what is the goal of science? 1.investigate and understand the natural world. 2.explain the natural...
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What is the goal of science?
1. Investigate and understand the natural world.
2. Explain the natural world.3. Predict events in the natural
world.
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Science is a way of knowing.
What does that mean?
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Biology is the study of living things.
Bio: LivingAbio: Non-living
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Thinking like a scientist.
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Thinking like a scientist
• Observation
• Data– Quantitative – Qualitative
• Inference
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Scientific MethodPage 8
• Asking a question• Research• Forming a hypothesis• Setting up a controlled environment
only one variable is changed at a time• Recording and analyzing the results• Drawing a conclusion• Repeating the investigation
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The hypothesis of spontaneous generation
• Aristotle – Developed the theory of Spontaneous Generation (Abiogenesis) which states that:living things come from non-living thingsie. Flies came from a dead cow
Frogs come from mudMice come from dirty rags
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Fransesco Redipage 11
In 1668, Fransesco Redi, an Italian physician attempted to disprove the theory of
Spontaneous Generation.
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Controlled Experiment
Whenever possible, a hypothesis should be tested by an experiment in which only one variable is changed at a time. All other variables should be kept unchanged or controlled.
The variable that is deliberately changed is called the manipulated variable.
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Look at Redi’s experiment and figure out what his hypothesis was and which was the
manipulated variable.
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Redi’s Experiment
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John Needham
• Mid 1700s
• British
• Needham tried to prove that spontaneous generation could occur in the right circumstances. (He disagreed with Redi.)
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John Needham’s Experiment
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He boiled broth, claiming to have killed all of he “animalcules” in it. After a few days, he used a newly developed microscope to have a look and saw many of the little animals.
What was wrong with his experiment?
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Lazzaro Spallanzani
• Italian
• Felt that Redi was right and that Needham’s experiment had failed because he did not boil the broth long enough or did not have a tight enough stopper.
• He boiled 2 containers of gravy, sealed one and left the other open.
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Spallanzani• After a few days:
- the open container was teeming with microorganisms and was cloudy.- the sealed container remained free of organisms.
• Conclusion:The broth did not produce living things. The microorganisms in the open container were the offspring of microorganisms that had entered through the air.
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Louis Pasteur
• 1864
• French
• Designed a flask that would disprove spontaneous generation once and for all.
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Pasteur
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“Theory” Page 13
In science, a theory is a well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations.
What’s the difference between a theory and a hypothesis?
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Studying Life
• Page 15
• Biology uses the scientific method to study living things.
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Living things share the following characteristics:
• Made up of units called cells• Reproduce• Are based on a universal genetic code• Grow (life span) and develop (life cycle)• Obtain and use materials and energy• Respond to their environment (stimulus/response)• Maintain a stable internal environment
(homeostasis)• As a group, change over time (evolve)
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Life is Cellular
• Without the instruments that made them visible, cells remained out of sight and unknown.
• The microscope changed all that!
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Microscope
Mid-1600s:- Anton van
Leeuwenhoek - Holland - Single lens microscope
to examine pond water- What did he see?
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• Robert Hooke England 1665
• Compound microscope (2 lenses) to examine a thin slice of cork.
• “Cells”
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Cell theory
• Soon different observations about cells were being made by scientists all over.
1. Matthias Scheiden, German botanist: all plants are made of cells
2. Theodor Schwann, German biologist: all animals are made of cells.
3. Rudolf Virchow, German physician: new cells are produced only from the division of existing cells.
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In the mid-1800s these observations were combined to form the cell theory, a
fundamental concept of biology.
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Cell theory states:
• All living things are composed of cells.
• Cells are the basic units of structure and function in all living things.
• New cells are produced from existing cells.
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Cells
There are two categories of cells:
1. Prokaryotic
2. Eukaryotic
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Complete the handout on the two cells.
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Prokaryotic cells: (from the Greek meaning before nuclei)
1. lack a membrane-bound nucleus
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• genetic information is in the cytoplasm.
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Prokaryotic cells (prokaryotes):
2. Are bacteria3. Are smaller than eukaryotes (usually)4. Contain fewer organelles5. Do not contain organelles that have their
own membranes
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Eukaryotic cells (from the Greek meaning truly nuclear)
1. All living things except bacteria.2. Have a membrane-bound nucleus where DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is stored.
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3. Usually bigger than prokaryotes
4. Have more organelles, including some that have their own membranes
5. Are often specialized (i.e. skin cells, liver cells, heart cells)
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The main difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells is that eukaryotic cells have a
nucleus with a membrane around it (a membrane-bound nucleus) that holds almost all of the cell’s DNA and prokaryotic cells don’t have a nucleus. Their DNA floats around in the cytosol
(the liquidy stuff).
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Eukaryotic cells (cheek cells)
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Organelles
• An organelle (which means “little organ”) is a specialized structure with a specific function within the cell.
• All living material within the cell is called protoplasm