what does germany think about europe?

8/2/2019 What does Germany think about Europe?

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H`h lp Xk|`ch Jxà| e Oitxhk`eh Bàe|

ZBd~ nmHy JH\AdEP ~BE dmX~ HX\mH=



dmX~ HIG\

^bh Hx|vhe Ixei`k e G|h`je \hkè "HIG\) y~bh g`|y~ vde!Hx|mvhde ~bèc!~dec% Kdxeibhn è Mi~mlh|<66:+ `~y mlohi~`wh `y ~m imenxi~ |hyhd|ib den v|mam~hègm|ahn nhld~h di|myy Hx|mvh me ~bh nhwhkmvahe~mg imbh|he~+ hgghi~`wh den wdkxhy!ldyhn Hx|mvhdegm|h`je vmkìp%

HIG\ bdy nhwhkmvhn d y~|d~hjp z`~b ~b|hh n`y~èi~`whhkhahe~y ~bd~ nhgèh `~y di~`w`~`hy?

•d ve!Hx|vhe Ixei`k% HIG\ bdy l|mxjb~~mjh~bh| d n`y~èjx`ybhn Imxei`k mg mwh| meh bxen|hnAhalh|y ! vmk`~ì`dey+ nhi`y`me adch|y+ ~bèch|yden lxyèhyy vhmvkh g|ma ~bh HX‐y ahalh| y~d~hyden iden`nd~h imxe~|`hy ! zbìb ahh~y meih d phd|dy d gxkk lmnp% ^b|mxjb jhmj|dvbìdk den ~bhad~ì~dyc gm|ihy+ ahalh|y v|mw`nh HIG\ y~dgg z`~b dnwìhden ghhnldic me vmkìp `nhdy den bhkv z`~b HIG\‐ydi~`w`~`hy z`~bè ~bh`| mze imxe~|`hy% ^bh Imxei`k `yibd`|hn lp Ad|~~` Db~`ydd|`+ Omyibcd G`yibh| den

Adlhk wde M|deoh%

• d vbpìk v|hheih è bh aè HX ahalh| h% HIG\+ xe`txhkp damej Hx|mvhde ~bèc!~decy+bdy mggìhy è Lh|kè+ Kmenme+ Adn|`n+ Vd|`y+ \mahden Ymg`d% @e ~bh gx~x|h HIG\ vkdey ~m mvhe mggìhy èZd|ydz den L|xyyhky% Mx| mggìhy d|h vkd~gm|ay gm||hyhd|ib+ nhld~h+ dnwmidip den imaaxeìd~`mey%

• d `èi`wh |hh|ib e vkìp hwhkvahe v|ih% HIG\ bdy l|mxjb~ ~mjh~bh| d ~hda mg n`y~èjx`ybhn |hyhd|ibh|y den v|di~`~`meh|y g|madkk mwh| Hx|mvh ~m dnwdeih `~y mlohi~`why ~b|mxjb

èemwd~`wh v|mohi~y z`~b d vde!Hx|mvhde gmixy%HIG\‐y di~`w`~`hy èikxnh v|àd|p |hyhd|ib+ vxlkìd~`memg vmkìp |hvm|~y+ v|`wd~h ahh~èjy den vxlkìnhld~hy+ ‒g|`heny mg HIG\‐ jd~bh|èjy è HX idv`~dkyden mx~|hdib ~m y~|d~hjì ahn`d mx~kh~y%

HIG\ `y ldichn lp ~bh Ym|my Gmxend~`mey Eh~zm|c+~bh Yvde`yb gmxend~`me G\@NH "Kd Gxendi`ùe vd|dkdy \hkdi`mehy @e~h|edi`medkhy p hk N`äkmjm Hr~h|`m|)+~bh Lxkjd|`de Imaaxe`~dy Gmxend~`me+ ~bh @~dk`deXeÌ|hn`~ j|mxv den ~bh Y~`g~xej Ah|id~m|% HIG\ zm|cyè vd|~eh|yb`v z`~b m~bh| m|jde`yd~`mey lx~ nmhy em~adch j|de~y ~m èn`w`nxdky m| èy~`~x~`mey%

zzz%hig|%hx



@e~|mnxi~`me

HIMEMA@IY 4% Aìbdhk Zmbkjhax~b

Cde~ zdy em y~ìckh| gm| v|èi`vkhy<% Bhe|`c Henh|khè

Am|h gd`~b è ~bh hx|m

vMK@^@IY9% Ib|`y~`de Yiba`n~

@y Hx|mvh d imaaxe`~p mg gd~h= >% W`mkd wme I|dame

Hx|mvh‐y gx~x|h `y yxy~dèdlkh

KDZ8% Ckdxy Gh|nèden Jî|n`~z den Ib|`y~`de B`kkj|xlh|

Ybmxkn Cd|ky|xbh lh ~bh jxd|n`de mg ~bh Ldyì Kdz=7% Ib|`y~`de Idkk`hyy

Bmz axib mg ~bh Jh|ade imey~`~x~`me ide ~bh HX ~dch=

AHN@D :% Im|ehk`d mkhyib

D vm~vmx||` mg ikìbày2% Ckdxy!N`h~h| G|dechelh|jh|

D|h ~bh ~dlkm`ny |`jb~=

YMI@H^P

0% Ikdxy Khjjh`h^bh pmxej k`ch `~ j|hhe

46% Dkhrdenh| IdaadeeBdvvp Hx|mvh

DG^H\ZM\NOû|jhe Bdlh|adyD vdi~ gm| m| djdèy~ Hx|mvh=

Dlmx~ ~bh dx~bm|yDicemkhnjhahe~y

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D~ g`|y~ jkdeih+ ‛Zbd~ nmhy Jh|adep ~bèc dlmx~ Hx|mvh=‑ a`jb~ yhha d

y~|dejh txhy~`me% Bmzhwh|+ ~ y meh ~bd~ Jh|adep‐y eh`jblmx|y d|h ei|hdyèjkp dycèj ~bhayhkwhy ’ den xenh|y~dendlkp ym% Dg~h| adep phd|y d~ ~bh bhd|~ mg

~bh Hx|mvhde v|mohi~+ Jh|adep yhhay ~m bdwh kmy~ è~h|hy~ è `~% ^bh v|àdip

~bd~ Hx|mvh meih dyyxahn è Jh|ade gm|h`je vmkìp bdy jmeh% Lh|kè emz

immkkp idkixkd~hy ~bh imy~y mg è~hj|d~`me den w`hzy `~y Hx|mvhde gx~x|h z`~b

xe|made~ì yml|`h~p% Emlmnp ~bh|h y~`kk yhhay ~m lhk`hwh è ~bh `nhd mg ‛hwh|

ikmyh| xe`me‑+ dy `~ zdy heyb|èhn è ~bh ^|hd~p mg Addy~|ìb~%

M~bh| Hx|mvhde imxe~|`hy w`hz ~b`y ibdejh mg bhd|~ e ~bh`| a`ny~ z`~b ghhkèjy

~bd~ |dejh g|ma `||`~d~`me ~m imeih|e% Zbd~ nm ~bh Jh|adey zde~= Zbd~ nm

~bhp ~bèc dlmx~ Hx|mvhde e~hj|d~`me= @y ~bh|h dep w`y`me khg~= bh g|xy~|d~`me

z`~b Lh|kè |hdibhn d vhdc è Adp <646+ zbhe bhkv gm| J|hhih zdy djme yèjkp

ykmz ~m ad~h|`dk`yh% Hwh| yèih ~bhe+ Jh|adep bdy lhhe di~èj k`ch ~bh y~|ì~

himemaì ~dycady~h| mg Hx|mvh+ d~~|di~èj xegdwmx|dlkh bhdnkèhy di|myy ~bh

ime~èhe~ è ~bh v|mihyy% Khyy ~bde d phd| dg~h| ~bh J|hhc i|`y`y+ Lh|kè djdè

v|mwmchn lhaxyhahe~ den dejh| lp n`y~deièj `~yhkg vmk`~ìdkkp g|ma `~y

Hx|mvhde "den D~kde~ì) dkk`hy nx|èj ~bh K`lpd i|`y`y% Am|h |hihe~kp y~`kk+ `~y

dl|xv~ dldenmeahe~ mg exikhd| vmzh| dg~h| ~bh Gxcxybàd n`ydy~h| xvyh~ ymah

mg Jh|adep‐y g|`heny% Ahdezb`kh+ Jh|adep‐y |hkd~`mey z`~b ~bh ym!idkkhn L\@I

y~d~hy d|h e~hey`gpèj% Ymah Hx|mvhdey emz ghd| ~bd~ Lh|kè yhhy ~y gx~x|h z`~b

~bh L\@Iy |d~bh| ~bde z`~b L|xyyhky% L|`~`yb b`y~m|`de E`dkk Gh|jxyme |hihe~kp

yxaahn xv d z`nhkp bhkn yhe~àhe~ zbhe bh z|m~h ~bd~+ è ~bh gx~x|h+ vhmvkh

z`kk ydp `~ zdy Jh|adep ~bd~ c`kkhn Hx|mvh%4

Xk|`ch Jxà|m~ den Oditxhkèh Bàed|n

@e~|mnxi~`me

4 E`dkk Gh|jxyme+ ‛Ax|nh| me ~bh HX Hrv|hyy‑+ Ehzyzhhc+ 9 Dv|`k <644+ dwd`kdlkh d~ b~~v?--zzz%ehzyzhhc%ima-<644-6>-69-ax|nh|!me!~bh!hx!hrv|hyy%b~ak% 8



Zbd~ `y a`yyèj da`n ~bh |hi|àèd~`me `y xenh|y~denèj% Oxy~ dy Jh|ade

vmkìpadch|y bdwh gd`khn ~m j|dyv zbp ~bh`| lhbdw`mx| `y dk`hed~èj ~bh`|

Hx|mvhde imxe~h|vd|~y+ Jh|adep‐y eh`jblmx|y nm em~ gxkkp xenh|y~den ~bh

yb`g~èj npedaìy z`~bè ~bd~ imxe~|p ~bd~ d|h xenh|vèeèj nhi`y`mey e Lh|kè%^bh|h bdy lhhe+ dy d |hihe~ HIG\ vmkìp l|`hg d|jxhn+ d ‛n`dkmjxh mg ~bh nhdg‑%<

^bh dà mg ~b`y de~bmkmjp `y ~m l|hdc mx~ mg ~bd~ n`dkmjxh+ den ~m bhkv

mwh|imah ~bh ix||he~+ ax~xdk yheyh mg èimav|hbhey`me lp gdi`k`~d~èj d

lh~~h| xenh|y~denèj mg Jh|adep g|ma ~bh èy`nh mx~% @~ yhhcy ~m hrvkdè zbd~

ix||he~kp am~`wd~hy Jh|adep+ zbd~ `~ ~bècy dlmx~ Hx|mvh den zbp ~bh nhld~h

bdy lhimah ym n`gixk~% ^m nm ~b`y+ zh bdwh l|mxjb~ ~mjh~bh| 44 khdnèj jx|hy

g|ma wd|`mxy ldicj|mxeny+ zbm d~~hav~ ~m hrvkdè ~bh Jh|ade nhld~h dlmx~

Hx|mvh e wh yhi~`mey? himemaìy+ vmk`~ìy+ kdz+ ahn`d den ymi`h~p% @e hdib idyh+ zh zde~hn ~m ~|p ~m l|èj mx~ ~bh gdxk~ kèhy è ~bh nhld~h+ den bdwh ~bh|hgm|h

yhkhi~hn ~zm ime~|`lx~m|y z`~b ime~|dy~èj w`hzy% @e vd|~ìxkd|+ zh bdwh ~|`hn

~m j`wh yvdih lm~b ~m ~bh ehz Hx|myihv~ì wmìhy è Jh|adep den ~m ~bmyh zbm

nhghen ~bh HX den d|jxh ~bd~ Jh|adep bdy lheh~hn g|ma ~bh yèjkh ix||heip%

Mg imx|yh+ Jh|adep `y em~ dkmeh è `~y ibdejèj d~~`~xnhy ~m Hx|mvh% @e ~b`y h|d

mg i|`y`y+ ~bh nhld~h mwh| ~bh imaame v|mohi~ bdy lhimah am|h n`gixk~ è dkk

Hx|mvhde imxe~|`hy+ den ed~`medk`y~ yhe~àhe~y d|h me ~bh |`yh hwh|pzbh|h% Lx~

~bh yb`g~ e Jh|adep y vd|~ìxkd|kp em~hzm|~bp gm| ~zm |hdymey% G`|y~kp+ lhidxyh

mg ~bd~ ed~`me‐y y`h den imeyhtxhe~ himemaì den vmk`~ìdk zh`jb~% Zbd~

Jh|adep ~bècy èhw`~dlkp bdy bxjh imeyhtxheihy gm| Hx|mvh% Yhimenkp+ ~bh

ibdejh `y |had|cdlkh lhidxyh `~ |hv|hyhe~y yxib d nhvd|~x|h g|ma Jh|adep‐y

b`y~m|ìdk dvv|mdib ~m Hx|mvh den `~y mze |mkh z`~bè `~%

Xe~`k |hxeìd~`me+ den zhkk dg~h| `~+ Hx|mvhde è~hj|d~`me zdy hgghi~`whkp vd|~

mg ~bh Ghnh|dk \hvxlkì‐y |d`yme n‐à~d~ % Jh|adep‐y è~h|hy~y mwh|kdvvhn z`~b

~bmyh mg Hx|mvh den v|maèhe~ Jh|ade vmk`~ì`dey n|hdahn mg d Hx|mvhde

ghnh|dk y~d~h% Bmzhwh|+ è |hihe~ phd|y+ Jh|adep bdy èi|hdyèjkp yhhe `~yhkg dy

‛em|adk‑ den+ bdwèj mwh|imah ~bh lx|nhe mg b`y~m|p+ ghk~ `~ ybmxkn lh dlkh ~m

~dkc dlmx~ `~y mze è~h|hy~y ’ dy m~bh| imxe~|`hy nm%

Gxendahe~dk ibdejhy è `~y hr~h|edk |hkd~`mey zh|h zhkk xenh|zdp lhgm|h ~bh

hx|m i|`y`y lhjde% @e gm|h`je vmkìp ~h|ay+ vd|~ì`vd~`me è ~bh 4000 Cmymwm

< Yhh Xk|`ch Jxà|m~ den Ad|c Khmed|n‟ bh Ehz Jh|ade Txhy~`me? Bmz Hx|mvh ide jh~ ~bh Jh|adep ~ ehhny+Hx|mvhde Imxei`k me Gm|h`je \hkd~`mey+ Vmkìp L|`hg+ Adp <644+ dwd`kdlkh d~ b~~v?--zzz%hig|%hx-vdjh-!-HIG\96]JH\ADEP]DZ%vng 7



zd| zdy ~bh |y~ adom| yb`g~ g|ma hy~dlk`ybhn vmy`~`mey+ den ~|`jjh|hn de

àvm|~de~ nhld~h è Jh|adep ~bd~ kèchn |hyvmey`l`k`~p gm| ~bh vdy~ den ~bh

gx~x|h% Jh|adep‐y ED^M vd|~eh|y zhkimahn `~y vd|~ì`vd~`me è ~bh mvh|d~`me

dy d y`jedk ~bd~ Jh|adep zdy dyyxaèj ~bh |hyvmey`l`k`~`hy ~bd~ idah z`~b `~yy`h den himemaì vmzh|%

^bd~ ‛em|adk`yd~`me‑ è gm|h`je vmkìp zdy a`||m|hn è ~bh nmahy~ì yvbh|h%

Dg~h| d nhidnh mg vdyy`med~h è~h|edk nhld~hy me ed~`medk `nhe~`~p den aham|p

vmk`~ìy gmkkmzèj ~bh gdkk mg ~bh Lh|kè Zdkk+ Jh|adep lhjde ~dcèj am|h

nhi`y`mey ldyhn me nmahy~ì imey`nh|d~`mey den `~y jkmldk himemaì è~h|hy~y+

|d~bh| ~bde yxlyxaèj ~bhyh è~h|hy~y è ~bh imaame Hx|mvhde jmmn% Zbhe

~bh edei`dk i|`y`y b`~ è <662 ~bh|hgm|h+ `~ è~hey`hn d |hihe~kp dnmv~hn w`hz

mg Hx|mvh dy d ymx|ih mg lx|nhey den mlk`jd~`mey% ^bh Jh|ade vxlkì yhhahnèi|hdyèjkp ih|~dè ~bd~ ~ zdy nmèj hwh|p~bèj |`jb~ ’ kà`~èj nhl~+ vx|yxèj

dxy~h|`~p den gmixyèj me hrvm|~y ’ den `~ lhidah g|xy~|d~hn lp m~bh|y‐ gd`kx|h

~m lhbdwh yà`kd|kp% @~ dvvd|he~kp miix||hn ~m ghz vhmvkh ~bd~ ~bh Jh|ade

jmwh|eahe~ imxkn lh vd|~ mg ~bh v|mlkha m| ~bd~ Jh|ade ymkx~`mey a`jb~ em~

zm|c è m~bh| imxe~|`hy% Zb`kh Jh|adep‐y Hx|mvhde vd|~eh|y zd`~hn ~m lh

‛ydwhn‑ lp Jh|adep+ Jh|adep hgghi~`whkp zde~hn ~m lh ‛ydwhn‑ g|ma Hx|mvh%9

De mvè`me vmkk imenxi~hn lp ~bh Dkkheyldib @ey~`~x~h è Odexd|p <644 gmxen

~bd~ am|h ~bde 86 vh|ihe~ mg Jh|adey bdwh k`~~kh ~m em gd`~b e ~bh HX+ den mwh|

:6 vh|ihe~ nm em~ yhh Hx|mvh dy ~bh gx~x|h mg Jh|adep ’ d enèj ~bd~ dkamy~

dkk ~bh dx~bm|y è ~b`y imkkhi~`me i`~h%

^m adep è Jh|adep+ `~ `y yàvkp emz lhbdwèj dy m~bh| imxe~|`hy dkzdpy bdwh%

^m `~y i|`~ìy+ bmzhwh|+ Jh|adep bdy kmy~ `~y èeh| imavdyy? `~ em kmejh| cemzy

zbh~bh| `~ ybmxkn lh ‛Hx|mvhde‑ m| jm ~ dkmeh è jkmldk vmk`~ iy% @g `~ k`y~hehn ~m

mx~y`nh wmìhy+ Jh|adep zmxkn bhd| adep imavkdè~y ~bd~ `~ kdicy d y~|d~hjì

w`y`me+ ~bd~ ~|dnh vmkìp bdy lhimah d yxly~`~x~h gm| gm|h`je vmkìp+ den ~bd~ `~

lhbdwhy k`ch d ‛l`j Yz ~h|kden‑ e ~bh a`nnkh mg ~bh ime~èhe~ ey~hdn mg v|mw`nèj

khdnh|yb`v% Gm| Hx|mvh ~m jh~ ~bh Jh|adep `~ ehhny ’ dy `~ axy~+ d~ ~b`y i|`~ìdk

~àh ’ ~bh ~zm y`nhy e ~b`y imewh|yd~`me axy~ y~mv ~dkcèj vdy~ hdib m~bh|% @~ y e

~bd~ yv`|`~ ~bd~ zh vxlk`yb Zbd~ nmhy Jh|adep ~bèc dlmx~ Hx|mvh=

Zh lhjè ~bh wmkxah z`~b ~zm w`hzy mg ~bh hx|m i|`y`y den ~bh himemaì

nàhey`me mg ~bh Jh|ade n`yimx|yh me Hx|mvh% V|`nh è himemaì yxiihyy den

d y~dlkh ix||heip bdwh lhhe ihe~|dk ~m Jh|ade nhe~`~p hwh| yèih ~bh khjhend|p

< @l`n% :



ix||heip |hgm|a mg 40>2% Djdèy~ ~b`y ldicj|mxen+ Aìbdhk Zmbkjhax~b

yvhdcy gm| adep Jh|adey zbhe bh nhgheny Jh|adep‐y èy`y~heih me dxy~h|`~p

den `~y v|èi`vkhn dvv|mdib ~m edei`dk vmkìp+ zbìb bh yhhy dy d amnhk gm| ~bh

|hy~ mg Hx|mvh%Bhe|`c Henh|khè+ me ~bh m~bh| bden+ d|jxhy ~bd~ ~bh hx|m i|`y`y zdy idxyhn em~ lp d kdic mg d ‛y~dl`k`~p ixk~x|h‑ lx~ lp ~bh dzhn d|ib`~hi~x|h

mg ~bh yèjkh ix||heip ’ gm| zbìb i|hn`~m| imxe~|`hy yxib dy Jh|adep zh|h dy

|hyvmey`lkh dy m~bh| ènhl~hn ahalh| y~d~hy% ^bh mekp ymkx~`me+ bh ydpy+ `y ~m

‛nd|h ~m lh am|h Hx|mvhde‑ den e~hj|d~h himemaì vmkìp%

^bh ~zm ime~|`lx~`mey lp vmk`~ì`dey d|h lm~b lp ahalh|y mg ~bh yadkkh| vd|~`hy

~bd~ g|htxhe~kp bmkn chp gm|h`je vmkìp vmy`~`mey è Jh|adep% Ib|`y~`de

Yiba`n~+ zbm `y ix||he~kp vd|k`dahe~d|p yhi|h~d|p mg y~d~h è ~bh nhgheih

aè`y~|p+ y d ahalh| mg ~bh IYX ’ ~bh Ldwd|`de Ib|`y~`de Nhami|d~ vd|~p ~bd~bdy d |hvx~d~`me gm| lhèj Hx|myihv~ì% Bh jmhy ldic ~m ~bh vd|~p‐y m|`jèy dg~h|

~bh hen mg ~bh zd| ~m nhghen ~y d~~`~xnh ~m Hx|mvh den+ k`ch yhwh|dk m~bh| dx~bm|y+

èy`y~y ~bd~ Hx|mvh ehhny ~m nhwhkmv d lh~~h| |hkd~`meyb`v z`~b `~y i`~`hey% Me

~bh m~bh| bden+ W`mkd wme I|dame+ d J|hhe ahalh| mg vd|k`dahe~+ d~~hav~y

~m nhwhkmv d ehz ed||d~`wh gm| Hx|mvh ldyhn me ~bh hew`|meahe~+ ikàd~h

ibdejh den yxy~dèdlkh himemaì nhwhkmvahe~%

^bh ~b`|n yhi~`me vìcy xv ~bh khjdk nhld~h gmkkmzèj ~bh Imey~`~x~`medk Imx|~‐y

ime~|mwh|y`dk wh|nì~ me ~bh K`ylme ^|hd~p è Oxeh <660+ zbìb kà`~hn gx|~bh|

è~hj|d~`me den i|`~ì`yhn ~bh HX‐y ‛nhami|d~ì nhi`~‑% Ckdxy Gh|nèden

Jî|n`~ den Ib|`y~`de B`kkj|xlh| d|jxh è d |hw`yhn den ybm|~hehn wh|y`me

mg de d|~ìkh vxlk`ybhn ybm|~kp dg~h| ~bh wh|nì~ ~bd~ ~bh imx|~ bdn k`~~kh ibmìh

lx~ ~m |hdib ~bh wh|nì~ `~ n`n% Ib|`y~`de Idkk`hyy+ me ~bh m~bh| bden+ `y am|h

i|`~ìdk mg ~bh wh|nì~ è vd|~ìxkd| den mg ~bh ~h|ay mg ~bh khjdk nhld~h mwh|

Hx|mvh è jheh|dk% Bh kdahe~y ~bh ’ dy bh yhhy `~+ dkamy~ ~|djì ’ gmixy mg ~bh

Imey~`~x~`medk Imx|~ me è~h|ed~`medk kdz+ zbìb ~heny ~m vkdp mgg ~bh v|èi`vkh

mg nhami|dip djdèy~ ~bh jmdk mg Hx|mvhde e~hj|d~`me%

Yèih ~bh mx~l|hdc mg ~bh J|hhc i|`y`y+ ~bh ‛gmx|~b hy~d~h‑ bdy vkdphn de

àvm|~de~ den v|mlkhad~ì |mkh è ~bh nhld~h dlmx~ Hx|mvh% Ckdxy!N`h~h|

G|dechelh|jh|+ gm|h`je hn`~m| d~ ~bh imeyh|wd~`wh G|decgx|~h| Dkkjhahèh

_h`~xej+ yxjjhy~y ~bd~ ~bh Jh|ade ~dlkm`n v|hyy hrv|hyyhn d oxy~`hn yheyh mg

dejh| den g|xy~|d~`me dlmx~ ~bh J|hhc i|`y`y è ~bh |y~ bdkg mg <646% Me ~bh

m~bh| bden+ Im|ehk`d Lmkhyib+ zbm `y lm~b d ahn`d yvhi`dk`y~ den d kmej!

