what is science? science is a process of gathering knowledge about the natural world. can you give...
TRANSCRIPT
What is Science?
Science is a process of gathering knowledge about the natural world.
Can you give some examples of sciences?Introduce yourself to your neighbor
and the two of you come up with 6 examples?
Time: 2 minutes
Science
Life Earth and Space Physical
Biology
Zoology
Botany
Geology
Meteorology
Astronomy
Chemistry
Physics
What is Physical Science?
Physical science is the study of matter and energy.Matter is made up of atoms and
has both a mass and volume. Energy is the ability to do work.
The branches of physical scienceChemistryPhysics
Chemistry
Chemistry is the study of all forms of matter, including how matter interacts with other matter.
Chemistry looks at the structure and properties of matter.
Physics
Physics looks at energy and how that energy affects matter.
Motion, force, gravity, electricity, light, and heat are parts of physics.
What would each science explain in this video?
Steps in the Scientific Steps in the Scientific MethodMethodObservationObservationIdentify a Identify a
question/problemquestion/problemHypothesisHypothesisExperimentExperimentData CollectionData CollectionConclusionConclusionCommunicate ResultsCommunicate ResultsRetestRetest
Further Questions Further Questions
Scientific MethodO Variable- variable that causes change
in another variableO independent variable- variable that
causes a change in another variable.O dependent variable- variable that
changes in response to the manipulated variable.
O Controlled experiment- An experiment in which only one variable, the manipulated variable, is deliberately changed at a time. The responding variable is observed for changes, all other variables are kept constant, or controlled.
Variables explanationhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=weU4imV0ylc
Come up with 2 example scenarios and identify their
dependent and independent variables
ObservationsObservations
Gathered Gathered through your through your
sensessenses
A scientist A scientist notices notices
something in something in their their natural natural
worldworld
Example:Example:noticing that noticing that
a group of a group of frogs in a frogs in a pond have pond have three legs three legs instead of 4instead of 4
ObservationsObservations
HypothesisHypothesis
A suggested A suggested solution to the solution to the problem.problem.
Must be Must be testabletestableSometimes Sometimes
written as written as If…If…Then… Because Then… Because statementsstatements
PredictsPredicts an an outcomeoutcome
HypothesisHypothesisExample:Example:
The frogs have 3 The frogs have 3 legs because the legs because the pond where they pond where they live is polluted.live is polluted.
State this as an State this as an If…Then…If…Then…Because Because StatementStatement
ExperimentExperiment
A A procedure procedure to to testtest the the hypothesihypothesi
s.s.
ExperimentExperiment
VariableVariable – – factor in the factor in the experiment experiment that is being that is being
testedtested
ExperimentExperiment
A good or A good or “valid” “valid”
experiment experiment will only will only
have have ONE ONE variable!variable!
Scientific Experiments Follow Scientific Experiments Follow RulesRules
OAn experimenter changes one factor and observes or measures what happens.
The experimenter makes The experimenter makes a special effort to keep a special effort to keep other factors “constant”other factors “constant” so that they will not so that they will not effect the outcome.effect the outcome.
Those factors are called Those factors are called control variables.control variables.
OControls are NOT being tested
OControls are used for COMPARISON
The factor that is changed is known as the independent variable.
The factor that is measured or observed is called the dependent variable.
Sometimes it is necessary to do
several trials several trials with each independent
variable.
For Experiments to For Experiments to be valid…be valid…
Two groups are required --- the control & experimental groups
There should be only one variableone variable
Data CollectionData Collection Results of the experiment
May be QuantitativeQuantitative (numbers, measurement)
QualitativeQualitative(color, odor, taste, etc.)
Data CollectionData CollectionFor Further Analysis:Must be organized
Usually organized into graphs, graphs, tables, or tables, or chartscharts
ConclusionConclusion
After analyzing the data from the experimentsIt is the answer to the hypothesis
Communicate resultsScientists communicate their
results to other scientistsWhy do you think this is so
important?
RetestRetest
In order to verify the results,
experiments must be retested.
A. Recognize a problem C. Test the hypothesis with an experiment
B. Form a Hypothesis D. Draw conclusions1. ________Stephen predicted that seed would start to grow faster if an electric current traveled through the soil in which they were planted.
2. ________ Susan said, “If I fertilize my geranium plants, they will blossom”.
3. ________ Jonathon’s data showed that household cockroaches moved away from raw cucumber slices.
4. ________ Rene grew bacteria from the mouth on special plates in the laboratory. She placed drops of different mouthwashes on bacteria
on each plate.
