Who is this guy? What does he have to do with the New Year? Janus: Roman God God of beginnings, doors, limits, and departures Looked back to the past as well as toward the future The month January is derived from his name Who invented New Years celebrations? Why? Hints: We have studied this group of people in semester one It held some religious significance Also tied to agriculture As you read Annotate for the following: Examples of New Years celebrations from the ancient world Examples of New Years traditions and their meanings/ significance World History Do Now: Imagine that over the next fifty years, the average temperature in the Milwaukee area rises and rainfall becomes non-existent. What effect would this have on the area? How would you handle these environmental changes? The desertification of Africa Farming dominated Africa from 5500 BCE By 2500 BCE the Sahara region had turned to desert Desertification Reaction? Movement of people north (Mediterranean region) and south Between CE another migration known as the Bantu Migration (this was the root language of the migrating people) Shoulder partner-What effects might this migration have had on Africa? Where are these places? Use your textbook (pg. 285 and 295) to locate and label the following on your outline map The Sahara Desert The Great Rift Valley The Zambezi River Niger River Congo River Indian Ocean Red Sea Atlantic Ocean Kingdom of Ghana ( CE) Kingdom of Mali ( CE) Kingdom of Songhai ( CE) World History (12/9) Do Now: What does the picture to the right have to do with the kingdom of Mali? What does the story of Sundiata (the Lion King) tell us about the values/beliefs of Mali? What characteristics of an empire builder are present in this story? Influences on Africa Resources-in the kingdoms of West Africa gold and salt What else is traded from Africa that ends up having a huge impact on America? Trans-Saharan network (supply and demand) Islam-education and trade connections Welcome to beautiful Imagine that you are a member of the chamber of commerce from one of the three West African kingdoms It is your job to promote your kingdom and show why people would want to live there or trade with it Use pp in your textbook to acquire background information on each of the three kingdoms (Ghana, Mali, Songhai) Welcome toexample Watch the following video and take notes on: Social features (if any) Political features (if any) Religious features (if any) Intellectual features (if any) Technological features (if any) Environmental features (if any) Record at least THREE examples from the video How do the visuals encourage people to visit this place? World History (12/10) Do Now: What is this map attempting to show? What do the red lines indicate (hint: look at the years)? Why might this be occurring (inference)? How is it similar to this? Beringia Ice age land bridge between Siberia (Russia) and Alaska (North America) Theory: This is how the first people arrived in North and South America Paleolithic people made their way across this bridge following herds of animals Climate warms ice melts bridge under water game animals decrease people adapt by developing farming techniques migrate east and south World History (12/11) Do Now: Read the quote below: This drink is the healthiest thing, and the greatest sustenance of anything you could drink in the world, because he who drinks a cup of this liquid, no matter how far he walks, can go a whole day without eating anything else. Member of Hernan Cortess crew (circa 1510) What do you think this person is describing? Why? What WAS he talking about? A beverage made from cacao pulp Cacao beans are used to make chocolate What is the connection to the Americas and to their empires? From An Uncommon History of Common Things First harvested and used by the Maya, chocolate was initially a beverage, and not a particularly sweet or smooth one. A Spanish missionary said of it in the 16 th century: Loathsome to such as are not acquainted with it, having a scum or froth that is very unpleasant to taste. Despite its off-putting tastethe chocolate drink was intriguing enough to be brought back to Europe. While Columbus did discover cacao pods, their appeal was only recognized in 1510 by Hernan Cortes, who brought three chests of pods backFor the next 250 odd years, chocolate would increase in popularity and availability in Europe. Unfortunately, this also meant that the English, French, and Dutch growers relied heavily on slave labor to cultivate crops. FQR=Fact/Question/Response Use the assigned reading and the FQR handout As you read, record facts Whatever you find important or interesting In the question section, record questions you have about the facts The question should not be answered by the fact In the response section, record something that pops into your mind when reading this Make a connection to your own life/experiences/prior knowledge/etc. Part One: The Olmec What is THAT thing? World History (12/12) Do Now question: Based on what you have read so far, what is the answer to the question below? Which of the following BEST explains the Mesoamerican civilizations practice of human sacrifice? A. They were harsh and brutal people. B. It was part of their religious beliefs. C. It was part of their political beliefs/practices. D. They hated the Spanish and used this as a way to get back at them. Part Two: The Mayans What are they doing? Part Three: The Aztecs What is he doing? Part Four: The Incas What happened to her? What have scientists discovered about her? The Incas (part two) What was this place? World History (12/15) Do Now: Record two similarities and two differences about these Mesoamerican empires at the bottom of your FQR sheet Show these to me before you leave the