The Rise of

Nations

WHI.12a

England!

Angles and Saxons

● During the 400s and 500s

Germanic tribes called

Angles and Saxons took

over what used to be the

Roman colony of Britain

● Country of England

formed under a monarchy

Angles and Saxons

● Held up under attacks

from Vikings

● 1066 King Edward of

England died without an

heir

Power Vacuum

● After Edward’s death, a

council of nobles picked

Edward’s brother-in-law,

Harold, to be king

● A relative, William of

Normandy, a Frenchman

claimed he should be king

Power Vacuum

● Went to war over who would

be king

● 1066 Battle of Hastings–

William wins, nickname

“William the Conqueror”,

becomes king, unites

England

Common Law

● Henry II, King of England,

came up with Common

Law, by taking customs

and rules that had always

been followed and made

them official

● Common Law applied to

everyone

Common Law

● People brought disputes to

government instead of

church

● Jury system created- 12

people locally picked to

decide if someone should

go to trial

Richard I

● After Henry II died, his

son Richard became

king.

● Richard I was also

known as Richard the

Lionheart (from the

Crusades)

● Richard died without an

heir, so the throne

passed to his brother,

John

Richard I

● This is the King

Richard the Lionheart

from the tale of Robin

Hood

Richard I

● After Henry II died, his

son Richard became

king.

● Richard I was also

known as Richard the

Lionheart (from the

Crusades)

● Richard died without an

heir, so the throne

passed to his brother,

John

King John

King

John

was a

jerk

King John

● King John was a jerk

● Taxed his people at high

rates, fought wars his

nobles didn’t like, married

a girl (possibly 9 years

old), fought with the

Pope, imprisoned people

for no reason

King John

● His nobles met with John

and told him to sign the

Magna Carta, otherwise

he couldn’t stay king

Magna Carta

● Guaranteed certain rights to

nobles (later to all Englishmen)

and limited the power of the king

● Stated

● Kings must obey the law

● Can’t tax people without

their consent

● Can’t arrest people without

cause

● Can’t convict people without

trial

● Basis of our entire government

and justice system today

Parliament

● The Magna Carta set the table for the Parliament to

oversee the king's rule

● Parliament is what inspired our Congress

● Bicameral legislature (two houses: House of

Commons and House of Lords)

●

France

● After the last king of the

French (Frankish)

Carolingian (Charles

Martel, Charlemagne)

dynasty died, a new

dynasty was started by a

noble named Hugh Capet

● Capet moved the French

capital to Paris and his

family (Capetian Dynasty)

eventually extended control

over most of what is today

France

Expansion of France

Much of the French expansion

was done by a king named

Philip II

At first, Philip II lost several

battles and land to the English

kings Henry II and Richard I

(Lionheart), but when John

became king he was able to

score some big wins and take

much territory

The Hundred Years War

● In 1337 the last Capetian

king of France died

without an heir

● The English king, Edward

III, claimed the throne

because he was a relative

of the dead French king

● England would fight a war

versus France for control

of the French throne from

1337 to 1453 (actually

116 years)

The Hundred Years War

The Hundred Years War

is what really makes

England and France their

own countries

At the end of the fighting

each country has a well

defined border and the

back and forth claims

over who should be king

are mostly over

Joan of Arc

● One important figure to come out of

the Hundred Years War was Joan

of Arc

● Joan was a young French girl who

claimed to receive visions from

God telling her to defeat the British

Joan of Arc

● Convinced French King to let her

command troops

● French won key victory at Battle of

Orleans 1429 on way to total

victory

● Captured by English, sentenced to

death.

Spain

●After the marriage,

the Spanish monarchs

began to drive out the

Muslims who had built

a kingdom in southern

Spain

●(Remember the

Ottoman Empire and

how it was stopped at

the battle of Tours in

French territory?)

Spain

●The Muslims in

southern Spain were

called “Moors”

●The war against

them was called the

Reconquista

●It ended in 1492

when the Moors were

defeated

●(“Re-Conquering”)

●(There are still

Muslims in southern

Spain!)

Spain

●In 1492 Spain unified

●It also became all

Catholic

●It began the first

exploration of America

the same year!

●(became one

country)

●(Columbus was the

first jerk)

Spain

●King Charles V (5th)

becomes the most

powerful king Spain

ever had

●He controls most of

the “New World”

●The “New World” is

North and South

America

●Spain owns 2/3 of it!!

Russia

●In the 1200s, Russia

had become the

Khanate of the Golden

Horde which was part

of the Mongol Empire

Russia

●This is Ivan III

●(Ivan the Great!)

