1

What is Florida?

FL peninsula is the exposed portion of the

Florida Platform – measured between the

200 meter contour, total 300 miles wide

Platform is composed of variably permeable

carbonate sediments, limestone and

dolostone, sitting on older igneous

sedimentary rocks

What is Florida?

In west-central, north-central, and panhandle

Florida, carbonate rocks are near the surface

–adjacent areas sand, silt, clay

Interaction between the two = fissures

3 Aquifers

Floridian (FAS)

Thick permeable

carbonate

Intermediate

Carbonate and clays, silt,

sand

Suficial Aquifer

Sand, shell carbonate

Springs result from

discharge from the FA

2

Aquifer recharge FAS recharged by

rainwater

Water + CO2 = carbonic

acid

Dissolves limestone

enlarging fractures

Dissolution enhances

permeability of

sediments forming

caves and cavities

Closer the water is to

the surface…

Two types of springs in Florida

Seeps (water table

springs)

Rainwater moves

through permeable layers

until moves laterally

Water eventually “seeps”

to the surface in a low

lying area (Apalachicola,

Chipola Rivers)

Karst [def: irregular

limestone region with

sinks and caves] or

artesian springs.

Groundwater discharges

to the surface through an

opening.

Most of FL 700 identified

springs are karst

Classification

Springs most often

classified based on

average discharge of

water

Discharge varies based

on rainfall, recharge and

groundwater withdrawals

within their recharge area

1st Magnitude = 100 cfs

or more (+ 64.6 mgd)

[N=33]

2nd Magnitude 10 to

100 cfs (6.46 to 64.6

mgd) [N=191]

3rd Magnitude 1 to 10

cfs (0.646 to 6.46 mgd)

[N=151]

3

River Rises

Resurgence of river water that descended

underground through a sinkhole

May contain significant portion of aquifer

water, but mainly river water

Is it a spring?

Are all springs hydrologically related?

Assessing a spring

Spring vent = an opening that concentrates

groundwater discharge to the surface

(including bottom of the ocean)

Spring seep = 1 or more small openings in

which water discharges diffusely

4

Spring uses

Springs have been used for >12,000 years

FAS recharge

Spring recharge basin

“areas within ground

and surface water

basins that contribute

to the discharge of the

spring

Karst systems

frequently include

sinking streams

Direct linkages to the

aquifer

Recharge basin may

include surface water

from outside ground-

water basin…

5

FAS recharge

Recharge occurs over 55%

of the state

Rates range from ~2-25-cm

per year

FAS residence time highly

variable

Some larger springs up to

20 years

Discharge driven by

recharge – highly climate

influenced

FAS recharge

1998 – 2002 major

drought in FL

Rainfall deficit > 50-

inches

Significant lowering in

FAS

6

Reverse flow

Higher river levels =

river flow into springs

River level drops,

springs first pump river

water out of aquifer

Influenced also by

reduction in recharge

area

Santa Fe River

Santa Fe River Basin

3,500 sq-km basin

Major tributary to the Suwannee River

Semi-tropical mean annual precipitation135-

cm (54-in)

52% falls between June and September

7

Santa Fe River Basin

Principal source is

groundwater from FAS

Most of the first 100-

250 m yield potable

water

Cody Scarp – extensive

karst transition zone

Santa Fe River Basin

River flows into O’Leno sink

at the Cody Scarp

Flows underground for ~5

km

Re-emerges at “River Rise”

FAS is confined and

unconfined over the

remainder of its course

Santa Fe River

Both a gaining and losing

stream

Direct connections to FAS

Input from springs

Losses from “sucks”

Hisert (1994) tracer

experiments at O’leno

Santa Fe flows at 5 km/day

underground

8 intermediate sinkholes

serve as karst windows

40% of resurgence at River

Rise is ground water that

augments flow

8

9

10

Watch movie

1

Fluvial diversity

Difference between stream and river?

Variations in fluvial ecosystems

Color

Blackwater – organic

material

Clear – low nutrients, low

retention time

Foodbase

Forested leaf fall

Open, shallow, hard

substrate algae and

microbes

Intact floodplains =

nutrient exchange with

floodplain

All rivers have

high connectivity

laterally,

longitudinally,

and vertically

2

Fluvial hierarchy

Nested hierarchies

1st order = smallest

permanently flowing

1st + 1st = 2nd

2nd + 2nd = ?

