spurned Berlioz turned to music to express himself and he invented this idea of asymphony base around what he called an ide fixe. This is a musical tune that isassociated with a person or idea. In this case it is the tune of the beloved.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------He writes an elaborate 5! Movement symphony based on unrequited love,attempted suicide, imaginary murder, and revenge.

1. Reverie, Passions2. A Ball3. Scene in the Country4. March to the Scaffold5. Dream of a Witches Sabbath (required listening)

Points of Interest

Enormous orchestraAdds new instruments

Ophicleide (an early tuba)English HornHarpCornet


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Uses the Dies Irae chant

Double counterpoint, combines the witches dance and the dies irae into a fugue

Uses strange effects such as col legno in the strings (play with the wood of the

bow).

Other Types of Program Muisc:Dramatic OvertureConcert OvertureSymphonic poem (tone poem)

Another main facet of the Romantic Period is the Importance of the Piano as aninstrument.

A few great pianists took what was essentially a parlor instrument and turned it intoa medium for great performances and displays of virtuosity

Also the piano was improved. It was made bigger, stronger, and louder

Frederick Chopin (1810-1849)

Poet of the Piano

Born in Warsaw, Poland. Trained at the Warsaw Conservatory

Went to Paris and to Vienna. Spent the remainder of his life in Paris, due to theRussian occupation of his homeland. This led to a tendency of Chopin to use thetraditional Polish dance form, the Mazurka in many of his compositions.

Chopin was the first in history to write


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Fredrick Chopin

1810-1849

Poet of piano

Born in Warsaw, Poland

Trained at Warsaw Conservatory

Ended up in Paris Not very healthy (breathing problems(

Stayed in Paris because Russians took over Poland

Led him to use traditional Polish dance forms (Mazurka in B Major)

First in history to write for only one instrument- piano

Favored by salons in Paris, though he did not like to perform

Favorite teacher for daughters of aristocracy

Best work while in love with and under protection of Aurure Dudevant-AKA George Sand (pseudonym as author, she was bisexual, older, andmarried) when she left him, he was heartbroken & broke

Went on tour to make money but got TB and died at 39

Most famous for Nocturnes for solo piano

Nocturne in C Minor, Opus 27, No. 1, ABACA form

Emotional feel- delaying dissonance

Franz Litz

1811-1886

Great pianist

Phenomenon legendary

Patterned himself after Paganinio 24 capriceso Violinisto Devil-so goodo Wore black, odd, pale, syphilis

Servant class background

Born in Hungary, trained in Vienna

Established modern piano recital

All piano, all memorized with piano turned so performers profile could beseen

Lisztomania swept Europe

Had reputation with ladies

Wrote series of etudes requiring what he called transcendentalexecution

Established the format of the Modern piano recital

All piano, all memorized, with the piano turned so the performers profile could beseen.

Lisztomania swept across Europe. He developed a reputation with the ladies.

He wrote a series of Etudes requiring what be called transcendental execution


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Listen to Transcendental Etude No. 8 Wild Hunt

Art Songs can be either:Through composedStrophic

Erlking was through composedA greater majority are strophic and many focus on lyric love poems.

Listen: Robert Schumann Dedication

Robert Schumann is also a figure in one of the greatest love stories of the Romanticperiod

Robert Schumann (1810-1856)

Robert was born to a father who loved literature but died young. His mother wanted

him to study law and be obliged her by going to college for that, but never attendedany classes. Instead he passed his time with poetry and music. In 1830, he startedstudying the piano and had the plan of become a great virtuoso. After two years oflessons with a good teacher, Friedrich Wieck, he ended up with a permanentlydamaged right hand.

He turns his energies to composition and founded an important music periodicalnew Journal of Music. The official journal of the Society of David to fight thephilistines of music. Using this journal Schumann became a musical champion forthe works of young composers of this time.

While studying piano, Robert fell in love with the daughter of his teacher, Clara. Thefather did not like this idea at all and they had to fight a legal battle to marry.Robert turned to the art song for two reasons, they were a wonderful outlet for hislove for Clara and also they were a highly profitable genre.

Robert was bi-polar and possibly had multiple personalities. He had also usedarsenic as a young man to cure a bout of syphilis, as he got older, his mental healthgot worse. After a suicide attempt he had himself confined to an asylum where hedied of dementia.

Clara Schumann (1810-1896)

Clara was her fathers prodigy and is considered one of the great piano virtuosos ofthe 19th century. Her debut recital was at age 11 and she toured all over Europe.When she married Robert she added to her duties as international star and the rolesof mother and wife. She bore 8 children. Clara also tried her hand at compositonand even through her work was good she did no really feel it was right for a womanto compose. She mostly wrote art song and some character pieces. As the childrenincreased her compositional output decreased. After Robert died, Clara toured topay the bills. She always wore black and played recitals that featured the greatmasters from the Baroque on. She never remained even though she outlived him by


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40 years..

whole semester notes

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