DEADLIEST EARTHQUAKES OF THE WORLD

. Rank Date Location Event Magnitude

1 May 22, 1960 Valdivia, Chile 1960 Valdivia

earthquake 9.5

2 March 27,

1964

Prince William

Sound, Alaska,

United States

1964 Alaska

earthquake 9.2

3 December 26,

2004

Indian

Ocean, Sumatra,

Indonesia

2004 Indian

Ocean

earthquake

9.1

26TH JAN, 2001 GUJARAT EARTHQUAKE LOCATION

INTRODUCTION

On the morning of January 26, 2001, the Nation’s

52nd Republic Day, a devastating earthquake

occurred in the Kutch district of the state

of Gujarat.

The earthquake was felt as far away as Delhi in the

north, Kolkata in the east and Chennai in the

south.

Bhuj town and the village Bhachau, 60 km east of

Bhuj, were the worst affected and many other

areas of Gujarat including its state headquarters

Ahmedabad, were badly affected.

DAMAGE ASSESMENT

SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC EFFECTS

• There were more than 20,000 deaths and 1,67,000 people injured

• Four districts of Gujarat lay in ruin and altogether, 21 districts were affected

• Around 300,000 families and at least 3 million children aged 14 and under were

affected.

• Around 600,000 people were left homeless.

• In the city of Bhuj, more than 3,000 inhabitants of the city lost their lives; the

main hospital was crushed and close to 90% of the buildings were destroyed.

• There was significant damage to infrastructure with facilities such as hospitals,

schools, electric power and water systems, bridges and roads damaged or

destroyed.

About 40 to 50 high-rise buildings were crumbled.

LOSS OF HERITAGE

The tragedy of the 2001 Bhuj earthquake in Gujarat took its toll on the rich

architectural heritage and culture of the region too.

Gujarat has a rich heritage of buildings built by the princely rulers of the area over the

last 500 years. Some of these buildings are of international importance. The

Indian National Trust for Arts and Cultural Heritage has estimated that of 250

heritage buildings inspected in Kutch and Rajkot, about 40% either collapsed or

were seriously damaged, while only 10% remained undamaged.

The old Swaminarayan Mandir in

Bhuj, that was partly destroyed by the

earthquake in 2001

• Among the greatest monumental losses are

the complete collapse of Rao Lahaji Chhatri

in Bhuj, built in 1761, and severe damage to

Limoji Mata Mandir in Delmal, Mehsana

district, built in the 11th century.

• The other earthquake affected areas,

particularly Kutch, have evidence of the

Indus Valley Civilization which were also

damaged.

EARTHQUAKE RELIEF AND REHABILITATION GOVERNMENT FUNDS

PM National Relief Fund

NGOs

• SRISTI has been actively involved in relief and rehabilitation work in earthquake affected areas of Gujarat

particularly Kutch. Included is an insight into SRISTI's activities along with IIMA (IIMACORE) and GIAN.

• HUNNARSHALA FOUNDATION, Bhuj: THE GENESIS of Hunnarshala lies in the collaborations and associations

that were built after 2001 earthquake in Kutch with an objective to capacitate people for reconstruction of

their habitat.

POST-QUAKE RECONSTRUCTION saw large scale implementation of earth construction. It was a process in which

artisans emerged as bearers of tremendous knowledge and the strengths of traditional building systems and

forms were revealed.

• AGA KHAN DEVELOPMENT NETWORK

MEMORIAL

Smritivan, a memorial park and museum dedicated to victims of the earthquake was

built atop Bhujia hill. 13,805 trees dedicated to each victim were planted in the

garden and 108 small water reservoirs were created on the hill.

KASHMIR EARTHQUAKE, 2011

LOCATION: Kashmir is the north-western area of the Indian subcontinent. The country to which Kashmir belongs has been widely disputed in the past and it is currently owned by India, Pakistan and China. The earthquake occurred in the border between the Pakistan-controlled Kashmir and the Indian-controlled Kasmir, near the cities of Muzaffarabad and Balakot. Kashmir is found on the destructive boundary between the Eurasian plate and the Indian plate.