~àh L|xyyhky im||hyvmenhe~ gm| ~bh ihe~|h!khg~ Yûnnhx~yibh _h ~xej+ i|`~ì`yhy

~bh zdp ~bd~ Jh|ade ehzyvdvh|y d|h nmaèd~hn lp y~h|hm~pvìdk i|`~ì`yay mg L|xyyhky ~bd~ i|hd~h de àv|hyy`me ~bd~ Hx|mvh `y hgghi~`whkp d ‛gm|h`je vmzh|‑%2



Lmkhyib yxjjhy~y ~bd~ d l`j vd|~ mg ~bh v|mlkha `y d kdic mg imaaxeìd~`me

lh~zhhe L|xyyhky im||hyvmenhe~y den hn`~m|y ldyhn è Jh|adep+ zbm ~hen ~m

bdwh de èyxgi`he~ xenh|y~denèj mg bmz ~bh HX zm|cy%

@g jheh|d~`medk ibdejh `y dkym d l`j vd|~ mg ~bh yb`g~ è d~~`~xnhy è Jh|adep

~mzd|ny Hx|mvh+ zbd~ nm pmxej Jh|adey ~bèc= Ikdxy Khjjhz`h+ d khdnèj

ymi`mkmj`y~ zbm lhkmejy ~m ~bh ym!idkkhn 4072 jheh|d~`me+ d|jxhy ~bd~ pmxej

vhmvkh e Jh|adep nme‐~ d~~dic ~bh HX k`ch ymah ahalh|y mg b`y mze jheh|d~`me

nm+ lx~ dkym ~hen ~m ~dch ~bh HX gm| j|de~hn% @e ~bh 4006y+ Khjjhz`h z|m~h dlmx~

~bh ym!idkkhn 4020 jheh|d~`me ’ è m~bh| zm|ny+ ~bh pmxej Jh|adey zbm zh|h

~hhedjh|y d~ ~bh ~àh mg ~bh gdkk mg ~bh Lh|kè Zdkk% Dkhrdenh| Idaadee `y

d ahalh| mg ~b`y jheh|d~`me+ lx~ j|hz xv è ~bh JN\+ zbìb adp hrvkdè zbp

bh `y em~ tx`~h dy n`y`kkxy`mehn z`~b Hx|mvh dy Khjjhz`h yxjjhy~y ~bh 20h|yjheh|dkkp d|h% Bmzhwh|+ Idaadee dkym |hohi~y ~bh `nhd ~bd~ Hx|mvh `y è i|`y`y

den bh ~bh|hgm|h nmhy em~ yhh ~bh ehhn gm| gx|~bh| è~hj|d~`me%

^bh vb`kmymvbh| Oû|jhe Bdlh|ady ’ zbm bdy kmej lhhe d yxvvm|~h| mg

gx|~bh| Hx|mvhde è~hj|d~`me ! imeikxnhy ~b`y imkkhi~`me z`~b de dedkpy`y mg

~bh n`khaad Hx|mvh gdihy gmkkmzèj ~bh hx|m i|`y`y% @e ~b`y hyydp+ ldyhn me d

yvhhib bh jdwh e Lh|kè e Dv|`k+ bh d|jxhy ~bd~ ~bh yh|`hy mg ahdyx|hy ~dche lp

hx|mmeh jmwh|eahe~y nx|èj ~bh kdy~ phd| ~m imm|nèd~h himemaì vmkìp |`ycy

hrdih|ld~èj ~bh nhami|d~ì nhi`~ g|ma zbìb ~bh HX dk|hdnp yxggh|y% ‛^bh

v|mihyy mg Hx|mvhde è~hj|d~`me+ zbìb bdy dkzdpy ~dche vkdih mwh| ~bh bhdny

mg ~bh vmvxkd~`me+ bdy emz |hdibhn d nhdn hen‑+ bh z|`~hy% Bdlh|ady idkky gm|

d ‛ehz vdi~‑ ~m g|dah d ehihyyd|p yb`g~ ~mzd|ny vmk`~ìdk xe`me den ymah ym|~

mg yidk he~`~p% @e b`y imeikxy`me+ bh |haèny xy ~bd~+ è ~bh k`jb~ mg ehz jkmldk

ibdkkhejhy+ Hx|mvh è~hj|d~`me `y em~ mekp d ehihyy`~p lx~ adp dkym lh d aèm|

hrh|i`yh imavd|hn ~m ~bh ~dyc mg i|hd~èj d ehz ypy~ha mg jkmldk jmwh|edeih%

^b`y hyydp imkkhi~`me adchy em ikdà ~m imav|hbhey`whehyy% Lx~ zh bmvh `~

z`kk j`wh |hdnh|y d jkàvyh mg ~bh imavkhr nhld~h è Jh|adep dlmx~ Hx|mvh

den mggh| bè~y dlmx~ ~bh nmahy~ì v|hyyx|hy ~bd~ d|h gm|ièj Jh|ade gm|h`je

vmkìp ~m hwmkwh% bh hyydpy nm em~ yxjjhy~ ~bd~ Jh|adep y dldenmeèj Hx|mvh

gm| de dk~h|ed~`wh gx~x|h z`~b ~bh L\@Iy ’ è gdi~+ ~bh|h `y em~ d yèjkh ahe~`me

mg Ibèd+ me zbìb Jh|ade hrvm|~h|y d|h èi|hdyèjkp gmixyhn% Lx~ ~bhp nm

yxjjhy~ ~bd~+ <6 phd|y dg~h| |hxeìd~`me+ Jh|adep `y |hnheèj `~y vmy`~`me

è Hx|mvh% Zh bmvh ~bd~+ lp ime~|`lx~èj ~m d lh~~h| xenh|y~denèj mg nhld~hy

dlmx~ Hx|mvh è Jh|adep+ ~b`y imkkhi~`me z`kk bhkv ~bh |hy~ mg Hx|mvh ~m bhkv

Jh|adep ~m nm ym%0



HIMEMA@IY



~bde è m~bh| Hx|mvhde imxe~|`hy+ ~bh|h `y de xenh|kpèj yxyvì`me ~bd~ bdjjkèj

è L|xyyhky khdny ~m d imkkhi~`wh kdic mg |hyvmey`l`k`~p m| d imeyheyxy gm| zbìb

m~bh|y bdwh ~m vdp% Mg~he+ ~‐y ~bh Jh|adey ’ zbmyh |mkh dy ‛vdpady~h| mg Hx|mvh‑

`y ~b|hd~heèj ~m hrvden me de xev|hihnhe~hn yidkh ’ zbm bdwh ~m vdp% D~ ~bhydah ~àh+ gm|ah| ibdeihkkm| Bhkax~ Cmbk‐y `nhd mg Hx|mvh dy d ad~~h| mg zd|

den vhdih bdy khyy den khyy ~|di~`me% Jh|adep‐y vmy~!zd| jheh|d~`me ~bècy

v|djad~ìdkkp lx~ dkym id~hjm|ìdkkp% K`ch bh| v|hnhihyym|y+ Ibdeihkkm| Dejhkd

Ah|chk `y vd|~ mg d ~|dn`~`me mg am|h |hihe~ Jh|ade ~bmxjb~ den di~`me ~bd~

ihe~|hy me ~h|ay yxib dy ‛|hjxkd~m|p vmkìp‑ den ‛ymi`dk ad|ch~ himemap‑%

^bh ymi`dk ad|ch~ himemap den Hx|mvhde è~hj|d~`me

^bh ‛ymi`dk ad|ch~ himemap‑ ide lh v|hi`yhkp ~|dihn ~m ~bh imeoxei~x|h mg

ameh~d|p |hgm|a den v|ìh nh|hjxkd~`me me 40 Oxeh 40>2% @~ `y ~bxy meh phd| mknh|

~bde ~bh Jh|ade Ldyì Kdz "40>0) den eèh phd|y mknh| ~bde ~bh ^|hd~p mg \mah

"408:)% @~ zdy em~ xe~`k ~bh |hd~p mg K`ylme ~bd~ ~bh ‛ymi`dk ad|ch~ himemap‑ zdy

hrvkì`~kp n`je`hn dy d jmdk mg ~bh HX "è D|~ìkh 9) ’ d khjdk y~d~xy `~ zdy ehwh|

diim|nhn è ~bh Jh|ade imey~`~x~`me% Bmzhwh|+ `~ zmxkn lh v|had~x|h ènhhn ~m

è~h|v|h~ ~b`y dy ~bh ~|`xavb mg ~bh ‛ymi`dk ad|ch~ himemap‑ è Hx|mvh% ^bh vdy~

ghz nhidnhy mg Hx|mvhde e~hj|d~`me bdwh lhhe de dal`wdkhe~ dib`hwhahe~ g|ma

~bh vh|yvhi~`wh mg Jh|ade |hjxkd~m|p vmkìp%

@g Kxnz`j H|bd|n+ ~bh gd~bh| mg ~bh ymi`dk ad|ch~ himemap+ bdn bdn b`y zdp+

Jh|adep zmxkn em~ bdwh hwhe y`jehn ~bh |hd~p mg \mah% H|bd|n zdy bm||`hn lp

~bh ~bmxjb~ mg d Hx|mvhde himemaì imaaxe`~p imey`y~èj mg oxy~ y`r ahalh|y+

den zdy eyv`|hn lp ~bh G|heib nhy`|h ~m zdkk mgg ~bh imaaxe`~p g|ma ~bh mx~y`nh

den ~m v|mam~h ypy~had~ì ymi`dk den ènxy~|`dk vmkìp g|ma ~bh èy`nh% H|bd|n‐y

w`y`me zdy mg d g|hh!~|dnh meh z`~b imewh|~`lkh ix||hei`hy den g|hhnma mg

amwhahe~ gm| vhmvkh+ jmmny+ yh|wìhy den idv`~dk% B`y jmdk zdy d g|hh ad|ch~ gm|

~bh g|hh Zhy~+ eikxnèj J|hd~ L|`~dè den Em|~b Dah|ìd `g d~ dkk vmyy`lkh% Cme|dn

Dnhedxh| ydz ~b y dy d yexl ~m |himei k`d~`me z`~b G|deih den e 4080 v|mb`l ~hn

H|bd|n g|ma wmìèj dep gx|~bh| i|`~ì`ya mg ~bh Hx|mvhde Himemaì Imaaxe`~p%

Lx~ H|bd|n zdy em~ meh gm| dwm`nèj ime~|mwh|yp% @e 407< bh zbmkhbhd|~hnkp

n`ya`yyhn ~bh Hx|mvhde Imaa`yy`me‐y v|mvmydk gm| d gd|!|hdibèj ‛gxy`me mg

vmkì`hy‑ dy ‛v|à`~`wh vkdeìd~`me%‑

H|bd|n‐y jkmmap v|hnì~`mey bdwh lhhe vd|~kp imeg`|ahn den dkym vd|~kp

ime~|dnì~hn lp hwhe~y% ^bh ditx`y imaaxedx~d`|h ’ ~bh 466+666 vdjhy mg |xkhy den |hjxkd~`mey gm| HX!z`nh lènèj y~dend|ny den de HX lxnjh~+ ~bh wdy~ 4>



adom|`~p mg zbìb `y nhwm~hn ~m vkdeehn himemaì ahdyx|hy ’ adp bdwh hwhe

hrihhnhn H|bd|n‐y ghd|y% Me ~bh m~bh| bden+ H|bd|n imxkn bd|nkp bdwh àdjèhn

~bd~ v|èi`vkhy yxib dy g|hh den xen`y~m|~hn imavh~`~`me+ ~bh ldeeèj mg y~d~h

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mg Hx|mvhde kdz ~bd~ bdwh g|htxhe~kp lhhe am|h imey`y~he~kp hegm|ihn lp ~bh

Hx|mvhde Imaa`yy`me den ~bh Hx|mvhde Imx|~ mg Oxy~ìh "HIO) ~bde zmxkn

v|mldlkp bdwh lhhe ~bh idyh hwhe e d imxe~|p k`ch Jh|adep% Am|hmwh|+ ~ zdy mekp

~b|mxjb ~bh nh~mx| mg Hx|mvhde è~hj|d~`me ~bd~ ahalh| y~d~hy zh|h vh|yxdnhn

~m lhjè l|hdcèj xv ~bh`| "y~d~h) amemvmk`hy è ~bh ~hkhimaaxeìd~`mey+ heh|jp

x~`k`~p+ ldecèj den |mdn ~|deyvm|~ yhi~m|y%

\hjxkd~m|p vmkìp `y am|h hgghi~`whkp mwh|yhhe lp ènhvhenhe~ èy~`~x~`mey ~bd~nm em~ bdwh ~m imey`nh| jmdky m| vd|~p vmk`~ìdk n`yvx~hy% ^bxy+ ameh~d|p vmkìp

den imavh~`~`wh ad|ch~ vmkìp zh|h è lh~~h| bdeny zbhe ~bhp zh|h |hjxkd~hn

lp ~bh Lxenhyldec den ~bh Jh|ade Ghnh|dk Id|~hk Mgih ~bde lp ~bh vd|k`dahe~

m| jmwh|eahe~ aè`y~|`hy% ^bhyh imavh~hei`hy bdwh emz gm| ~bh amy~ vd|~ lhhe

‛Hx|mvhde`yhn‑% Lx~ èy~`~x~`mey yxib dy ~bh Hx|mvhde Imaa`yy`me den ~bh HIO

bdwh lhhe dlkh ~m vx|yxh de mvhe ad|ch~ vmkìp den d ameh~d|p vmkìp am|h

hgghi~`whkp ~bde Hx|mvh‐y ed~`medk jmwh|eahe~y den vd|k`dahe~y em~ ym axib è

yv`~h mg dy lhidxyh mg ~bh`| ‛nhami|d~ì nhi`~‑%

Zb kh ~bh ^|hd~p mg \mah zdy imeikxnhn xenh| d \dzky`de ‛wh k mg `jem|deih‑+

~bd~ wh`k ybmxkn bdwh kmej yèih k`g~hn% ^bh wh`k mg `jem|deih "zh nm em~ cemz mx|

gx~x|h y~|hej~by) ybmxkn lh |hvkdihn lp d imeyi`mxy imaa`~ahe~ "zh d|h dk|hdnp

dzd|h mg mx| zhdcehyyhy) ~m i|hd~h mvvm|~xe`~`hy gm| Hx|mvhde |hjxkd~m|p vmkìp%

Zbh~bh| ~bh ix||he~ i|`y`y |hv|hyhe~y d cd`|my+ m| mvvm|~xeh amahe~ ~m adch

d j|mxenl|hdcèj nhi`y`me+ `y nhld~dlkh% Bmzhwh|+ Hx|mvh zmxkn nm zhkk |`jb~

emz ~m gmkkmz ~bh hrdavkh mg d z`kp den yxiihyygxk J|hhc ’ Mnpyyhxy ’ zbm cehz

bh zmxkn khdn bàyhkg den b`y ghkkmz ~|dwhkkh|y ~m ~bh`| nmma `g bh yxiixalhn

~m ~bh ~hav~d~`mey mg ~bh amahe~% Imaa`~ahe~ ~m ~bh vmk`~ìdk v|mihyy ahdey

vmk`~ì`dey axy~ dkkmz ~bh`| lmd~y ~m lh ~`hn ~m khjdk "imey~`~x~`medk) ady~y ~bd~ hr

de~h v|mb`l`~ ~bha g|ma j`wèj e ~m ~hav~d~`mey m| d~ khdy~ adch ~bha vdp nhd|kp

gm| ~% Mekp ~bmyh zbm bdwh ~m ydp ‛em‑ d|h dlkh ~m ydp ‛em‑%

^b`y kmjì zdy lhbèn ~bh Jh|ade ‛nhl~ l|dch‑ "~bh ikdxyh è Jh|adep‐y

imey~`~x~`me ~bd~ |htx`|hy ~bh ghnh|dk jmwh|eahe~ ~m |hnxih `~y y~|xi~x|dk nhi`~

g|ma ~bh ix||he~ khwhk mg dlmx~ ₫:6 l`kk`me ~m ₫46 l`kk`me lp <647)% @~ adp yhha

vd|dnmrìdk ~bd~ è yxib ~bèjy dy ameh~d|p y~dl`k`~p+ lxnjh~ n`yi`vkèh+ gd`|imavh~`~`me den g|hh ~|dnh+ ~bh e~h|hy~y mg ~bh jheh|dk vxlkì bdwh ~m lh v|m~hi~hn 48



Bhe|`c Henh|khè

Am|h gd`~b è ~bh hx|m< <

^bh i|`y`y mg yv|èj <646 |hkhe~khyykp hrvmyhn ~bh nhy`je gdxk~y mg ameh~d|p xe`me% Adep HX ahalh| y~d~hy ~bd~ zde~ d imaame ix||heip d|h d~ ~bh

ydah ~àh xez`kkèj ~m diihv~ dep è~h|edk y~dl`k`yd~`me ahibde`yay m| gd|!

|hdibèj imm|nèd~`me mg ~bh`| edeih vmkì`hy% ^b`y bdy v|mwhn ~m lh kd|jhkp

xezm|cdlkh ’ v|àd|`kp em~ dy d |hyxk~ mg ~bh a`yjx`nhn vmkì`hy mg èn`w`nxdk

ahalh| y~d~hy lx~ lhidxyh mg ~bh hr`y~èj d|ib`~hi~x|h mg ~bh hx|mmeh% Gm|+

zb`kh ymah èn`w`nxdk imxe~|`hy n`n em~ y~ìc ~m ~bh dj|hhn |xkhy+ ~bhp d|h em~

~bh mekp imxe~|`hy emz imey`nh|hn ~m lh ~bh zhdc yvm~y mg ~bh hx|mmeh% Gm|

hrdavkh+ Yvdè den @|hkden |hyvhi~hn ~bh |xkhy mg ~bh J|mz~b den Y~dl`k`~p Vdi~

v|`m| ~m ~bh i|`y`y+ lx~ ~bh yvm~k`jb~ y emz yxnnhekp me ~bha dy ~bh ‛nhl~!|`nnhe

imxe~|`hy‑%

Imxe~|`hy yxib dy Jh|adep+ Dxy~|`d+ G|deih den ~bh Eh~bh|kdeny+ me ~bh m~bh|

bden+ bdwh gd`khn ~m ybmz |hyvhi~ gm| ~bh |xkhy è ~bh vdy~+ ph~ d|h emz damej

~bh ‛y~dlkh imxe~|`hy‑ mg ~bh hx|mmeh% ^bh dlmwh k`y~ ybmzy ~bd~ ~bh kdic mg d

‛y~dl`k`~p ixk~x|h‑ ~bd~ y mg~he kdahe~hn lp Jh|adep e vd|~ìxkd| ideem~ lh ~bh

mekp hrvkded~`me gm| ~bh i|`y`y% Em| z`kk ~bh ~`jb~heèj mg y~dl`k`~p |xkhy ~bd~ `y

ix||he~kp lhèj nhld~hn lh yxgi`he~ ~m v|hwhe~ yà`kd| n`ydy~h|y e ~bh gx~x|h% @~

`y gd| am|h àvm|~de~ ~m |himje`yh ~bd~ ~bh d|ib`~hi~x|h mg ~bh hx|mmeh `~yhkg `y

|hyvmey`lkh gm| ~bh ix||he~ ey~dl`k`~p% Dep deyzh|y ~m ~bh i|`y`y ybmxkn ~bh|hgm|h

y~d|~ z`~b d ikmyh hrdaèd~`me mg ~bh lx`knèj‐y mwh|dkk y~|xi~x|h |d~bh| ~bde ~bh

kmid~`me mg ~bh yamch nh~hi~m|y%

@e |h~|myvhi~+ `~ `y ikhd| ~bd~ ~bh è~|mnxi~`me mg d imaame ix||heip zdy kèchn

~m ~bh kkxy`me ~bd~ ~ zmxkn lh ~bh hen vmè~ mg himemaì e~hj|d~`me e Hx|mvh%

< ^b`y `y d yk`jb~kp |hw`yhn wh|y`me mg d ~hr~ ~bd~ dvvhd|hn è Dxy Vmk`~ c xen _h ~jhyibìb~h+ ><-<646+ <8 Mi~mlh| <646% 40



Hwhe ~bmxjb j|hd~h| imm|nèd~`me mg himemaì vmkìp zdy me ~bh djhend djdè

den djdè è ~bh vdy~ nhidnh+ ~bh i|xi`dk y~hvy zh|h ehwh| ~dche% Hx|mvh ikxej

~m ~bh gdkkdip ~bd~ d imaame ix||heip meh imxkn zm|c z`~bmx~ è~hj|d~èj

himemaì vmkìp% Himemaì vmkìpadch|y zh|h bdvvp ~m khwh|djh ~bh lheh~ymg d imaame ix||heip den `jem|h ~bh mlk`jd~`mey% \hwh|~èj ~m mx| ed~`medk

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z`kk dkym i|hd~h v|mlkhay+ lx~ ~bh imy~ mg nmèj ym ybmxkn me em diimxe~ ~hav~

xy ~m ohmvd|n`yh ~bh zbmkh Hx|mvhde v|mohi~%

^bh ld`kmx~

Zbd~ bdvvhehn nx|èj ~bh g`|y~ 46 phd|y mg ameh~d|p xe`me= ^bh amy~àvm|~de~ mlyh|wd~`me v|mldlkp |hkd~hy ~m ~bh j|mz~b den èd~`me ~henhei`hy+

zbìb d|h ybd|vkp n`wh|jèj ~|heny% bh Hx|mvhde Ihe~|dk Ldec "HIL) yh~y meh

è~h|hy~ |d~h ~bd~ |hhi~y ~bh dwh|djh mg ~bh hx|mmeh% Gm| dkk mg ~bmyh ahalh|

y~d~hy zbmyh ipikìdk vmy`~`me nhw`d~hy g|ma ~bh dwh|djh mg ~bh hx|mmeh+ yxib

d ameh~d|p vmkìp `y ~bxy èdvv|mv|`d~h% Mwh| ~àh+ ~zm lkmiy bdwh j|dnxdkkp

gm|ahn? d kmz!èd~`me lkmi z`~b b`jb |hdk è~h|hy~ |d~hy den d ~henheip ~mzd|ny

kmzh| j|mz~b den havkmpahe~ |d~hy ’ em~dlkp Jh|adep ’ den dem~bh| lkmi

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den dkamy~ gxkk havkmpahe~ ’ yxib dy Yvdè+ @|hkden den Vm|~xjdk den+ ~m ymah

hr~he~+ J|hhih dy zhkk% ^bh HIL adchy ~bh |`jb~ ameh~d|p vmkìp gm| d imxe~|p

è ~bh a`nnkh ~bd~ yàvkp nmhy em~ hr`y~% @~ ideem~ l|èj ~bhyh ~zm mvvmyèj

lkmiy ~mjh~bh|%

@~ y mekp d bmv+ y~hv den d oxav g|ma yxib ipikìdk n`yvd|`~`hy e ~bh hx|mmeh ~m

~bh i|hn`~ i|`y`y% Zbhe ~bh himemaì lmma vbdyh è ~bh b`jb!j|mz~b imxe~|`hy

yxnnhekp |hwh|yhn è~m d |hihyy`me+ ~bh imxe~|`hy imeih|ehn gmxen ~bhayhkwhy

imeg|me~hn z`~b d |hedeièj ibdkkhejh ~bd~ zdy v|di~ìdkkp èyx|amxe~dlkh%

^dch Yvdè den @|hkden% Dk~bmxjb ~bh nhl~ txm~d mg lm~b imxe~|`hy dy d

vh|ihe~djh mg JNV v|`m| ~m ~bh i|`y`y zdy y`jeìde~kp lhkmz ~bh adràxa

~b|hybmkn mg ~bh HX jx`nhkèhy+ ~bhyh imxe~|`hy+ nxh ~m ybd|vkp nhikèèj

j|mz~b |d~hy+ zh|h dkamy~ èidvdlkh mg bdenkèj ~bh`| mze nhl~ lx|nhe "è lm~b

idyhy v|àd|`kp nxh ~m ~bh ldecèj ypy~ha)% ^bh edei`dk ad|ch~y |hyvmenhn

~m ~b`y v|mlkha lp àahn`d~hkp ibd|jèj hwhe b`jbh| è~h|hy~ |d~hy% ^bd~ yh~

d ndejh|mxy è~h|hy~!nhi`~ yv`|dk è am~`me% D yà`kd| yihed|`m dvvk`hy ~m

@~dkp den Vm|~xjdk ~mm ’ hwhe `g lm~b zh|h dk|hdnp y~|xjjkèj z`~b lxnjh~d|p

imeymk`nd~`me den ~bh Hx|mvhde Imaa`yy`me bdn èy~`jd~hn nhi`~ v|mihhnèjydjdèy~ lm~b imxe~|`hy kmej lhgm|h ~bh i|`y`y lhjde%<6



J|hhih y ymah~bèj mg d yvhi`dk idyh% @~y nhl~ khwhk bdn |hdibhn |him|n Hx|mvhde

v|mvm|~`mey hwhe lhgm|h ~bh ed~`medk nhl~ i|`y`y miix||hn% ^bh gdkyh y~d~hahe~y

adnh dlmx~ `~y lxnjh~d|p vmy`~`me mekp èi|hdyhn ~bh nhj|hh mg yihv~ì`ya

dk|hdnp khwhkkhn d~ J|hhc himemaì vmkìp% @~ `y ~bh|hgm|h em zmenh| ~bd~J|hhc jmwh|eahe~ lmeny y~hdn`kp n|mvvhn è wdkxh g|ma ~bh ~x|e mg ~bh phd|

<660-<646 den `~y è~h|hy~ lx|nhe |myh ym |dv`nkp z`~bè d wh|p ybm|~ yvdih mg

~àh e ~bh yv|èj mg <646% @e w`hz mg ~b`y+ ~ zmxkn bdwh lhhe vh|ghi~kp oxy~`dlkh

~m ~|hd~ J|hhih dy d yvhi`dk idyh lhgm|h ~bh di~xdk i|`y`y hwhe l|mch% Dk~bmxjb `~

`y vmè~khyy ~m yvhixkd~h è |h~|myvhi~+ d wh|p hd|kp den txìc |hy~|xi~x|èj mg

J|hhc ed~`medk nhl~ dy gd| ldic dy Ghl|xd|p m| Ad|ib <646 zmxkn v|mldlkp

bdwh bhkvhn ~m y~dl`k`yh ~bh he~`|h hx|mmeh% Lp ~bh ~àh v|hyyx|h me ~bh hx|m

bdn y`jeìde~kp èi|hdyhn è kd~h Ad|ib den ~bh J|hhc ed~`medk nhl~ v|mlkha

bdn ~b|hd~hehn ~m am|vb è~m Hx|mvhde z`kn|h+ d ld`kmx~ mg ~bh imxe~|p zdyèhw`~dlkh% Lx~ lhidxyh ~bh |hyixh vdicdjh zdy mekp lhj|xnjèjkp deemxeihn

den àvkhahe~hn+ d zdwh mg yvhixkd~`me ~bhe yzhv~ è+ ~m ~bh nh~|àhe~ mg

gm|ah| j|mz~b imxe~|`hy%

^bh hx|mmeh ~bhe bdn ~zm mv~`mey? h`~bh| diihv~ ~bh ehw`~dlkh y~d~h ldec|xv~ip

em~ mekp mg J|hhih lx~ dkym mg Yvdè+ Vm|~xjdk den @|hkden ’ den vmyy`lkp hwhe

@~dkp ’ ~bxy vx~~èj ~bh yx|w`wdk mg ~bh hx|m d~ |`yc+ m| |hkdr ~bh ‛em ld`kmx~‑

ikdxyh+ d ihe~|dk hkhahe~ mg ~bh Addy~|ìb~ ^|hd~p ~bd~ y~mvvhn ~bh HX m|

èn`w`nxdk y~d~hy lhimaèj k`dlkh gm| ~bh ed~`medk nhl~ mg m~bh| y~d~hy% G|ma de

himemaì vh|yvhi~`wh+ ~bh adom| |hyixh vdicdjh dj|hhn è Adp <646 zdy ~bh

|`jb~ y`jedk d~ ~bh |`jb~ ~àh% bh imalèd~`me mg d ~m~dk mg ₫:86 l`kk`me ’ d yxa

~bd~+ hwhe gm| idv`~dk ad|ch~ vd|~ì`vde~y+ yhhahn xeàdjèdlkp b`jb ’ den de

mvhekp deemxeihn lx~ gx|~`whkp àvkhahe~hn ad|ch~ y~dl`k`yd~`me ahibde`ya

~b|mxjb ~bh n`|hi~ è~h|whe~`me mg ~bh HIL dib`hwhn ~bh nhy`|hn hgghi~%

^bh ld`kmx~ imxkn lh nhyi|`lhn dy ~bh kd|jhy~!hwh| ‛dkk!è‑% @g ~bèjy jm zhkk+

~bhp z`kk jm |hdkkp zhkk% Lx~ `g ~bhp gd`k+ ~bh hx|m imxkn lhimah b`y~m|p% Ym gd|+

