what is collaboration?
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What is Collaboration?. Jay F. Nunamaker Jr. Director Center for the Management of Information Soldwedel & Regents Professor University of Arizona MIS. Collaboration is defined as making joint cognitive effort toward achieving an agreed upon goal. Why Collaborate?. Exercise: - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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What is Collaboration?
Jay F. Nunamaker Jr.Director
Center for the Management of Information
Soldwedel & Regents ProfessorUniversity of Arizona MIS
2
Collaboration is defined as making joint cognitive effort toward achieving an
agreed upon goal
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Why Collaborate?
Exercise:List some of the reasons why people
in your organization Collaborate
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Why Collaborate?
Surface Perspectives Review
Share Work
Share the Vision
SocializeBuild Consensus
Solve ProblemsAvoid Decisions
Make Decisions
Synergy Share Information
Build Trust
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Modes of Collaboration
Same
Different
Same Different
Time
Place
6
Systems to Support different Collaboration Modes
Same
Different
Same Different
Time
Place
Audio/VideoGroup Support
SessionsGroup Support
Team RoomsProject Rooms
Team DatabaseVirtual Sessions
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Collaboration Behavioral Difficulties
Exercise:List some of the behavioral
Difficulties with Collaboration
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Waiting to speakDomination
Fear of SpeakingMisunderstanding
InattentionLack of Focus
Inadequate CriteriaPremature Decisions
Missing InformationDistractionsDigressions
Wrong PeopleGroupthink
Poor Grasp of ProblemIgnored AlternativesLack of ConsensusPoor PlanningHidden AgendasConflictInadequate ResourcesPoorly Defined Goals
IneffectiveCollaboration
Collaboration Behavioral Difficulties
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Collaboration Is Expensive
• 15 Million formal Sessions / day
• ? Million Informal Sessions / day
• 4 Billion Sessions / year
• 30-80% Manager’s timeFortune 500 Companies3M Corporation Study
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Collaboration is Essential
No one has all the– Resources– Experience– Knowledge
To do the job alone
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Collaboration is:Collaboration is:• DifficultDifficult• ExpensiveExpensive• EssentialEssential
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How do people in organizations Collaborate?
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Level 1 Collected Work :Uncoordinated Individual Efforts
Level 2 Coordinated Work:Coordinated Individual Efforts
Level Concerted Work:Concerted Team Effort
Sprinters
Relay
3 Levels of Collaboration Capability
CrewHigh
Low
Degree ofCollaborativeEffort
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Level 1 Collected Work
• Individual, uncoordinated effort toward team goal• Team productivity is simple sum of individual
performances• Individualized Processes - Start to Finish• Office Applications
– MSWord Group Editing– Multiple Spreadsheet Sections– Powerpoint Presentation Passing
Sprinters
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Level 2 Coordinated Work
• Coordinated Efforts and Processes• Coordination, sharing, and hand-offs• Coordination Applications
– Workflow Applications • Adding structure to NOTES• Coordinator
Relay
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Level 3 Concerted Work
• All team members work a process simultaneously to achieve the team goal
• Repeatable Customized Process• Attention Dynamics• Collaborative Applications
– GroupSystems Online– Facilitate.COM– Meetingworks
Crew
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Inte
ract
ivit
y o
f C
om
mu
nic
atio
n
Process Structure and Task Structure
Hierarchy of Collaboration
Sprinters
IndividualWork
RelayRelayCoordinated Work
CrewCrewConcertedWork
Collected Work
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The Yellow Sticky Approach
Manual Support for Level 3 Collaboration
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• Two to Hundreds of people• Complex issues Addressed • Everyone
• Contributes Equally• Perceives everything Multiple Perspectives• Focuses Attention on Critical Issues• Takes ownership of the solution
• All Knowledge at everyone’s fingertips• Design Customized Repeatable Processes• Accomplish Goals and Produce Products
Dream Level 3 Concerted Collaboration
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GroupSystems Support for Concerted CollaborationIntegration of
– Collaborative Technology
– Attention Dynamics
– Knowledge Management
– Customized Repeatable Processes
To Dramatically Improve Productivity
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The GroupSystems Concept
• Computer for each participant
• Software for each task
• Public screen to focus attention
• Network to share information
• Access to external data
• Any Time, Any Place, Any Technology
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CollaborationCollaborationGroupSystemsGroupSystems
SessionPlanning
SessionPlanning
Knowledge ManagementKnowledge Management
ShareInformation
Generate Ideas
OrganizeIdeas
PollConsensus
ExploreIssues
ShareInformation
Generate Ideas
OrganizeIdeas
PollConsensus
ExploreIssues
OrganizationalMemory
EnterpriseModel
CorporateDatabase
Intranet World WideWeb
FTP/GopherWAIS
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SessionPlanning
SessionPlanning
Knowledge ManagementKnowledge Management
ShareInformation
Generate Ideas
OrganizeIdeas
PollConsensus
ExploreIssues
ShareInformation
Generate Ideas
OrganizeIdeas
PollConsensus
ExploreIssues
OrganizationalMemory
EnterpriseModel
CorporateDatabase
Intranet World WideWeb
FTP/GopherWAIS
BostonBostonDCDC
DCDC
DCDC
SFSF
SFSF
NYNY
NYNY
HKHK PITPIT
ATLATL
LALA
LONLON
ParisParis
CHICHI
LALA
SYDSYD
CollaborationGroupSystemsVirtual Collaboration
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GroupSystems Collaborative Support• Support for Small or Large Groups