TIME: At 8:50am on the 8th October 2005 a 7.6 magnitude earthquake struck the Pakistan controlled region of Kashmir.

EPICENTRE : 19km north north-east of Muzaffarabad, 60km from Islamabad (the capital).

FOCAL DEPTH : 26km below the surface.

Massive landsliding was a particular

feature of this event

EFFECTS OF THE EARTHQUAKE

ECONOMIC EFFECTS

• Cities like Balakot, Muzaffarabad, Bagh,

and all small villages being razed to the

ground, all roads were destroyed. Towns

in Indian held Kashmir were also

affected.

• Of the 564 hospitals in the affected area,

291 are destroyed, 74 partially damaged

and only 199 are functioning.

• Large amounts of farmland destroyed

SOCIAL EFFECTS

• 74,689 people were killed in Pakistan & 1,307 in India

• Over 79,000 injured in Pakistani side; 4,500 in Indian side.

• Over 3 million homeless in Pakistani side; 1 million in Indian side.

• 472,383 houses destroyed total.

• 3.2 to 3.5 million people required medical care

ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS

• It devastated an area of more the 30,000 square miles. Whole mountain sides

fell into rivers, villages disappeared.

• Large landslides along the fault.

• Parts of the mountains around the epicentre have risen by a few metres.

• Large cracks appeared in the surface.

• Rock Falls: Rock falls involving large rocks or boulders were common and resulted

in considerable damage and disruption to roadways, structures, and

communities. Many such slides, triggered by frequent aftershocks, resulted in

significant fatalities.

RELIEF RECOVERY AND REHABILITATION

• According to the World Bank, the relief work

costed $2 billion. According to another

estimate, approximately 0.5 million tents, 3.5

million blankets, 60,000 tons of food, and

3,000 tons of medicine were required.

• Shelter strategy was organized around three

populations: people who lived in houses in

the lower elevations, people living in higher

elevations who could come to the lower

elevations, and people living in inaccessible

snowline areas (5,000-7,000 feet). People in

the former two categories were provided with

tented villages managed by some agency.

People in the last category were not

compelled to descend to the tented villages.

• Survivors are being taught to build

transitional shelter using material from

retrieved debris, reinforced with locally

available materials such as timber and hay in

addition to the corrugated galvanized iron

(CGI) sheets provided to them.

• KHF INDIA is one of the leading NGOs that

provide disaster relief in India by means of

funds, rehabilitation, etc.

AID BY INDIA

• Former Prime Minister Manmohan Singh offered quake assistance to Pakistan. Indian and Pakistani High Commissioners were in touch regarding cooperation in relief work. India had sent 25 tonnes of relief material to Pakistan including food, blankets and medicine. Big Indian companies such as Infosys have offered aid up to $226,000. On October 12, an Ilyushin-76 cargo plane ferried across seven truckloads (about 82 tons) of army medicines, 15,000 blankets and 50 tents and returned to New Delhi. A senior airforce official also stated that they had been asked by the Indian government to be ready to fly out another similar consignment.

• On October 14, India dispatched the second consignment to relief material to Pakistan, by train through the Wagah Border. The consignment includes 5,000 blankets, 370 tents, 5 tons of plastic sheets and 12 tons of medicine. The third consignment is of medicine and relief material is being readied and will be sent shortly, also by train. India also pledged $25 million as aid to Pakistan.

25TH APRIL, 2015 NEPAL EARTHQUAKE

DATE OF ORIGIN: 25 APRIL 2015

ORIGIN TIME: 11:56:26NST

MAGNITUDE: 7.8

DEPTH: 8.2KM

EPICENTER: 28.147N 84.708E

TYPE: THRUST

INTRODUCTION

OCCURRED ON 25 APRIL 2015 AT 11:56 A.M. NST

DEPTH 15 km (9.3 mi),

EPICENTRE approximately 34 km (21 mi) east-

southeast of Lamjung, Nepal,

DURATION: fifty seconds.

