Where, Why and What?

Where, Why and What?Terms Used to Describe Direction and SurfaceTerm MeaningVentralRefers to the belly or underside of a body or body partDorsalRefers to the back also refers to the cranial surface of the manus (front of paw) and pes (rear of paw)CranialFront of the bodyPosteriorRear of the bodyRostralNose end of the headCephalicPertaining to the headCaudalToward the tailMedialToward the midlineLateralAway from the midlineTerm MeaningSuperiorUppermost, above, or toward the headInferiorLowermost, below or toward the tailProximalNearest the midline or nearest to the beginning of a structureDistalFarthest from the midline or farthest from the beginning of the structureSuperficial (also called external)Means near the surfaceDeep (also called internal)Away from the surface PalmarThe caudal surface of the manus(front paw) including the carpusPlantarThe caudal surface of the pe (rear paw) including the tarsusPlanesImaginary lines that are used descriptively to divide the body into sectionsPlaneDescriptionMidsagittal (median and midline)Divides the body into equal right and left halvesSagittal (frontal and coronal)Divides the body into dorsal (back) and ventral (belly) partsTransverse (horizontal and/or cross-section 0plan)Divides the body into cranial and caudal parts

Planes are imaginary lines that are used descriptively to divide the body into sections.

Midsagittal: the plane that divides the body into equal right and left halves .

* median* midline

Sagittal: the plane that divides the body into unequal right and left parts

Dorsal: the plane that divides the body into dorsal (back) and ventral (belly) parts

* frontal* coronal

Transverse: the plane that divides the body into cranial and caudal parts

* horizontal plan* cross-sectional plan

The terms anterior, posterior, superior and inferior can be confusing when used with quadrupeds.

In quadrupeds, ventral is a better term for anterior and dorsal is a better term than posteriorStudy . . . .

-ology: study of

physiology: then study of body function

pathology: the study of the nature, causes and development of abnormal conditions

pathophysiology: the study of changes in function caused by disease

etiology: the study of the cause of disease

The Mouth

TermMeaningArcadeDescribes how teeth are arranged in the mouthLingual surfaceAspect of the tooth that faces the tongueMaxillaUpper jawMandibleLower jawPalatal surfaceTooth surface of the maxilla that faces the tongueLingual surfaceThe tooth surface of the mandible that faces the tongue

Term MeaningBuccal surface (vestibular surface)Aspect of the tooth that faces the cheekOcclusal surfaceThe aspects of the teeth that meet where you chewLabial surfaceThe tooth surface facing the lipsContact surfaceThe aspects of the tooth that touch other teethMesial contactContact surface is the one closest to the midline of the dental arcade or archDistal contactThe surface furthest from the midline of the dental arcade

The dental arcade is the term used to describe how teeth are arranged in the mouth. Teeth Surfaces

The lingual surface is the aspect of the tooth that faces the tongue.

The palatal surface is the tooth surface of the maxilla that faces the tongue and the lingual surface is the tooth surface of the mandible surface that faces the tongue.

The buccal surface is the aspect of the tooth that faces the cheek (Bucca means cheek).

* sometimes called the vestibular surface (Vestibule means cavity or entrance)

The occlusal surfaces are the aspects of the teeth that meet when you chew.

Hint: think of the teeth occluding, or stopping, things from passing between them when you clench the them.

The labial surface is the tooth surface facing the lips. (labia means lip)

Contact surfaces are divided into

* mesial : the one closest to the midline of the dental arcade

* distal: furthest from the midline of the dental arcade

HOLES = CAVITIES

A body cavity is a hole or hollow space in the body that contains and protects organs.

The cranial (crani = skull) cavity is the hollow space that contains the brain and skull.

The spinal cavity is the hollow space that contains the spinal cord within the spinal column.

The thoracic cavity (thorac = chest) is the hollow space that contains the heart and lungs with the ribs between the neck and diaphragm. The abdominal cavity is the hollow space that contains the major organs of digestion located between the diaphragm and pelvic cavity.

The peritoneal cavity is the hollow space within the abdominal cavity between the parietal peritoneum and the visceral peritoneum.

The pelvic cavity is the hollow space that contains the reproductive and some excretory systems organs bounded by the pelvic bones.

TERMS YOU NEED TO KNOW . . .REGIONS

Abdomen the portion of the body between the thorax and the pelvis containing the abdominal cavity.