Order Number Avg.

length

(km)

Tot length

(km)

Avg.

drainage

area

1 1,570,000 1.6 2,510,000 2.6

3 80,000 8.8 670,000 67

7 200 235 48,000 30,300

9 8 1,240 9,900 684,000

10 1 2,880 2,880 3,240,000

Fluvial hierarchy

Each stream drains area proportional to its

size

“Drainage basin” water flowing into stream as

determined by geography

Drainages nested hierarchies

Defined for entire river (headwater to mouth) or

individual tributaries

Drainage basin or river basin = large units

Watershed and catchment = smaller units

3

Fluvial hierarchy

More terms

“River segment” areas defined by upstream and

downstream tributaries

“Individual reach” homogenous unit with stream

valley,

Repeated units (riff-pool-run)

Length = 25x stream width section

Longitudinal Profile

Rivers change

longitudinally – typically

steeper near origin,

more gradual near

terminus

Erosion

Transfer

Deposition

4

Sediment sorting

Transporting sediment

function of gradient,

flow volume, particle

size

Streamflow

Key question: how

much water does a

river need and what is

the importance of

natural variation?

Streamflow

Key question: how

much water does a

river need and what is

the importance of

natural variation?

5

Streamflow

Over 50% of world’s accessible runoff currently used by people

Expected to be 70% by 2025

Impoundments, water pumping (ground and surface), interbasin transfers, small and large dams, canals

Streamflow

In US 75,000 dams

>2m high

2.5 million smaller

water control structures

In continental US only

42 rivers >200 km

length remain free

flowing

Streamflow

Globally dams 5-15m in

heights > 45,000

800,000 smaller dams

60% of global rivers

fragmented

6

Discharge

32-37 x 103 km/yr global discharge

Most discharge occurs in tropical and

subtropical areas

10 largest rivers account for 40%

Amazon 15% global discharge

US discharge, Mississippi 40%, Columbia, Mobile,

and Susquehanna additional 20%

Hydrologic cycle

Hydrologic cycle is the continuous cycling of

water from atmosphere land ocean

Transport and storage

Globally more freshwater is produced than is

needed for consumptive demand – however

water is not distributed evenly spatially or

temporally

Hydrologic cycle

7

Hydrologic cycle

Huge spatial variation

Two-thirds of all precipitation falls between

30” N and 30” S latitude

Rainfall usually exceeds retention

Amazon carries 15% of all water returning to

the oceans

Colorado River (historically) 10% in size of

Amazon, carries 1/300 of runoff

Freshwater availability varies dramatically

Water flows downhill

Infiltration capacity – maximum rate soil can

absorb water

Max 0.5 2 hour after store

+ Capacity accumulates on surface

Depression storage capacity – ability of soil

to store and retain water

Horton Overland Flow – tendency of water to

flow horizontally overland

8

Water cycle

Climate, vegetation, topography, geology, land

use, and soil characteristics all determine runoff

and chemical composition

Evaporation – 2 key sources:

Oceans and land surface

Interception plant surface

Transpiration plant loss due to photosynthesis and soil

uptake

Plant adaptations to minimize loss

9

Example

Hubbard Brook

Experimental Forest

LTER

Forest clear-cut,

regrowth suppressed

40% increase in runoff

annually

400% in summer

Likens 1984

Example

Multiple rivers

Solid line precipitation

Dashed line runoff

Surface to sub-surface

Rain > infiltration capacity = runoff

“Baseflow” (dry-weather flow) due to

groundwater entering stream

Sub-surface flow Movement between

topsoil and impermeable layer

10

Sub-surface Surface

Water table rise to ground surface

Sub-surface flow escapes and becomes

overland flow

Gaining streams

Water table usually slopes toward stream

channel

“Perennial” streams – flow constantly, most

water from groundwater

Discharge from groundwater increases

downstream

11

Losing streams

Water table usually slopes away from stream

channel

Water moves from stream to water table

Common in arid and high altitude areas

Highly dependent on riverbed

Rivers can be both gainers or losers – we will

see both

Break!