The India Meteorological Department (IMD) said two

powerful quakes were registered in Nepal at 06:11

UTC and 06:45 UTC. The first quake measured 7.8

Mw. The second earthquake was somewhat less

powerful at 6.6 Mw.

LOCATION: 65 km (40 mi) east of Kathmandu

SEISMIC FOCUS DEPTH 10 km (6.2 mi) below the

earth's surface.

Over thirty-eight aftershocks of magnitude 4.5 Mw or

greater occurred in the day following the initial

earthquake, including the one of magnitude 6.8 Mw.

CAUSE OF THE EARTHQUAKE According to the USGS, the earthquake was caused by a sudden thrust, or release of

built-up stress, along the major fault line where the Indian Plate, carrying India, is

slowly diving underneath the Eurasian Plate, carrying much of Europe and Asia.

Kathmandu, situated on a block of crust approximately 120 km (74 miles) wide

and 60 km (37 miles) long, reportedly shifted 3 m (10 ft) to the south in a matter

of just 30 seconds.

Intensity in Kathmandu was IX (Violent).

Tremors were felt in the neighbouring Indian states of

Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Assam, West Bengal, Sikkim,

Jharkhand, Uttarakhand, Gujarat, New Delhi and as

far south as Karnataka. Minor quakes were

registered as far as Kochi in the southern state of

Kerala.

INTENSITY

AFTERSHOCKS A series of aftershocks began immediately after the main shock, at intervals of 15–30 minutes,

with one aftershock reaching 6.6Mw within 34 minutes of the initial quake. A major aftershock

of magnitude 6.9 Mw occurred on 26 April 2015 in the same region at 12:54 NST (07:08 UTC).

The aftershock caused fresh avalanches on Mount Everest and was felt in many places in

northern India.

As of 23 September 2015, 395 aftershocks had occurred with different epicenters and

magnitudes equal to or above 4 Mw (out of which 51 aftershocks are equal to or above 5 Mw

and 5 aftershocks above 6 Mw) and more than 20,000 aftershocks less than 4 Mw.

12 MAY 2015 EARTHQUAKE A second major earthquake occurred on 12 May

2015 at 12:50 NST with a moment magnitude (Mw)

of 7.3Mw. The epicenter was near the Chinese border

between the capital of Kathmandu and Mt. Everest.

It struck at the depth of 18.5 km (11.5 miles). This

earthquake occurred along the same fault as the

original magnitude 7.8 earthquake of 25 April.

At least 153 died in Nepal as a result of the

aftershock and about 2,500 were injured. 62 others

died in India, two in Bangladesh, and one in China.

DAMAGE Thousands of houses were destroyed across many districts of the country, with entire villages flattened,

especially those near the epicenter.

•The Tribhuvan International Airport serving Kathmandu was closed immediately after the quake.

•Several of the churches in the Kathmandu valley were destroyed.

•Several temples on Kathmandu Durbar Square, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, collapsed, as did the

Dharahara tower, built in 1832; the collapse of the latter structure killed at least 180 people. Several other

temples, partially collapsed.

•The northeastern parts of India also received major damage. Heavy shocks were felt in the states

Uttrakhand, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal and others. Huge damage was caused to the property and the lives

of the people.

ECONOMIS LOSS Nepal, with a total Gross Domestic Product of USD$19.921 billion (according to a 2012

estimate), is one of Asia's poorest countries, and has little ability to fund a major

reconstruction effort on its own. Even before the quake, the Asian Development Bank

estimated that it would need to spend about four times more than it currently does annually

on infrastructure through to 2020 to attract investment. The U.S. Geological Survey initially

estimated economic losses from the tremor at 9 percent to 50 percent of gross domestic

product, with a best guess of 35 percent.

