what we will do today
DESCRIPTION
Developing Educationally Meaningful & Legally Sound IEPs: Measurable annual goals Christine A.Christle, Ed.D. [email protected] Mitchell L. Yell, Ph.D. [email protected] University of South Carolina. What We Will Do Today. 9:00 to 10:15 Background information – Mitch - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Developing Educationally Meaningful & Legally Sound
IEPs: Measurable annual goals
Christine A.Christle, [email protected] L. Yell, Ph.D.
[email protected] of South Carolina
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What We Will Do Today
9:00 to 10:15 Background information – Mitch
10:30 to 12:00 Assessment/PLAAFP - Chris
1:00 to 2:45 Writing Measurable Annual Goals – Mitch
3:00 to 4:00 Progress Monitoring - Chris
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THE IEPThe “I” in IEP means “individualized”
The IEP is “specially designed instruction to meet the unique needs of the child”
IEPs, which are the blueprint of a student’s free appropriate public education (FAPE), are legally binding commitments of resources from an LEA
The IEP must be designed to confer meaningful educational benefit
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THE BIG PICTURE
1. Assessment for Eligibility2. Assessment for Instruction
1. Develop the IEP2. Deliver services
1. Formative Evaluation2. Reevaluation
Assessment
Programming Progress-Monitoring
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The fundamental purpose of the IEP is to specify
(a) the unique educational needs of the student,
(b) the services that the school district will provide to address those needs, &
(c) the expected results of those services
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The Four Part of the IEP Process
Assessment/Evaluation* Programming Placement*
Monitoring Progress/Evaluation
* This may be done separately from the IEP
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Assessment
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Assessment: QuestionsWho should receive special education
services?Eligibility & classification decisions
What instructional services will be provided?Assessment must lead directly to instructional
programmingHow effective are the special education
services?Progress monitoring
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Assessment Cautions!!
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Assessment CAUTIONSToo often the IEP team focuses on tests to determine
eligibility without doing assessments that relate meaningfully to instruction
Parents must be included in the assessment process
Request assessments that you believe are important (for goals & related services)
Assessments should not be fist presented to parents at an IEP meeting
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Assessment ChecklistWere parents fully informed about
assessments that were conducted and did they give their written consent?
Were parents involved in the assessment process?
Were supplementary aids, supports, & program modifications considered to allow
the student to participate in general education?
Was the assessment instructionally relevant (the results inform programming decisions)?
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ASSESSMENT SUMMARY
A relevant assessment is the path to good goals
A relevant assessment is the first step in program development
Assessment depends on everyone’s input
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Programming
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ProgrammingThe process: In the IEP process, the
educational program for a student is developed and then the success of that
program is evaluated
The document: The IEP is the blueprint that constitutes a student’s free appropriate public
education (FAPE)
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Programming RequirementsSpecial education programming consists of:
• Special education services• Related services
• Supplementary services• Program modifications
Special education services must be based on “peer-reviewed research”
The program must be designed to confer “meaningful educational benefit”
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PEER-REVIEWED RESEARCH
IEPs must include ”a statement of special education services and supplementary aids and services based on peer reviewed research.
-Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of
2004-
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What Does This Mean?Special education teachers must adopt and use scientifically based approaches for which there is
supporting research in peer-reviewed journals or by an independent panel of experts
Educators are accountable for: Using evidence-based educational practices
Knowing the research behind the procedures we use
Ensuring that our educational programs confer “meaningful educational benefit”
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Programming Cautions!!
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PROGRAMMING CAUTIONS
Ask what research or evidence are the special education practices based on
Too often special education programs are often not based on evidence-based practices
If parents have a research-based method they have legitimate information on-suggest it
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Programming Checklist Were programming decisions
individualized?
Was the programming based on the needs of the student and not the availability of
services?
Were supplementary aids, supports, & program modifications considered to allow
the student to participate in general education?
Were all necessary services specified and delivered?
Were the parents meaningfully involved in all programming decisions?
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Evaluation
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Purposes of Evaluation
1. To determine if the instructional program is working
(Progress-monitoring)
1. To determine if the child is still eligible for special education
(Triennial evaluation)
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EVALUATION Cautions!!
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Evaluation cautionsAsk how progress toward the goals will be measured
Too often goals are not measurableAsk for a progress reporting method & schedule
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Evaluation ChecklistIs the student’s progress being monitored regularly?