12

Streamflow

Discharge (Q) = flow

Calculated from

measures of width (w),

depth (d), and velocity

(v)

Streamflow Velocity measured at midpoint of

segment

Shallow streams 0.6depth, deeper 0.2 and 0.8 depth

10 subsections required, no segment >10% of flow

Streamflow

Current velocity varies

Shallow, friction greatest at bottom, velocity

greatest at surface

Deeper, velocity greatest just below surface

13

Streamflow

Current velocity varies

Shallow, friction greatest at bottom, velocity

greatest at surface

Deeper, velocity greatest just below surface

Streamflow

Methods integrate point

measures of velocity

and associated areas

of flow

Streamflow

Hydrograph =

discharge plotted vs.

time

http://www.srwmd.state.

fl.us/realtimeriverlevels/

realtimeriverlevels.asp

14

Streamflow

Informative for flood events

Observations on system

modifications

Mississippi River Floods

1993 Perfect storm

1 in 200 year rainfall event

oriented along river channel

and key tribs

Soil moisture above normal

ET below normal

Flow variations

Richter et al. 1996

Five elements of

stream flow that must

be maintained

(1) Magnitude of flow

(2) Frequency of

occurrence

(3) Duration of flow

events

(4) Timing of flow

events

(5) Rate of system rise

or fall

Effects of land use on streamflow

15

Characterizations of flow

Magnitude of flow=volume of water moving past a point per time

Frequency = measure of how often flow of given magnitude occurs

Duration, timing (predictability) and rate of change all temporal aspect of flow

Streamflow as the “master variable” Poff et al. 1997

Characterizations of flow

Magilligan and

Nislow 2005

Increases in low

flow and decreases

in high-flow stat

Reduced

seasonality

Decline in mean

rate of river rise and

fall

Motivated by

observations at dams

Characterizations of flow

106 stream fish from 34

groups in WI and MN

Streams w/ variable

flow support resource

generalist species

Streams w/ stable flows

support specialist

species

“Patterns in streamflow

have been shown to be

good indicators of

biological attributes of

streams”

Poff and Allan 1995

16

Characterizations of flow

Why are species

associated with flows?

Bunn and Arthington

2002

Loss or alteration of

habitat

Recruitment impacts

Loss of lateral and

longitudinal connectivity

Increased risk of

invasions

“Environmental Flows”

“The science of environmental flow

assessment has developed in response to

the recognition of the extent of flow alteration

worldwide, and the need to assess ecological

degradation and set acceptable levels.”

“Environmental Flows”

Tharme (2003) 207 different methodologies

for environmental flow assessment from 44

countries, 6 global regions

Most associated with some % of MAF

Most common is hydrologic approach using

flow records and event based responses

17

“Environmental Flows”

“Tennant” (Tennant

197?) method is the

basis for most methods

Seasonally adjusted

MAF to recommend

MFL

IFIM

Habitat suitability

curves based on fish

abundance and

distribution data for

each life stage of target

species over a range of

habitat conditions

IFIM

Hydraulic model

simulates changes in

habitat availability

based on changes in

depth and velocity

along cross-sectional

profile of the channel,

over incremental

changes in flow

18

Evaluated??

Very poor performance

Only model data is confronted with

More research needed to verify ecological

outcomes of flow management scenarios

1

RCC and FPC

RCC

From the headwaters to

mouth, the physical

variables within a river

system present a

continuous gradient of

physical conditions.

RCC

This gradient should elicit a

series of responses within

the constituent populations

resulting in a continuum of

biotic adjustments and

consistent patterns of

loading, transport,

utilization, and storage of

organic matter along the

length of the river.

2

River Continuum Concept

Vannote et al. 1980

Single framework to

explain the function of

lotic ecosystems from

the source to the mouth

Shade, open canopy,

white water, to lowland

river

Good to think about

changes that occur

along the gradient

No model is perfect but

it serves for useful

discussion and

comparison

River Continuum Concept

Vannote et al. 1980

Streams increase in

size, discharge,

watershed area, and

catchment as you move

down the gradient

Biologically, sites

higher in the watershed

are small, shaded,

dominated by CPOM

inputs

Excess CPOM and

FPOM is transported

downstream

3

River Continuum Concept

Vannote et al. 1980

Macrophytes become

more dominant with

higher biomass –

related to reduced

gradient, sediment

deposition

River Continuum Concept

Vannote et al. 1980

Driven by the linked changes between physical structure and energy inputs

Low order lowest P/R ratios and highest CPOM:FPOM ratio

As you move downstream CPOM:FPOM declines

River Continuum Concept

Vannote et al. 1980

What about P/R?