SOCIAL EFFECTS It was reported that the survivors were preyed upon by human traffickers involved in

the supply of girls and women to the brothels of South Asia. These traffickers took

advantage of the chaos that resulted from the aftermath of the earthquake. The most

affected were women from poor communities who lost their homes.

REPAIR AND RECONSTRUCTION

MONUMENTS

• According to UNESCO, more than 30 monuments in the Kathmandu Valley collapsed in

the quakes, and another 120 incurred partial damage.

• Repair estimates are $160 million to restore 1,000 damaged and destroyed structures .

UNESCO designated seven groups of multi-ethnic monuments clustered in the valley as

a single World Heritage Site, including Swayambhu, the Durbar squares of Kathmandu,

Patan, and Bhaktapur, and the Hindu temples of Pashupati and Changu Narayan.

Damaged in the quakes were the structures in the three Durbar squares, the temple of

Changu Narayan, and the 1655 temple in Sankhu. Drones fly above cultural heritage

sites to provide 3D images of the damage to use for planning repairs.

POST EARTHQUAKE SCENARIO

FAMED ARCHITECT SHIGERU BAN BUILDS QUAKE-PROOF HOMES

FROM RUBBLE IN NEPAL

After twin earthquakes in April and May claimed 9,000 lives

and left vast swathes of Nepal in ruins, survivors worried if

they reused the brick rubble, they would end up with the

same vulnerable, seismically unsound structures.

Renowned Japanese architect Shigeru Ban (Pritzker prize

winner) - who helped bring global attention to humanitarian

architecture and continues to influence fellow architects

and disaster-relief workers - devised a solution.

The prototype for his latest humanitarian housing project in Nepal consists of standard timber

door frames joined together and reinforced with plywood. The frames are filled in with brick

rubble, and the roof is covered with a plastic sheet and thatched for insulation.

The resulting structure is strong enough to meet Japan's stringent earthquake standards.

18TH SEPTEMBER, 2011 SIKKIM EARTHQUAKE

DATE OF ORIGIN: 18 SEPTEMBER 2011

ORIGIN TIME: 18:10 IST (UTC+05:30)

MAGNITUDE: 6.9

DEPTH: 19.7 KM

EPICENTER: 27.723°N 88.064°E

TYPE: INTRAPLATE

INTRODUCTION

The 2011 Sikkim earthquake (also known as the

2011 Himalayan earthquake)

MOMENT MAGNITUDE OF 6.9

CENTERED near the border of Nepal and the Indian

state of Sikkim

Date & Time: 18:10 IST on Sunday, 18 September.

The earthquake was felt across north eastern India,

Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and southern Tibet.

At least 111 people were killed in the earthquake.

Several buildings collapsed in Gangtok. Structural

damage occurred in Bangladesh, Bhutan, and

across Tibet.

Exactly a year after the original earthquake at 5:55

pm on 18 September 2012, another earthquake of

magnitude 4.1 struck Sikkim, sparking panic

among the people observing the anniversary of the

original quake.

EARTHQUAKE •At the location, the continental Indian and Eurasian Plates converge with one another along a

tectonic boundary beneath the mountainous region of north-east India near the Nepalese

border.

•Although earthquakes in this region are usually interplate in nature, preliminary data suggests

the Sikkim earthquake was triggered by shallow strike-slip faulting from an intraplate source

within the over-riding Eurasian Plate. Initial analyses also indicate a complex origin, with the

perceived tremor likely being a result of two separate events occurring close together in time at

similar focal depths.

INTENSITY •Located at a shallow depth beneath the

surface, the earthquake caused strong shaking

in many areas adjacent to its epicenter

reportedly lasting 30 – 40 seconds.

•The strongest shaking occurred to the west in

Gangtok. Lighter tremors spread southward

through populous regions, with these motions

reported in the Patna capital of Bihar and as far

southwest as Bihar Sharif.

•In all, the earthquake was felt in Nepal, India,

Bhutan, Bangladesh and China. Tremors were

felt in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, parts of West

Bengal, Bihar, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh,

Rajasthan, Chandigarh and Delhi states of India.