~bh nh~h||he~ gdi~m| bdy zm|chn+ em~ khdy~ lhidxyh ~bh ‛dkk!è‑ `y emz |akp

heyb|èhn è ~bh HX ^|hd~p% Bmzhwh|+ ~b`y khdwhy xy z`~b ~zm txhy~`mey% G`|y~+

bdy ~bh i|`y`y lhhe dwh|~hn è ~bh ahn`xa ~h|a= Yhimen+ bmz z`kk ~bh y~|xi~x|dk

v|mlkhay mg ~bh imaame ix||heip meh lh |hymkwhn=

Am|h Hx|mvh

^bh J|hhc ld`kmx~ den ~bh |hyixh vdicdjh zh|h ~bh im||hi~ ybm|~!~h|a |hyvmeyhnx|èj ~bh dix~h vbdyh mg ~bh i|`y`y è ~bh yv|èj mg <646% Lx~ ~bhp n`n em~ ymkwh <4



~bh ahn`xa! ~m kmej!~h|a v|mlkha% G`|y~kp+ `~ `y em~ ikhd| ~bd~ ~bh|h bdy ~m lh d

|hy~|xi~x|èj mg J|hhc ed~`medk nhl~ dg~h| dkk% Yhimenkp+ ~bh|h y em ih|~dè~p ~bd~

~bh gxeny deemxeihn dy vd|~ mg ~bh HX |hyixh vdicdjh z`kk lh adnh dwd`kdlkh+ dy

`y ix||he~kp vkdeehn+ g ~bh|h y d gx|~bh| yh~ldic e ~bh edei`dk ad|ch~ y`~xd~`me%^b`|nkp+ `~ ideem~ lh dyyxahn ~bd~ ~bh hx|mmeh d|ib`~hi~x|h nhyi|`lhn dlmwh

z`kk lh dep am|h y~dlkh e ~bh imaèj phd|y ~bde è ~bh vdy~ nhidnh%

Zbd~ dk~h|ed~`why d|h ~bh|h= Eh`~bh| ~bh n`yymkx~`me mg ameh~d|p xe`me em| ~bh

z`~bn|dzdk mg èn`w`nxdk imxe~|`hy `y de mv~`me% Ym |hdkkp ~bh mekp dk~h|ed~`wh

khg~ `y ~m ~dch ~bh lxkk lp ~bh bm|ey% ^bh deyzh| ~m ~bh hx|mmeh i|`y`y axy~ lh?

am|h Hx|mvh%

\hwh|~èj ~m ed~`medk ix||hei`hy zmxkn lh himemaì yxì`nh% ^b`y dvvk`hy ~m dkkhx|mmeh imxe~|`hy% ^bh |h!è~|mnxi~`me mg ~bh n|dibad+ gm| èy~deih+ zmxkn

em~ dk~h| ~bh ed~`medk nhl~ mg J|hhih meh `m~d+ zbìb zmxkn ime~èxh ~m hr`y~

è hx|my den j|mz hwhe l`jjh|% Hwhe ym axib dy d nhld~h dlmx~ ~bh hr`~ mg

èn`w`nxdk imxe~|`hy zmxkn khdn ~m adyy`wh v|mlkhay gm| Hx|mvhde edei`dk

den idv`~dk ad|ch~y ’ hyvhi`dkkp è ~bh imxe~|`hy imeih|ehn% Xe~`k ~bh ix||heip

di~xdkkp ibdejhn+ ~bh hx|m zmxkn |hadè dwd`kdlkh è ~bh dgghi~hn imxe~|p+ den

dg~h|zd|ny `~ zmxkn ime~èxh ~m lh khjdk ~henh| è ~bh |hy~ mg ~bh hx|mmeh% ^bh

èbdl`~de~y mg dep imxe~|p ~bd~ zde~hn ~m |hwh|~ ~m `~y gm|ah| ix||heip zmxkn

bdwh ~m ikmyh ~bh`| ydwèjy diimxe~y z`~bè d wh|p ybm|~ yvdih mg ~àh den

~dch ~bh`| ydwèjy bmah z`~b ~bha è idyb% ^bh |xe me ~bh ed~`medk ldecèj

ypy~ha zmxkn èhw`~dlkp khdn ~m d imkkdvyh% G|ma d khjdk vh|yvhi~`wh ~mm+ yxib

d ‛ymkx~`me‑ zmxkn v|mldlkp lh àvmyy`lkh% Ameh~d|p xe`me zdy yvhiìdkkp

nhy`jehn ~m y~mv idv`~dk lhèj d~~|`lx~dlkh ~m d yèjkh imxe~|p% Zbìb ix||he~

hx|m nhl~y zmxkn ~bhe lh imewh|~hn è~m n|dibad nhl~y= Zbìb dyyh~y zmxkn

lh hx|m dyyh~y= @~ yhhay dkamy~ àvmyy`lkh ~m imah xv z`~b d khjdk deyzh| ~m

yxib txhy~`mey% Dy gd| dy bd|n idyb `y imeih|ehn+ dep yxib n`y~èi~`me zmxkn

nhe`~hkp lh mx~ mg ~bh txhy~`me%

^b`y ahdey ~bh mekp mv~`me khg~ gm| Hx|mvh `y ~m ~dch ~bh lxkk lp ~bh bm|ey% ^bh

z`nhkp bhkn w`hz ~m nd~h ~bd~ d imaame ix||heip meh imxkn hr`y~ z`~bmx~

imaame himemaì vmkì`hy bdy v|mwhn ~m lh d gdkkdip% @g Hx|mvh zde~y ~m dwm`n

n`ydy~h|y k`ch ~bmyh mg <646 è ~bh gx~x|h+ ~bh Hx|mvhde dyvhi~ mg himemaì

vmkìp axy~ lh yxly~de~`dkkp y~|hej~bhehn% b`y dvvk`hy |y~ den gm|hamy~ ~m ~bh

Hx|mvhde Imaa`yy`me%

^bh Hx|mvhde Imaa`yy`me axy~ lh y~|hej~bhehn ~m lhimah d jhexèhjmwh|edeih d|a mg ed~`medk himemaì vmkì`hy% @ey~hdn mg imeihe~|d~èj me<<



nhi`~ den nhl~ jx|hy+ `~ axy~ dyyhyy ~bh himemaì vmkì`hy mg ahalh| y~d~hy

g|ma d axib z`nh| vh|yvhi~`wh den èikxnh è `~y nhk`lh|d~`mey yxib wd|`dlkhy

dy ~dr |hwhexh+ imeyxav~`me |d~hy+ ydwèjy |d~hy+ gm|h`je ~|dnh den ~bh kdlmx|

ad|ch~% Bmzhwh|+ ~b`y z`kk mekp zm|c `g ~bh imaa`yy`me |h~x|ey ~m lhèj deènhvhenhe~ vmk`~ìdk lmnp den ~dchy `~y vmk`~ìdk ~dycy yh|`mxykp% "@ei`nhe~dkkp+

em ~|hd~p ibdejh zmxkn lh |htx`|hn gm| yxib d |hdk`jeahe~ mg ~bh |mkh mg

~bh Hx|mvhde Imaa`yy`me% D|~ìkh 4<4 mg ~bh HX ^|hd~p dk|hdnp hew`ydjhy

z`nhyv|hdn ame`~m|èj mg ~bh himemaì vmkì`hy mg ahalh| y~d~hy lp ~bh

imaa`yy`me% @~ bdy yàvkp ibmyhe em~ ~m adch hemxjb xyh mg ~bhyh mv~`mey è

~bh vdy~%)

Dy de dy`nh+ depmeh zbm ~bècy ~bd~ xk~àd~hkp mekp ed~`medk e~h|hy~y hwh| v|hwd`k

è Hx|mvh den ~bh Hx|mvhde yvbh|h `y `||hkhwde~ `y tx`~h a`y~dche% @g ed~`medkjmwh|eahe~y mekp hwh| vx|yxhn ~bh`| y~|ì~ ed~`medk è~h|hy~y+ zh zmxkn ehwh|

bdwh hrvh|`heihn ~bh Hx|mvhde e~hj|d~`me v|mihyy e ~bh |y~ vkdih% Hx|mvh bdy

nhamey~|d~hn `~y y~|hej~b ~àh den ~àh djdè den ibdav`mehn nhwhkmvahe~y

~bd~ emlmnp ydz imaèj% Hwhe è ~bh a`n!4026y+ ~bh hx|m zdy de xe~bècdlkh

em~`me% Bmzhwh|+ `~ `y em~ d ad~~h| mg j`wèj ~bh Hx|mvhde Imaa`yy`me |`jb~y

mwh| ed~`medk vd|k`dahe~y è d b`h|d|ibìdk yheyh+ zbìb zmxkn ~x|e Hx|mvh

è~m d ikdyyì ghnh|d~`me% @~ `y ~mm hd|kp gm| ~bd~% ^bh imaa`yy`me axy~ hrh|~

ymah vmk`~ìdk v|hyyx|h w`d ~bh vxlkì d|hed ~m heyx|h ~bd~ Hx|mvh bhdny è ~bh

n`|hi~`me mg de ‛mv~àdk ix||heip meh‑% D ix||heip meh axy~ hah|jh ~bd~ `y

nhehn khyy lp ~bh n`ggh|heihy lh~zhhe ~bh himemaì y~|xi~x|hy m| lxyèhyy

ipikhy mg èn`w`nxdk ahalh| y~d~hy den am|h lp d bmamjhehmxy zbmkh%

^bh hx|m i|`y`y `y em~ oxy~ dlmx~ d ix||heip% ^bh hx|m `y d ihe~|dk vd|~ mg zbd~

bdy lhhe nhwhkmvhn è Hx|mvh mwh| ~bh vdy~ ghz nhidnhy% @g ~bh hx|m gd`ky+ ~bh

Hx|mvhde v|mohi~ dy d zbmkh y d~ |`yc mg gd`kèj% @ey~hdn mg |h~x|eèj ~m d Hx|mvh

mg ed~`medk y~d~hy den ed~`medk ix||hei`hy+ ~bh ymkx~`me axy~ lh ~m nd|h ~m lh

am|h Hx|mvhde% Zh bdwh ~m diihv~ ~bd~ ~bh ~|deygh| mg ymwh|h`je~p è ~bh idyh

mg mx| ed~`medk ix||heip zdy mekp ~bh lhjèeèj% Gm| ~bh ehihyyd|p ymwh|h`je~p

imeihyy`mey ~m yxiihhn e m~bh| d|hdy+ em~ hwhe ~|hd~p dahenahe~y m| ehz |xkhy

zmxkn lh ehihyyd|p è ~bh |y~ èy~deih% @~ `y axib am|h àvm|~de~ ~bd~ ~bh

jmwh|eahe~y mg ~bh ahalh| y~d~hy dnmv~ d ikhd| Hx|mvhde mx~kmmc% @g ~bh|h `y

em imaame z`kkèjehyy ~m dnwdeih ~bh Hx|mvhde v|mohi~+ `~ z`kk gd`k%

^b`y Hx|mvhde mx~kmmc `y ehhnhn è Jh|adep am|h ~bde è amy~ m~bh| ed~`mey%

^bmxjb emy~dkjì n`h!bd|ny adp nhaden ~bh |h~x|e mg ~bh nhx~yibad|c+ `~ `y

~bh |mkh mg dep è~hkk`jhe~ Jh|ade jmwh|eahe~ ~m adch ~bh Hx|mvhde dvvd|d~xyam|h y~dlkh den |mlxy~ ’ den imewèih vhmvkh mg ~bh dnnhn wdkxh mg Hx|mvh è <9



vMK@^@IY



Ib|`y~`de Yiba`n~

@y Hx|mvh d imaaxe`~p

mg gd~h=

9

Jh|adep‐y Ib|`y~`de Nhami|d~y d|h è gdwmx| mg d xe`~hn Hx|mvh% Bmzhwh|+ zh

ghhk ~bh|h `y imey`nh|dlkh ehhn gm| ikd|ìd~`me mg ~bh y~|xi~x|hy den mlohi~`why mg ~bh Hx|mvhde v|mohi~% Adep mg ~bh txhy~`mey ix||he~kp lhèj |d`yhn lp Ib|`y~`de

Nhami|d~y dlmx~ ~bh nhj|hh mg Hx|mvhde è~hj|d~`me+ y~dl`k`~p den `nhe~`~p bdwh

lhhe d|mxen gm| d kmej ~àh lx~ bdwh kmy~ emeh mg ~bh`| |hkhwdeih% Imey~de~

|hdyyx|deih `y |htx`|hn è ~bh gm|a mg deyzh|y ~m ~bhyh txhy~`mey% ^bh v|mohi~ mg

Hx|mvhde è~hj|d~`me zmxkn lh n`yi|hn`~hn `g `~ zh|h |hnxihn ~m de hk`~h v|mohi~

z`~b wd|`mxy am~`wd~`mey den imeyhtxheihy ~bd~ d|h eh`~bh| dicemzkhnjhn em|

xenh|y~mmn% ^b`y `y zbp d ldiczd|n jkdeih ide yàxk~dehmxykp lh d imey~|xi~`wh

gm|zd|n jkdeih+ vd|~ìxkd|kp zbhe `~ imahy ~m ameh~d|p xe`me+ `~y nhami|d~ì

khj`~àdip den ~bh gxei~`medk`~p mg d Hx|mvhde lmnp z`~b <: ahalh| y~d~hy+ dy

zhkk dy ~y hrvdey`me den yhix| ~p vmk ip% ^bh gmkkmzèj y de d~~hav~ ~m hrdaèh

ymah mg ~bhyh dyvhi~y%

@e ~y |y~ ade`ghy~m e Nhihalh| 40>7+ ~bh IYX "~bh Ldwd|`de Ib|`y~`de Nhami|d~

vd|~p) nhikd|hn? ‛Zh y~den gm| ~bh i|hd~`me mg d Hx|mvhde himemaì den ameh~d|p

xe`me%‑ @~ adp imah dy d yx|v|`yh ~m ~mndp‐y |hdnh|y ’ lx~ ybmxkn em~ ’ ~bd~ ldic

~bhe ~bh IYX zdy dk|hdnp dnn|hyyèj ~bh ydah txhy~`mey mg Hx|mvhde e~hj|d~`me

~bd~ y~`kk imeih|e xy ~mndp% @eyv`|hn lp ~bh n`ydy~h| mg ~bh j|hd~ Hx|mvhde zd|

den ~bh jmdk mg i|hd~èj d ehz yxv|ded~`medk m|nh|+ ~bhp v|mvmyhn d v|djad~ì

den |d~`medk dvv|mdib ~m Hx|mvhde è~hj|d~`me+ lx~ dkym lhk`hwhn ~bd~ `~ ybmxkn

lh n| whe lp ~bh ed~`mey mg Hx|mvh+ zbìb ybmxkn em~ kmyh ~bh | mze wdkxhy è d

d~~heèj v|mihyy mg è~hj|d~`me% ^bxy+ ~bh|h zdy de èbh|he~ ~hey`me è ~bh zdp

~bh vd|~p dvv|mdibhn Hx|mvhde e~hj|d~`me%

^zm jheh|d~`mey dg~h| ~bhyh gmxenèj y~d~hahe~y+ Hx|mvhde e~hj|d~`me y emz de

xeime~|mwh|y`dk yyxh z`~bè ~bh IYX% @nhmkmjìdk n`w`y`mey z`~bè ~bh vd|~p ’ gm|

hrdavkh+ lh~zhhe ‛D~kde~ì`y~y‑ den ‛Hx|mvhdey‑ ’ bdwh lhimah khyy y`jeìde~%^bh ~|x~b `y ~bd~ ~bh bm~kp nhld~hn txhy~`me mg zbh~bh| d Hx|mvhde ghnh|dk y~d~h <:



m| d Hx|mvhde imeghnh|d~`me mg y~d~hy zdy v|hgh|dlkh ehwh| |hdkkp ~mxibhn ~bh

bhd|~y den aèny mg IYX vmk`~ì`dey% Nhyv`~h ~bh dvvd|he~kp gxendahe~dk ed~x|h

mg ~bh txhy~`me+ ~ ymme lhidah khyy y`jeìde~ gm| ~zm |hdymey% G`|y~+ ~bh vmy~!zd|

phd|eèj gm| d y~den! e ‛Hx|mvhde ed~ me‑ ~m |hvkdih ~bh nhghd~hn den n`yi|hn`~hnJh|ade ed~`me è`~`dkkp n`n em~ yhha |hdk`y~ì lhidxyh mg ~bh nmaèdeih mg ~bh

Xe`~hn Y~d~hy è yhix|`~p vmkìp+ den `~ bdy yèih lhimah `||hkhwde~% Yhimen+ `~

ymme lhidah dvvd|he~ ~bd~ ~bh|h zdy d ehhn gm| Hx|mvhde y~|xi~x|hy idvdlkh mg

v|m!di~`wh nhi`y`me!adcèj%

Bmzhwh|+ ~bh nhld~h dlmx~ d ‛imeghnh|d~`me‑ m| ‛ghnh|dk y~d~h‑ |h!hah|jhn è d

n`kx~hn gm|a e ~bh nhld~h mwh| ~bh Addy~|ìb~ den K`ylme ~|hd~`hy+ lh~zhhe ~bmyh

dnwmid~èj de è~hj|d~hn dvv|mdib den ~bmyh v|hgh||èj de è~h|jmwh|eahe~dk

dvv|mdib e zbìb ~bh ahalh| y~d~hy zmxkn vkdp d nmaède~ |mkh dy yxjjhy~hn e~bh 40>7 ade`ghy~m% @e ap w`hz+ ~b`y n`yvx~h `y jmmn gm| ~bh Ib|`y~`de Nhami|d~y

den ~bh Hx|mvhde v|mohi~ dy d zbmkh è ~zm zdpy% G`|y~kp+ `~ èi|hdyhy dzd|hehyy

mg ~bh ehhn gm| Hx|mvhde imkkdlm|d~`me den è~hj|d~`me+ den ~bh vmk`~ìdk den

khjdk imey~|xi~ mg Hx|mvhde ey~`~x~`mey ~bd~ d|h ldyhn xvme ~% Yhimenkp+ ~ n|dzy

d~~he~`me ~m ~bh ehihyy`~p mg lx`knèj d Hx|mvh gm| dkk i`~`hey |d~bh| ~bde de hk`~h

v|mohi~ ~bd~ zmxkn kdic dep kmej!~h|a y~dl`k`~p%

Ib|`y~`de Nhami|d~y bdwh n`yixyyhn d~ khej~b ~bh txhy~`me mg ~bh hr~he~ ~m zbìb

ymwh|h`je~p ide lh ~|deygh||hn ~m d Hx|mvhde y~|xi~x|h% ^bhp n`n em~ yxggh|

g|ma d kdic mg w`y`me mg ihe~|dkkp m|jde`yhn den hy~dlk`ybhn y~d~hy z`~b d wh|~ìdk

n`y~|`lx~`me mg vmzh|+ yèih ~bhp bdn bdn vkhe~p mg ~bh`| mze hrvh|`heih mg

ghnh|dk`ya% Lx~ ~bh ghd| ~bd~ ~bh ‛HX oxjjh|edx~‑ zmxkn èi|hdyèjkp xyx|v y~d~h

vmzh|y zdy ’ den y~`kk `y ’ d z`nhkp bhkn imeih|e% ^bh v|èi`vkh mg yxly`n`d|`~p

`y hr~|hahkp àvm|~de~ ~m ~bh IYX+ de hrvkì`~kp ghnh|dk m|jde`yd~`me% Lx~+ ~m

~b`y ndp+ ~bh yxly`n`d|`~p ikdxyh ~bd~ |dec den kh Ib|`y~`de Nhami|d~y gmxjb~

bd|n gm| nmhy em~ yhha ~m lh xenh|y~mmn è L|xyyhky% Zm||pèjkp+ ~bh Hx|mvhde

Imaa`yy`me ymah~àhy bdy d ahibdeìdk dvv|mdib ~m ad~~h|y mg imavh~heih den

gd`ky ~m imey`nh| ~bh gdi~ ~bd~ dnnhn wdkxh m| dnbh|heih ~m ~bh ‛lh~~h|ahe~‑ ikdxyh

axy~ lh nh|`whn è d vmk`~ìdk yheyh dy zhkk dy g|ma ~bh ~|deygh| mg imavh~heih ~m

L|xyyhky%

Zb kh Ib|`y~`de Nhami|d~y zh|h xedeàmxykp e gdwmx| mg ~bh e~|mnxi~ me mg ~bh

è~h|edk ad|ch~+ ~bh `yyxh mg ameh~d|p xe`me zdy ime~|mwh|y`dk z`~bè ~bh IYX

g|ma ~bh mx~yh~% Gm| hrdavkh+ d~ ~bh vd|~p imegh|heih è Gû|~b è 400<+ ~bh|h zdy

d nhld~h dlmx~ ~bh ^|hd~p mg Addy~|ìb~ den ameh~d|p xe`me% Me meh y`nh zh|h

~bmyh zbm+ z`~b hdib dnn`~`medk ~|deygh| mg imavh~heih ~m Hx|mvh+ ydz d v|mlkhamg eyxgi`he~ nhami|d~ì khj`~àdip den kèchn nmxl~ dlmx~ ~bh himemaì lheh~<2



mg ameh~d|p xe`me ~m ~bh txhy~`me mg imey~`~x~`medk khj`~àdip ’ den+ è m~bh|

zm|ny+ vmyhn ~bh y`r~p!gmx|!~bmxyden nmkkd| txhy~`me mg Hx|mvhde vmk ~ìy% Me

~bh m~bh| y`nh zdy ~bh jheh|d~`me zbmyh k`why bdn lhhe ibdejhn lp zd| den d

kdic mg g|hhnma è Hx|mvh+ zbm zde~hn ~m yh`h ~bh Jh|ade ‛ade~kh mg b`y~m|p‑den Hx|mvhde xe`~p em ad~~h| zbd~% Gxkkp imewèihn ~bd~+ è ~bh hen+ ~bh lmmcy

zmxkn yx|hkp ldkdeih è lm~b d vmk ~ìdk den himemaì yheyh+ ~bhp ghk~ ~ ehihyyd|p

~m ewhy~ e ~b`y v|mohi~ hwhe g ~bh imy~y zh|h em~ he~`|hkp v|hnì~dlkh%

^b`y zdy meh mg ~bh l`jjhy~ |`g~y z`~bè zbd~ y+ e jheh|dk+ d wh|p bmamjhehmxy vd|~p

~bd~ y nhhvkp |mm~hn e imeyh|wd~`wh+ Ib|`y~`de ymi`dk v|èi`vkhy% bh yihv~ì`ya e

vd|~y mg ~bh IYX gmxen ahn`d hrv|hyy`me è Vh~h| Jdxzh`kh|‐y ~h|a ‛Addy~|ìb~

Hyvh|de~m amehp‑+ zbìb y~`kk bdy ymah ~|di~`me damej Ib|`y~`de Nhami|d~y den

z`~bè ~bh IYX e vd|~ìxkd|% bh vd|~p nmhy em~ txhy~`me ameh~d|p xe`me dy yxibden ~bh|h `y em y`je mg Hx|myihv~ì`ya nmaèd~èj `~% Lx~ Ib|`y~`de Nhami|d~y+

èikxnèj ~bh Hx|mvb`kh gmkkmzh|y mg ^bhm Zd`jhk "gm|ah| ibdeihkkm| Bhkax~

Cmbk‐y edeih aè`y~h|)+ z`kk whbhahe~kp mvvmyh dep ymg~ ameh~d|p vmkìp+ kdic

mg lxnjh~d|p n`yi`vkèh m| m~bh| gm|ay mg ehjk`jheih+ hyvhi`dkkp è ~bh zdch mg ~bh

n`ydy~|mxy edei`dk ad|ch~ hwhe~y mg ~bh vdy~ ghz ame~by%

^b`y `y ~bh i|xr mg ~bh Ib|`y~`de Nhami|d~ w`hz mg Hx|mvhde è~hj|d~`me?

v|hnì~dl`k`~p den y~dl`k`~p d|h ~bh zd~ibzm|ny% ^b`y dkym yhvd|d~hy ~bh IYX wh|p

ikhd|kp g|ma m~bh| vmk`~ìdk vd|~`hy è Jh|adep% Lp ime~|dy~+ ~bh ‛|hn!j|hhe‑

jmwh|eahe~ xenh| gm|ah| ibdeihkkm| Jh|bd|n Yib|÷nh| |hkètx`ybhn y~dl`k`~p

gm| ~bh ydch mg j|mz~b zbhe ~ l|mch ~bh ~h|ay mg ~bh Y~dl`k`~p den J|mz~b Vdi~ e

<664% ^bh Ib|`y~`de Nhami|d~y zde~ ~m adch ~|deyj|hyy`mey k`ch ~b`y àvmyy`lkh

meih den gm| dkk% ^b`y axy~ dkym lh d ad~~h| mg vd|~p vmkìp lhidxyh Ib|`y~`de

Nhami|d~y dkym lhk`hwh ~bd~ zh ehhn Hx|mvhde è~hj|d~`me è dkamy~ dkk vmkìp

d|hdy% @e Odexd|p <644+ ~bh IYX adnh d ikhd| imaa`~ahe~ ~m d y~dlkh Hx|mvh+

zb ib imeikxnhn z`~b ~bh gmkkmzèj zm|ny?