Between headwaters, midwaters, and lowlands when are energy inputs the same between the two?

Where in the gradient is energy input the greatest?

4

Flood pulse concept

Junk W.J., Bayley P.B. & Sparks R.E. 1989. The flood pulse concept in river-floodplain systems. Can. Spec. Publ. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 106: 110-127.

Floodplain vs. RCC

RCC developed mostly

from northern,

temperate, low-order

streams with dense tree

canopy and steep

gradients

Many of these rivers

flowed to regulated

systems

Heavily influenced by

local hydrology (rainfall)

Floods are short in

duration

Minshall et al. 1985

expanded original RCC

Floodplains

Ecosystem at the

interface of aquatic and

terrestrial ecosystems

Link limnology,

estuarine ecology,

hydrology, and

terrestrial ecology

Floodplains are areas

that are periodically

inundated by the lateral

overflow of rivers or

lakes, groundwater or

rainfall

Elicits responses from

biota

5

Floodplains

Responses include

morphological,

anatomical,

physiological, related to

forming characteristic

community structures

Floodplains

Flood Pulse Concept

(Junk et al. 1989)

Focuses on the lateral

exchange of water,

nutrients, and

organisms between the

river channel (or lake)

and the connected

floodplain

Floodplains

Flood Pulse Concept

(Junk et al. 1989)

Includes hydrology and

hydrochemistry of the

parent river

Focuses on their impact

on organisms and the

floodplain

6

Floodplains

Flood Pulse Concept

(Junk et al. 1989)

“Flood pulse” is periodic

inundation and drought

Driving force behind

river-floodplain system

Floodplain is integral

part of the system

Periodically coupled

and decoupled from the

parent river

River and floodplain are

one unit

Flood Pulse Concept

FPC can be

monomodal, polymodal,

predictable, or

unpredictable, high or

low amplitude

Predictable pulsing

favors the adaptation of

organisms and increase

primary production and

efficiency of nutrient

use

Flood Pulse Concept

Nutrient status of the

floodplain depends on

the amount and quality

of suspended and

dissolved solids in river

Floodplain is driven by

nutrient transfer from

the river

Nutrient cycles, primary

and secondary

production,

decomposition

7

FPC - Reset

Flooding is a

disturbance factor

“Stability” = diversity??

Resetting maintains the

floodplain in an

immature, highly

productive stage

FPC

Large part of the

primary and secondary

production occurs in the

floodplain

River is the vehicle for

water, dissolved, and

suspended matter

Rivers are “highways”

of transportation and

migration for biotic and

abiotic factors

The highway includes

the floodplain

8

FPC- Allochthonous and Autochthonous

production

FPC focuses on the

productivity within the

flood plain

RCC focuses on?

Autochthonous

production is driving by

turbidity, timing of

inundation, season,

and river regulation

These cases in-channel

production higher than

flood plain

FPC- Allochthonous and Autochthonous

production

FPC states that rivers

should show a

predictable, sufficiently

long and timely

inundation

These generally only

occur in un-modified

systems

Wantzen et al. 2002

show through stable

isotopes many

floodplain fishes in

Pantanal show season

variation in carbon

sources

Increase N from wet

to dry = more

omnivorous feeding

when flooded and

higher carnivory

during dry

9

What happens when

you build a dam?

Lakes represent

remains of the

floodplain

River water often

determines the

productivity of lake

Higher connectivity,

higher productivity

(van den Brink et al. 1993)

Carbon flow

Systems interplay

depending on where

they are over the river

course

Geomorphology can

severely limit river-

floodplain connection

Carbon flow

Fish actively seek

floodplain carbon

Mass migrations well

documented

Flood recedes, fish go

back into mainstem

river, consumed by

predators

10

When the water comes up

Pre-flood temp and

chemical heterogeneity

between river and

floodplain resets

FPOM, CPOM, DOM

from river inundates

floodplain

When the water comes up

Terrestrial habitats

flooded

Huge biomass

released, rapid

decomposition and

nutrient release

Terrestrial species

move

Aquatic organisms

move into terrestrial

areas

Terrestrial carbon and

floodplain products,

inverts, fruit, seeds, all

move into river

When the water goes down

Water stored in FP + dissolved and suspended material enters river

Floodplain becomes colonized by terrestrial vegetation

Carbon from river incorporated into floodplain

Aquatic organisms move to permanent water

Permanent water becomes isolated and develops specific physical, chemical, species, characteristics