AFTERSHOCKS Sikkim experienced three aftershocks since the

earthquake, within 30 minutes of the initial

earthquake.

Kathmandu experienced two aftershocks that both

had a magnitude of 4.8 Mw.

The aftershocks had no serious impact in the region.

At least 20 aftershocks back-to-back throughout the

night created panic in the Gangtok.

IMPACT The earthquake struck near a mountainous, albeit very

populous region near the Sikkim–Nepal border; most

of the structures were reported to be highly vulnerable

to earthquake shaking. Upon impact, tens of

thousands of residents evacuated their homes, and

many areas suffered from communication and power

outages.

significant building collapse and mudslides; at least

111 people were confirmed killed by the effects of the

earthquake, and hundreds of others sustained injuries.

COUNTRY DEATHS

INDIA 97

CHINA 7

NEPAL 6

BHUTAN 1

BANGLADESH 0

TOTAL 111

POST EARTHQUAKE SCENARIO

SEEDS, a non-profit group of young architects, urban planners, social scientists, project

management specialists and media personnel, who leverage their collective strengths to

respond swiftly and effectively to any disaster.

SEEDS developed guidelines for a Shelter Restoration Strategy.

SEEDS had setup 10 demonstrative shelter models in the affected areas and constructed5

schools and 5 community buildings, including health centres.

However, Sikkim, located in an extremely high risk zone, needed broader advocacy to mitigate

risks and reduce the loss of life and property. Therefore, knowledge enhancement was the core

of the rehabilitation process.

A mobile clinic was set up which addressed the emerging training and capacity building needs

of the masons and the community at large.

2011 TŌHOKU EARTHQUAKE

The earthquake is also often referred to in

Japan as the Great East Japan earthquake

and also known as the 2011 Tohoku

earthquake, and the 3.11 earthquake. It

was the most powerful earthquake ever

recorded to have hit Japan, and the fourth

most powerful earthquake in the world

Date 11 March 2011

Origin time 14:46:24 JST (UTC+09:00)

Duration 6 minutes

Magnitude 9.0 Mw

Depth 30 km (19 mi)

Epicenter 38.322°N

142.369°ECoordinates: 38.3

22°N 142.369°E

Type Megathrust

Areas affected Japan (shaking, tsunami)

Pacific Rim (tsunami)

Total damage Tsunami wave, flooding,

landslides, fires, building and

infrastructure damage,

nuclear incidents including

radiation releases

Max. intensity IX (Violent)

Peak acceleration 2.99 g

Tsunami Up to 40.5 m (133 ft)

in Miyako, Iwate, Tōhoku

Landslides Yes

Foreshocks List of foreshocks and

aftershocks of the 2011

Tōhoku earthquake

Aftershocks 11,450 (as of 3 March 2015)

Casualties 15,894 deaths,

6,152 injured,

2,562 people missing

FORESHOCKS AND WARNINGS

• The main earthquake was preceded by a number of large

foreshocks, with hundreds of aftershocks reported. One of

the first major foreshocks was a 7.2 Mw event on 9 March,

approximately 40 km (25 mi) from the epicenter of the 11

March earthquake, with another three on the same day in

excess of 6.0 Mw.

• One minute before the earthquake was felt in Tokyo, the

Earthquake Early Warning system, which includes more

than 1,000 seismometers in Japan, sent out warnings of

impending strong shaking to millions. It is believed that the

early warning by the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

saved many lives. The warning for the general public was

delivered about 8 seconds after the first P wave was

detected, or about 31 seconds after the earthquake

occurred.

IMPACT

ENERGY

The surface energy of the seismic waves from the

earthquake was calculated to be at 1.9×1017 joules. If

harnessed, the seismic energy from this earthquake would

power a city the size of Los Angeles for an entire year

GEOPHYSICAL EFFECTS

• Portions of northeastern Japan shifted by as much as

2.4 metres (7 ft 10 in) closer to North America, making

some sections of Japan's landmass wider than before.