5. ________ Kathy used a survey to determine how many of her classmates were left-handed and how many were right-handed.
6. ________ Dana wanted to know how synthetic fibers were different from natural fibers.
7. ________ Jose saw bats catching insects after dar. He asked, “How do bats find the insects in the dark?”
A. Recognize a problem C. Test the hypothesis with an experiment
B. Form a Hypothesis D. Draw conclusions
8. ________ Justin wondered if dyes could be taken out of plant leaves, flowers, and stems.
9. ________ Marcus soaked six different kinds of seeds in water for 24 hours. Then he planted the seed in soil at a depth of 1 cm. He used the same
amount of water, light, and heat for each kind of seed.
10.________ Bob read about growing plants in water. He wanted to know how plants could grow without soil.
11.________ Kevin said, “If I grow five seedlings in red light, I think the plants will grow faster than the five plants grown in white light”.
12.________ Angela’s experiment proved that earthworms move away from light.
13.________ Scott said, “if acid rain affects plants in a particular lake, it might affect small animals, such as crayfish, that live in the same water.”
14.________ Michael fed different diets to three groups of guinea pigs. His experiment showed that guinea pigs need vitamin C and protein in their
diets.
15.________ Kim’s experiment showed that chicken egg shells were stronger when she gave the hen feed to which extra calcium had been added.
1. State the _______________a. The process of ‘inquiry’ begins with ____________________, (using ones
senses to study the world)2. Create a ___________________(educated guess)
a. A hypothesis is a ____________________________ for a scientific question
b. Should be an ___________ / ___________ statement indicating the action(s) that will take place and the results that are anticipated
3. Test the ___________________ (experiment)4. Evaluate ______________(results)
a. Observations and tools can be used to gather and analyze data5. Make a ____________________
a. Hypotheses can be__________________ or _______________ in the conclusion
Experiments are always ______________. ___________________ are developed once experiments have beentested several times and end with the same _________________
PROBLEM
HYPOTHESIS
HYPOTHESIS
DATA
CONCLUSION
observations
Proposed answerIF
THEN
accepted rejectedONGOING
THEORIESConclusion
8
Testing the Hypothesis – Experiment
O A controlled experiment compares the results from a control group with the results from the experimental groups. The groups are exactly the same except for one factor. That factor is the variable.
O Independent variable is the variable you change.O Ex. Time
O Dependent variable changes in response to the independent variable. O Ex. Distance
Collect, Record, and Analyze
O Data is the information gathered through your experiment.
O All information needs to be recorded in a notebook, in a data table or other recording devices.
O Organizing material makes analyzing the data easier.
O At the end of the investigation, you draw your conclusion. O Accept or reject O Change your
hypothesis and retest.
O Communicate resultsO How can you do
that?
Models O Model –
representation of an object, event or system. It is used to present information that is not easily available. O Too big, small,
past or future.
O Physical – planes, trains, cars, cells, etc.
O Mathematical – equations and data
O Conceptual – systems of ideas. The water cycle is an example.
Theory vs. LawO A theory is an
explanation for many hypotheses and observations.
O Supported many times.
O Can predict future results.
O Can not be proven 100%
O A law is a summary of many experimental results and observations.
O Laws are always true and do not change.
O Examples of both:
Measurements and Safety
O Length
O Volume
O Mass
O Temperature
O Density
O Time
O Prefixes
O Safety Contract
Prefix Symbol Factor of Base Unit
giga- G 1,000,000,000
mega M 1,000,000
kilo- k 1,000
hecto- h 100
deka- da 10
BASE
deci- d 0.1
ceni- c 0.01
milli- m 0.001
micro- µ 0.000001
nano- n 0.000000001
Metric ConversionsO K H D __ d c m
O 1378 millimeters = ________ dekameters
O 45 centimeters = ________ decimeters
O 4 liters = ________ hectoliters
O 5 kilograms = ________ grams
To the right – multiply each “step” by 10 or move decimal one spot to the rightTo the left – divide each “step” by 10 or move the decimal one spot to the left
Scientific Notation
O A way to express very small or very large numbersO Example:
O 12345 = 1.2345 x 104
O 0.00456 = 4.56 x 10-3
__________ – must be between
1 and 9_________
____________ – the # of times the
decimal was moved
(+) to the left
(-) to the right
Always times 10 to
a power
Scientific Notation
O 56934 =
O 1280 =
O 0.0345 =
O 0.0000037 =
Scientific Notation
O 2.347 x 10-3 =
O 8.98736 x 104 =
O 3.48763 x 10-4 =
O 5.7654 x 105 =
Reverse it!
(+) right
(-) left