11

Timing and shape of

flood pulse

Flood timing and duration is

likely critical

Timing determines whether

organisms can benefit from

flood resources

Fish spawning often

severely impacted by flood

alterations

Spawning site access,

predation pressure, larval

rearing habitats, food

availability

Altered flood patterns,

altered food availability

Terrestrial (birds) and

aquatic predators

Big issue with all regulated

rivers

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12

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For more information please visit the following websites: Florida Rivers Research Lab at the University of Florida http://floridarivers.ifas.ufl.edu Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission Websites www.myFWC.com -Freshwater Fishes of Florida http://myfwc.com/fishing/Fishes -Fish and Wildlife Research Institute www.floridamarine.org Florida Museum of Natural History-Ichthyology www.flmnh.ufl.edu/Fish

A GUIDE TO SPRING-FED COASTAL RIVERS IN FLORIDA

University of Florida

Institute of Food and Agricultural Science

Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Florida Rivers Research Lab

http://floridarivers.ifas.ufl.edu

Background Florida’s Gulf of Mexico coast boasts a series of unique coastal rivers which originate from large, artesian springs created where the aquifer flows to the surface through limestone caverns. The headwater springs and downstream runs are characterized by high water clarity, low sedimentation and stable channels. Springs and spring-runs are highly productive systems with nearly constant temperature year-round. As these rivers flow from the headwaters to coastal estuaries, tidal influence becomes more prominent causing river levels to rise and fall, creating saltwater wedges in lower reaches. High and low tides shift flow upstream and downstream, enabling species to move with the tide. This distinct hydrological cycling creates freshwater and brackish habitats in spring-fed coastal rivers, and these systems support a diverse fish community comprised of freshwater and saltwater species.

Nutrient concentrations have increased significantly in several coastal rivers over the last couple of decades. Coincident with nutrient enrichment, shifts in the composition and abundance of aquatic vegetation have occurred, including decreased macrophytes (such as eelgrass) and increased periphyton (algae growing on aquatic plants or other substrate). Of particular concern is the decline and loss of native macrophyte

species, such as American eelgrass (Vallisneria americana) and strap-leaf sagittaria (Sagittaria kurziana). Additionally, filamentous algal biomass has reached nuisance levels in many headwater springs, and production of several species of these algae is limited by nitrogen and/or phosphorus. Loss of native macrophytes, increased periphyton loads, and increased macroalgae are signs of nutrient overenrichment in the aquatic ecosystem (this process is referred to as eutrophication). The broader impact of these vegetation changes to the riverine and coastal fish communities is currently not well understood. To address the broader ecological impacts to spring-fed coastal rivers the Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences at the University of Florida and the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission have initiated cooperative research studies aimed at describing the fish communities and food webs in coastal rivers.

Spring run habitat in the Weeki Wachee River

Eelgrass (Vallisneria americana) beds in the Wacissa River

Eelgrass (Vallisneria americana) beds in the Wacissa River

Filamentous algae bloom in the Chassahowitzka River

Fish Species Observed in the Santa Fe River SP CODE COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME TYPE FAMILY

AMEE American eel Anguilla rostrata Fresh Anguillidae (Freshwater eels)

ATNE Atlantic needlefish Strongylura marina Salt Belonidae (Needlefishes)

BLCR black crappie Pomoxis nigromaculatus Fresh Centrarchidae (Sunfishes)

BLDA blackbanded darter Percina nigrofasciata Fresh Percidae (Perches)

BLKI bluefin killifish Lucania goodei Fresh Cyprinodontidae (Killifishes)

BLUE bluegill Lepomis macrochirus Fresh Centrarchidae (Sunfishes)

BOW bowfin Amia calva Fresh Amiidae (Bowfins)

BRBU brown bullhead Ameiurus nebulosus Fresh Ictaluridae (Bullhead catfishes)

BRDA brown darter Etheostoma edwini Fresh Percidae (Perches)

BRSI brook silverside Labidesthes sicculus Fresh Atherinidae (Silversides)

CHCA channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus Fresh Ictaluridae (Bullhead catfishes)

COSH coastal shiner Notropis petersoni Fresh Cyprinidae (Carps and minnows)