classroom today How are empires created? What conditions must exist? Power vacuum Environmental mosaic (variety of resources) Military strength Strong leadership Where are the ancient civilizations? Final exam reminders Bring a #2 pencil Bring a completed study guide for extra credit on the exam (complete sentences not necessary) Check the no finals list and take care of any payments-extra time will NOT be given if you come late Empire unit test corrections-come and get a copy of the test after school Correct letter AND explanation for why this is the correct letter No points given without explanation pt. back per correction World History (12/19) Do Now: What do you know about the origins and history of the following Christmas symbols/traditions? Write down the following: Fruit cake Christmas tree Christmas Pickle Christmas stocking Nativity scene How it works For each tradition guess the country/area of origin Guess the year/century Guess the original purpose (why was it done?) Choose from the following countries/areas of origin Germany Spain Roman Empire Italy England Origins unknown Fruit Cake the Romans made a sort of sweetened cake of pomegranate seeds, pine nuts, and raisins mixed into a mash of barley. This concoction was used as a sort of early energy bar by traveling troops, but when it came to northern Europe, it was made lighter with wheat flour and different with hazelnuts and walnuts. The inclusion of nuts was for ceremony rather than taste. At the end of each years nut harvest, fruitcakes studded with nutmeats would be baked and put away until the following year and eaten in hopes of ensuring a good harvest. An Uncommon History of Common Things Christmas tree Ancient people hung greens at this time (winter solstice) to remind themselves about rebirth/triumph of life over death Germany is credited with starting the Christmas tree tradition as we now know it in the 16th century when devout Christians brought decorated trees into their homes. Some built Christmas pyramids of wood and decorated them with evergreens and candles if wood was scarce. It is a widely held belief that Martin Luther, the 16th-century Protestant reformer, first added lighted candles to a tree. Walking toward his home one winter evening, composing a sermon, he was awed by the brilliance of stars twinkling amidst evergreens. To recapture the scene for his family, he erected a tree in the main room and wired its branches with lighted candles. History.com Christmas pickle? In the 1880s Woolworth stores started selling glass ornaments imported from Germany and some were in the shape of various fruit and vegetables. It seems that pickles must have been among the selection. Around the same time it was claimed that the Christmas Pickle was a very old German tradition and that the pickle was the last ornament hung on the Christmas tree and then the first child to find the pickle got an extra present and /or blessing. More Christmas pickle? One features a fighter in the American Civil War who was born in Bavaria (an area of what is now Germany). He was a prisoner, and starving, he begged a guard for one last pickle before he died. The guard took pity on him and gave a pickle to him. The pickle gave him the mental and physical strength to live on! The other story is linked to St. Nicholas It's a medieval tale of two Spanish boys traveling home from a boarding school for the holidays. When they stopped at an inn for the night, the evil innkeeper, killed the boys and put them in a pickle barrel. That evening, St. Nicholas stopped at the same inn, and found the boys in the barrel and miraculously bought them back to life! Whychristmas.com Christmas stocking The most popular legend about why stockings are hung at Christmas goes something like this: A recently widowed man and father of three girls was having a tough time making ends meet. Even though his daughters were beautiful, he worried that their impoverished status would make it impossible for them to marry. St. Nicholas was wandering through the town where the man lived and heard villagers discussing that familys plight. He wanted to help but knew the man would refuse any kind of charity directly. Instead, one night, he slid down the chimney of the familys house and filled the girls recently laundered stockings, which happened to be drying by the fire, with gold coins. And then he disappeared. Unknown date/place of origin St. Nick (big in the Netherlands) Smithsonian,com Nativity Scene According to St. Bonaventures biography, St. Francis got permission from Pope Honorious III to set up a manger with hay and two live animals an ox and an assin a cave in the Italian village of Grecio (1223 CE). He then invited the villagers to come gaze upon the scene while he preached about the babe of Bethlehem. (Francis was supposedly so overcome by emotion that he couldn't say "Jesus.") Bonaventure also claims that the hay used by Francis miraculously acquired the power to cure local cattle diseases and pestilences. More Nativity Francis' display came in the middle of a period when mystery or miracle plays were a popular form of entertainment and education for European laypeople. These plays, originally performed in churches and later performed in town squares, re- enacted Bible stories in vernacular languages. Since church services at the time were performed only in Latin, which virtually no one understood, miracle plays were the only way for laypeople to learn scripture. Francis' nativity scene used the same method of visual display to help locals understand and emotionally engage with Christianity. Within a couple of centuries of Francis' inaugural display, nativity scenes had spread throughout Europe. ne_history_why_people_put_up_cr_ches_for_christmas.html