on the Internet and Intranets • Create Shared Agendas• Generate Ideas • Share, Evaluate and Organize Information• Create Knowledge• Poll, Rank, and Prioritize ideas for consensus• Jointly Create Documents • Complete Records / Reports• Draw and Annotate on Shared Whiteboards• Import/Export to Lotus Notes and other Software• Administer Surveys• Obtain Commitment and Take Action
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GroupSystems is a suite of tools
to supportjoint cognitive effort
for Deliberation, Reasoning
and Decision Making
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Each Tool Focuses Thinking
in Some Unique Way
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Team Processes
IdeaGeneration
Idea Organization
Idea Evaluation and Prioritization
Idea Exploration
Idea Developmentand Exposition
BrainstormingTopic CommenterIdea OrganizerCategorizerGroup OutlinerGroup MatrixAlternative EvaluatorVoteStake Holder analysisAssumption surfacingGroup WriterTeam GraphicsScreen Prototyper
GSS Tools
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• Parallel communication• Anonymity • Structured processes• Improved information access• Organizational memory• Enables larger groups• Improved goal congruence
Why GroupSystems Can Improve Collaboration
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Why GroupSystems Improves Collaboration
• Parallel Input– No air time competition
– No waiting for a turn
– No forgetting your ideas
– No domination
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• Anonymity– No Intimidation
– No Domination
– No Evaluation Apprehension
– Focus on Ideas not personalities
– Free to float unpopular ideas
Why GroupSystems Improves Collaboration
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• Structured Process– Path to get from A to B
– Minimal off-task discussion
– Milestones for progress assessment
– Efficient path toward convergence
– Focused effort and deliberation
Why GroupSystems Improves Collaboration
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• Knowledge Management– Improved Information Access– Organizational Memory– Artificial Intelligence Categorization– Advanced Searching– Explicit Knowledge– Tacit Knowledge– Automated Sense-Making
Why GroupSystems Improves Collaboration
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• Improved Goal Congruence– Shared Understandings
– Consensus Assessment
– Focus on Differences
– Concerted Effort
Why GroupSystems Improves Collaboration
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IntellectualBandwidth
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Intellectual BandwidthRepresents
All the relevant Knowledge for a given set of Stakeholders
on a particular Issue
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AppliedKnowledge
AllKnowledge
OfA
Domain
ExplicitCapturedAvailable
Knowledge
IntellectualCapital
Intellectual Bandwidth
IntellectualBandwidth
KnowledgeDomain
Task Team
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Collaboration &Knowledge ManagementIncrease and LeverageIntellectual Bandwidth
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Intellectual Bandwidth
Collaborative Capability
Collected
Wisdom (Principles)Knowledge (Patterns)Information (Relationships) Data (Symbols)
Understanding
Intellectual CapitalOrganizational
Members
USE & DEPLOYMENT
Access
Concerted
Coordinated
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Level of Understanding
CollaborativeCapability
Increasing and Leveraging Intellectual BandwidthWith Collaboration & Knowledge Management
Individual Collective Coordinated Concerted
Data
Wisdom
Knowledge
Information
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Application Sharing
Individual Collected Coordinated Concerted
Level of Understanding
Level of Collaborative Capability
Data
Wisdom
Knowledge
Information
Group Support Systems
Manual Journal Search
Web Search Engine
Sense Making
Team Database
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Organization X
CollaborativeCapability
IntellectualBandwidth
Increasing and Leveraging Intellectual BandwidthWith Collaboration & Knowledge Management
Collaboration UnderstandingOrganization X Concerted Information
Level of Understanding
Wisdom
Knowledge
Information
Data
Individual Collective Coordinated Concerted
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Organization X
CollaborativeCapability
IntellectualBandwidth
Increasing and Leveraging Intellectual BandwidthWith Collaboration & Knowledge Management
Collaboration UnderstandingOrganization X Concerted Information Organization Z Individual Knowledge
Level of Understanding
Wisdom
Knowledge
Information
Data
Organization Z
Individual Collective Coordinated Concerted
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Organization X
CollaborativeCapability
IntellectualBandwidth
Increasing and Leveraging Intellectual BandwidthWith Collaboration & Knowledge Management
Collaboration UnderstandingOrganization X Collaborative Information Organization Z Cumulative Knowledge Organization Y Coordinative Data
Levels of Understanding
Wisdom
Knowledge
Information
Data
Organization Z
Organization Y
Individual Collective Coordinated Concerted
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Level of Understanding
Levels of Collaborative Capability
Group Size
5
1015
20
25
Wisdom
Knowledge
Information
Data
Individual Collective Coordinated Concerted
49
Level ofUnderstanding
Level ofCollaborative
Capability
Group Size
Collaboration Understanding SizeOrganization X Concerted Information 27
5
1015
20
25
Organization X
IntellectualBandwidth
Wisdom
Knowledge
Information
Data
Collected Connected Coordinated Concerted
50
Level ofUnderstanding
CollaborativeCapability
Group Size
Collaboration Knowledge Management SizeOrganization X Concerted Information 23Organization Z Individual Knowledge 15
5
1015
20
25
Organization X
IntellectualBandwidth
Wisdom
Knowledge
Information
Data
Organization Z
Individual Collective Coordinated Concerted
51
Level ofUnderstanding
CollaborativeCapability
Group Size
Collaboration Knowledge Management SizeOrganization X Concerted Information 23Organization Z Cumulative Knowledge 15Organization Y Coordinative Data 13
5
15
20
25
Organization X
IntellectualBandwidth
Wisdom
Knowledge
Information
Data
Organization Z
Organization X
10 Individual Collective Coordinative Concerted