CPIK chain pickerel Esox niger Fresh Esocidae (Pikes)

FGAR Florida gar Lepisosteus platyrhincus Fresh Lepisosteidae (Gars)

GOSH golden shiner Notemigonus crysoleucas Fresh Cyprinidae (Carps and minnows)

GUST Gulf sturgeon Acipenser oxyrhinchus desotoi

Salt Acipenseridae (Sturgeons)

GUPI Gulf pipefish Syngnathus scovelli Salt Syngnathidae (Pipefishes)

HOG hogchoker Trinectes maculatus Salt Soleidae (Soles)

LACH lake chubsucker Erimyzon sucetta Fresh Catostomidae (Suckers)

LGAR longnose gar Lepisosteus osseus Fresh Lepisosteidae (Gars)

LMB largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides Fresh Centrarchidae (Sunfishes)

MOSQ Eastern mosquitofish Gambusia holbrooki Fresh Poeciliidae (Livebearers)

PIPE pirate perch Aphredoderus sayanus Fresh Aphredoderidae (Pirate perches)

RBSU redbreast sunfish Lepomis auritus Fresh Centrarchidae (Sunfishes)

RESU redear sunfish Lepomis microlophus Fresh Centrarchidae (Sunfishes)

SAMO sailfin molly Poecilia latipinna Fresh Poeciliidae (Livebearers)

SEKI Seminole killifish Fundulus seminolis Fresh Cyprinodontidae (Killifishes)

SPBU spotted bullhead Ameiurus serracanthus Fresh Ictaluridae (Bullhead catfishes)

MADT madtom Notorus sps. Fresh Ictaluridae (Bullhead catfishes)

SPSK spotted sucker Minytrema melanops Fresh Catostomidae (Suckers)

SPSU spotted sunfish Lepomis punctatus Fresh Centrarchidae (Sunfishes)

STMU striped mullet Mugil cephalus Salt Mugilidae (Mullets)

SUBA Suwannee bass Micropterus notius Fresh Centrarchidae (Sunfishes)

SWDA swamp darter Etheostoma fusiforme Fresh Percidae (Perches)

WAR warmouth Lepomis gulosus Fresh Centrarchidae (Sunfishes)

YEBU yellow bullhead Ameiurus natalis Fresh Ictaluridae (Bullhead catfishes)

Photo Credits The coastal river photos were taken by Matthew Lauretta All species illustrations were done by Duane Raver, Jr. All species photos were from the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission species photo gallery.

Common Freshwater Fishes Sunfishes

Largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides)

Suwannee bass (Micropterus notius)

Spotted sunfish (Lepomis punctatus) Redbreast sunfish (Lepomis auritus)

Redear sunfish (Lepomis microlophus) Bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus)

Warmouth (Lepomis gulosus) Black crappie (Poxomis nigromaculatus)

Common Freshwater Fishes continued Suckers

Spotted sucker (Minytrema melanops)

Lake chubsucker (Erimyzon sucetta) Catfishes

Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) Tadpole madtom (Noturus sp.)

Yellow bullhead (Ameiurus natalis) Brown bullhead (Ameiurus nebulosus)

Spotted bullhead (Ameiurus serracanthus)

Common Freshwater Fishes Continued Gars

Longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus)

Florida gar (Lepisosteus platyrhincus)

Bowfins

Bowfin (Amia calva)

Pikes

Chain pickerel (Esox niger)

Common Freshwater Fishes Continued Freshwater eels

American eel (Anguilla rostrata)

Small-bodied freshwater fishes

Pirate perch Brook silverside Coastal shiner

Golden shiner Seminole killifish

Bluefin killifish Blackbanded darter Swamp darter

Eastern mosquitofish Sailfin molly

Saltwater Fishes

Striped mullet (Mugil cephalus) Common snook (Centropomus undecimalis)

Gulf sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrhinchus desotoi

Ladyfish (Elops saurus) Gray snapper (Lutjanus griseus)

Sheepshead Crevalle jack (Caranx hippos) (Archosargus probatocephalus)

Red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus)

Small-bodied Saltwater Fishes

Pinfish (Lagodon rhomboides) Bay anchovy (Anchoa mitchilli)

Mojarra (Gerreidae sp.) Clown goby (Microgobius gulosus)

Scaled sardine (Harengula jaguana)