WHI: SOL 12a

Four Nations of Europe1000-1500 a.d.

Nations Emerge

• Nations of Europe begin to emerge after 1000 a.d.

• Characteristics of nation-states included: – defined territory, – a central government, – and a common culture.

• As the power of the Church declined new monarchs were emerging in Europe who consolidated their power and made their kingdoms strong under their central authority.

England• A nation-state was created in England with the

emergence of Common Law under Henry II, the Magna Carta under King John, Parliament under Edward I, and a unified country under Henry VII.

England

• William the Conqueror, leader of the Norman Conquest, united most of England.• Common law had its beginnings

during the reign of Henry II.

England

England faced invasion from the Angles and Saxons and Vikings. (700-1000 a.d.)

In 1066 The Normans (led by William the Conqueror) raided and then settled in England.

William battled the English King Harold at the Battle of Hastings.

The Domesday Book

• William wanted to know just what he had conquered.• He ordered a Census of every person, animal,

piece of farm equipment and piece of land.• This census was called the DomesdayDomesday BookBook

because no one could escape from it.

Henry II • At the time of Henry II, each region or kingdom in England had its own set of laws. Henry wanted to establish a common law throughout England.• He established a royal

court which traveled throughout England hearing court cases and applying the same law at each one

England

• King John signed the Magna Carta (Great Charter), limiting the king’s power.• The Hundred Years’ War between

England and France helped define England as a nation.

King John(The king who flushed his kingdom down the John)

• Henry’s son became king.• King John was highly corrupt and made many

mistakes during his reign. (Think Robin Hood!!)

CorruptionHe threw people in jail without a trial.He also placed heavy taxes on his barons, much to their resentment.

The Magna Carta• King John’s corruption and

heavy taxation of the Nobles caused them to rebel against him.

• In 1215 at Runnymede, they forced him to sign the Magna Carta (Great Charter) which limited the power of the English Monarch.

Ideas in the Magna Carta• The Magna Carta required the King to proclaim

certain rights (pertaining to freemen), respect certain legal procedures, and accept that his will could be bound by the law

• The Magna Carta also instituted the idea of Habeas Corpus, which meant you could not be held in jail without due cause.

England• Evolution of Parliament• English kings often consulted the Great Council

for advice (due to the Magna Carta)• Became Parliament• King Edward I summoned Parliament and

claimed “what touches all should be approved by all”– Chose “common” representatives to join the lords

and the clergy• Parliament later gains the “power of the purse”– The right to approve any new taxes

Hundred Years’ War

• The Hundred Years’ War (1337–1453) was fought between France and England over land rights in France.– Use of cannons made castles obsolete.– The longbow was used.– Use of knights and armor decreased.– Use of professional armies increased.– A sense of nationalism—a feeling of loyalty to one’s

country and people—emerged.

The Hundred Years War• This war was a conflict between England and

France.• There were several factors which led to the war. –England had lands which it claimed in France–England and France were in competition for Flanders.–Edward had a claim to the French throne, but the

French were outraged at the idea of having an English King.–Both sides welcomed war as a chance to assert their

own agendas.

Gunpowder

The French were eventually able to win the war because of Gunpowder.The French developed cannons and

were able to defeat the English.The French achieved victory in 1453.

France• A nation-state was

created in France with the emergence of a strong government under Philip II and Philip IV, a permanent army and taxation under Charles VII, and expansion under Louis XI.

France• Hugh Capet established the French throne

in Paris, and his dynasty gradually expanded their control over most of France.–Made the throne hereditary–Add to their lands by playing nobles against

one another–Won the support of the Church–Built an effective bureaucracy to collect taxes

and impose royal law

Hugh Capet• The King appointed by the

great lords was Hugh Capet, he was the count of Paris or the Île de France.

• Capet made himself more powerful by having the lords also elect his son as co-ruler and making the office hereditary. This established the Capetian Dynasty.