^bh `nhd mg de HX mg y~dl`k`~p imahy g|ma Hx|mvhde èy`jb~ |d~bh|

~bde d Jh|ade n`c~d~ %

Zh dkk cemz ~bd~ ~bh ed~`mey mg Hx|mvh ide mekp yxiihhn e ~bh jkmldkkp

imavh~`~`wh ad|ch~vkdih lp zm|cèj ~mjh~bh|% Hx|mvh ehhny ~bh

vh|yxdy`wh vmzh| ~bd~ imahy g|ma ~y yèjkh ix||heip den ~y himemaì

y~|hej~b ~m adch `~y wmìh bhd|n è ~bh zm|kn%

Dem~bh| vmè~ mg ime~he~`me damej ~bh vmk`~ idk ikdyy è Jh|adep+ ~bh txhy~`me

mg hekd|jèj ~bh HX ~m èikxnh ^x|chp+ bdy xe`~hn |d~bh| ~bde n`w`nhn ~bh IYX% Dk~bmxjb Hnaxen Y~m`lh|+ ~bh Ib|`y~`de Nhami|d~ iden`nd~h è ~bh jheh|dk <0



hkhi~`me è <66<+ yxjjhy~hn d gm|a mg vd|~`dk ahalh|yb`v mg ^x|chp è ~bh HX+

gm| gm|h`je den yhix|`~p vmkìp vx|vmyhy+ bh ehwh|~bhkhyy |hohi~hn ~bh `nhd mg gxkk

HX ahalh|yb`v gm| ^x|chp+ zbìb `y y~`kk ~bh IYX‐y vmy`~`me% Dvd|~ g|ma d ghz

Ib|`y~`de Nhami|d~y yxib dy Wmkch| \ûbh+ \xv|hib~ Vmkhe den G|`hnlh|~ Vûjh|+~bh|h `y emz d l|mdn imeyheyxy d|mxen ~b`y vmy`~`me+ vd|~ìxkd|kp è w`hz mg ~bh

v|mlkhad~ì y~deih mg ^x|chp xenh| `~y ix||he~ v|àh aè`y~h|+ \hihv ^dpp`v

H|nmĝde% ^b`y nmhy em~ |xkh mx~ ~bh cèn mg gxendahe~dkkp mvhe den immvh|d~`wh

vmy`~`me ~bd~ bdy mg~he lhhe gm|axkd~hn lp Ib|`y~`de Nhami|d~y e ~bh vdy~+ lx~ ~

zmxkn dkym |htx`|h d nhj|hh mg immvh|d~`me g|ma ^x|c`yb txd|~h|y%

Lhpmen ~bh `yyxh mg ^x|chp+ ~bh yhix|`~p vmkìp mg ~bh HX+ m| |d~bh| `~y ahalh|

y~d~hy+ `y w`hzhn dy de èi|hdyèjkp àvm|~de~ ~dyc% ^bh Ib|`y~`de Nhami|d~

h~bmy mg y~dl`k`~p bdy dkym ~dche me yhix|`~p vmkìp nàhey`mey% Ikmyh| eyvhi~`mebdy |hwhdkhn ~bd~ mx| ed~`medk |hymx|ihy d|h em kmejh| yxgi`he~ gm| d i|hn`lkh

nhgheih den yhix|`~p ypy~ha idvdlkh mg dnn|hyyèj d bmy~ mg n`ggh|he~ |`yc

yihed|`my% V|àd|`kp n|`whe lp ~b`y imewì~`me+ ~bh Ib|`y~`de Nhami|d~ Nhgheih

Aè`y~h| Cd|k!^bhmnm| x Jx~~helh|j kdxeibhn d v|mohi~ xenh| ~bh Jbhe~

è`~`d~`wh ~m dib`hwh ~bh lhy~ vmyy`lkh Hx|mvhde nhgheih idvdl`k`~p z`~b kà`~hn

ed~`medk |hymx|ihy%

D i`~`hey‐ Hx|mvh m| de hk`~h v|mohi~=

@e ~bh nhld~h dlmx~ ~bh Hx|mvhde imey~`~x~`me+ Ib|`y~`de Nhami|d~y v|mlhn ~bh

txhy~`me mg ~bh nhami|d~ì khj`~àdip mg ~bh HX% Bhkax~ Cmbk den ^bhm Zd`jhk

ybmzhn j|hd~ gm|hy`jb~ è |hnheèj ~bh Hx|mvhde v|mohi~ dg~h| ~bh gdkk mg ~bh

Lh|kè Zdkk è d gm|a ~bd~ yx|w`whn hwh|p~bèj g|ma ~bh Yèjkh Hx|mvhde Di~ den

~bh ^|hd~p mg Addy~|ìb~ ~b|mxjb ~m ~bh ^|hd~p mg Eìh% Lx~ ~bh txhy~`me mg zbm

nhi`nhn zbd~ è Hx|mvh |hadèhn xeikhd| ~m ~bh ~he~d~`wh+ nhami|d~ì vx|`y~y

damej xy% V|àd|`kp ~bdecy ~m ~bh è`~`d~`wh mg Ib|`y~`de Nhami|d~y yxib dy

Zmkgjdej Yibîxlkh+ Cd|k Kdah|y den \hèbmkn Lmickh~+ den ~bh hy~dlk ybahe~

mg d imeyheyxy dlmx~ im|h wdkxhy ~b|mxjb ~bh zm|c mg \made Bh|mj+ d ih|~dè

nhj|hh mg idka heyxhn%

Ehwh|~bhkhyy+ adep Ib|`y~`de Nhami|d~y bdwh |hyh|wd~`mey dlmx~ ~bh v|djad~ì

dvv|mdib mg yhhcèj ‛hwh| ikmyh| xe`me‑ è ~h|ay mg Hx|mvhde è~hj|d~`me% ^b`y

`y zbp hwhe è~hj|d~`me`y~y z`~bè ~bh IYX ~hen ~m diihv~ ~bh mlohi~`me mg Vh~h|

Jdxzh`kh| ~m ~bh ^|hd~p mg K`ylme den ~m ~bh wh|nì~ mg ~bh Imey~`~x~`medk Imx|~+

den hwhe yhh ~ dy v|m!Hx|mvhde% @~ zdy wh|p axib e ~bh ~|dn`~`me ~bh IYX+ zbìb96



dj|ìxk~x|dk vmkì`hy ldyhn me himkmjìdk imavd~`l`k`~p den kmidk dnnhn!

wdkxh adp xekhdyb ehz vh|yvhi~`why gm| |x|dk d|hdy den j`wh he~|hv|hehx|`dk

gd|ah|y ~bh |`jb~ èihe~`why gm| hew`|meahe~dkkp yhey`~`wh gd|aèj v|di~ìhy%

^b`y imxkn bhkv ~bh Imaame Dj|ìxk~x|dk Vmkìp yb|xj mgg `~y ehjd~`wh àdjhden nhwhkmv è~m d vmy`~`wh khdn v|mohi~ gm| ~bh HX ~bd~ a`jb~ hwhe bhkv ~m

vh|yxdnh pmxej vhmvkh ~m lhimah am|h èwmkwhn è Hx|mvhde vmk`~ìy%

Hx|mvh ehhny hrihkkheih

Hx|mvhde vmk`~ìy zdy den `y wh|p nhadenèj% @~ `y dkzdpy d ad~~h| mg

ldkdeièj |hj`medk den yhi~m|dk m| x|lde den |x|dk è~h|hy~y% @e w`hz mg ~bh

j|hd~ imavh~heih den yc`kky |htx`|hn ~m y~|`ch yxib d ldkdeih+ `~ `y bd|n ~mxenh|y~den zbp yhimen!ikdyy iden`nd~hy d|h èi|hdyèjkp lhèj dvvmè~hn

~m vmy`~`mey è HX èy~`~x~`mey% @g |hkmid~èj ~m L|xyyhky `y vh|ih`whn ~m lh d

ldiczd|n id|hh| y~hv+ ~bh|h `y ymah~bèj z|mej% bh y`~xd~`me z`kk em~ ibdejh

xe~`k ed~`medk jmwh|eahe~y y~mv xyèj Hx|mvhde Imaa`yy`me vmy~y dy d zdp

~m mgmdn dep vh|ymeehk zbma ~bhp em kmejh| zde~%

Oxy~ dy ~bh HX ehhny ~bh lhy~ vhmvkh e ~y jmwh|edeih den dnaè`y~|d~`wh |mkhy+

~bh himemaì gmxend~`me mg Hx|mvh dkym nhvheny me hrihkkheih è |hyhd|ib den

nhwhkmvahe~% ^bh HX axy~ dnn|hyy ~bh ibdkkhejhy mg ~bh cemzkhnjh himemap

axib am|h y~|d~hjìdkkp ~bde `~ ix||he~kp nmhy+ den |himje`yh ~bh vm~he~`dk ~m

lh nh|`whn g|ma d Hx|mvhde |hyhd|ib imaaxe`~p% ^b`y dvvk`hy ~m Jh|adep è

vd|~ìxkd|+ zbh|h ~bh ghnh|dk y~|xi~x|h ime~|`lx~hy ~m g|djahe~d~`me% D y~|mej+

imaame Hx|mvhde |hyhd|ib |hj`me nhvheny me ~bh aml`k`~p mg y~xnhe~y+

j|dnxd~hy den |hyhd|ibh|y% Adep am|h mg mx| pmxej vhmvkh ybmxkn ~bh|hgm|h lh

jdèèj hrvh|`heih dl|mdn ’ h`~bh| dy j|dnxd~h è~h|ey m| nx|èj ~bh`| y~xn`hy

’ gm| ~bh vx|vmyh mg khd|eèj+ ~hdibèj m| xenh|~dcèj |hyhd|ib% ^bh Lmkmjed

V|mihyy+ bmzhwh|+ bdy xez`~~èjkp khn ~m d nhikèh è ~bh aml`k`~p mg y~xnhe~y%

Hx|mvh ehhny d edei`dk ldy`y

@~ zmxkn ih|~dèkp lh d vkxy gm| mx| nhami|d~ì ixk~x|h `g zh am|h g|htxhe~kp

hrdaèhn ~bh ~|x~b mg ~bh adep ehjd~`wh ikìbày dlmx~ Hx|mvh% ^bhe+ gm|

èy~deih+ zh imxkn edkkp n`yvhk ~bh vmvxkd| a`yimeihv~`me ~bd~ Jh|adep `y

oxy~ Hx|mvh‐y ‛vdpady~h|‑% Xegm|~xed~hkp+ `~ `y mekp ènxy~|p ~bd~ ~dkcy dlmx~

bmz axib mx| imxe~|p bdy lheh~hn himemaìdkkp g|ma ~bh imaame ad|ch~den ~bh imaame ix||heip% @~ `y bd|nkp yx|v|`yèj ~bd~ de hrvm|~ himemap 9>



^bh Jh|ade jmwh|eahe~ ybmxkn dkym gdih gdi~y% Jh|adep bdy |hnxihn `~y

ime~|`lx~`me ~m L|xyyhky è vh|ihe~djh ~h|ay è ~bh vdy~ ghz phd|y% ^bh|h `y

dkym d ~henheip gm| ~bh yvhiì ed~`medk n`yimxe~y heomphn lp l`j ahalh|

y~d~hy ~m lh yzhv~ xenh| ~bh id|vh~% Htxdkkp+ e n`yixyy`mey dlmx~ ~bh edei`dk ldy`y mg ~bh HX+ ~bh|h y yhknma dep ahe~`me mg ~bh yxly~de~`dk |h~x|ey mzèj

è~m Jh|adep g|ma dj|ìxk~x|dk den y~|xi~x|dk |hymx|ihy+ zbìb e adep idyhy

~dch ~bh gm|a mg n`|hi~ yxly`n`hy ~m adom| mvh|d~m|y%

^bh HX gdihy adep gx|~bh| ibdkkhejhy% @~ z`kk bdwh ~m v|mwh `~ `y jdèèj

vxlkì diihv~deih gm| `~y zm|c z`~bè ~bh ahalh| y~d~hy% D~ ~bh ydah

~àh+ ~bh ahalh| y~d~hy axy~ dvvkp ymah àvh~xy mg ~bh`| mze ~m gx|~bh|

Hx|mvhde nhwhkmvahe~ ym ~bd~ vhmvkh `nhe~`gp am|h z`~b Hx|mvhde v|mohi~y%

@g ~bh HX zde~y ~m imavh~h è ~bh jkmldk ad|ch~vkdih+ am|h amehp ehhny~m lh èwhy~hn è èg|dy~|xi~x|h v|mohi~y yxib dy heh|jp eh~zm|cy+ j|`ny gm|

|hehzdlkhy den y~d~h!mg!~bh!d|~ è~h|eh~ imeehi~`mey% ^bh nheyhkp vmvxkd~hn

|hj`mey mg Dy`d dk|hdnp mggh| ~bh gdy~ l|mdnlden eh~zm|cy ~bd~ d|h hyyhe~`dk

~m lxyèhyy nhi`y`me!adcèj% ^bh dà gm| ~bh HX ybmxkn lh ~m jheh|d~h ~bh

|hymx|ihy gm| dkk ~bhyh ~|deyed~`medk v|mohi~y g|ma `~y mze ~drd~`me ymx|ihy è

~bh gm|hyhhdlkh gx~x|h%

Hx|mvh‐y jkmldk |hyvmey`l`k`~p

^bh HX y d b`y~m|ì dib`hwhahe~ ~bd~ ybmzy bmz ~m l|èj vhdih ~m d ime~èhe~%

Lx~ zh ideem~ |hy~ me mx| kdx|hky% ^bh HX axy~ l|èj `~y hrvh|`heih ~m lhd|

me |hj`mey mg dix~h imeì~% Gm|h`je vmkìp bdy ikhd|kp lhhe meh mg ~bh d|hdy è

zbìb `~ bdy kmej adnh yheyh ~m bdwh d am|h xe`hn den è~hj|d~hn dvv|mdib%

^bh b`y~m|ì a`yy`me den ~bh mlw`mxy ehhn gm| di~`me d|h+ bmzhwh|+ lkd~de~kp

d~ mnny z`~b ~bh ix||he~ y`~xd~`me% ^bh HX bdy gd`khn n`yadkkp è ~bh d|hd mg

gm|h`je vmkìp% @~ bdy em~ hwhe lhjxe ~m ahh~ ~bh hrvhi~d~`me ~bd~ `~ zmxkn

yvhdc z`~b meh wmìh gmkkmzèj ~bh dvvmè~ahe~ mg d B`jb \hv|hyhe~d~`wh gm|

Gm|h`je Dggd`|y den Yhix|`~p Vmkìp% @e gdi~+ ~bh b`jb |hv|hyhe~d~`wh bdy em~

hwhe adedjhn ~m jh~ dkk ~bh ahalh| y~d~hy ~m yèj g|ma ~bh ydah bpae ybhh~+

kh~ dkmeh v|mnxih dep yhalkdeih mg xe`~p% ^b`y dvvk`hy htxdkkp ~m y~|d~hjì

vd|~eh|yb`vy den ~bh n`ggh|he~ |hyvmeyhy mg ahalh| y~d~hy ~m ~bh |hihe~

xvbhdwdk è Em|~b Dg|ìd den ~bh A`nnkh Hdy~% @g Hx|mvh `y ~m nm oxy~ìh ~m `~y

jkmldk vmk`~ìdk |hyvmey`l`k`~p+ de hen axy~ lh vx~ ~m ~bh nmaèdeih mg gm|h`je

vmkìp lp ~bh ahalh| y~d~hy%

97



KDZ



Ckdxy Gh|nèden Jî|n`~ den Ib|`y~`de B`kkj|xlh|

Ybmxkn Cd|ky|xbh lh ~bhjxd|n`de mg ~bh Ldyì Kdz=9

8

@e `~y b`y~m|ì wh|nì~ mg 96 Oxeh <660+ ~bh Ghnh|dk Imey~`~x~`medk Imx|~

|xkhn me ~bh imey~`~x~`medk`~p mg ~bh Di~ Dvv|mwèj ~bh K`ylme ^|hd~p den ~bhdiimavdepèj kdz%> Hwhe ~bmxjb ~bh imx|~ gmxen mekp ~bh diimavdepèj kdz ~m

lh xeimey~`~x~`medk+ ~ adnh ymah gxendahe~dk y~d~hahe~y dlmx~ ~bh xenh|kpèj

v|èi`vkhy mg Hx|mvhde è~hj|d~`me g|ma d imey~`~x~`medk vh|yvhi~`wh% @~

|hèy~d~hn ~bh nhami|d~ì nhi`y`me!adcèj dx~bm|`~p mg ~bh ed~`medk vd|k`dahe~

è ~bh ime~hr~ mg ~bh Hx|mvhde è~hj|d~`me v|mihyy+ aml`k`yhn m|nèd|p i`~`hey

~m lh ~bh èn`w`nxdk ‛jxd|n`dey mg nhami|dip‑ den adnh `~yhkg ~bh omè~kp

|hyvmey`lkh mwh|yhh|%

D jxd|de~hh mg Jh|ade y~d~hbmmn

^bh Jh|ade Ldyì Kdz jxd|de~hhy de èn`w`nxdk |`jb~ ~m hkhi~ ~bh Lxenhy~dj

den bdwh ~bh imey~`~x~`medk v|èi`vkhy mg hkhi~m|dk kdz xvbhkn%8 Bmzhwh|+ ~bh

Imey~`~x~`medk Imx|~ d|jxhy ~bd~ ~bh di~ mg wm~èj zmxkn kmyh `~y ahdeèj `g

‛~bh hkhi~hn y~d~h lmnp n`n em~ bdwh d yxgi`he~ nhj|hh mg |hyvmey`l`k`~`hy den

imavh~heihy è zbìb ~bh khj`~à`yhn vmzh| ~m di~ ide lh |hdk`yhn‑% ^bh Ldyì

Kdz ~bxy ‛hrikxnhy ~bh vmyy`l`k`~p S‧Q mg nhvkh~èj ~bh ime~he~ mg ~bh khj`~àd~`me

mg y~d~h dx~bm|`~p den S‧Q hrh|i`yh mg ~bd~ dx~bm|`~p v|mw`nhn lp ~bh hkhi~`me+ lp

~|deygh||èj ~bh |hyvmey`l`k`~`hy S‧Q mg ~bh Lxenhy~dj ~m ~bh Hx|mvhde khwhk ~m

yxib de hr~he~ ~bd~ ~bh v|èi`vkh mg nhami|dip `y w`mkd~hn‑%7

9 ^b`y `y de dl|`njhn den xvnd~hn wh|y`me mg de d|~ìkh ~bd~ m|`jèdkkp dvvhd|hn dy ‛Wmkcyymxwh|îe`~î~ xen Nhamc|d~`hh|ey~ jhemaahe ’ _xa K`yydlme!X|~h`k nhy Imx|~‑+ Ox|`y~heh`~xej+ <660+ vv% 2:<!224%

> Imx|~H 4<9+ <7: gg%+ dwd`kdlkh è Jh|ade den Hejk`yb d~ zzz%lxenhywh|gdyyxejyjh|ìb~%nh% ^bh |hi`~dk exalh|ytxm~hn bh|h "\% rr) |hgh| ~m ~bh mekèh wh|y`me%

8 Imx|~H 20+ 488 "4:4)%

7 \% 4:8% >4



Ldyhn me ~b`y èn`w`nxdk |`jb~ ~m nhami|dip+ ~bh imx|~‐y wh|nì~ me ~bh K`ylme

^|hd~p kà`~hn D|~ìkh <9%4+ ~bh ikdxyh è ~bh Ldyì Kdz ~bd~ havmzh|y ~bh

Ghnh|dk \hvxlkì ~m è~hj|d~`me havmzh|ahe~+ axib am|h ikhd|kp ~bde `~y

wh|nì~ me ~bh Addy~|ìb~ ^|hd~p è 4009% @~ dkkmzy Jh|adep ~m vd|~ì`vd~h è dyxv|ded~`medk ypy~ha mg immvh|d~`me+ lx~ ~bh ‛dx~memamxy‑ dx~bm|`~p mg ~bh HX

hrh|i`yhn diim|nèj ~m ~|hd~p kdz axy~ lh deibm|hn e ~bh ‛imey~`~x~`medk kdz mg

~bh ahalh| y~d~hy‑+ `%h% `~ adp mekp lh yxib vmk`~ìdk |xkh dy `y nh|`whn g|ma ~bh

ahalh| y~d~hy den ~bh|hgm|h kà`~hn è ed~x|h%: D|~ìkh <9%4 mekp khj`~à`yhy

~bh ~|deygh| mg èn`w`nxdk+ yx`~dlkp nhehn den ~bxy gdi~xdkkp kà`~hn vmzh|y

~m d ~|hd~p!ldyhn imaaxe`~p+ em~ ~bh dkk!heimavdyyèj gxkk ymwh|h`je vmzh|

mg ~bh y~d~h%

Bmzhwh|+ ~ y em~ mekp e diim|ndeih z`~b ~bh ix||he~kp dvvkìdlkh vmzh| ~m hejdjhè Hx|mvhde è~hj|d~`me xenh| D|~ìkh <9%4 ~bd~ ‛~bh|h ide lh em ènhvhenhe~

yxlohi~ mg khj`~àd~`me gm| ~bh dx~bm|`~p mg ~bh HX zbìb zmxkn imey~`~x~h `~yhkg+

ym ~m yvhdc+ me d b`jbh| khwhk+ z`~bmx~ lhèj nh|`whn g|ma de hr~h|edk z`kk+ den

~bxy mg `~y mze |`jb~‑%2 @e m~bh| zm|ny+ ~bh ymwh|h`je imey~`~x~`medk y~d~hbmmn mg

~bh Ghnh|dk \hvxlkì axy~ lh v|hyh|whn%0 \d~bh|+ me ~bh ldy`y mg ~bh Ldyì Kdz+

~bh imx|~ id~hjm|ìdkkp |xkhy mx~ dep ~|deygh| ~m ~bh HX ’ hwhe lp imey~`~x~`medk

dahenahe~ ’ mg ‛~bh imavh~heih ~m hr~hen imavh~heih‑ den ~bxy ~bh

vd|~ì`vd~`me mg Jh|adep è ~bh gm|ad~`me mg d Hx|mvhde ghnh|dk y~d~h zbìb

zmxkn ~bhe bdwh ~bh vmzh| ~m nh~h|aèh `~y mze vmzh|+ den hgghi~ whkp |hnxih

~bh Ghnh|dk \hvxlkì ~m d imey~`~xhe~ y~d~h% ‛^bh Ldyì Kdz nmhy em~ j|de~ vmzh|y

~m lmn`hy di~èj me lhbdkg mg Jh|adep ~m dldenme ~bh |`jb~ ~m yhkg!nh~h|aèd~`me

mg ~bh Jh|ade vhmvkh S‧Q lp omèèj d ghnh|dk y~d~h%‑46 \hkètx`ybèj `~y mze

ymwh|h`je y~d~hbmmn zmxkn lh è l|hdib mg D|~ìkh :0%9 mg ~bh Ldyì Kdz+ zbìb

y~d~hy ~bd~ ~bh |hv|hyhe~d~`why mg ~bh vhmvkh nm em~ bdwh d adend~h mwh| ~bh

èw`mkdlkh `nhe~`~p mg ~bh imey~`~x~`me% ‛^bh Ldyì Kdz ~bxy em~ mekp dyyxahy ~bh

ymwh|h`je y~d~hbmmn mg Jh|adep lx~ dkym jxd|de~hhy `~%‑44

^b`y jxd|de~hh mg Jh|ade ymwh|h`je y~d~hbmmn `y em~ z`~bmx~ ime~|mwh|yp è

Jh|ade imey~`~x~`medk kdz i`|ikhy% Lx~ `~ `y dvv|mv|`d~h gm| adep |hdymey% ^bh

Ghnh|dk \hvxlkì mg Jh|adep+ dy `y hw`nhe~ g|ma ~bh v|hdalkh ~m ~bh Ldyì Kdz+

zdy imeih`whn dy ~bh ymwh|h`je y~d~h mg ~bh Jh|ade vhmvkh% ^b y nhi`y`me `y mg

: \% <94+ <9>%

2 \% <9<%

0 \% <<7%

46 \% <<2%

44 \% <47% ><



D|~ ikh 4>7 mg ~bh mkn wh|y`me mg ~bh Ldyì Kdz zdy |henh|hn mlymkh~h lp Jh|ade

|hxeìd~`me+ zbìb zdy nhhahn ‛diihyy`me‑ è diim|ndeih z`~b D|~ìkh <9%<

mg ~bh mkn wh|y`me mg ~bh Ldyì Kdz% D|~ìkh 4>7 mg ~bh ehz wh|y`me mg ~bh Ldyì

Kdz+ zbìb bdy lhhe wdk`n yèih 4006+ y ~bxy d ehz imey~|xi~ mg ~bh imey~`~x~`me!dahenèj khj`ykd~x|h+ zbìb `y zbp `~ `y èikxnhn xenh| ~bh imey~`~x~`medk

v|m~hi~`me mg D|~ìkh :0%9 mg ~bh Ldyì Kdz% Ymah~bèj ~b`y d|~ìkh v|mb`l`~y

ideem~ ~bh|hgm|h lh l|mxjb~ dlmx~ lp zdp mg d imey~`~x~`medk |hvkdihahe~ xenh|

D|~ ikh 4>7 mg ~bh Ldy i Kdz% @~ imxkn mekp lh avkhahe~hn lp ahdey mg d ehz kdz

hy~dlk`ybèj `~y imey~`~xhe~ vmzh|+ zbìb g|ma d Ldyì Kdz vh|yvhi~`wh zmxkn lh

xeimey~`~x~`medk+ lx~ emeh~bhkhyy xenmxl~hnkp hgghi~`wh `g hwh| hegm|ihn% ^bd~

adchy d i|xi`dk n`ggh|heih% @g dep |hvkdihahe~ mg ~bh Ldyì Kdz zh|h ~m imegm|a

~m ~bh imey~`~x~`me mg d ymwh|h`je y~d~h è imavk`deih z`~b ~bh Ldyì Kdz+ ~bh

imey~`~x~hn y~d~h dx~bm|`~p imxkn ~bhe vd|~ì`vd~h e ~ den hwhe ~dch ~bh e`~`d~`whgm| ~% Bmzhwh|+ lhidxyh ~ l|hdibhy ~bh Ldyì Kdz+ den em~ hwhe D|~ìkh 4>7 mg ~bh