Is the student’s progress toward each of his or her goals being reported to the parents at least every nine weeks?
Has the school reconvened the IEP team to reevaluate at least annually?
Has the school notified the parent of the three year reevaluation and received permission to conduct it?
If the school does not want to do a total reevaluation, have they made a request to the parents?
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THE STATE OF THE ART
“Sadly most IEPs are horrendously burdensome to teachers and nearly useless to parents. Many, if not most, goals and objectives can’t be measured and all too often no effort is made to actually assess the child’s progress toward the goal.”
Bateman & Linden, 2006
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Six Assumptions about post IDEIA 2004 IEPs
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Assumption # 1
The IEP is the blueprint of a student’s free appropriate public education (FAPE)
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Assumption # 2 The IEP must focus on the critical skills and behaviors a student needs
to access the general education curriculum and not the general
education content itself
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Assumption # 3 The IEP should describe measurable
outcomes for a student
The IEP defines a student’s progress in specific areas over a year of instruction
Data should be collected on general outcome measures that are indicators of educational
health
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Assumption # 4 The services described in the IEP must be based on research-proven
educational practices
“What we know from research now needs to be implemented.”
President’s Commission on Excellence in Special Education (P. 24, Nov., 2001)
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Assumption # 5IDEIA 2004, and thus our special
education program, requires measuring progress toward each of a student’s
goals, reacting to that information, and reporting progress to his/her parents
“We recommend the continuous monitoring of student progress…which research has shown
enhances instructional outcomes and results for children.” President’s Commission on Excellence in
Special Education (P. 26, Nov., 2001)
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Assumption # 6To meet the requirements of IDEIA 2004,
and ensure a meaningful education for students, data collection must occur at
all stages of the IEP process.
Assessment requires baseline data collection
Writing goals requires the IEP team to include the data collection process
Progress monitoring is the collection, and appropriate use, of data
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Congressional Report on the IDEIA
The purpose of the 2004 reauthorization was to:
a) “Improve educational results for children with disabilities”
a) “To assess and ensure the effectiveness of education for children with disabilities”
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Comments to IDEIA Regulations
These requirements “emphasize the importance of using high-quality,
research-based instruction in special education settings consistent with
(NCLB)” (p.32)
This system will require evidence in the form of data-based documentation
reflecting formal assessment of progress during instruction through
repeated assessments” (p. 32)
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The IEP Process
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Step 1: Present Levels of Academic Achievement & Functional Performance
Step 2: Measurable Annual Goals
Step 3: Special Education Services
Step 4: Progress Monitoring
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Step 1: Write the Present Levels of Academic Achievement and
Functional Performance Statement
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PLAAFP
Based on a full and individualized assessment, the IEP team determines a student’s unique educational needs to
which special services must be directed and explains the effects of the student’s
disability on his or her learning and involvement in the general education
curriculum.
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The PLAAFP statement is a brief, but detailed, description of all
areas of academic achievement and functional performance that
are affected by a student’s disability
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Accurate PLAAFP statements provide the
starting point for all decisions regarding a
student’s IEP
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TWO PARTS OF THE PLAAFP
1) The educational need arising from a student’s disability
1) Effect on a student’s involvement in the general education curriculum
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Critical Elements of PLAAFPsIdentifies Educational NeedServes as a baselineConnected to a goal & service
1.
2.
3.
4.
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Gathering Information for the PLAAFP
• Determine how the student’s academic and functional needs are discrepant from expected levels of academic and functional skills
– Statewide assessment results– District assessment results– Academic & behavioral comparison data for non-
disabled students– Classroom performance information from all
teachers– Intervention results– Observational data– Behavioral data (i.e. checklists, rating scales,
discipline referrals)– Curriculum-based measurements
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PLAAFP Cautions!!
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PLAAFP CAUTIONS• Are the PLAAFPs understandable & clear to
everyone on the team?
• Do the PLAAFPs identifies all areas of need
• Are the PLAAFPs precise enough to lead to measurable annual goals?
• Do the PLAAFPs describe only the unique needs that will be addressed in the IEP?
• Do the PLAAFPs lead to an annual goal, special education service, or both?