Russia

●In the 1400s, Ivan III

married a daughter of

the Byzantine

emperor

●He begins to call

himself Caesar like

the Roman Emperors

●(Remember, the

Byzantine Empire was

centered in

Constantinople and had

a major influence on

Russia)

●(This becomes “Czar”

in the Russian

language)

Russia

●1480, Ivan III stops

paying tribute (taxes)

to the Mongols

●The Mongols were

losing power in the

region

●They refuse to fight

the Russians so

Russia becomes an

independent land

Rise of Moscow

●Ivan declares

Moscow will be his

seat of power

●He also wants it to

be a new Rome

Rise of Moscow

●He conquers territory

and expands the

Russian nation

●He makes the Czar

more powerful than

the nobility

Rise of Moscow

●He used the Eastern

Orthodox Church

(from the Byzantine

Empire) to unify the

people

St. Basil's

Cathedral in

Moscow, Russia

An Orthodox

church

The Crusades

The Crusades WHAT WERE THEY?

THEY WERE A SERIES OF RELIGIOUS WARS BETWEEN

CHRISTIANS AND MUSLIMS FOUGHT BETWEEN THE 11TH

TO 13TH CENTURIES.

THESE WARS WERE BEGUN BY CHRISTIANS AND CAUSED

THOUSANDS OF DEATHS

Origins

Remember, Jerusalem is important to Judaism, Christianity, and Islam

Hebrews began the Jewish religion there

Christians began following Jesus there

Mohammad journeyed to heaven and back there

Origins

In the 11th century the holy city of Jerusalem was controlled by the Muslims.

They also allowed Christians and Jews to live in sections of the city

Origins

In the 11th century the holy city of Jerusalem was controlled by the Muslims.

Origins

In the 11th century the holy city of Jerusalem was controlled by the Muslims.

Origins

Pope Urban called for a religious war or crusade to gain control of the Holy Lands.

Origins

Many Christian nobles and knights (Crusaders) heeded Urban’s call.

The Fighting

The European knights were ill prepared to fight in the scorching deserts of the Middle East.

One Crusading army decided to skip fighting the Muslims and sacked (raided) the Byzantine capital of Constantinople.

The two main leaders were Richard the Lionhearted of England (Crusader) and Saladin (Muslim).

The battles between the two forces were exceptionally bloody.

The battles between the two forces were exceptionally bloody.

The Crusaders briefly captured Jerusalem and a few small kingdoms nearby which became known as the Crusader states.

Eventually Saladin (and the Muslims) recaptured Jerusalem.

Both Saladin and Richard agreed to a truce.

The Results

Jerusalem remained under Muslim control.

Eventually the Crusades sort of fizzled out as fewer and fewer knights took up the challenge.

The death of so many nobles led to

the decline of local lords and the rise of powerful monarchs.

It also weakened the power of the Pope.

BUT- Returning knights brought back valuable spices and other goods from the Middle East.

This led to an increase in trade between Europe and Asia.

The Crusader’s attack on Constantinople weakened the Byzantine Empire which the Muslims finally captured in 1453.

The Crusades left a lasting legacy of bitterness between Jews, Muslims, and Christians.

Today Jerusalem is still the scene of religious violence.

Constantinople

Constantinople

The Muslims living in the area of

Turkey were known as the

Ottoman Turks

In 1453 the Ottoman Turks

attacked and conquered

Constantinople

They changed the name to

Istanbul and it became the

capital of the Ottoman Empire

Meanwhile… on the

battlefields of Asia

The Mongols

In Mongolia (East Asia) in the 1200s several nomadic

tribes joined together under one leader…

Genghis Khan

The Mongols

Genghis Khan united many of the

Mongol tribes

He and his descendants used

extreme military tactics to conquer much of Russia, China, and

Southwest Asia

They destroyed the cities and the countryside

The Mongols

This was known as the Mongol Empire

Black Death

Bubonic Plague

A new disease appeared in the

world which caused gangrene of the

extremities, chills, fever, cramps,

seizures, pain, and soon, DEATH

Sanitary issues: they couldn’t keep up with the growing populations

No plumbing, running water, toilets

Used chamber pots, cesspools

Water was contaminated

No one understood it spread by the

fleas on rats. The rats spread with

trade… as one shipment moved

between areas the rats went along

for the ride.

In the fourteenth century, the Black

Death (Bubonic plague) decimated

the population of much of Asia and

then the population of much of

Europe.

About 25 million people died from

the plague.

That was about 1/3 of the world’s

population

About 25 million people died from

the plague.

That was about 1/3 of the world’s

population

About 25 million people died from

the plague.

That was about 1/3 of the world’s

population

Impacts of the Plague The world population declines

greatly

This leads to a labor shortage

Towns were released from

feudal obligations (they weren’t tied to the nobles as

much)

The influence the church had

over people’s lives declined

Trade was disrupted for a long

time