Ldyì Kdz vdwhy ~bh zdp gm| ~+ ~bh imey~`~x~hn y~d~h dx~bm|`~p axy~ me ~bh ime~|d|p

~|p ~m v|hwhe~ dep |hvkdihahe~ mg ~bh Ldyì Kdz+ z`~b zbìb dkk y~d~h dx~bm|`~p `y

èhr~|ìdlkp kèchn% @~ ih|~dèkp ideem~ ~dch dep e`~`d~`wh è ~b`y n`|hi~`me ~yhkg%

Imegh||dk z`~b em v|mihnx|dk ydghjxd|ny

Gx|~bh|am|h+ ~bh wh|nì~ gx|~bh| y~d~hy ~bd~ ~bh khjdk di~ mg ~|deygh| axy~ lh gdi~xdkkp

kà`~hn den+ è v|èi`vkh+ |hwmidlkh%47 ^bh v|èi`vkh mg imegh||dk xenh| Hx|mvhde

kdz `y imey~`~x~`medkkp dvv|mv|`d~h3 em jheh|dk havmzh|ahe~ adp lh imegh||hn%4:

M~bh|z`yh+ ~bh|h zmxkn lh vm~he~`dk gm| ~bh HX ~m dyyxah ~bh ‛imavh~heih ~m

hr~hen imavh~heih‑ m| w`mkd~h ~bh imey~`~x~`medk `nhe~`~p mg ~bh ahalh| y~d~hy%42

^bh imx|~ dkym diihv~y npedaìdkkp hwmkwèj ikdxyhy den lkdech~ havmzh|ahe~

v|mw`y`mey ‛`g ~bhp ide y~`kk lh è~h|v|h~hn è d adeeh| ~bd~ |hyvhi~y ~bh ed~`medk

|hyvmey`l`k`~p gm| è~hj|d~`me‑+ dk~bmxjb `~ imey`nh|y `~ dnw`ydlkh ~m havbdy`yh

~bh v|èi`vkh mg imegh||dk è ~bh ~|hd~`hy den è ~bh`| dvvkìd~`me gm| nhami|d~ì

|hdymey%40 ^b`y `y txhy~`medlkh+ dy d ~|hd~p v|mw`y`me havmzh|èj HX èy~`~x~`mey

~bd~ `y ~mm eme!yvhiì zmxkn lh mvhe ~m è~h|v|h~d~`me den em~ nhami|d~ìdkkp

nhghey`lkh%<6 Gm| ~b`y |hdyme dkmeh ’ `%h% kdic mg yvhiì`~p ’ `~ nmhy em~ ahh~ ~bh

|htx`|hn imey~`~x~`medk ~b|hybmkn%

47 \% <99%

4: \% <97%

42 \% <78%

40 \% <90%

<6 Ig% \% 967% >>



Ib|`y~`de Idkk`hyy

Bmz axib mg ~bh Jh|ade

imey~`~x~`me ide ~bh HX ~dch=

7

^bh |hgh|hend è G|deih den ~bh Eh~bh|kdeny è <668 yixvvh|hn ~bh Hx|mvhde

Imey~`~x~`medk ^|hd~p ~bd~ zdy y`jehn è <66>% ^bh nhld~h è Jh|adep yèih~bhe dlmx~ ~bh gx~x|h v|myvhi~y mg ~bh HX+ zbìb bdy mg~he lhhe n`yjx`yhn dy

de d|jxahe~ dlmx~ nhami|dip+ ixkaèd~hn è ~bh oxnjahe~ mg ~bh Ghnh|dk

Imey~`~x~`medk Imx|~ mg 96 Oxeh <660 me ~bh K`ylme ^|hd~p% ^bh oxnjahe~ è

~x|e ~|`jjh|hn de miidy`medkkp bhd~hn nhld~h è ~bh ahn`d den didnha`d+ zbìb

yzxej g|ma e`~`dk dvv|mwdk ~m yxlyhtxhe~ i|`~ì`ya+ d~ khdy~ dlmx~ ymah dyvhi~y

mg ~bh oxnjahe~%<8

^bh imx|~‐y nhi`y`me nhadeny |hyvhi~? `~ `y |hih`wèj d~~he~`me zhkk lhpmen

~bh lm|nh|y mg Jh|adep den dkym z`~bè ~bh HX èy~`~x~`mey% Lx~ ymah mg

~bh y~d~hahe~y ime~dèhn è `~ ime~èxh ~m èwmch `||`~d~`me+ xeih|~dè~p den

i|`~ì`ya% J`whe ~bh Hx|mvh!z`nh |hyvhi~ heomphn lp ~bh imx|~+ ~bh txhy~`mey

lhèj dychn d|h? @y Jh|adep jmèj mgg ~bh nhd mg ~bh HX= Zbd~ `y ~bh e~he~`me

mg ~bh b`jbhy~ imx|~ è Jh|adep= ^m zbd~ hr~he~ nm Jh|adey y~`kk ~bèc è

Hx|mvhde ~h|ay=

^bh imx|~ nhk`wh|hn de dal`wdkhe~ wh|nì~% Me ~bh meh bden+ meh bdy ~m

dicemzkhnjh ~bd~+ nhyv`~h ~bh d|jxahe~ mg Hx|myihv~ìy zbm zd|ehn mg

d Hx|mvhde yxvh|!y~d~h den ~bh ‛nha`yh mg ~bh Jh|ade Ldyì Kdz‑+ ~bh

oxnjahe~ n`n adch ikhd| ~bd~ ~bh K`ylme ^|hd~p den ~bh kdz dvv|mwèj `~

zh|h imey~ ~x~`medk%<7 Mekp è |hyvhi~ mg ~bh v|mvmyhn yàvk`hn dahenahe~y

~m D|~ìkh >2 mg ~bh HX ^|hd~p n`n ~bh imx|~ |htx`|h ~bh di~`wh dvv|mwdk mg ~bh

Jh|ade khj`ykd~x|h% ^bh ldy`y gm| ~b`y d|jxahe~ `y d imewèièj v|èi`vkh mg

ime~èxèj vd|k`dahe~d|p |hyvmey`l`k`~p gm| Hx|mvhde e~hj|d~`me%

<8 V Yhh Ad~~b`dy \xggh|~+ ‛Edib nha K`yydlme!X|~h`k nhy Lxenhywh|gdyyxejyjh|ìb~y ’ x| Ded~ma`h hèh|

Nhld~~h‑+ Omx|edk gm| Imavd|d~`wh Jmwh|eahe~ den Hx|mvhde Vmkìp+ 9!> <660+ v% 924 gg%

<7 N`h~|ìb Ax|yz`hc+ ‛Ndy Henh nhy J|xenjhyh~hy‑+ Yûnnhx~yibh _h`~xej+ 4: Dv|`k <660% >:



Me ~bh m~bh| bden+ ~bh oxnjahe~‐y |hdymeèj dnmv~y d |d~bh| |hy~|dèhn+ d~

~àhy hwhe n`ya`yy`wh+ w`hz mg gx|~bh| Hx|mvhde e~hj|d~`me% b`y y vd|~ìxkd|kp

~|xh mg ~bh mwh|dkk ime~hr~ mg ~bh nhi`y`me% @~ `y y~|`cèj ~bd~ ~bh imx|~ bdy d

gxendahe~dk a`y~|xy~ mg vmk`~ìdk v|m~djme`y~y den hwhe mg ~bh nhami|d~ìdkkp hkhi~hn khj`ykd~x|h% ^bh imx|~ yvhkky mx~ d bmy~ mg |htx`|hahe~y gm| Jh|adep‐y

gx~x|h Hx|mvhde vmkìp den whe~x|hy zhkk e~m ~bh vmk`~ìdk d|hed% ^bh ‛phy+ lx~‑

wh|nì~ mg ~bh imx|~ adp zhkk lh ~bh v|ìh gm| ~bh dl`k`~p mg ~bh imx|~ ’ zbìb

èikxnhy oxnjhy z`~b hr~|hahkp n`wh|yh w`hzy ’ ~m xk~àd~hkp |hdib d xedeàmxy

nhi`y`me ~bd~ ~bh K`ylme ^|hd~p `y imavd~`lkh z`~b ~bh Jh|ade imey~`~x~`me%

Bmzhwh|+ `~ zdy ~bd~ wh|p ‛lx~‑ dyvhi~ ~bd~ bdy ~|`jjh|hn dkk ~bh i|`~ì`ya mg ~bh

wh|nì~ den imavhkkhn ~bh v|hy`nhe~ mg ~bh imx|~ ~m ~dch ~bh xexyxdk y~hv mg

d~~hav~èj ~m hrvkdè den hkxi`nd~h ~bh nhi`y`me%

^bh Imey~`~x~`medk Imx|~‐y w`hz mg ~bh HX

Lm~b ~bh K`ylme oxnjahe~ `~yhkg den ~bh imx|~‐y jheh|dk w`hz mg Hx|mvhde

è~hj|d~`me dy d zbmkh d|h y~|mejkp èxheihn lp ~bh nxdk`~p mg imey~`~x~`medk

den è~h|ed~`medk kdz% Bmzhwh|+ `g meh ~bècy mg ~bh HX dy d lmd~ me d |`wh|+ `~

`y ix||he~kp ehjm~`d~èj d imx|yh lh~zhhe ~zm |`wh|ldecy? me ~bh meh bden+ ~bh

|`wh|ldec mg de è~h|ed~`medk m|jde`yd~`me `~ bdy kmej yèih dldenmehn3 den+

me ~bh m~bh| bden+ ~bh |`wh|ldec mg d ghnh|dk y~d~h è d ~|dn`~`medk yheyh ~bd~ `~

bdy em~ ph~ |hdibhn den v|mldlkp ehwh| z`kk% Dy de mejmèj v|mihyy+ ~bh HX `y

hy~dlk`ybèj ymah~bèj ehz+ zbìb imxkn lh nhyi|`lhn dy d ghnh|dk dyymi`d~`me

mg y~d~hy ldyhn me d axk~`khwhk imey~`~x~`me%<:

^bh K`ylme nhi`y`me nmhy em~ nm oxy~ìh ~m ~b`y% @~ gmixyhy+ g|ma d ikdyyìdk

è~h|ed~`medk kdz vh|yvhi~`wh+ tx`~h ikhd|kp me ~bh txhy~`me mg Jh|ade

ymwh|h`je~p% Gm| ~bh imx|~+ ~bh|hgm|h+ ~bh ihe~|dk txhy~`me `y ~bh v|èi`vkh mg

imegh||dk% ^bh imx|~ yhhy ~b`y dy lhèj dyyx|hn gm| ~bh amahe~ lp ~bh ~|hd~p‐y

è~henhn n`y~|`lx~`me mg imavh~heih lh~zhhe ~bh HX den `~y ahalh| y~d~hy%

Ehwh|~bhkhyy+ ~y |had|cy dlmx~ ymwh|h`je~p hr~hen zhkk lhpmen dyvhi~y n`|hi~kp

|hkhwde~ ~m ~bh nhi`y`me% ^bhp nheh+ kà`~ den |èj!gheih ~bh |mkh mg Jh|adep

z`~bè ~bh HX dy gmkkmzy?

<: Ib|`y~`de Idkk`hyy+ N`h ehxh Hx|mvî yibh Xe me edib nha Wh|~|dj wme K`yydlme "^ûlèjhe? Amb| Y`hlhic+ <646)+v% >9% >2



4% Lp adcèj d kèc lh~zhhe ymwh|h`je~p den nhami|dip+ ~bh imx|~ `nhe~`hy

ymah yvhiì d|hdy mg y~d~h |hyvmey`l`k`~p+ zbìb+ dkmej z`~b imey~`~x~`medk

`nhe~`~p+ ideem~ lh ~mxibhn lp Hx|mvhde ahdyx|hy% ^b`y `y è~henhn ~m heyx|h

~bd~ Jh|adep y~`kk bdy ~bh dl`k`~p ~m nh~h|aèh `~y mze himemaì+ ixk~x|dk denymi`dk k`gh% Vmkìp d|hdy yxib dy i`~`heyb`v+ ~bh y~d~h amemvmkp me ~bh xyh mg

gm|ih+ gxendahe~dk yidk nhi`y`me!adcèj e ~bh ime~hr~ mg ~bh lxnjh~+ i|àèdk

kdz+ den ixk~x|dk den ymi`dk `yyxhy d|h dkk i`~hn è ~b`y vdyydjh%

<% Gx|~bh|am|h+ ~bh imx|~ |d`yhy ~bh txhy~`me mg ymwh|h`je~p è |hkd~`me ~m

~bh v|àdip mg Hx|mvhde mwh| ed~`medk kdz% Z`~b |hgh|heih ~m meh mg `~y

hd|k`h| oxnjahe~y+ `~ havbdy`yhy ~bd~ yxib v|àdip `y ldyhn me imey~`~x~`medk

havmzh|ahe~ "~bh |y~ yhe~heih mg D|~ìkh <9 mg ~bh Ldyì Kdz)% ^b`y khdny ~bh

imx|~ ~m imeikxnh ~bd~ ~bh v|àdip mg Hx|mvhde ox|`ynì~`me+ zbhe hrh|i`yhn èJh|adep+ mekp hr~heny dy gd| dy ~bh Ghnh|dk \hvxlkì bdy dj|hhn ~m ~b`y è ~bh

Di~ Dvv|mwèj ~bh ^|hd~p mg K`ylme den zdy imey~`~x~ medkkp he~`~khn ~m nm ym%

@e ~bd~ yheyh+ ~bh imx|~ yvhi`hy ~b|hh |hw`hz v|mw`y`mey ’ |y~kp+ è |hkd~`me ~m

Hx|mvhde v|m~hi~`me mg gxendahe~dk |`jb~y3 yhimenkp+ ~bh hrh|i`yh mg Hx|mvhde

imavh~heih "‛xk~|d!w`|hy ime~|mk‑)3 den ~b`|nkp+ è |hyvhi~ mg ~bh imey~`~x~`medk

`nhe~`~p mg ~bh Jh|ade Ldyì Kdz ’ zbìb adp em~ lh w`mkd~hn lp Hx|mvhde

è~hj|d~`me%

Yxib ed~`medk |hyh|wd~`mey d|h wh|p yhey`~`wh `yyxhy g|ma ~bh vh|yvhi~`wh mg

Hx|mvhde kdz me ~bh ldy`y ~bd~ ~bh|h y em xe`~p z`~bmx~ v|àdip% @e imeoxei~`me

z`~b ~bh Hx|mvhde Imx|~ mg Oxy~ìh "HIO)+ ~bh v|àdip |xkh heyx|hy ~bh xe`gm|a

è~h|v|h~d~`me den dvvkìd~`me mg imaame Hx|mvhde kdz è dkk ahalh| y~d~hy%

@g m~bh| ahalh| y~d~hy‐ b`jbhy~ imx|~y zh|h ~m gmkkmz ~bh hrdavkh mg ~bh Jh|ade

Imey~`~x~`medk Imx|~+ Hx|mvhde kdz zmxkn lhimah d g|djahe~hn khjdk ypy~ha

ènhhn% @e |hyvmeyh ~m mwh|zbhkaèj i|`~ì`ya g|ma vmk`~ì`dey dy zhkk dy khjdk

yibmkd|y+ ~bh Imey~`~x~`medk Imx|~ bdy yèih ~bhe vd|~`dkkp im||hi~hn ~yhkg% @e `~y

Bmehpzhkk oxnjahe~+ `~ adnh d yxla`yy`me ~m ~bh HIO è d gm|adk yheyh+ den

d y~|xi~x|dk yb`g~ è imavh~heih è d ad~h|`dk yheyh ’ ~bh v|h|htx`y`~h gm| `~y

‛xk~|d!w`|hy ime~|mk‑%

Nhami|dip den ~bh HX

Bmzhwh|+ ~bh ymwh|h`je~p hkhahe~ xk~àd~hkp imkmx|y hwhe ~bh Imey~`~x~`medk

Imx|~‐y w`hz mg ~bh gx~x|h mg ~bh HX% @e `~y d|jxahe~d~`me+ ~bh imx|~ kècy y~d~h

ymwh|h`je~p ~m ~bh nhami|d~ì v|èi`vkhy mg ~bh Ldyì Kdz% Gm|h`je vmkìp `y~|dn`~`medkkp ~bh |mkh mg ~bh hrhix~`wh+ zbìb `y zbp ’ vd|~ìxkd|kp d~ ~bh khwhk mg >0



ikdyyì e~h|ed~`medk m|jde`yd~`mey yxib dy ~bh Xe`~hn Ed~`mey "XE) m| ~bh Zm|kn

^|dnh M|jde`yd~`me "Z^M) ’ ~bh|h d|h |d~bh| zhdc nhami|d~ì ahibde`yay%

^bh nhami|d~ì nhi`~ mg jkmldk`yd~`me den è~h|ed~`medk`yd~`me bdy `~y m|`jèy

è ~bh b`y~m|ìdk+ ypal`m~ì j|mz~b mg ~bh ed~`me y~d~h den nhami|dip+ zbìb bdynhehn amy~ nhami|d~ì ~bhm|`hy ~m ~b`y ndp%

@e ~bd~ ime~hr~+ ~bh Imey~`~x~`medk Imx|~ nhwhkmvy zbd~ dvvhd|y d~ |y~ jkdeih ~m

lh ~bh ~bm|mxjbkp im||hi~ d|jxahe~ ~bd~ hkhi~`mey ~m ~bh Hx|mvhde Vd|k`dahe~

|hwhdk d nhami|d~ì nhi`~ zbhe ahdyx|hn djdèy~ ~bh nheèj v|èi`vkh mg

hkhi~m|dk htxdk`~p "‛meh ade+ meh wm~h‑)% Yxib d y~|xi~x|dk nhi`~ ideem~ lh

mggyh~+ diim|nèj ~m ~bh imx|~+ lp ~bh |hkd~`wh nmaèdeih mg ~bh l`jjh| ahalh|

y~d~hy è ~bh Hx|mvhde Imxei`k m| ~bh Hx|mvhde Vd|k`dahe~+ lx~ mekp lp j|hd~h|

èwmkwhahe~ mg ~bh ed~`medk vd|k`dahe~y% ^bh imx|~ ~bxy diim|ny ~bh Hx|mvhdeVd|k`dahe~ d aèm| |mkh+ zbìb y d~ mnny z`~b khjdk+ vmk`~ìdk den v|di~ìdk |hdk`~p%

Bmzhwh|+ nhami|d~ì khj`~àdip ideem~ lh ahdyx|hn lp ~bh hkhi~`me |xkhy mg ~bh

Hx|mvhde Vd|k`dahe~ dkmeh% @e adep ghnh|dk ypy~hay+ gm| hrdavkh ~bmyh mg ~bh

Xe`~hn Y~d~hy+ Yz`~h|kden den hwhe Jh|adep `~yhkg+ ~bh n`|hi~ |hv|hyhe~d~`me

mg i`~`hey "è ~bh |y~ ibdalh|) den y~d~hy "è ~bh yhimen ibdalh|) damxe~ ~m

imavmy`~h ypy~hay gm| ~bh hrh|i`yh mg vmk`~ìdk vmzh|% ^bh v|èi`vkh mg yk`nèj!

yidkh v|mvm|~`medk`~p `y `~yhkg nhami|d~ì ~m ~bh hr~he~ ~bd~ `~ yh|why ~m v|m~hi~

aèm|`~`hy den ~bxy v|mam~hy diihv~deih mg ~bh Hx|mvhde Vd|k`dahe~ è ~bh

yadkkh| ahalh| y~d~hy% Jheh|dk hkhi~`mey gm| adep ed~`medk vd|k`dahe~y d|h

imenxi~hn z`~b aèm|`~p txm~dy m| è imey~`~xhei`hy mg xehtxdk y`h%

Tx`~h dvd|~ g|ma ~bd~+ ~bh imx|~ |hohi~y dep dvv|mdib gm| d yvhiì Hx|mvhde

gm|a mg nhami|dip% @~ nmhy em~ ~dch xv ~bh hrvkì`~ g|dahzm|c mg d Hx|mvhde

v|èi`vkh mg nhami|dip è d|~ìkhy 46 ~m 4< mg ~bh HX ^|hd~p ’ è vd|~ìxkd|+ ~bh

nxdk khj`~àdip dvv|mdib+ è zbìb lm~b ymx|ihy mg khj`~àdip ’ ~bh Hx|mvhde

Imxei`k den ed~`medk vd|k`dahe~y me ~bh meh bden+ den Hx|mvhde Vd|k`dahe~

me ~bh m~bh| ’ d|h yhhe dy imavkhahe~d|p% Meih djdè+ è ~dcèj ~b`y w`hz+ ~bh

imx|~ `y dnmv~èj de è~h|ed~`medk kdz vmè~ mg w`hz% @~ `y dkamy~ ~|djì ~bd~+

è nmèj ym+ `~ `y adcèj d nhami|d~ì hrdavkh mg ~bh wh|p m|jde`yd~`me ~bd~

’ ime~|d|p ~m ikdyyì è~h|ed~`medk m|jde`yd~`mey yxib dy ~bh XE den ~bh Z^M

’ di~xdkkp bdy d vd|k`dahe~ ~bd~ `y n`|hi~kp hkhi~hn lp `~y i`~`hey den bdy z`nh!

|hdibèj nhi`y`me!adcèj den ime~|mk vmzh|y%

@e yh~~èj hrihyy`whkp b`jb y~dend|ny gm| ~bh HX+ `y ~bh imx|~ em~ vkdpèj mgg

~bh nhami|d~ì v|èi`vkh djdèy~ Hx|mvhde è~hj|d~`me= @e `~y ix||he~ gm|a+ ~bh

Hx|mvhde Vd|k`dahe~ nmhy em~ ahh~ ~bh |htx`|hahe~y mg ~bh "Jh|ade) v|èi`vkhmg nhami|dip% Lx~ ~bh HX ide mekp ahh~ yxib |htx`|hahe~y `g `~ lhimahy d86



nhidnhy+ ahalh| y~d~hy bdwh j`whe ~bh`| i`~`hey ~bh gdkyh àv|hyy`me ~bd~

Hx|mvhde è~hj|d~`me `y v|àd|`kp de himemaì v|mohi~% Gm| èy~deih+ `~ `y mekp

emz+ è ~bh a`ny~ mg ~bh hx|m i|`y`y+ ~bd~ adep d|h y~d|~èj ~m |hdk`yh ~bd~ ~bh

imaame ix||heip dkym bdy d vmk`~ìdk nàhey`me%

Yèih ~bh|h bdy ehwh| lhhe d |hgh|henxa e Jh|adep me ~bh Hx|mvhde ~|hd~`hy+

~bh imx|~ yhhay chhe ~m xyh ~y oxnjahe~ me K`ylme dy d zdp mg j`wèj hrv|hyy`me

~m ~bh xehdyh ~bd~ adep m|nèd|p i`~`hey ghhk% @e nmèj ym+ `~ bdy gd`khn ~m ahh~

em~ mekp ~bh vh|yvhi~`wh mg è~hj|d~`me lx~ dkym ~bh b`y~m|ìdk imeyheyxy ~bd~

Hx|mvhde himemaì è~hj|d~`me zdy em~ de hen è `~yhkg lx~ |d~bh| è~henhn ~m

vdwh ~bh zdp gm| de hwh| ikmyh| vmk`~ìdk xe`me damej ~bh vhmvkhy "den y~d~hy)

mg Hx|mvh z`~bè ~bh HX% m ~bd~ hen+ ~y ‛mvhe‑ imey~`~x~`me |htx`|hy Jh|adep

~m lhimah vd|~ mg ~bh HX+ ~m ime~|`lx~h ~m ~y mejmèj nhwhkmvahe~ den ~m adch|mma gm| ~bh ehihyyd|p dnoxy~ahe~y ~m Hx|mvhde |htx`|hahe~y% ^bh |hkhwde~

~hr~+ ~bh |y~ yhe~heih mg D|~ìkh <9%4+ adchy imegm|a`~p z`~b ~bh Ldyì Kdz‐y

gxendahe~dk imey~`~x~`medk v|èi`vkhy d imen`~`me mg Jh|ade è~hj|d~`me è~m

~bh HX% @~ nmhy em~+ bmzhwh|+ nhaden ~bd~ ~bh HX hrdi~kp ahh~y Jh|ade

y~dend|ny mg nhami|dip+ ~bh |xkh mg kdz den gxendahe~dk |`jb~y%

8<



AHN@D



Im|ehk`d Lmkhyib

D vm~vmx||` mg ikìbày

Am|h ~bde <6 phd|y djm+ ~bh vmh~ den hyydp`y~ Bdey Adjexy Heheylh|jh|

~|dwhkkhn ~b|mxjb yhwhe Hx|mvhde imxe~|`hy den z|m~h d lmmc idkkhn Dib Hx|mvd$ "vxlk`ybhn è Hejk`yb dy Hx|mvh+ Hx|mvh)% Em~ kmej djm+ Yv`hjhk

adjdèh v|è~hn de hr~|di~ g|ma b`y ehz lmmc me Hx|mvh+ ‛Ydeg~hy Amey~h|

L|ûyyhk‑ "zbìb z`kk lh vxlk`ybhn è Hejk`yb dy ‛Jhe~kh Amey~h| L|xyyhky‑)% D

am|h dvv|mv|`d~h ~`~kh a`jb~ zhkk bdwh lhhe ‛Dib Heheylh|jh|$‑ Diim|nèj ~m

Yv`hjhk + Hehelh|jh| yvhe~ ~àh è L|xyyhky+ zbh|h bh ‛ah~ lx|hdxi|d~y den

vmk`~ì`dey‑% Lx~ bh ehhn em~ bdwh lm~bh|hn khdwèj b`y Axeìb dvd|~ahe~ gm|

dkk ~bh èy`jb~y bh l|mxjb~ ldic z`~b bà g|ma ~bh HX idv`~dk% Bh imxkn oxy~ dy

hdy`kp bdwh y~dphn d~ b`y nhyc den nmzekmdnhn g|ma ~bh e~h|eh~ dkk ~bh ibd|di~h|

dyydyyèd~`mey+ z`yhi|dicy den id|ìd~x|hy ~bd~ nmaèd~h b`y ~hr~% Heheylh|jh|

bdy nxy~hn mgg ~`|hn mkn ap~by den v|hyhe~hn ~bha dy `g ~bhp zh|h l|den ehz?

