when local practices oppose conservation policies: the role of local elites in preventing...
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Yulia Rahma Fitriana, Jhon Roy Sirait and Patrice Levang “Taking stock of smallholder and community forestry: Where do we go from here?” Montpellier, 24 - 26 March 2010TRANSCRIPT
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When local practices oppose conservation policies: the role of local elites in preventing
encroachments in National ParksA case study at Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park, Sumatera, Indonesia.
By Yulia Rahma Fitriana, Jhon Roy Sirait and Patrice Levang
“Taking stock of smallholder and community forestry: Where do we go from here?”
Montpellier, 24 - 26 March 2010
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Presentation Plan1. Introduction: Encroachment within National Parko Conservation versus developmento The case study: Bukit Barisan Selatan National Parko Methods
2. Results and discussion o Law enforcement: an efficient tool to protect the
Park? o Implementing low enforcement to meet the diverse
needs of villages o Law enforcement and encroachment level o Law enforcement is not easy to implemento Law enforcement must target local elites not the
individual squatters
3. Conclusion
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1. Introduction:
Encroachment within National Park
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Conservation versus development
Flora and Fauna in Protected Area
People
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The case study: Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park (BBSNP)
Locating BBSNP in Indonesia
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Coffee Plantations in the Park
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People involved in coffee plantation activities
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People
Implementation of law enforcement: is it a solution?
Research questions: -Why is there such a variations in the number of encroachment along the National Park?- Is law enforcement capable of securing the border of the Park or there other elements at play?
Flores and Faunas in Protected Area
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Methods
Literature Review
Data collection was gathered from:
11 villages around the Park
Park’s officers
63 hamlets chiefs (6000 HH)
Involved NGOs
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Location of villages around the ParkSource: Gaveau (2009)
Village sample
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2. Results
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Law Enforcement: an efficient tool to protect the Park?
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Typology of households within the villages
• Villagers live and hold coffee plantations outside the Park• Encroachers live in the village and hold plantations both inside
and outside the park• Squatters live and hold coffee plantations inside the Park• Landless farmers who do not have land ownership
Villagers
Encroachers
Squatters
Protection forest
National ParkVillage area
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Diversity of Implementation of Law Enforcement around the Park
• Low patrol level and sanction frequency• High patrol level and low sanction frequency• Low patrol level and high sanction frequency• High patrol and sanction frequency
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Trimulyo
Pagar Bukit
Pelita Jaya
Tebing Rambutan
Pemerihan
Rata Agung
Law enforcement and encroachment level
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Law enforcement is not easy to implement
HIDE OR BRIBE?
• Comparison between forest rangers, National Park’s officers and surface and local people
•Corruption and collusion in the law enforcement system
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Law enforcement must target local elites not the individual squatters
ProBeing involved in Park management: extension programs, rural development projects, maintaining the Park’s boarders, determining local policy regarding the Park’s protection
ConsNeglecting the Park protection policy and support the encroachment activity
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4. ConclusionCoffee plantations inside protected area are the important source of income for most villages households in the around the Park.
The intensification of law enforcement applied until now can not solve the problem of increasing number of encroachers in the Park.
The role that local elites play can be both beneficial and harmful to the Park’s conservation.
The role of local elites must be considered while creating conservation enforcement: rewarding or punishing the local leaders in all around the Park.
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THANK YOU