Capetian Dynasty

Expansion of Power• Philip II- called “Philip Augustus”– Paid middle-class officials for government positions who

owed him loyalty

• Louis IX- persecuted heretics and non-Christians– Sent out roving officials to check on local administrators– Expanded royal courts to ensure justice– Forbade private wars among nobles– Ended serfdom

• Philip IV-raised funds by taxing the clergy– Clash with Pope Boniface, threatened to arrest any clergy

who did not pay taxes, sent troops to arrest the pope

Philip Augustus (Philip II)

• Philip Augustus added more territory to France when he defeated King John of England and seized English holdings in French territory.

• Before that Philip had fought in the Third Crusade with Richard the Lion Hearted.

Philip IV (Philip the Fair)• When Philip IV was fighting with the Pope he

decided to call a body which could vote to give him money to fund his struggle. This body became known as the Estates General

• This body was made up of three parts–The First Estate: Church Officials–The Second Estate: Nobility–The Third Estate: Townspeople

France

• The Hundred Years’ War between England and France helped define France as a nation. (1337-1453)• Joan of Arc was a unifying factor.

The Hundred Years War

• The war officially stared when King Philip VI of France took English holdings and Edward III declared war on France.•What occurred was a 116-year conflict

that changed the two countries.• Helped define France as a nation

Orleans• At the battle of Orleans,

Joan was able to lead the French troops to victory.• Joan was, however,

captured by the English in 1430 and was burned as a heretic.• She became a martyr

and symbol for the French in the war.

Spain• A nation-state was created in Spain with the unification of Aragon and Castile under Ferdinand and Isabella. Religious unity was created by the Reconquista, the Inquisition, and the expulsion of the Jews and Muslims.

Spain

• Ferdinand and Isabella unified the country (Aragon and Castile) and expelled Jews and Moors (African Muslims).• Spanish Empire in the Western

Hemisphere expanded under Charles V.

Spain• Ferdinand and Isabella– In Spain, King Ferdinand and

Queen Isabella eliminated the power of the Nobles.–They took control of the national

church.–They tried to make Iberia (Spain

and Portugal) homogeneous.• Reconquista: Ferdinand and

Isabella forced all non-Catholics to leave Spain or convert to Christianity.

The Spanish Inquisition • Ferdinand and Isabella forced all Spanish to

convert to Roman Catholic• Non-believers were “encouraged” to renounce

their religion and convert

The Spanish inquisition

• Many non-believers were burned at the stake or subjected to harsh torture to force “confessions” of heresy

Russia

• A nation-state was created in Russia with the enlargement of the Moscow Kingdom under Ivan I, the freedom from the “Mongol Yoke” under Ivan III (Ivan the Great), and the codification of laws under Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible).

Russia• Ivan the Great threw off

the rule of the Mongols, centralized power in Moscow, and expanded the Russian nation.

• Power was centralized in the hands of the tsar.

• The Orthodox Church influenced unification.

Russia• Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible)- centralized royal

power– Limiting privileges of traditional noble families– Gave land to nobles in exchange for military or other

services– Reinforced serfdom and the feudal system

• Ivan became unstable•Had agents of terror who rode around enforcing the tsar’s will

The Holy Roman EmpireThe Eastern part of Charlemagne’s Kingdom

later became known as the Holy Roman Empire (later Germany).

The territory was broken into divisions known as duchies ruled by dukes.

These dukes elected a king, but he originally did not have a lot of power.

H Notes C 9 S 3 par t 4

Central and Eastern Europe• The Holy Roman Empire was different from

France, England, and Spain in that it never consolidated power under a strong king.• In 1438 The Hapsburg dynasty gained power over

the office of Holy Roman Emperor.• In Eastern Europe different religious groups

came into conflict–Roman Catholics, Eastern Orthodox

Christians and Muslims began to fight each other.

Otto I• Otto was elected king and

consolidated power by defeating many of the nobles of Germany who had taken land from the kingdom.

• He later moved into Italy and reclaimed much of the territory which had been ruled by Charlemagne.

• After assisting the Pope with a revolt he was crowned “Emperor of the Romans,” thus beginning the Holy Holy Roman EmpireRoman Empire.