Thorax is the chest region located between the neck and the diaphragm.

Groin the lower region of the abdomen adjacent to the thigh (also known as inguinal area)MEMBRANES . . .Membranes are thin layers of tissue that cover a surface, line a cavity or divide a space or an organ.

Peritoneum the membrane lining the walls of the abdominal and pelvic cavities and covers some of the organs in this area.

(the peritoneum maybe further divided in reference to its location)

* parietal (side) peritoneum outer layer of the peritoneum that lines the abdominal and pelvic cavities

* visceral (organ) peritoneum the inner layer of the peritoneum that surrounds the abdominal organs. Peritonitis inflammation of the peritoneum

ABDOMEN . . .

Umbilicus (navel) the pit in the abdominal wall marking the point where the umbilical cord entered the fetus.

Mesentery the layer of the peritoneum that suspends parts of the intestine in the abdominal cavity.

Retroperitoneal superficial to the peritoneum.

LYING AROUND . . .

Recumbent lying down

Dorsal recumbency lying on the back also known as supine

Ventral recumbency (sternal recumbency) lying on the belly also known as pron

Left lateral recumbency lying on the left side

Right lateral recumbency lying on the right side

Dorsal or supineSternal or ventralRight lateralLeft lateralMOVING ALONG . . .

Adduction movement toward the midline

Abduction movement away from the midline

Flexion closure of a joint angle or reduction of the angle.

Extension straightening of a joint or an increase in the angle between two bones

* hyperflexion and hyperextension occur when the joint is flexed or extended too far.CELLS . . . Cyte = cellOlogy = study of* cytology = involves studying cell origin, structure, function and pathology

Prot = firstPlasm = formative material of cells

* protoplasm = the cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleusGENES . . . Genetic term used to denote something that pertains to genes or heredity.

Genetic Disorder any inherited disease or condition caused by defective genes

Congenital denotes something that is present at birth

Anomaly deviation from what is regarded as normal (used instead of defect)Tissue . . .Hist/o = tissueOlogy = study of

* histology = the study of structure, composition and function of tissue

Tissue a group of specialized cells that are similar in structure and function

Four types of tissue:

1. epithelial (epithelium) covers internal and external body surfaces and is made up of tightly packed cells

a. Endothelium lining of the internal organs

b. Mesothelium covering that forms the lining of serous membranes such as the peritoneum2. Connective - adds support and structure to the body by holding the organs in place and binding body parts together

Examples: bone, cartilage, tendons, ligamentsa. Adipose fat (connective)

3. Muscle contains cell material with the specialized ability to contract and relax

a. Skeletalb. Smoothc. cardiac 4. Nervous - contains cells with the specialized ability to react to stimuli and conduct electrical impulses

-plasia = formation, development, growth and cell numbers

Trophy = formation, development, and increase in size of tissue and cells

Anaplasia a change in the structure of cells and their orientation to each other

Aplasia lack of development of an organ or tissue or a cell

Dysplasia abnormal growth or development of an organ or a tissue or a cell.

Hyperplasia abnormal increase in the number of normal cells in normal arrangement in an organ or a tissue or a cell

Hypoplasia incomplete or less than normal development of an organ or a tissue or a cell.Neoplasm any abnormal new growth of tissue in which multiplication of cells is uncontrolled, more rapid than normal, and progressive

* usually form a distinct mass of tissue called a tumor

* benign not cancerous or not recurring

* malignant tending to spread and be life threatening (cancerous)

-oma = tumor or neoplasmAtrophy decrease in size or complete wasting of an organ or tissue or cell

Dystrophy defective growth in the size of an organ or tissue or cell

Hypertrophy increase in the size of an organ or tissue or cell

Reminder: a withoutdys badhypo less than normalhyper more than normalana withoutneo new

Glands: groups of specialized cells that secrete material used elsewhere in the body

Aden/o = gland

Exocrine gland: groups of cells that secrete their chemical substances into ducts that lead out of the body or to another organ. (sweat glands, sebaceous glands)

Endocrine gland: groups of cells that secrete their chemical substances directly into the bloodstream, which transports them throughout the body.

They are ductless (thyroid glands, pituitary and the portion of the pancreas that secretes insulin.Organ: part of the body that performs a special function or functions.

NUMBERS

Medical terms can be further modified by the use of prefixes to assign number value, numerical order, or proportions.