~bh nd|c gm|ihy mg L|xyyhky d|h lhdwh|èj dzdp ~m ~x|e ~bh zbmkh ime~èhe~ è~m

d |hgm|a yibmmk+ z`~b lx|hdxi|d~y zde~èj ~m nh~h|aèh hwhe bmz l`j ~m`kh~

lmzky ybmxkn lh zb`kh zh+ ~bh bdvkhyy i`~`hey mg ~bh HX+ bdwh em ydp è dkk ~bh

apy~h|`mxy jmèjy!me%

@~ zmxkn lh kdxjbdlkh g ~ zh|h em~ ym ydn ’ d bxjhkp ~dkhe~hn Jh|ade e~hkkhi~xdk+

è ~bh ~z`k`jb~ mg b`y i|hd~`wh phd|y+ ènxkjèj è d vm~vmx||` mg ikìbày dlmx~

Hx|mvh% @g Heheylh|jh| bdn mggh|hn ~bh ydah cèn mg |xenmze me Jh|adep dy

bh n`n mg ~bh HX ’ gmixyèj me ~bh Jh|ade khj`ykd~x|h den ~bh lx|hdxi|d~ì eh|

vmè~y mg Jh|ade ghnh|dk`ya ’ zh zmxkn em nmxl~ bdwh bdn hrdi~kp ~bh ydah

ghhkèj mg lhèj ~|dvvhn è d Cdgcdhytxh bhdnkmic+ hwhe ~bmxjb è |hdk`~p amy~

vhmvkh è Jh|adep di~xdkkp khdn d wh|p imagm|~dlkh k`gh%

^bh v|mlkha `y em~ ~bd~ dkk mg zbd~ Heheylh|jh| z|`~hy `y xe~|xh+ |d~bh| ~bd~

bh khdwhy mx~ chp hkhahe~y% Bh nmhy em~ yhha d~ dkk è~h|hy~hn è bmz ~bh HX

zm|cy+ zbìb `y dep~bèj lx~ xenhami|d~ i% B`y amich|p kdicy ime~hr~ den dyheyh mg v|mvm|~`me% @ey~hdn mg ybhnnèj dep |hdk k`jb~ me ~bh HX den ~bh ihe~|dk

:

88



zm|cèjy mg ~b`y vmk`~ìdk bpl|`n+ bh ah|hkp gxalkhy dlmx~+ yd|idy~ìdkkp vmcèj

dzdp è ymah nd|c+ den d~ ~àhy wh|p |ham~h+ im|eh|y mg ~bh lx`knèj%

Yv`hjhk + zbìb bdy dk|hdnp nhwm~hn yhwh|dk vdjhy ~m ~b`y y~dkh n`d~|`lh+ y d ahn`dm|jde`yd~`me z`~b yxgi`he~ vh|ymeehk den amehp ~m mggh| `~y am|h ~bde wh

a`kk`me |hdnh|y d am|h diix|d~h+ kmej!~h|a w`hz mg bmz ~bh Hx|mvhde ime~èhe~

`y dnaè`y~h|hn ’ zd|~y den dkk% Lx~ `~ ikhd|kp bdy em nhy`|h ~m nm ym% Yv`hjhk

~|hd~y ~bh yxlohi~ mg Hx|mvh e d |d~bh| yk`vybmn den imenhyihenèj adeeh|% De

è~h|ed~`medkkp xe`txh+ èbh|he~kp |`ycp hrvh|àhe~ nhy`jehn ~m l|èj <: z`kgxk

ed~`mey ~mjh~bh| `y dvvd|he~kp em~ hemxjb ~m adch adjdèh hn`~m|y y`~~èj

è d Bdalx|j b`jb!|`yh |hw`hz ~bh`| ed||mz!aènhn omx|edk`y~ì ~bècèj m|

ibdejh ~bh`| mx~nd~hn zm|c v|di~ìhy% Gm| nhidnhy+ ~bhp bdwh ybmze em e~h|hy~

zbd~ymhwh| è ~bh èeh| zm|cèjy mg ~bh HX m| ~bh |hdk gm|ih lhbèn ~ ’ ym zbp ybmxkn ~bhp y~d|~ emz=

Heheylh|jh| ikhd|kp gmxen em ègm|ad~`me è Yv`hjhk ’ m| dep mg ~bh ed~`medk

nd`kp ehzyvdvh|y m| vxlkì l|mdnidy~èj ibdeehky gm| ~bd~ ad~~h| ’ ~m ~havh|

b`y w`hz ~bd~ ~bh HX `y v|àd|`kp ~bh lx~~ mg ymah jmmn omchy% Ph~+ dvd|~ g|ma

L`kn + ~bh lhy~!yhkkèj ~dlkm`n ehzyvdvh|+ ~bh Jh|ade ahn`d d|h em~ mvvmyhn ~m

Hx|mvh dy yxib% ^b`y `y zbd~ adchy ~bh y`~xd~`me hwhe am|h vd|dnmrìdk den+

è d yheyh+ zm|yh% Yèih ~bhp y~d|~hn ~dcèj am|h em~ìh mg Hx|mvh+ ~bh Jh|ade

ahn`d bdwh lhimah lhyh~ z`~b zbd~ ide mekp lh idkkhn ‛HX gd~`jxh‑%

Mwh| ~bh vdy~ 46 phd|y m| ym+ ~bh Jh|ade v|hyy bdy bxjhkp èi|hdyhn ~bh

damxe~ mg ehzy |hvm|~y me HX hwhe~y% Bmzhwh|+ dy d |hyxk~ mg ~bd~ imwh|djh+

adep hn`~m|y!è!ib`hg ~bèc ~bhp bdwh hyyhe~`dkkp nmeh ~bh`| nx~p% ^bh|h `y

vkhe~p mg ehzy imwh|djh mg HX yxaa`~y+ ~bh Hx|mvhde i|`y`y+ ~hey`mey lh~zhhe

Ah|chk den Yd|cmp+ den ym me% Ehzyvdvh|y ~pvìdkkp dkkmid~h zbmkh vdjhy ~m

yxib hwhe~y den vxlk`yb adom| imwh| y~m|`hy me ~bh yxlohi~+ z`~b mekp vxlkì

~hkhw`y`me yhhaèjkp nh~h|aèhn em~ ~m kh~ Hx|mvh jh~ è ~bh zdp mg ~bh`|

v|mj|daaèj |mx~èhy% Ph~ ~b`y cèn mg nd`kp ehzy `y hvbhah|dk `g vhmvkh nm

em~ |hdkkp xenh|y~den ~bh vmk`~ìdk ypy~ha lhbèn ~ ’ dy y ~bh idyh z`~b ~bh HX%

D~ meh vmè~+ ~bh|h n`n yhha ~m lh yxib d ~bèj dy d Hx|mvhde |hyx|jheih%

Dlmx~ 46 phd|y djm+ hn`~m|y yhhahn ~m n`yimwh| L|xyyhky ’ em~ mekp dy ~bh

ED^M bhdntxd|~h|y nx|èj ~bh Cmymwm i|`y`y m| dy ~bh exikhxy mg ~bh yèjkh

ix||heip+ lx~ dy ~bh ihe~|dk yz`~iblmd|n mg Hx|mvhde vmk`~ìy% @~ zdy nx|èj

~bd~ vh|`mn ~bd~ @ amwhn ~m ~bh HX idv`~dk apyhkg% M~bh| Jh|ade ehzyvdvh|y

zh|h hrvdenèj ~bh`| HX mgihy ~mm+ den hwhe |hj`medk ehzyvdvh|y d~~hav~hn~m hy~dlk`yb ymah gm|a mg |hv|hyhe~d~`me ~bh|h% D~ ~bh ~àh+ ~bh|h zdy d j|hd~87



nhdk mg jmmnz`kk dlmx~ edkkp jh~~èj ~m j|`vy z`~b hwh|p dejkh mg ~bh xecemze

vkdeh~ ~bd~ zdy Hx|mvh% Lx~ è ~bh ndp!~m!ndp zm|kn mg omx|edk`ya+ adep mg

~bmyh bmvhy ymme |hihnhn%

Mg~he ~ zdy nxh ~m d l|hdcnmze e imaaxeìd~`me lh~zhhe HX im||hyvmenhe~y

den ~bh`| hn`~m|y% Im||hyvmenhe~y è L|xyyhky gmxen ~bhayhkwhy è d ehz

vkdih z`~b ènhi`vbh|dlkh y`jey den xegda`k`d| ~|dgi |xkhy% Ahdezb`kh+ ~bh`|

imkkhdjxhy ldic è Jh|adep zh|h ybmichn ~m en ~bd~ dnwdeihy è ~hibemkmjp

zh|h |hwmkx~`me`yèj ~bh`| hwh|pndp zm|cèj hew`|meahe~ den ~bd~ ~bh e~h|eh~

zdy èi|hdyèjkp diihkh|d~èj v|mihyyhy den nhi`y`me!adcèj ibdeehky% ^bh

ad~h|`dk ~bd~ xyhn ~m lh vx~ ~mjh~bh| lp ~bh hn`~m|`dk ~hda gm| ~bh gmkkmzèj

ndp‐y hn`~`me mg ~bh ehzyvdvh| d~ d |hkd~`whkp kh`yx|hkp vdih zdy yxnnhekp yxlohi~

~m imey~de~ xvnd~èj den imavd|`yme z`~b ed~`medk ‛adèy~|hda‑ |hvm|~èj%Ehzyvdvh|y den ~hkhw`y`me eh~zm|cy bdn ~m chhv vdih z`~b mekèh ahn`d

yh|wìhy% ^bd~ ahde~ ehzy nhycy |d~bh| ~bde yhi~`me hn`~m|y zh|h è ime~|mk%

^b`y diihkh|d~`me v|mihyy+ zbìb ~mmc vkdih oxy~ dy hn`~m|y bdn lhjxe ~m ~dch

de è~h|hy~ è L|xyyhky dy d ymx|ih mg |hdk ehzy+ adnh `~ bd|nh| ~m nm è!nhv~b

|hvm|~èj dlmx~ Hx|mvh%

^bh vmk`~ìdk lxyèhyy mg ~bh HX den ~bh mwh||`nèj nì~d~hy mg ~bh ahn`d

lxyèhyy d|h k`ch ibdkc den ibhhyh% ^bh HX ypy~ha `y d ymvb`y~ìd~hn+ mg~he

imewmkx~hn lhdy~ ’ lx~ ~bh ahn`d v|hgh| ~bèjy ~m lh yàvkh% ^bh HX dkzdpy

ehhny ~m en imeyheyxy ’ lx~ ~bh ahn`d v|hgh| ~m ~dkc dlmx~ zèeh|y den

kmyh|y% Den edkkp+ ~bh ahn`d zm|yb`v yvhhn ’ lx~ ~bh HX zm|cy kdlm|`mxykp

ykmzkp% Hwh|p HX n`|hi~`wh ~bd~ dvvhd|y ~m imah g|ma emzbh|h mx~ mg L|xyyhky

è |hdk`~p jmhy ~b|mxjb adep n`ggh|he~ y~djhy lhgm|h lhèj deemxeihn% @e~h|hy~

j|mxvy vmy~ imav|hbhey`wh den xe`wh|ydkkp diihyy`lkh txhy~`mey den deyzh|y

me ~bh e~h|eh~ d~ ~bh y~d|~ mg dep khj`ykd~`wh v|mihyy3 ~bh Hx|mvhde Imaa`yy`me

deemxeihy yvhiì v|mvmydky d~ khdy~ meh phd| è dnwdeih3 den n`|hi~`why den

m|nèdeihy d|h ehjm~`d~hn ldic den gm|~b lh~zhhe ~bh Imxei`k mg Hx|mvh den

~bh Hx|mvhde Vd|k`dahe~ gm| ame~by d~ d ~àh% ^bh HX khj`ykd~`wh v|mihyy `y

k`ch d yb`g~èj yden nxeh+ exnjèj ykmzkp dbhdn+ a`kkàh~|h lp a`kkàh~|h+ phd|

dg~h| phd|+ lx~ dkym z`~b j|hd~ imey`y~heip% Dkamy~ 26 vh|ihe~ mg yxib Hx|mvhde

v|mj|hyy y imavkh~hkp jem|hn lp ~bh ahn`d+ hwhe ~bmxjb ~ bdvvhey e d ~m~dkkp

~|deyvd|he~ zdp% @~ `y em~ xe~`k ~bhyh vmkì`hy d|h dlmx~ ~m lh dnmv~hn ~bd~ ~bh

ahn`d yxnnhekp ~b|xy~y ~bha e~m ~bh kàhk`jb~%

Adep im||hyvmenhe~y è L|xyyhky zmxkn kmwh ~m adch ~bh vxlkì am|h dzd|h mg

~bh yvhi`dk ed~x|h mg ~b`y Hx|mvhde vmk`~ìdk v|mihyy% bh Hx|mvhde zdp mg nmèjvmk`~ìy+ edahkp mg yhhcèj imeyheyxy+ a`jb~ dvvhdk ~m adep Jh|adey am|h 8:



~bde ~bh vmk`~ìdk ybdnmz!lmrèj lh~zhhe jmwh|eahe~ den mvvmy`~`me ~bd~

miix|y è Lh|kè% Lx~ omx|edk`y~y è L|xyyhky bdwh ~mm k`~~kh ~àh ~m nhkwh nhhvkp

è~m ~bh xenh|kpèj kècy lh~zhhe yyxhy den ~bh ldicj|mxen lhbèn ~bha% bhp

yàvkp ideem~ yvhen d zhhc z`~b ~bh Hx|mvhde Imaa`yy`me V|hy`nhe~‐y jheh|dkyhi|h~d|p e m|nh| ~m ~hdyh mx~ bmz ~bh eeh| ydei~xa mg ~bh imaa`yy`me zm|cy%

^bhp ideem~ nhyi|`lh ~bh n`yvd|d~h ixk~x|hy è ~bh Hx|mvhde Vd|k`dahe~ ~bd~

imey~de~kp bdwh ~m gm|a adom|`~`hy% Den hwhe `g ~bhp n`n ~dch ~bh ~àh ~m nm

ym+ ~bh|h zmxkn lh em |mma è ~bh`| ehzyvdvh|y gm| yxib hkdlm|d~h vm|~|dpdky%

^bhp zmxkn dkzdpy lh dychn? ‛Zbh|h `y ~bh ehzy=‑ Y~m|`hy mg ~b`y cèn bdwh ~m

imavh~h z`~b m~bh| zm|kn ehzy+ dy ~bhp ybd|h ~bh kà`~hn yvdih dkkmid~hn ~m

vmk`~ìdk ègm|ad~`me den dkamy~ dkzdpy n|dz ~bh ybm|~ y~|dz è ~bh v|mihyy%

Mwh| ~bh vdy~ 46 phd|y+ im||hyvmenhe~y ldyhn è L|xyyhky bdwh mg~he bdn ~mhrvkdè ~bèjy ~m ~bh`| imkkhdjxhy ldic bmah den+ è vd|~ìxkd|+ vx~ ~bèjy è

ime~hr~% Gm| hrdavkh+ ~bhp bdwh bdn ~m vmè~ mx~ ~bd~ em HX kdz hwh| idah

dlmx~ dy d |hyxk~ mg d vxlkì yh|wde~ è ~bh imaa`yy`me hrv|hyyèj ~bh l|`jb~

`nhd ix||he~kp lhèj nhyi|`lhn dy d ‛yidendk‑ lp L`kn % Lx~ vhmvkh ~pvìdkkp nm

em~ heomp bhd|èj yxib ~bèjy+ den omx|edk`y~y è vd|~ìxkd| d|h ~m~dkkp |hy`y~de~

~m |hdk`~p ibhicy% Zbd~ adchy L|xyyhky ~ìc `y ymah~bèj ~bd~ |hadèy dk`he ~m

adep hn`~m|y+ den yxib hrvkded~`mey d|h de èi|hdyèj ymx|ih mg deempdeih è

~bh bhi~ì ndp!~m!ndp lxyèhyy mg ibdyèj nhdnkèhy% @e vd|~ìxkd|+ ~bh gdamxy

Hx|mvhde ‛imeyheyxy‑ bdy v|mwhn ~m lh d |hdk ybhkg!zd|ah| imavd|hn ~m ~bh

gdy~!vdihn vmk`~ìdk y~xe~y è Lh|kè+ zbh|h jmwh|eahe~ den mvvmy`~`me ide

lh |hk`hn xvme ~m i|hd~h bhdnkèhy% Im||hyvmenhe~y è L|xyyhky bdwh jdèhn d

|hvx~d~`me d~ bmah gm| lhèj yvè nmi~m|y den yamm~b ~dkch|y gm| |hgxyèj ~m

imah xv z`~b zm|ny k`ch ‛adnehyy‑ ~m nhyi|`lh Hx|mvhde dj|ìxk~x|h vmkì`hy%

^m ~b`y ndp+ em nd`kp ehzyvdvh|+ adjdèh m| ~hkhw`y`me ibdeehk bdy bdn ~bh

imx|djh ~m ibdejh `~y mze v|mghyy`medk v|di~ìhy è m|nh| ~m nm oxy~ìh ~m ~bh

xe`txh vmk`~ìdk ypy~ha mg ~bh HX+ z`~b dkk `~y y~|hej~by den zhdcehyyhy% Yxib

ibdejhy imxkn ~dch ~bh gm|a mg yhi~`mey nhwm~hn ~m Hx|mvh+ |hjxkd| vdjhy me

Hx|mvh m| yvhi`dk hn`~m|`dk eh~zm|cèj ~m am|h diix|d~hkp nhvì~ ~bh n`ggh|heihy

lh~zhhe L|xyyhky den Lh|kè% Lx~ em~ hwhe ~bh bhdnkèhy d|h diix|d~h ~bhyh

ndpy% Zbhehwh| ~bh Hx|mvhde Imaa`yy`me imahy xv z`~b d vmkìp `nhd me `~y

mze+ ~bh bhdnkèh `y dkzdpy ‛^bh HX zde~y ~m ‧‑ zb`kh ‛ahalh| y~d~hy mvvmyh

`~‑% Mwh| ~àh+ yxib vh|y`y~he~ a`yxyh mg ~bmyh ~zm kh~~h|y ideem~ bhkv lx~ j`wh

|hdnh|y ~bh àv|hyy`me ~bd~ ~bh HX `y d gm|h`je vmzh| zbìb bdy em~bèj ~m nm

z`~b ~bh`| mze ed~`medk jmwh|eahe~% Ym gd|+ ~bh ahn`d bdy imey`y~he~kp gd`khn ~m

nhvì~ ~bh HX dy ~bh imkkhi~`wh he~`~p ~bd~ `~ |hdkkp `y%82



Ckdxy!N`h~h| G|dechelh|jh|

D|h ~bh ~dlkm`ny |`jb~=

Gm| ymah ~àh emz+ `~ bdy lhhe ikdàhn ~bd~ Hx|mvhde vmk`~ìy `y lhèj

|hed~`medk`yhn% @e vd|~ìxkd|+ Jh|adep bdy lhhe diixyhn mg ei|hdyèjkp vx|yxèjed~`medk è~h|hy~y mwh| Hx|mvhde è~h|hy~y zb`kh w`hzèj Hx|mvhde è~hj|d~`me

den ymk`nd|`~p dy d lx|nhe+ ldyhn me ~bh am~~m ~bd~ Lh|kè y em~ Lmee%

D yxvh|i`dk dedkpy y a`jb~ khdn meh ~m imeikxnh ~bd~+ <6 phd|y dg~h| |hxeìd~ me+

Jh|adey d|h mekp idvdlkh mg yhhèj ~bèjy è khjdk`y~ì ~h|ay "‛em ld`kmx~‑ gm|

bdl`~xdk nhl~m|y)+ d|h e~he~ me avmyèj ~bh`| himemaì amnhk me m~bh| ahalh|y

mg ~bh hx|mmeh den w`hz d||mjde~ i|mzèj dy khdnh|yb`v gm| ~bh imaame jmmn%

@e ~bh yv|èj mg <646+ ~bh Jh|ade nhld~h dlmx~ ~bh bm||henmxy ed~`medk nhl~ mg

ymah ahalh| y~d~hy+ ~bh heyxèj imeyhtxheihy gm| ~bh`| Hx|mvhde imxe~h|vd|~y

den ~bh y~dl`k`~p mg ~bh yèjkh ix||heip dkk vmè~hn è ~bd~ n`|hi~`me% Zbhe ~bh

J|hhc i|`y`y zdy amemvmk`yèj ~bh bhdnkèhy den Hx|mvhde i|`y`y adedjhahe~

zdy vdeì!n|`whe+ ~bh àv|hyy`me adp bdwh lhhe j`whe è Jh|ade ~dlkm`n

ehzyvdvh|y ’ den em~ mekp ~bh|h ’ ~bd~ |hyhe~ahe~ den imkn yhkg!è~h|hy~ bdn

|h~x|ehn z`~b d whejhdeih den ~bd~ Hx|mvhde den ix||heip vmkì`hy è Jh|adep

zh|h lhèj n|`whe lp ~bh vmvxk ya mg ~dlkm`n omx|edk ya%

^bh adom|`~p mg Jh|adey bdn k`~~kh ypavd~bp gm| ~bh bhdw`kp ènhl~hn ed~`mey%

^bhp bdn phd|y mg zdjh |hy~|dè~ lhbèn ~bha den zh|h y~`kk bdwèj ~m n`jhy~ ~bh

l`jjhy~ mwh|bdxk mg ~bh ymi`dk zhkgd|h ypy~ha è Jh|ade b`y~m|p% ^bhp n`n em~

zde~ ~m vìc xv ~bh ~dl gm| nhl~!|`nnhe ed~ mey ~bd~ bdn heomphn yxly~de~ dk zdjh

èi|hdyhy den y~d~h hrvhen`~x|h d~ d ~àh mg nhikèèj v|mnxi~`w`~p den ad|ch~

imavh~`~`whehyy% Jh|adey ghk~ ibhd~hn lhidxyh ~bh j`g~ mg d imaame ix||heip

bdn nmeh ~bha em gdwmx|y den ~bh v|ma`yh mg ~bhe!ibdeihkkm| Cmbk ~bd~ ~bh hx|m

zmxkn lh dy y~dlkh dy ~bh nhx~yibad|c bdn ikhd|kp lhhe ime~|dnì~hn lp hwhe~y%

^bhp zh|h em khyy gx|`mxy ~bde ~bh J|hhcy den ghk~ ~bh`| ~|xy~ bdn lhhe dlxyhn%

Ym ~ y bd|nkp yx|v|`yèj ~bd~ g|de~ì i|`y`y!adedjhahe~ vmkì`hy den adom| |hyixhvdicdjhy mekp ei|hdyhn ~bh`| a`y~|xy~ e ameh~d|p xe`me+ gdeehn hwhe gx|~bh| lp

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Ymah <6 phd|y dg~h| ~bh imkkdvyh mg ~bh Ymw`h~ Xe`me+ ~bh y`~xd~`me è den

d|mxen Hx|mvh `y gxendahe~dkkp n`ggh|he~ ~m ~bd~ mg ~bh Imkn Zd| vh|`mn% ^bh

Xe`~hn Y~d~hy+ ~bh xeyvmche v|m~hi~m| mg ~bh HX+ bdy adnh Dy`d den ~bh A`nnkh

Hdy~ ~bh gmixy mg `~y gm|h`je vmkìp% D~ ~bh ydah ~àh+ ~bh HX bdy j|mze è y`h%^b`y j`why Hx|mvhde vmzh|y+ èikxnèj Jh|adep+ am|h mv~`mey% Ed~x|dkkp+ ~b`y

nmhy em~ ahde Jh|adep ybmxkn nh~dib `~yhkg g|ma ~bh HX m| ED^M+ lx~ `~ nmhy

vd|~kp hrvkdè zbp Jh|adep ~mmc ~bh mvvmy`~h imx|yh ~m `~y Zhy~h|e dkk`hy me

`yyxhy yxib dy @|dt den ~bh K`lpde imeì~+ den zbp Hx|mvhde è~hj|d~`me em

kmejh| imegm|ay ~m `~y gmxenèj gd~bh|y‐ `nhdy mg edk`~p% ^bh zm|kn!vmk`~ìdk

g|dahzm|c bdy ibdejhn den ehz jheh|d~`mey bdwh yxvh|yhnhn ~bh vmy~!zd|

jheh|d~`me% D~ ~bh ydah ~àh+ ~bh mkn ed||d~`wh mg è~hj|d~`me bdy kmy~ ~|di~`me%

Jh|adep y~`kk bdy de e~h|hy~ e ~bh imavkh~`me mg ~bh e~h|edk Hx|mvhde ad|ch~den ~bh imeymk`nd~`me den ime~èxhn hrvdey`me mg ameh~d|p xe`me% bh e~h|edk