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Common PLAAFP Errors• Writing vague descriptions of academic and/or
functional needs• Writing statements that are not related to a
student’s disability• Writing statements based solely on a
standardized battery of tests • Writing PLAAFP statements that are not
individualized• Using a student’s disability as the PLAAFP
statement
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APPENDIX C IDEA REGULATIONS (1997)
“There should be a direct relationship between the present levels of performance and the other components of the IEP. Thus, if the statement describes a problem with the
child’s reading level and points to a deficiency in reading skills, the problem
should be addressed under both (1) goals and (2) specific special education and related
services provided to the child.” (Question 36)
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IEP Section II: Academic and Functional Strengths and Needs: Example
The student is currently reading below that of his eighth grade peers. The student has a RIT score on the Measures of Academic Progress (MAP) of _____ in the area of reading. This score is significantly below the mean score of _______. The median Curriculum-Based Measurement score from grade-level reading passages was 111 CWPM. An average score for this grade level is 164 CWPM. (Need) The student’s math RIT score on MAP was _____, which is significantly above the mean score of ______. The 2008 PASS score in the area of math was proficient. (Strength) The student is able to access all grade level content standards with accommodations adjusting for a lower reading level. (Involvement in general curriculum)
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IEP Section II: PRESENT LEVELS OF ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT AND
FUNCTIONAL PERFORMANCE: Example
Areas of Assessment
Dates Method of Assessment
Findings
Reading/ELA 5/12/11 MAP RIT score ____ is significantly lower compared to average of ______.
Reading/ELA 7/12/11 CBM CBM score of 111 CWPM is significantly lower than the 164 CWPM average for this grade level.
Academic Achievement
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Determining Present Levels: Practice
1. Select/create an appropriate CBM2. Administer 3 different CBM probes3. Create a graph4. Plot the 3 baseline points5. Median score is the Present Level6. Consult norms to make a comparison
to peers7. Write the Present Level statement
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Reading: Letter Names - Kindergarten
• EasyCBM.com• Scores: 27, 24, 25• Present Level? • Statement compared to peers?
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Reading: Passage Fluency CWPM - 8th grade
• EasyCBM.com• Scores: 127, 120, 125• Present Level?• Statement compared to peers?
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Math: computation fluency CD in 2 minutes 2nd grade
• Interventioncentral.com • You can create your own math probes• Scores: 10, 8, 12 correct digits in 2 minutes• Present level?• Same age peers score: 19• Statement compared to peers?
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From Fuchs, Fuchs, Hamlett, Walz, & Germann (1993)
Grade Realistic Weekly Growth Rate
Ambitious Weekly Growth Rate
1 .3 CD .5 CD
2 .3 CD .5 CD
3 .3 CD .5 CD
4 .70 CD 1.15 CD
5 .75 CD 1.20 CD
6 .45 CD 1 CD
Weekly growth rates for math(Correct Digits [CD] in 2 minutes)
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Written Expression
• Three scoring methods–Total Words Written (TWW)–Words Spelled Correctly (WSC)–Correct Writing Sequences (CWS)
• Can be group administered• Norms: AIMSweb, State, District, Classroom
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Total Words Written (TWW)• The total number of words written regardless of
spelling or context.• Abbreviations:
–Commonly used abbreviations are counted as words
• Hyphenated Words:–Each morpheme separated by a hyphen(s) is
counted as an individual word if it can stand alone.
• Story Titles–Words written in the title are counted as words
written
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Words Spelled Correctly
• A word is spelled correctly if it can stand
alone in the English language
• Contextual clarity is not an issue
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Correct Writing Sequences (CWS)
• Two adjacent writing units (word/word or
word/punctuation) that are acceptable within the
context of what is written
• Correct spelling, syntax, and semantics are
taken into account when scoring Correct Writing
Sequences
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Written Expression: Writing fluency – 3rd grade
• Story starter• Give students 30 sec – 1 minute to think • Give students 3 minutes to write• Count total # of correct word sequences• CWS scores: 12, 10, 14• Present level?• Statement compared to peers (Spring)
AIMSweb norms?
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Functional Skills: Tooth brushing
• Create a Task Analysis with values for prompting levels
• Provide 3 baseline trials• Scores: 50, 41, 31• Present level?• Statement compared to mastery level?• Alternate scoring method = # of steps
completed independently (4/24) but not as sensitive to incremental improvement
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Behavior: Example 1
• Functional Behavior AssessmentFunctional Behavior Assessment• Inappropriate comments (cussing, teasing, Inappropriate comments (cussing, teasing,
laughing)laughing)• Observations – Teaching Assistant Observations – Teaching Assistant
counted each occurrence during Character counted each occurrence during Character Ed classEd class
• Data taken over 4 days: 6, 25, 6, 5Data taken over 4 days: 6, 25, 6, 5• Present level?Present level?• Compared to peers (desired behavior)?Compared to peers (desired behavior)?
