What is this?Organic Compound

Living matter or arising from living matter

___________ elements chemically combined

Biochemistry: Essentials for LifeInorganic compounds

Lack carbon Tend to be simpler compoundsExample: ________________

Organic compoundsContain carbon and hydrogenExample: ________________

CarbohydratesSugars and starchesContain C, H, and O (CH2O)n

Three classesMonosaccharidesDisaccharidesPolysaccharides

CarbohydratesFunctions

Major source of cellular fuel (e.g., glucose)

Provides ___________________________(b) Disaccharides

Glucose Fructose

Sucrose

Glucose Glucose

Maltose

Galactose Glucose

Lactose

LipidsContain ____________________(less

than in carbohydrates), and sometimes __________

Insoluble in waterMain functions

__________________________________________

Fatty acids are the building block of lipids

Bonds are formed when water is released

Figure 2.17

(a) Generalized structure of all amino acids.

(b) Glycine is the simplest amino acid.

(c) Aspartic acid (an acidic amino acid) has an acid group (—COOH) in the R group.

(d) Lysine (a basic amino acid) has an amine group (–NH2) in the R group.

(e) Cysteine (a basic amino acid) has a sulfhydryl (–SH) group in the R group, which suggests that this amino acid is likely to participate in intramolecular bonding.

Aminegroup

Acidgroup

Polymers of amino acids (20 types)Joined by ___________ bonds

Contain ___________________________

Proteins

Figure 2.18

Amino acid Amino acid Dipeptide

Dehydration synthesis:The acid group of one amino acid is bonded to the amine group of the next, with loss of a water molecule.

Hydrolysis: Peptide bonds linking amino acids together are broken when water is added to the bond.

+

Peptidebond

Figure 2.20

Activationenergy required

Less activationenergy required

WITHOUT ENZYME WITH ENZYME

Reactants

Product Product

Reactants

Enzymes

Biological catalystsLower the activation energy, increase the

speed of a reaction (millions of reactions per minute!)

Figure 2.21, step 3

Substrates (S)e.g., amino acids

Enzyme (E)

Enzyme-substratecomplex (E-S)

Enzyme (E)

Product (P)e.g., dipeptide

Energy isabsorbed;bond isformed.

Water isreleased.

Peptidebond

Substrates bindat active site.Enzyme changesshape to holdsubstrates inproper position.

Internalrearrangementsleading tocatalysis occur.

Product isreleased. Enzymereturns to originalshape and isavailable to catalyzeanother reaction.

Active site

+ H2O

1 23

Nucleic Acids DNA and RNA

Largest molecules in the body Contain C, O, H, N, and P Building block = nucleotide1. ____________________________

2. ________________________3. ________________________