• The Earth's axis shifted by estimates of between 10 cm

(4 in) and 25 cm (10 in). This deviation led to a number

of small planetary changes, including the length of a

day, the tilt of the Earth.

IMPACT

TSUNAMI

An upthrust of 6 to 8 metres along a 180-km-wide seabed

at 60 km offshore from the east coast of Tōhoku, resulted

in a major tsunami that brought destruction along the

Pacific coastline of Japan's northern islands.. Estimated

wave height of 38.9 metres (128 ft) at Omoe peninsula,

Miyako city, Japan

SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC IMPACT CASUALITIES The National Police Agency has confirmed 15,894 deaths, 6,152 injured, and 2,562 people

missing across twenty prefectures.

ECONOMIC LOSS

•Although Japan has invested the equivalent of billions of dollars on anti-tsunami seawalls which

line at least 40% of its 34,751 km (21,593 mi) coastline and stand up to 12 m (39 ft) high, the

tsunami simply washed over the top of some seawalls, collapsing some in the process.

•45,700 buildings were destroyed and 144,300 were damaged by the quake and tsunami

•The World Bank's estimated economic cost was US$235 billion, making it the costliest natural

disaster in world history.

NUCLEAR ACCIDENTS

The tsunami caused nuclear accidents, at three reactors in the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power

Plant complex, and the associated evacuation zones affecting hundreds of thousands of residents.

Many electrical generators were taken down, and at least three nuclear reactors suffered

explosions due to cooling system failure resulting from the loss of electrical power. Residents

within a 20 km (12 mi) radius of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant and a 10 km (6.2 mi)

radius of the Fukushima Daini Nuclear Power Plant were evacuated.

LOSS OF HERITAGE

754 cultural properties were damaged,

including five National Treasures; 160

Important Cultural Properties one hundred and

forty-four Monuments of Japan (including

Matsushima, Takata-matsubara, Yūbikan, and

the Site of Tagajō); six Groups of Traditional

Buildings; and four Important Tangible Folk

Cultural Properties. Stone monuments at the

UNESCO World Heritage Site: Shrines and

Temples of Nikkō were toppled.

Damage to a traditional lantern

at Tokiwa shrine in Mito City

RELIEF RECOVERY AND RESPONSE

• Defence Forces (under Joint Task Force -

Tohoku, led by Lieutenant General Eiji

Kimizuka), while many countries sent search

and rescue teams to help search for survivors.

Aid organizations both in Japan and worldwide

also responded, with the Japanese Red Cross

reporting $1 billion in donations.

• According to Japan's foreign ministry, 116

countries and 28 international organizations

offered assistance. Japan specifically

requested assistance from teams from

Australia, New Zealand, South Korea, and the

United States

• Direct Relief(NGO) has since provided more

than $5.5 million in grants to 13 Japanese aid

groups working to provide relief and recovery to

survivors of the strongest known earthquake to

ever hit Japan.

• Immediately following the disaster, Direct Relief

and the Japanese American Citizen’s League

(JACL) established the Japan Earthquake Relief

and Recovery Fund, committing 100 percent of

all contributions to be used exclusively to help

people in Japan in the most productive,

efficient manner possible.

MEMORIAL

STONE MEMORIAL BY KOISHIKAWA

ARCHITECTS • Each stone that makes up this fan-shaped

memorial by Koishikawa Architects represents

one of the 18,000 victims of Japan's most

powerful earthquake.

• The architects have positioned the small 6.5-

square-metre structure on a hillside between a

temple and a cherry tree in Ishinomaki, a city

badly affected by the earthquake.

• Slender pieces of stone were stacked to form

the memorial's curving walls, while its sloping

top is made from mirrored stainless steel and

slate shingles. A shrine set into the front of the

structure can be used to offer flowers or burn

incense

ROLE OF AN ARCHITECT