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Behavior Example 2Behavior Example 2• Functional Behavior Assessment• Given 8 seatwork assignments to do each
day, the student plays with pencils, sings, and doodles instead of completing assignments
• # of assignments completed over 3 days: 4/8, 3.5/8, 2/8
• Present level?• Peers completed: 7/8, 8/8, 7/8• Statement compared to peers?
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Now that we know where we are, where do we want
to go?
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Step 2: Develop the Measurable Annual Goals
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The annual goals tell us (a) what we expect the student to learn or be able to do in 1 year,
and (b) how we will know when they
have learned or can do it
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Measurable Annual Goals
Goals should include academic and functional areas if needed
Goals should be directed at meeting a student’s needs related to the disability
so he/she may be involved in and progress in the general curriculum
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Characteristics of GoalsThe essential characteristics of IEP goals are
that they must be measurable and be measured
If a goal is not measurable it violates the IDEA and may result in the denial of FAPE (Bateman
& Herr, 2006)
If a goal is not measured that violates the IDEA and may result in the denial of FAPE
(Bateman & Herr, 2006)71
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Goal Requirements in the IEP
The IEP must describe how the student’s progress toward the annual
goals will be measured
The IEP must include schedule for reporting progress to a student’s parents as often as students in general education
get report cards
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Every Measurable Goal Must:a) Allow a clear yes or no determination of whether or not it has been achieved
b) Tell evaluators what to do the determine if the goal was achieved without adding anything to the goal
c) Pass the stranger test (different evaluators can agree if the goal has been achieved)
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WRITING A MEASURABLE ANNUAL GOAL
Three components of a measurable goal1) Target behavior (What we want to
change)2) Stimulus material or conditions (How
we will measure change)3) Criterion for acceptable performance
(How we will know if the goal has been achieved)
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Target Behavior
Observable, measurable, verifiable, & repeatable
NOT invisible or open to many interpretations
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Conditions or Given
How you will MEASURE the target behavior
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Criterion for Acceptable
PerformanceHow you will know when the child has achieved the goal
Collect data NOT subjective opinion
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The GOOD!! In 32 weeks, when presented with a passage from the 2nd grade reading text, Jeremy will read aloud 48 words
per minute with less than 2 errors
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The BAD!!She will improve written language
skills as measured by increased scores on the language section of
MAP.
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And The UGLY!!When required to problem solve on a daily basis, Doug will
reduce by 50% the following behaviors: Abandonment issues, verbally assaultive, depression, impulsivity, sibling
related difficulty, destroying property, lying, unruly/ungovernable, difficulty with authoritative figures,
hyperactivity, low self esteem, cruelty to animals, excessive self blame, excessive anxiety, poor ego
strength, poor intellectuality, poor academics, poor reality contact, excessive aggressiveness, poor social conformity,
poor anger control, excessive sense of persecution, and excessive resistance as measured by teacher observation
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Critical Elements of Goals
Target Behavior Condition or Given Criterion for Acceptable Performance
1.
2.
3.
4.
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Goal format: Reading
In (#) weeks when given a randomly selected grade (#)passage (Student’s name) will read aloud (#) words correctly in one minute
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Goal format: Writing
In (#) weeks when given a story starter and 3 minutes to write (Student’s name) will write (#) correct word sequences
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Goal format: MathIn (#) weeks when given a randomly selected worksheet of (type) problems (Student’s name) will write (#) correct digits in 2 minutes
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Ambitious, but Reasonable
Not a Cadillac
Not an Edsel
But a ServiceableChevy
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Goal Cautions!!
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GOAL CAUTIONS
Are the goals measurable (3 components)?
Are the goals too broad or vague?
Do the goals misuse percentages?
Are the goals ambitious, but realistic?
Do the goals align with the PLAAFPs/Services? 87
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ANNUAL GOAL CHECKLISTAre goals linked to the assessment and the PLAAFP
statements?
Are goals specific, clear, & measurable?
Does the goal section of the IEP contain information on how the student’s progress will be measured?
Does goal section contain of the IEP information on how progress will be communicated to the student’s
parents?
Is the student’s progress toward achieving the goals actually measured?