Hx|mvhde ad|ch~ `y ~bh gmxend~`me mg ~bh HX% @~y ym!idkkhn hdy~h|e hrvdey`me

è <66> zdy meh mg ~bh j|hd~hy~ ~|`xavby mg Hx|mvhde è~hj|d~`me+ hwhe `g `~ n`n

|ml è~hj|d~`me`y~y mg ~bh`| n|hda mg d Hx|mvhde Ghnh|dk \hvxlkì% Bmzhwh|+ `~

bdy ~m lh yd`n ~bd~ adep vhmvkh e zhy~h|e Hx|mvh+ eikxnèj Jh|adep+ w`hz ~bh

hrvdey`me mg ~bh HX ~m ihe~|dk+ hdy~h|e den ymx~b!hdy~h|e Hx|mvh z`~b a`rhn

ghhkèjy m|+ d~ ~bh wh|p khdy~+ yihv~ì`ya+ `||hyvhi~`wh mg ~bh hem|amxy himemaì

mvvm|~xe`~`hy ~ bdy i|hd~hn%

^bh gx~x|h hrvdey`me mg ~bh HX ~m èikxnh zbd~ d|h emz idkkhn ~bh Zhy~h|e

Ldkcdey z`kk dkym ahh~ z`~b mvvmy`~`me zbìb `~ z`kk ~dch am|h ~bde d ghz

jmmn zm|ny ~m n`yvhk% ^bh|h `y ymah oxy~ìd~`me gm| ~bh w`hz ~bd~ Lxkjd|`d

den \made`d zh|h èyxgi`he~kp v|hvd|hn ~m omè ~bh HX den bdwh em~ìhdlkp

~havh|hn ~bh`| |hgm|aèj hdk yèih ~bh`| diihv~deih è~m ~bh gmkn+ ym am|h

id|h z`kk bdwh ~m lh ~dche ~m heyx|h gx~x|h iden`nd~hy imah gxkkp v|hvd|hn% @g

vhmvkh bh|h è Jh|adep ~hen ~m n`ya`yy ~bh ehr~ iden`nd~hy dy k`dl`k`~`hy+ |`ycy

m| ndejh|y ’ gm| hrdavkh+ e ~bh gm|a mg ~|deyed~`medk i|àèdk`~p ’ ~bh exalh|

mg Hx|myihv~ìy z`kk mekp j|mz% @g x|chp zh|h ~m omè+ yxib d j|mxenyzhkk zmxkn

v|mldlkp ~x|e è~m d mmn mg hvì v|mvm|~`mey% Gm| d bmy~ mg n`ggh|he~ |hdymey+

èikxy`me mg ~b`y imxe~|p+ mekp d g|di~`me mg zbìb `y jhmj|dvbìdkkp vd|~ mg

Hx|mvh+ zmxkn lx|y~ ~bh HX‐y vmk`~ìdk+ ixk~x|dk+ b`y~m|ìdk den |hjxkd~m|p!vmkìp

lmxend|`hy den j`wh |`yh ~m d vmvxk y~ mvvmy ~`me amwhahe~%

Nhepèj m| `jem|èj ~bh imeyhtxheihy mg j|mzèj vxlkì yihv~ì`ya z`kk

èhw`~dlkp khdn ~m d |hvhd~ mg zbd~ bdvvhehn è G|deih den ~bh Eh~bh|kdeny

è <668+ zbhe vmk`~ì`dey yàvkp n`n em~ cemz zbd~ bdn b`~ ~bha% M|nèd|p i`~`hey mg~he bdwh d chhe yheyh mg zbhe ~bh HX y mwh|hr~henèj ~yhkg den zde~7>



YMI@H^P



Ikdxy Khjjhz`h

^bh pmxej k`ch `~ j|hhe

Ap jheh|d~`me `y jh~~èj me ap eh|why% ^mndp‐y 76!ymah~bèjy ’ ~bh ym!idkkhn

ldlp lmmah|y m| ~bh ‛4072 jheh|d~`me‑ ’ ~hen ~m lh n`yj|xe~khn den yihv~ìdkdlmx~ Hx|mvh% bh mwh|zbhkaèj yxiihyy mg b`km Yd||dè‐y lmmc Nhx~yibkden

yibdgg~ yìb dl "‛Jh|adep Nmhy Dzdp z`~b @~yhkg‑) `y d n|dad~ì y`je mg ~b`y

ide~dech|mxy ammn den ghd| mg ~bh gx~x|h? d y`jedk lp Jh|adep‐y vmk`~ìdk+

himemaì den ixk~x|dk hk`~h ~m vm~he~`dk àa`j|de~y ~bd~ ~bhp d|h em~ zde~hn%

^bh mkn Ghnh|dk \hvxlkì zdy meih d b`jbkp d~~|di~`wh vkdih gm| jmmny+ idv`~dk

den a`j|de~y% ^mndp+ Jh|adep `y de djhèj imxe~|p ~bd~ bdy am|h ha`j|de~y

~bde àa`j|de~y% Dg~h| 4072 den 4020+ `~ `y emz b`jb ~àh gm| d ehz jheh|d~`me

den d ehz+ xvlhd~ dvv|mdib ~m Hx|mvhde vmkìp%

Pmxejh| Jh|adey d|h+ gm| ~bh amy~ vd|~+ v|djad~ì den k`lh|dk è mx~kmmc% bhp

kmmc ~m ~bh gx~x|h z`~b |hy~|dèhn mv~à`ya den dvv|mdib ~bh "em~ dkzdpy |myp)

y`nh hgghi~y mg ymi`dk ibdejh dy |d~`medkkp dy ~bhp n`n ~bh |hvh|ixyy`mey mg ~bh

himemaì i|`y`y+ zbìb zh|h vd|~ìxkd|kp bd|yb gm| ~bha% Jheh|dkkp yvhdcèj+

~bhp ~di`~kp dvv|mwh mg Hx|mvh den ~bh HX% @e gdi~+ ~bhp ~hen ~m ~dch ~bh HX

gm| j|de~hn ’ vh|bdvy d k`~~kh ~mm axib% Diim|nèj ~m ~bh kd~hy~ Hx|mld|mah~h|

yx|whp+ Jh|adep+ zbìb zdy meih dw`nkp v|m!Hx|mvhde+ `y emz ikmyh ~m ~bh HX

dwh|djh% Mekp 86 vh|ihe~ mg |hyvmenhe~y dj|hhn ~bd~ HX ahalh|yb`v zdy d

jmmn ~bèj imavd|hn z`~b 76 vh|ihe~ d phd| hd|k`h|% Lx~ pmxejh| Jh|adey è

vd|~ìxkd| bdwh d zhkk!nhwhkmvhn+ imyamvmk`~de dvv|mdib ~m k`gh+ |hègm|ihn

lp g|htxhe~ ~|dwhk+ hr~hey`wh yibmmk den y~xnhe~ hribdejhy+ den b`jb ahn`d

xv~dch% ^bhp d|h khyy k`chkp ~bde ~bh`| vd|he~y ~m ghd| lx|hdxi|d~ì hrihyyhy den

~bh kmyy mg ed~`medk den ixk~x|dk `nhe~`~p%

^zm `yyxhy d|h vd|~ìxkd|kp àvm|~de~ ~m pmxej Jh|adey? ikàd~h ibdejh den

himemaì yxy~dèdl`k`~p% Diim|nèj ~m ~bh Ybhkk Pmx~b Y~xnp mg <646+ ymah :7

vh|ihe~ mg pmxej Jh|adey w`hz ikàd~h ibdejh dy d adom| v|mlkha+ den ~zm mx~mg ~b|hh pmxej vhmvkh hwhe yhh bxade yx|w`wdk dy lhèj ~b|hd~hehn% bh d~~`~xnh

0

70



mg dkk Jh|adey ~m ~bh himemap bdy ibdejhn% Diim|nèj ~m dem~bh| yx|whp è

<646+ lp ~bh Hae`n @ey~`~x~h+ mekp d ~b`|n mg Jh|adey y~`kk lhk`hwh himemaì

j|mz~b z`kk èi|hdyh ~bh txdk`~p mg ~bh`| v|`wd~h k`gh% Eme!ad~h|`dk wdkxhy yxib

dy oxy~ìh den hew`|meahe~dk v|m~hi~`me+ me ~bh m~bh| bden+ d|h jdèèj j|mxen%Ymah 22 vh|ihe~ mg |hyvmenhe~y imey`nh|hn ~bh ix||he~ himemaì ypy~ha ~m

lh èdvv|mv|`d~h gm| dnhtxd~h v|m~hi~`me mg ~bh hew`|meahe~+ id|hgxk xyh mg

|hymx|ihy den ymi`dk oxy~ìh% Pmxejh| Jh|adey è vd|~ìxkd| d|h yihv~ìdk mg

~bh vmzh| mg ~bh ad|ch~ ~m bhdk `~yhkg% Mwh| ~zm!~b`|ny mg yibmmk khdwh|y dj|hhn

~bd~ ‛V|myvh|`~p `y khyy àvm|~de~ ~m ah ~bde hew`|meahe~dk v|m~hi~`me den

nhl~ |hnxi~`me‑% Pmxej vhmvkh id|hn amy~ dlmx~ vmwh|~p+ kdic mg dnhtxd~h

gmmn den n|ècèj zd~h|+ ikàd~h ibdejh den hew`|meahe~dk ndadjh% ^bhyh

d|h ikhd| y`jedky ~bd~ ~bh vmk`~ìdk den himemaì hk`~h ehhn ~m zm|c bd|nh| me

yxy~dèdl`k`~p% Pmxej vhmvkh d|h dkym z`kkèj ~m jh~ èwmkwhn% Ym zbp `y emlmnp ~dcèj ~bha xv me ~bh mggh|=

Mkn zm|kn

Dy ap jheh|d~`me |h~ |hy+ `~ z`kk lheh~ g|ma d adyy`wh diixaxkd~`me mg dyyh~y

den khdwh d khjdip mg hem|amxy v|mlkhay gm| ~bh pmxejh| jheh|d~`me% \d~bh|

~bde ~m~ xv ~bh amxe~dè mg ibdkkhejhy gdièj ~bha+ @ zde~ ~m k`y~ bh|h ~bh

gxendahe~dk d~~`~xnhy den lhbdw`mx|dk vd~~h|ey mg pmxej vhmvkh ~bd~ adp bhkv

en d ymkx~`me?

! @||hwh|y`lkh nhamj|dvbì ibdejh `y lhèj ah~ lp pmxej vhmvkh z`~b

de dy~me`ybèjkp b`jb nhj|hh mg z`kkèjehyy ~m vh|gm|a imaaxe`~p

yh|wìh den m~bh| wmkxe~d|p zm|c èwmkwèj id|h mg ~bh hknh|kp den

n`ydlkhn% bh ime~èxhn nhy`|h ~m bdwh ib`kn|he den ~m nm ym z`~bè d

imewhe~`medk exikhd| gda`kp y dkym è~h|hy~èj%

! Mx| hem|amxy nhl~ amxe~dè ahdey hwh|p ehzlm|e Jh|ade

ix||he~kp èbh|`~y am|h ~bde ₫<6+666 zm|~b mg nhl~% ^bh |hihe~

d~~hav~ ~m hegm|ih d ‛nhl~ l|dch‑ ybmxkn d~ khdy~ |hnxih ~bh damxe~

mg ehz nhl~%

! ^bh dwh|y`me pmxej vhmvkh bdwh ~mzd|ny vmk`~ìdk vd|~`hy den

dyymi`d~`mey `y j|mzèj "mekp : vh| ihe~ mg Jh|adey xenh| ~bh djh mg

96 d|h ahalh|y mg d vmk`~ìdk vd|~p)% Bmzhwh|+ mwh| ~bh vdy~ 46 phd|y+

~bh |d~h mg wmkxe~d|p zm|c mwh|dkk bdy |hadèhn y~dlkh% Pmxej vhmvkhd|h jh~~èj èwmkwhn è ikxly den EJMy+ ymi`dk eh~zm|cy den w`|~xdk :6



Hx|mvh+ m| |d~bh| ~bh HX+ k`chy ~m yhh `~yhkg den lh yhhe dy d~ ~bh gm|hg|me~ mg

ikàd~h ibdejh vmkìp% Dk~bmxjb ~bh gdi~y nm em~ gxkkp yxvvm|~ ~bd~ vd|~ìxkd|

yhkg!àdjh+ ~bh|h d|h jmmn |hdymey gm| dyyxaèj ymah jkmldk |hyvmey`l`k`~p è

~bh hkn% Em|~b!zhy~h|e den ihe~|dk Hx|mvh zh|h ~bh |y~ |hj`mey è ~bh zm|kn~m vx|yxh d nhwhkmvahe~ vd~b ~bd~ ibx|ehn adyy`wh wmkxahy mg j|hhebmxyh

jdyhy è~m ~bh d~amyvbh|h+ den ~bhp bdwh em~ ph~ dldenmehn ~bd~ vd~b% D~ ~bh

|d~h mg 46 ~meehy mg IM< ha`yy`mey vh| idv`~d+ Hx|mvhdey xyh ~zìh dy axib dy

~bh Ibèhyh den wh ~àhy dy axib dy ~bh @en`dey% Hx|mvh ~bh|hgm|h bdy hwh|p

|hdyme ~m dnmv~ d v`mehh|èj |mkh è ~bh ld~~kh ~m ix|l ikàd~h ibdejh%

@e w`hz mg ~bh |htx`|hn yimvh+ yàxk~deh`~p den yvhhn mg ~bh ~|dey`~`me ~m

|hehzdlkhy+ ~bh ~dyc `y z`~bmx~ b`y~m|ìdk v|hihnhe~3 ph~ Hx|mvh+ z`~b `~y ehz

~hibemkmj`hy+ edei`dk ikmx~+ vmk`~ìdk xe`me den i`w`k ymi`h~p+ `y v|mldlkp lh~~h|htx`vvhn ~m adch d ime~|`lx~`me ~bde dep m~bh| ime~èhe~% ^bh HX `~yhkg `y

d |hihe~ hrdavkh mg yxiihyygxk ~|deygm|ad~`me me d j|den yidkh% Hx|mvhde

è~hj|d~`me zdy v|hihnhn lp ~bh id~dy~|mvbì hrvh|`heih mg ~zm zm|kn zd|y den

~m~dk`~d|`de |hjàhy+ den zdy vkdphn mx~ djdèy~ d ldicn|mv mg imeg|me~d~`me

lh~zhhe ~bh yxvh|vmzh|y mg ~bh XY den ~bh Ymw`h~ Xe`me+ z`~b ~bh dà mg

èim|vm|d~èj ~bh nhghd~hn Jh|adep e d l`vmkd| zm|kn m|nh|%

^bh nd|chy~ bmx| mg Hx|mvh khn ~m d w`y`me mg d vhdihgxk+ xe`~hn den v|myvh|mxy

imaaxe`~p% ^bh|h zdy em v|hihnhe~ gm| ~bh nhwhkmvahe~ mg yxv|ded~`medk

èy~`~x~`mey ldic ~bhe% Mwh| ~bh heyxèj nhidnhy+ ~bh `nhd lhidah ym dvvhdkèj

~bd~ d gx|~bh| <4 imxe~|`hy omèhn ~bh y`r gmxenèj ed~`mey% @e`~`dkkp+ Hx|mvhde

è~hj|d~`me zdy de himemaì v|mohi~+ lx~ ~bh è~he~`me lhbèn `~ "vhdih) zdy d

vmk`~ìdk meh% Yxlyhtxhe~ diihyy`mey miix||hn gm| lm~b himemaì den vmk`~ìdk

|hdymey+ yxib dy |hi~`gpèj ~bh himemaì a`yadedjhahe~ mg ~bh ymi`dk`y~ y~d~hy

den ~bh Pdk~d n`w`nh% Hrvdey`me den imeymk`nd~`me mg ~bh xe`me bdwh kmej

lhhe vd|dkkhk ~|heny% Gm|axkd~èj d Imaame Gm|h`je den Yhix|`~p Vmkìp den

è~|mnxièj d imaame Hx|mvhde ix||heip jdwh ~bh v|mohi~ `~y ‛yhimen zèn‑

g|ma 4006 mezd|ny% Lx~ dy ehz jkmldk vkdph|y bdwh hah|jhn yèih ~bhe+ Hx|mvh‐y

èxheih den |hvx~d~`me bdwh ikhd|kp nhikèhn% @~ x|jhe~kp ehhny d ehz avh~xy%

Heh|jp è lm~b yheyhy mg ~bh zm|n

D~ ~bh ikàd~h ibdejh yxaa`~ è Ideiÿe kdy~ phd|+ ~bh HX dj|hhn ~m |hnxih

ha`yy`mey mg Hx|mvhde j|hhebmxyh jdyhy lp gmx|!g~by lp <686% @enxy~|p bdy

~m |hnxih ha`yy`mey lp 2: vh|ihe~+ w`d lx`knèj èyxkd~`me3 heh|jp hgi`heip ahdyx|hy d|h yxvvmyhn ~m dib`hwh d 06 vh|ihe~ ydwèj è k`wèj+ bhd~èj den :<



immkèj ypy~hay3 den ~|dgi vmkkx~`me `y ~m lh ix~ lp xv ~m :8 vh|ihe~% ^bh

èwhy~ahe~y |htx`|hn ~m dib`hwh dkk ~b`y v|hyhe~ ehz himemaì mvvm|~xe`~`hy

z`~b ymah vmk`~ìdk y`nh!hgghi~y% Dy d kmz!id|lme ymi`h~p+ Hx|mvh z`kk lh khyy

nhvhenhe~ me avm|~y g|ma dx~bm|`~d|`de m`k ybh`cb |hjàhy den jdy vm~he~d~hy%^b`y ahdey Hx|mvh z`kk lh dlkh ~m i|hd~h d ehz |hkd~`meyb`v me `~y hdy~h|e den

ymx~bh|e g|me~y den |hyxah ~y v`mehh|èj |mkh dy d jkmldk imm|nèd~m|%

^bh ~d|jh~y gm| hkhi~|ì`~p jheh|d~`me yh~ è ~bh "wh|p dal`~`mxy) J|hhevhdih

Dnwdeihn Heh|jp S\Qhwmkx~`me yihed|`m mg <646 ide lh dib`hwhn lp yz`~ibèj

~m zèn vmzh|+ ymkd| heh|jp den l`madyy% Nhvhenheih me k`je`~h+ bd|n imdk den

m`k ide lh mwh|imah lp <696 den |hk`deih me jdy lp <686% Hwhe exikhd| heh|jp+

~m zbìb imxe~|`hy yxib dy G|deih den Yzhnhe d|h y~`kk ikèjèj+ ide lh vbdyhn

mx~ lp ~bhe% ^bh wh|p b`jb è`~`dk èwhy~ahe~ z`kk lh mggyh~ lp ~bh |hnxi~`me èheh|jp àvm|~y den yxly~de~`dk imy~ ydwèjy è ~bh ahn`xa ~m kmej ~h|a% Wh~m

vkdph|y g|ma ~bh mkn ènxy~|`dk yhi~m|y mlohi~ ~m yxib vkdey me ~bh j|mxeny ~bd~

~bhp d|h ~mm hrvhey`wh+ ix|l himemaì j|mz~b den ohmvd|n`yh omly% Bmzhwh|+

ymah i|hn`lkh y~xn`hy ybmz ~bd~ ~bh mvvmy`~h adp lh ~|xh `g ~bh v|mihyy `y

adedjhn im||hi~kp%<0 Hwhe "m| |d~bh| hyvhi`dkkp) g Hx|mvh vh|y`y~y z`~b ~bh jmdk

mg de hwhe j|hd~h| |hnxi~`me è j|hhebmxyh jdyhy+ ikàd~h ibdejh ~d|jh~y z`kk

lh dib`hwdlkh den yxly~de~`dk nhwhkmvahe~ vm~he~`dk z`kk lh xekhdybhn dy d

zhkimah lp!v|mnxi~%

Hx|mvhde i`~`hy è vd|~ìxkd| ide nh|`wh imey`nh|dlkh àvh~xy g|ma yxib de

èg|dy~|xi~x|h v|mj|daah% ^bh hrvm|~ vm~he~`dk mg yxib de heh|jp vmkìp

gm| ~bh è~h|edk Hx|mvhde ad|ch~ ideem~ lh mwh|hy~àd~hn% Hx|mvh bdy d

imavd|d~`whkp zhkk!nhwhkmvhn j|`n èg|dy~|xi~x|h den z`nhkp n`yyhaèd~hn

~hibemkmjp+ hedlkèj `~ ~m di~ dy d |mkh amnhk è lm~b Em|~b Dah|ìd den adom|

Dy`de ihe~|hy% D~ ~bh ydah ~àh+ è |hj`mey z`~b b`jb ymkd|!heh|jp vm~he~`dk

lx~ vmm| heh|jp yxvvk`hy+ k`ch ~bh Ydbd|d+ `~ adp lh dlkh ~m bd|ehyy ikàd~h

ibdejh+ heh|jp den nhwhkmvahe~ vmkì`hy ~m adch d |hdk ime~|`lx~`me ~m

‛bxadeh nhwhkmvahe~‑% bh lhy~ zdp ~m yxvvm|~ nhami|dip e ~bh A`nnkh Hdy~

den Em|~b Dg|ìd `y ~m èikxnh ~bh |hj`me è ~bh Hx|mvhde heh|jp eh~zm|c den

hy~dlk`yb de he~|hv|hehx|`dk ikdyy è~h|hy~hn è am|h ~bde oxy~ rhn |h~x|ey

g|ma imaamn`~p hrvm|~y% @g ehz enxy~|`dk ihe~|hy d|h ldyhn me ~bh dlxendeih

mg ymkd| heh|jp dwd`kdlkh è ~bd~ |hj`me+ vm~he~`dk nhwhkmvahe~ mvvm|~xe`~`hy

ymx~b mg ~bh Ydbd|d z`kk dkym hah|jh%

<0 Yhh gm| hrdavkh Z`yyheyibdg~kìbh| Lh`|d~ nh| Lxenhy|hj`h|xej Jkmldkh Xazhk~wh|îenh|xejhe "ZLJX)+Bdxv~jx~dib~he <6443 den y~xn`hy lp ~bh Vm~ynda @ey~`~x~h gm| Ikàd~h @avdi~% :9



^bh Gxcxybàd exikhd| n`ydy~h| ybmzy ~bd~ zh axy~ yb`g~ ~m |hehzdlkhy% Why~hn

è~h|hy~y zde~ ~m l`nh ~bh`| ~àh oxy~ dy ~bhp n`n dg~h| ~bh Ibh|emlpk ahk~nmze

è 4027% @e dnn`~`me+ ikàd~h ibdejh mggh|y ymah vm`ymehn ibdkìhy ’ k`ch ~bh

v|myvhi~ mg lhèj dlkh ~m n|`kk gm| |dz ad~h|`dky den m`k è ~bh ìh!g|hh mehymg ~bh D|i~ì+ zbìb imxkn khdn ~m ymah hal`~~h|hn ~h||`~m|`dk den n`y~|`lx~`me

imeì~y% Ikàd~h ibdejh imxkn khdn ~m e~h|ed~`medk den e~|d!ed~`medk n`yvx~hy+

vd|~ìxkd|kp è ~bh vmm|h| |hj`mey mg ~bh zm|kn+ den èi|hdyh a`j|d~`me ~m ~bh

|ìb em|~b% Zh ~bh|hgm|h ehhn ~m adch d imeih|~hn yb`g~ ~m dk~h|ed~`wh heh|jp

den |himaa`~ ~m è~h|ed~`medk immvh|d~`me% Ikàd~h ibdejh den heh|jp vmkìp

d|h ~bh chp khwh|y mg vhdih den nhwhkmvahe~ vmkì`hy gm| d axk~`vmkd| zm|kn%

^bh ènxy~|`dk |hwmkx~`me zdy dkk dlmx~ ~bh V|mah~bhde |hkhdyh mg v|mnxi~`wh

vm~he~`dk dy zhkk dy èi|hdyèj v|myvh|`~p% @e dnn`~`me+ himemaì den ~hibeìdk

v|mj|hyy dkzdpy zhe~ bden è bden z`~b dnn`~`medk g|hhnmay gm| èn`w`nxdkyden ymi`h~p% ^bh ydah ~bèj dvvk`hy ~mndp% ^bh heh|jp |hwmkx~`me+ z`~b dkk `~y

|hvh|ixyy`mey gm| ibdejèj k`ghy~pkhy den zm|c ah~bmny+ `y d b`y~m|ì v|mohi~%

:>



Dkhrdenh| Idaadee

Bdvvp Hx|mvh

@~ zdy lp gd| ~bh amy~ yxiihyygxk vmk`~ìdk v|mohi~ mg de m~bh|z`yh j|à ihe~x|p?

