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Autonomic Nervous System: Traditional Theory
SympatheticsExcitement, MobilisationFight-or-Flight
ParasympatheticsVagus nerve is the main pathwayCalm, Rest and DigestImmobilisation and Freeze
The vagus nerve is like an alternative spinal cord
NEW Ventral Vagal Complex
Vagus
OLD Dorsal Vagal Complex
Autonomic Nervous System: Polyvagal Theory
SympatheticsExcitement MobilisationFight-or-FlightAdrenaline and Cortisol
Old VagusDorsal vagal complexImmobilisationDissociationOpioids
New VagusVentral vagal complexCalm, Rest and DigestOrient and Socially EngageOxytocin
Dr Stephen Porges
Joy, Presence, Love, Play, CreativityNew Vagus On: The ‘vagal brake’ is on inhibiting the sympathic nervous system.Happiness is being a ‘vagal superstar’. The new vagus fires in positive emotions and prosocial behaviour. It optimises regulation of the heart, breathing, digestion and immune function.
Polyvagal TheoryAs the perception of threat escalateswe default to more primitive responses
Orientation / Social Engagement
Immobilisation
Mobilisation
Polyvagal TheoryAs the perception of threat escalateswe default to more primitive responses
Orientation / Social Engagement ImmobilisationMobilisation
Images from http://www.liberationispossible.org/polyvagal/
The Defense CascadeVenn diagram showing, in a non hierarchical way, the ‘defense cascade’. Adapted from Kozlowska et al 2015.
Threat Causes ArousalMuscle tone, metabolism, emotion, presence, focus, thinking, behaviour all change.
Predators StalkThe image beautifully shows the poised,attentive state of arousal in a predator.
Threat Causes ArousalMuscle tone, metabolism, emotion, presence, focus, thinking, behaviour all change.
Prey OrientsFor most animals threat leads to vigilance. The body stills, the head turns, and the senses sharpen. We all have an inner meer cat.
Threat Causes ArousalMuscle tone, metabolism, emotion, presence, focus, thinking, behaviour all change.
Humans ‘Tend and Befriend’ and ‘Socially Engage’Humans learn safety from caregivers. Our first response is to check the humans around us. If we perceive people acting safely, we feel safe.
Threat Causes ArousalMuscle tone, metabolism, emotion, presence, focus, thinking, behaviour all change.
All Animals Can FreezeThere can be a fixed posture, but a huge amount of internal activity. Competing defense strategies can lead to ‘freezing’ as a state of ‘flight or fight put on hold.’
Jaw MusclesV Trigeminal
Facial MusclesMiddle Ear MuscleVII Facial
Saliva and SwallowingIX Glossopharyngeal
SCM and Trapezius MusclesXI Accessory
Heart and Lungs X Ventral Vagus
Throat Muscles X Ventral Vagus
Orientation / Social EngagementNew Vagus Off (Ventral Vagal Complex CN V, VII, IX, X, XI activity changes)Neck, face, throat and jaw muscles and oxygen control change in response to threat.
Narrow FocusFixed ThinkingGoing Quick
Breathing UpHeart Rate UpCold Hands and Feet
MobilisationSympathetic Nervous System‘Fight-or-Flight’, Adrenaline then Cortisol
Dry Mouth
Digestion Down
Stereotypical, Imprecise Action PatternsMuscles Tension Up
Libido, Immune, Growth and Repair Down
Dreamy DissociatedHard to ConcentrateSlow Thinking
Numb LimbsTingling
ImmobilisationOld Vagus (Dorsal Motor Nucleus)Dissociation, Opioids
Floating
Tonic Immobility: Stiffness Collapsed Immobility: FloppinessPassive Action Patterns
Absent BellyHard to Feel FeetBody Shape Distorted