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Step 3: Determine the Services that will be
Provided
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The service statements are what the LEA will do to help a student meet his
or her goals
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SERVICE STATEMENTSService statements answer the question: What will we do in response to the studen
t ’s needs?
Special education services
Related services
Supplementary Services
Program Modifications
Special factors (e.g., Assistive technology)
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Peer-Reviewed Research
IEPs must include ”a statement of special education services and supplementary aids and services based on peer reviewed research.
-Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004-
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Finding PRR•Peer-reviewed journals
• Exceptional Children• Focus on Autism and other Developmental Disabilities
•Legitimate cites on the Internet• National Dissemination Center for Children with Disabilities• What Works Clearinghouse
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Critical Elements of Services
Clearly specified Address all needs in PLAAFP Based on PRR
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2.
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Service Statement Cautions!!
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SERVICE STATEMENT CAUTIONS
Be certain all team members understand what services will be offered
Be certain all team members understand the logistics of the services to be
offered
Ensure that services are based on legitimate research
Ensure that all services are tied to a PPLAAFP statement and an annual goal
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SERVICE STATEMENTS: CHECKLIST
Are the service statements clearly based on the student’s needs as described in the PLAAFP statements?
Do the service statements clearly describe what the school will do in response to the student’s unique
educational needs
Do the service statements include the anticipated amount of services, the frequency, location, & duration of these
services
Are the services that are in the student IEP based on peer-reviewed research?
Were services that could allow the student to be involved in an progress in the general education curriculum
considered by the IEP team?97
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Step 4: Monitor the Student’s Progress
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“Progress monitoring is a scientifically based practice that is used to assess students' academic and functional performance and
evaluate the effectiveness of instruction.”
OSEP Center on Progress Monitoring
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Legal Requirements• Measure a student’s progress toward his/her goal (formative evaluation)
• Report a student’s progress to his/her parents (reporting schedule)
• Revising the special education program if a student is not making progress
• Continue to monitor progress
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How P.M. works1 The student’s current levels of academic
achievement and functional performance are determined
2 Annual goals are identified that represent meaningful growth over an academic year.
3 The student’s academic or functional performance is measured on a regular basis (weekly or monthly).
4 Progress toward meeting the student’s goals is measured by comparing expected and actual rates of learning.
5 Based on these measurements, teaching is adjusted as needed.
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Caution: Teacher Observation
“Although subjective teacher observation provides valuable
information, teacher observation is not an adequate method of monitoring
student progress.”“Without supporting data, teacher observation is opinion which cannot
be verified.”Board of Education of the Rhinebeck Central
School District (39 IDELR 148, 2003)102
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Critical Elements of Progress Monitoring
“Real Data” Doable Numbers not words
1.
2.
3.
4.
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Progress Monitoring Cautions!!
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Progress Monitoring Cautions
• A data-based method for monitoring student progress is essential to ensure that a student receives meaningful educational benefit
–How will the child’s progress will be monitored?
–What data collection method will be used?
–How and when will the parents be informed of their child’s progress
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Data are numbers, not words!!
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Data-based Decision Making
• Now that I am collecting the data what do I do?• Is my student progressing at an acceptable
rate?• Do I need to change instruction?• Is the instructional change I’ve made effective?• Should I raise the student’s goal?
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Data Decision Rules Using Raw Data
Three consecutive data points below
the goal line
Change instruction
Four consecutive data points above
the goal line
Raise the goal!
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Example: Data indicates raising the Long-Range
Goal Line
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Weeks of Instruction
Pro
ble
ms
Co
rre
ct
in 7
Min
ute
s
X
most recent 4 points
goal-line
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Example: Data Indicates Making an Instructional
Change
0
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10
15
20
25
30
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Weeks of Instruction
Pro
ble
ms
Co
rre
ct
in 7
Min
ute
s
X
goal-line
most recent 4 points
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Progress Monitoring: Checklist
Was the student’s progress toward each of his or her goals measured at least as often as students in general education get report cards?
Was a student’s progress toward the goals reported to his or her student’s parents at least as often as students in general education get report cards?
Was the method of monitoring progress and the schedule/format for reporting a student’s progress to his or her parents included in the IEP?
If the data showed that a student may not meet his or her goals, were needed instructional changes made to the student’s program and did the teacher continue to monitor progress?
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CHECKING THE IEP
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BRINGING IT ALL TOGETHER
PLAAFP Goal Services Progress Monitoring
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Thanks for your participation!