Hx|mvhde è~hj|d~`me% @e bèny`jb~+ `~ imxkn hwhe lh idkkhn d y~den!mx~yxiihyy% ^b`y `y zbd~ adchy ~bh wmi`gh|mxy ~dkc mg i|`y`y ~bd~ bdy diimavde`hn

`~ g|ma ~bh mx~yh~ ym yx|v|`yèj% ‛@y Hx|mvh nhy~èhn ~m gd`k=‑+ ‛Hx|mvh me

~bh l|èc‑+ ‛Hx|mvhde hejèh yvx~~h|y‑+ ‛^bh è~hj|d~`me v|mihyy j|èny ~m

d bdk~‑+ den ym me ’ depmeh gmkkmzèj ahn`d imaahe~d|p yèih ~bh y`jeèj

mg ~bh ^|hd~p mg \mah è 408: z`kk chhv yhhèj yxib bhdnkèhy% ^bh Hx|mvhde

vxlkì nmhy em~ yhha ~m bdwh kmy~ `~y ~dy~h gm| i|`~ì`ya ’ hwhe ~bmxjb ~bh`|

i`|ixay~deihy bdwh àv|mwhn hem|amxykp yèih ~bmyh gmxenèj ndpy% Yxib

amdeèj yhhay vd|~ìxkd|kp vd|dnmrìdk ~mndp+ zbhe ~bh HX bdy oxy~ vdyyhn

d bxjh ~hy~ z`~b pèj imkmx|y lp yx|w`wèj ~bh jkmldk edei`dk i|`y`y mg <662%

Lx~ em+ Nhead|c‐y ikmyx|h mg d ghz lm|nh| vd~|mky den y`jey mg ld`kmx~ gd~`jxh

d|h hemxjb ~m v|mav~ ‛^bh V|hyy Ikxl‑ ’ d kmej!|xeeèj Yxendp am|eèj

~dkc ybmz me Jh|ade ~hkhw`y`me ’ ~m |xe ~bh gmkkmzèj n|dad~ì bhdnkèh+

~bh j`y~ mg zbìb bdy lhhe |hvhd~hn bxen|hny mg ~àhy hkyhzbh|h? ‛Lm|nh|y

yhdkhn ’ ~bh hx|m xenh| |h% @y Hx|mvh ybx~~èj xv ybmv=‑ Ym gd|+ ym lm|èj%

@~ `y mlw`mxykp nhy~èhn ~m lh ~bh h~h|edk ldicj|mxen em`yh mg ~bh Hx|mvhde

è~hj|d~`me v|mihyy%

Adplh `~ `y ~àh ~m imey`nh| ~bh m~bh| y`nh mg ~bh khnjh| gm| d amahe~ den

|hhi~ me ~bh |had|cdlkh hgghi~`whehyy mg Hx|mvhde ahibde`yay è ~bh zdch

mg ~bh edei`dk i|`y`y% @~ zdy d ldv~`ya mg |h gm| Hx|mvh dy d vmk`~ìdk v|mohi~ ’

den ~bh imaaxe`~p vdyyhn ~b`y b`y~m|ì ~hy~ mg `~y ad~x|`~p z`~b pèj imkmx|y%

@ en dkk ~bh dkd|a`y~ ~dkc ix||he~kp nmaèd~èj Hx|mvhde i|`y`y nhld~hy tx`~h

j|m~hytxh% Den `~ `y lhz`knh|èj ~m em~h ~bh nhj|hh mg imkkhi~`wh ybm|~!~h|a

aham|p kmyy+ j`whe ~bh ydn |hdk`~`hy ~bd~ nhehn ~bh ime~èhe~ xe~`k d ghz

phd|y djm% Dg~h| dkk+ zbd~ zmxkn bdwh lhhe ~bh xyxdk Hx|mvhde |hyvmeyh ~m

yxib d n|dad~ì himemaì i|`y`y xe~`k |hihe~kp=

46

:8



@e J|hhih+ gm| ey~deih+ |hdi~`med|p imkmehky zmxkn bdwh ~dche vmzh| e d imxv+ d

jheh|dk y~|`ch zmxkn v|mldlkp bdwh ax~d~hn e~m d imaaxe`y~ xv|`yèj+ gmkkmzhn

lp d i`w`k zd| den d |hdi~`med|p |hjàh ~bd~ vh|yhix~hn depmeh zbm nd|hn ~m

mlohi~% Dkk mg ~bd~ xyhn ~m lh lxyèhyy dy xyxdk gm| J|hhih ’ ph~ ~ y xeàdjèdlkh~mndp% @e Vm|~xjdk den Yvdè+ ~bèjy zh|h em n`ggh|he~? nì~d~m|yb`vy zh|h ~bh

~x|lxkhe~+ vh|adehe~ |hdk`~p% bh 96!phd| dee`wh|yd|p mg ~bh 4024 imxv d~~hav~

lp K`hx~hede~ Imkmehk De~me`m ^hoh|m Amkèd zdy |hihe~kp imaaham|d~hn è

Adn|`n+ ph~ emlmnp zmxkn n|hda mg yxib y~xe~y ~mndp+ hwhe ~bmxjb+ dy mx|

dvmidkpv~ì imaahe~d~m|y zmxkn bdwh xy lhk`hwh+ ~bh Hx|mvhde y`~xd~`me `y

yxvvmyhnkp zm|yh ~bde hwh|%

^bh b`y~m|ì d|jxahe~ imxkn lh nhwhkmvhn hwhe gx|~bh|% Gm| ihe~x|`hy+ Hx|mvh

yx|w`whn adyy`wh ha`j|d~`me zdwhy nx|èj vh|`mny mg himemaì i|`yhy ’ ph~ ~mndp ~bh yxvvmyhnkp i|`y`y!|`nnhe ime~èhe~ `y d n|hda nhy~èd~`me gm| àa`j|de~y%

Den bmz zmxkn ~bh vmk`~ìdk khdnh|y è ~bmyh Hx|mvhde ahalh| y~d~hy bdwh

lhbdwhn `g ~bhp bdn em~ lhhe mxy~hn m| mwh|~b|mze è yxib |hwmkx~ mey= ^bhp

zmxkn bdwh ~h|aèd~hn ~bh`| ~|dn`~`medk dkk`deihy den yz`g~kp zdjhn zd| djdèy~

~bh`| eh`jblmx|y m| àahn`d~hkp vìchn d jb~ z`~b ~bh |hy~ mg ~bh zm|kn ’

~bd~ zdy+ zh zmxkn nm zhkk ~m |hahalh|+ ~bh ~|`hn den ~hy~hn Hx|mvhde i|`y`y

|hyvmeyh ah~bmn v|`m| ~m ~bh ewhe~`me mg ld`kmx~y den |hyixh vdicdjhy%

Dna`~~hnkp yxib yihed|`my ymxen dlyx|n ~m xy ~mndp ’ lx~ zh ikhd|kp ehhn ~m lh

|haènhn ~bd~ yxib nhdnkp hwhe~y zh|h ~bh bm||ì |hdk`~p mg hwh|p Hx|mvhde

jheh|d~`me xv ~m den èikxnèj mx| vd|he~y den j|denvd|he~y den bd|nkp

dep im|eh| mg Hx|mvh zdy yvd|hn yxib hrvh|`heihy% @~ |hadèy ~bh b`y~m|ì

dib`hwhahe~ mg ~bh Hx|mvhde xeìd~`me v|mihyy ~bd~ yxib n`ydy~h|y yhha mx~

mg ~bh txhy~`me ~mndp+ hwhe è n|dy~ì i`|ixay~deihy%

Ihe~|dk den hdy~h|e Hx|mvh `y d jmmn hrdavkh mg ~b`y% Yèih ~bh hvì ibdejhy

mg 4020 den ~bh gdkk mg imaaxe`ya+ ~bh v|myvhi~ mg ahalh|yb`v z`~bè ~bh

b`~bh|~m zhy~h|e Hx|mvhde ikxl zdy ~bh i|xi`dk y~dl`k`~p gdi~m|% Nhyv`~h dkk

~bh imaam~`me den xvbhdwdk+ ~bd~ `y v|hi`yhkp zbp ~bh nhi`y`me!adcèj hk`~h

è ~bmyh imxe~|`hy lhidah v|m!Hx|mvhde nx|èj ~bh adyy`wh ~|deygm|ad~`me

i|`yhy% Zbh~bh| ~bhp n`n ym mx~ mg imewì~`me m| vmk`~ìdk v|djad~`ya `y eh`~bh|

bh|h em| ~bh|h% ^bh|h zh|h ih|~dèkp vmvxk`y~y hwh|pzbh|h+ den dx~bm|`~d|`de

~henhei`hy ime~èxhn ~m yx|gdih+ hwhe |hihe~kp e Bxejd|p xenh| V|àh Aè`y~h|

W`c~m| M|läe% Lx~ ~bh|h ~mm+ ~bh gdi~ `y ~bd~ ~bh y`~xd~ me |hadèhn |had|cdlkp

y~dlkh den v|hnì~dlkh hwhe dg~h| d nhidnh mg he~|heibhn nì~d~m|yb`v% ^bh|h

zh|h em i`w`k zd|y m| vmj|may+ zbìb d|h bd|nkp |d|h hwhe~y è ~bh zdch mg b`y~m|ì xvbhdwdk d|mxen ~bh zm|kn% :7



Ymah adp zhkk dyc? zbd~ dlmx~ ~bh Ldkcdey= Lx~ dkkmz ah ~m n|dz de b`y~m|ì

dedkmjp bh|h% D|jxdlkp+ ~bh Ldkcde zd|y mg ~bh 4006y ’ è`~`dkkp ~bh Lmye`de

n`yvx~h den xk~àd~hkp ~bh imeì~ è Cmymwm ’ a`||m| ~bh zd|y mg Jh|ade

xeìd~`me z`~b Nhead|c è 427>+ lh~zhhe V|xyy`d den Dxy~|`d è 4277+ denedkkp z`~b G|deih è 42:6!:4% ^bhp zh|h ~bh kdy~ zd|y gmxjb~ è ~bh z`nh|

|hj`me è dkk ~b|hh idyhy% Gm|~xed~hkp+ axib yxjjhy~y ~bd~ ~bh Ldkcde zd|y

zh|h dkym ~bh kdy~ ~m lh zdjhn è Hx|mvh ’ den ~bh id~dkpy~ gm| Hx|mvhde

xeìd~`me% M~bh| dedkmj`hy a`jb~ lh htxdkkp dvv|mv|`d~h den ~hkkèj "~bmxjb

em~ è d y~|ì~ k`~h|dk yheyh)% Dg~h| dkk+ ~bh xeìd~`me mg ~bh Jh|ade Hav`|h

zdy gmkkmzhn lp d yhwh|h edei`dk den himemaì i|`y`y ’ ph~ ~b`y n`n em~ khdn

vhmvkh ~m txhy~`me xeìd~`me%

Dna`~~hnkp+ yxib dedkmj`hy bdwh d am|h `kkxy~|d~`wh ~bde dedkp~ìdk vx|vmyh%Ehwh|~bhkhyy+ ~bh n|dad mg è~h|edk Hx|mvhde è~hj|d~`me è |hihe~ phd|y `y

z`~bmx~ vd|dkkhk è zm|kn b`y~m|p? |hymkx~`me mg imeì~ z`~bmx~ zd| m| l|x~dk

mvv|hyy`me3 nhhv!yhd~hn ibdejhy gm| ymah v|àd|`kp |x|dk+ v|h!amnh|e

ymi`h~`hy3 em~ ~m ahe~`me d imeyheyxy damej ~bh wd|`mxy vmk`~ìdk hk`~h

den khdnh|y ’ den v|mldlkp ~bh jheh|dk vxlkì ~mm ’ ~m vh|y`y~ z`~b yxib d

Hx|mvhde v|mohi~ zb`kh ~bh edei`dk i|`y`y zdy j|mzèj è~m yxib d vh|ih`whn

hr`y~he~`dk ~b|hd~3 |hvhd~hnkp yh~~èj dy`nh vd|~ìxkd| è~h|hy~y den n`yvkdpèj

d |had|cdlkh dl`k`~p ~m |hdib d vmk`~ìdk imav|ma`yh% ^bh lheh~y mg Hx|mvh

d|h emz hej|dèhn z`~bè ~bh imkkhi~`wh imeyi`mxyehyy den vmk`~ìdk vypibh mg

~bh ime~èhe~%

^bh v|mmg mg ~bh vxnnèj `y ~bd~+ v|hi`yhkp d~ d ~àh mg i|`y`y+ zh nm em~ bdwh

mx~y~denèj jmwh|eahe~y m| yc`kkhn khdnh|y d~ ~bh bhka% Dejhkd Ah|chk+

Eìmkdy Yd|cmp+ Y`kw`m Lh|kxyime` den Jm|nme L|mze d|h em~ hrdi~kp ~bh

lhy~ khdnh|y ~bd~ chp ahalh| y~d~hy bdwh bdn% Lx~ ~bh gdi~ ~bd~ zh zh|h y~`kk

dlkh ~m mwh|imah ~bh i|`y`y |hkd~`whkp yamm~bkp ybmzy bmz gd| è~hj|d~`me bdy

v|mj|hyyhn den bmz axib ikmyh| mx| èy~`~x~`mey+ è~h|hy~y den ymi`h~`hy bdwh

lhimah mwh| ~bh phd|y% ^bh HX‐y mvh|d~èj kmjì bdy ~bxy lhimah vd|~ mg ~bh

ymi`dk gdl|ì% Wde`~`hy den yhkg!è~h|hy~ em kmejh| v|hwd`k% Hwhe v|mlkhad~ì m|

zhdc jmwh|eahe~y d|h em kmejh| d yh|`mxy ~b|hd~ ~m ~bh v|mihyy mg Hx|mvhde

è~hj|d~`me% @~y lx|hdxi|d~ì+ em|adk`yèj v|hyyx|h ~mkh|d~hy y`~xd~`mey ~bd~

dvvhd| ~m lh vd|~ mg ymah ded|ib`y~ì n|hda% Lhkj`xa+ gm| èy~deih+ ime~èxhy

~m gxei~`me dy d ahalh| y~d~h+ hwhe ~bmxjb `~ bdy gd`khn ~m gm|a d jmwh|eahe~

gm| d zbmkh phd| emz%

^bh|h `y jmmn |hdyme ~m i|`~ì`yh ymah dyvhi~y mg ~bh HX% Bmzhwh|+ zbd~`y am|h |had|cdlkh den i|xi`dk è ~bh kmej ~h|a `y ~bd~ d l|hdcnmze zdy ::



yxiihyygxkkp dwh|~hn dg~h| ~bh edei`dk i|`y`y% Ahn`mi|h m| l`d||h Hx|mvhde

vmk`~ìdk khdnh|y bdwh imaa`~~hn ~m d ‛Hx|mvhde |d`yme n‐à~d~ ‑ ~bd~ zmxkn

bdwh lhhe d i|hn`~ ~m ~bh kxaèd|p gmxenèj gd~bh|y mg ~bh HHI% Hwhe ~bh

axib!wdxe~hn ghd| mg vmvxk`ya bdy lhhe yx|v|`yèjkp ~mm~bkhyy% Gm| phd|y+~bh amy~ ~ bdy nmeh y ~m ~b|mz d k`~~kh yden e ~bh zbhhky% bh em|adk`yèj nh

gdi~m vmzh| mg Hx|mvh ime~èxhy ~m lh y~|mejh|% ^bh adyy`wh amnh|e`yd~`me

mg Hx|mvhde ymi`h~`hy bdy jmeh ~mm gd| gm| vmvxk`y~ V`hn V`vh|y ~m bdwh dep

kdy~èj bmkn è d bxjh |hj`me mg dkamy~ bdkg d l`kk`me èbdl`~de~y%

J`whe ~bd~ ~bh Hx|mvhde ldkdeih ybhh~ `y ym bhdk~bp+ zbh|h `y dkk ~bh y~|`nhe~

i|`~ì`ya den vh|adehe~ i|`y`y ~dkc è vxly den yhaèd|y |hdkkp imaèj g|ma=

@y `~ dkk oxy~ vh~~p g|xy~|d~`me den lxyèhyy dy xyxdk= ^dch ~bh kd~hy~ mlohi~`mey

~m ~bh y~d~h mg dggd`|y è Hx|mvh lp ~zm j|hd~ Jh|ade è~hkkhi~xdky% BdeyAdjexy Heheylh|jh| ~`k~y d~ ~bh zèna`kky mg d yxvvmyhn L|xyyhky oxjjh|edx~

den Oû|jhe Bdlh|ady j|xalkhy dzdp+ dy hwh|+ dlmx~ ~bh kdic mg d nhami|d~ì

Hx|mvhde vxlkì yvbh|h m| v|mvh| khj`~àdip gm| ~bh Hx|mvhde jmwh|eahe~%

Yxib ybm|~imaèjy nm hr`y~% Lx~ yx|hkp ~bhp d|h v|mlkhay mg yhimend|p

y`jeìdeih+ j`whe dkk ~bh xvbhdwdk e ~b`y lkmmn!n|heibhn ime~èhe~ z`~bè de

xev|hihnhe~hnkp ybm|~ vh|`mn mg ~àh= ^bh jdèy è nhami|dip den g|hhnma

’ em~ ~m ahe~`me v|myvh|`~p ’ gm| ~bh wdy~ adom|`~p mg Hx|mvhdey d|h ym

èimavd|dlkh ~bd~ `~ `y ~hav~èj ~m dyc zbh~bh| mx| vmh~y den ~bèch|y bdwh

kmy~ dkk yheyh mg b`y~m|p% Em~bèj ehz imxkn vmyy`lkp ~dch ybdvh dep gdy~h| ~bde

zbd~ `y ix||he~kp miix||èj è Hx|mvh%

Ymah lkha`ybhy |hadè ~bd~ zh`jb me ~bh aèn mg hwh|p Hx|mvhde ’ ~bh

|hjàh mg Dkpdcyden| Kxcdybhecd è Lhkd|xy+ gm| èy~deih% ^bh txhy~`mey d|h

he~`|hkp v|hnì~dlkh bh|h? Bmz imxkn pmx bdwh kh~ ~b`y bdvvhe gm| ym kmej me

pmx| mze nmm|y~hv= Zbp nme‐~ pmx y~den xv gm| ~bh Lhkd|xy`dey am|h è pmx|

nhdkèjy z`~b Vx~è den Ahnwhnhw= M|+ e ~bh idyh mg ~bh Xc|dèh+ zbìb y dkym

me mx| nmm|y~hv? Zbp bdwh pmx nmeh ym k`~~kh yèih ~bh ‛M|dejh \hwmkx~`me‑

~m heimx|djh d am|h nhami|d~ì dvv|mdib= Zbp nm pmx chhv kh~~èj ~bh mkn

den ehz mk`jd|ib`hy id|wh xv dkk ~bh vmzh| damej ~bhayhkwhy= Den+ è ~bh

bhd|~ mg mkn Hx|mvh? Zbp nme‐~ pmx xyh dkk mg ~bh ~mmky d~ ~bh HX‐y n`yvmydk ~m

di~`whkp mvvmyh ~bh n`ydy~|mxy Lh|kxyime` jmwh|eahe~ zbìb `y xenh|aèèj

~bh nhami|d~ì ixk~x|h den èy~`~x~`mey mg b`y mze imxe~|p=

Hx|mvh y~`kk bdy d zdp ~m jm% Lx~ ~bh ~h|a ‛i|`y`y‑ lhimahy ahdeèjkhyy zbhe ~

`y imey~de~kp ~b|mze d|mxen% @~ zmxkn lh kxnì|mxy gm| vmk`~ì`dey mg dkk imkmx|y

~m yvhen nhidnhy nhwm~hn ~m d v|mohi~ ~bd~ ehwh| adchy `~ mx~ mg i|`y`y amnh%@g ~b`y zh|h d |hkd~`meyb`v+ ~ zmxkn bdwh l|mche xv kmej djm% Bmzhwh|+ dkk ~b`y :2



DG^H\ZM\N



Oû|jhe Bdlh|ady

D vdi~ gm| m| djdèy~ Hx|mvh=

Ad|ib <644 henhn z`~b ~zm adom| vmk`~ìdk hwhe~y è Jh|adep% ^bh nhghd~ mg ~bh

Ib|`y~`de Nhami|d~y è ~bh`| y~|mejbmkn mg Ldnhe!Zû|~~halh|j vx~ d yz`g~ hen~m exikhd| heh|jp% ^zm ndpy hd|k`h|+ ~bh Hx|mvhde Imxei`k imxvkhn ahdyx|hy ~m

y~dl`k`yh ~bh imaame ix||heip z`~b d kmej!mwh|nxh è`~`d~`wh ~m imm|nèd~h ~bh

himemaì vmkì`hy mg ~bh |hkhwde~ ahalh| y~d~hy% Bmzhwh|+ ~bh|h `y k`~~kh vxlkì

dzd|hehyy mg ~bh avdi~ mg ~b`y yb`g~ ~mzd|ny j|hd~h| e~hj|d~`me lhidxyh+ e m~bh|

|hyvhi~y+ ~bh ~zm hwhe~y dvvhd| ~m lh e ad|chn ime~|dy~ z`~b hdib m~bh|% Dg~h| >6

phd|y mg i`w`k`de v|m~hy~y+ d j|mxenyzhkk mg vxlk i mvè`me è Ldnhe!Zû|~~halh|j

nhghd~hn ~bh n`h!bd|n ahe~dk`~p me zbìb ~bh v|m!ènxy~|p hk`~h bdn xe~`k ~bhe

|hk`hn% Ahdezb`kh+ è L|xyyhky+ gmkkmzèj d phd| mg yvhixkd~`me djdèy~ ~bh hx|m+

d vdicdjh mg ‛himemaì jmwh|edeih‑ ahdyx|hy zdy vdyyhn lhbèn ikmyhn nmm|y+

khdwèj kdzph|y+ himema`y~y den vmk`~ìdk yi`he~`y~y ~m nhdk z`~b ~bh imeyhtxheihy%

Me ~bh meh bden+ d kmej den bd|n!gmxjb~ yb`g~ e ahe~dk`~p zdy dib`hwhn g|ma ~bh

lm~~ma xv3 me ~bh m~bh|+ d y~hv ~mzd|ny è~hj|d~`me zdy yxnnhekp gm|ihn lp ~bh

edei`dk ad|ch~y ~b|mxjb d imeyheyxy mg ed~`medk jmwh|eahe~y%

^bh yb`g~ è heh|jp vmkìp+ zbìb bdy lhhe nhwhkmvèj gm| nhidnhy emz djdèy~

~bh ldicj|mxen mg wmi`gh|mxy vxlkì mvè`me+ |hv|hyhe~y de àvm|~de~ l|hdc% Lx~

zbd~ dlmx~ ~bh ~hibemi|d~ì yb`g~ ~mzd|ny j|hd~h| imm|nèd~`me mg vmkìp d|hdy

~bd~ diim|nèj ~m ~bh HX |hd~p y ~bh |hyvmey`l`k`~p mg ahalh| y~d~hy+ zbìb zdy

lx| hn e ~bh lxyèhyy vdjhy mg ~bh ehzyvdvh|y den ~mmc vkdih dkamy~ è y`kheih=

Zbd~ `y ~bh v|mlkha ’ den ide `~ lh ymkwhn lp d nhdk y~|xic lh~zhhe ~bh khdnh|y

mg ahalh| y~d~hy=

^bh dzhn nhy`je mg ameh~d|p xe`me

@ z`kk em~ d~~hav~ ~m deyzh| ~bh edei`dk txhy~`me mg zbh~bh| ~bh ehz Hx|mvhdeY~dl`k`~p Ahibde`ya "HYA) z`kk hen yvhixkd~`me djdèy~ ~bh hx|m% Gd| am|h 29



wmkxe~d|p diimaamnd~ me g|ma lhkmz% Zbd~ imxkn `~ ahde gm| ~bh Hx|mvhde

Imaa`yy`me ~m bdwh ~bh |`jb~ ~m ibhic ~bh lxnjh~y mg ~bh ahalh| y~d~hy ‛è

d ~àhkp adeeh|‑ "`%h% lhgm|h ~bh vd|k`dahe~y ~bhayhkwhy bdwh vdyyhn ~bha)

hrihv~ de dyyxahn |`jb~ ~m v|hoxnjh ed~`medk vmkìp=

Ed~`medk vd|k`dahe~y "den+ è ymah idyhy+ ~bh xe`mey) z`kk em~ lh dlkh

~m yb|xj mgg ~bh yxyvì`me ~bd~ ~bhp d|h ah|hkp |xllh|!y~davèj nhi`y`mey

dk|hdnp adnh hkyhzbh|h% Yxib n`y~|xy~ z`kk èhw`~dlkp h|mnh dep nhami|d~ì

i|hn`l`k`~p% Z`ybp!zdybp imm|nèd~`me+ ~bh khjdk`~p mg zbìb `y è~he~`medkkp

wdjxh+ `y em~ yxgi`he~ gm| |xkhy ~bd~ |htx`|h ~bh HX ~m zm|c dy d xe`~% Yxib

nhi`y`mey axy~ lh khj`~à`yhn è ~bh ~zm zdpy v|hyi|`lhn gm| dkk HX nhi`y`mey

’ em~ mekp ~b|mxjb ~bh èn`|hi~ |mx~h mg ~bh jmwh|eahe~y |hv|hyhe~hn è ~bh

Hx|mvhde Imxei`k+ lx~ dkym n`|hi~kp w`d ~bh Hx|mvhde Vd|k`dahe~% M~bh|z`yh+~bh gda`k`d| ihe~|`gxjdk gm|ih mg ejh|!vmè~èj d~ ‛L|xyyhky‑ z`kk mekp lh

diihkh|d~hn ’ ~bh z|mej ah~bmn z`kk ymz yhhny mg n`yime~he~%

Dy kmej dy Hx|mvhde i`~`hey mekp yhh ~bh`| ed~`medk jmwh|eahe~y dy di~m|y me

~bh Hx|mvhde y~djh+ ~bhp z`kk ime~èxh ~m yhh ~bh nhi`y`me!adcèj v|mihyyhy

dy h|m!yxa jdahy è zbìb ~bhp yàvkp bdwh ~m y~den ~bh`| j|mxen% ^bh`|

ed~`medk bh|mhy kèh xv djdèy~ ~bh ‛m~bh|y‑+ zbm d|h ~m lkdah gm| hwh|p~bèj

àvmyhn me m| nhadenhn g|ma ‛~bha‑ lp ~bh L|xyyhky amey~h|% Mekp lp

yhhèj ~bh vd|k`dahe~ e Y~|dylmx|j ~bhp hkhi~ dy meh adnh xv mg vd|~`hy |d~bh|

~bde ed~`mey z`kk Hx|mvhde i`~`hey hwh| imah ~m yhh ~bh ~dyc mg himemaì

jmwh|edeih dy d imaame ibdkkhejh%

^bh dk~h|ed~`wh

D am|h ibdkkhejèj dk~h|ed~`wh a`jb~ lh ~bd~ ~bh Hx|mvhde Imaa`yy`me hrh|i`yh

~b`y |mkh e d nhami|d~ì zdp ~b|mxjb ~bh im!nhi`y`me v|mihnx|h ’ e m~bh| zm|ny+

z`~b ~bh dvv|mwdk mg ~bh Hx|mvhde Imxei k den Vd|k`dahe~% b y zmxkn+ bmzhwh|+

he~d`k d ~|deygh| mg vmzh| g|ma ~bh ahalh| y~d~hy ~m ~bh HX zbìb zmxkn |htx`|h

d n|dy~ì ~|hd~p dahenahe~ ~bd~ yhhay xe|hdk`y~ì gm| ~bh amahe~%

@~ `y v|mldlkp ~|xh ~bd~ ~bh gd~`jxhn Hx|mvhde vxlkì zmxkn ix||he~kp |hohi~ dep

gx|~bh| ~|deygh| mg ymwh|h`je~p+ hwhe è meh mg ~bh HX‐y im|h vmkìp d|hdy% Lx~

vmk`~ìdk hk`~hy dkym xyh yxib v|hnì~`mey dy de hrixyh gm| nhepèj dep |hyvmey`l`k`~p

gm| ~bh ym||p y~d~h mg ~bh HX% @~ zdy em~ ehw`~dlkh ~bd~+ dg~h| nhidnhy mg z`nhyv|hdn

dvv|mwdk+ yxvvm|~ gm| Hx|mvhde è~hj|d~`me zmxkn y`jeìde~kp nhikèh+ hwhe èJh|adep% ^bh v|mihyy mg Hx|mvhde è~hj|d~`me+ zbìb bdy dkzdpy ~dche vkdih 28



mwh| ~bh bhdny mg ~bh vmvxkd~`me+ bdy emz |hdibhn d nhdn hen lhidxyh `~ ideem~

jm dep gx|~bh| z`~bmx~ yz`~ibèj g|ma `~y xyxdk dnaè`y~|d~`wh amnh ~m meh mg

j|hd~h| vxlkì ewmkwhahe~% Lx~ vmk`~ìdk hk`~hy d|h lx|pèj ~bh`| bhdny è ~bh yden%

^bhp d|h nmjjhnkp vh|y`y~èj z`~b ~bh`| hk`~`y~ v|mohi~ den ~bh n`yheg|deib`yhahe~mg ~bh Hx|mvhde vmvxkd~`me% @ zmxkn k`ch ~m b`jbk`jb~ oxy~ ~b|hh mg ~bh |hdymey gm|

yxib l|dheehyy%

^bh |hn`yimwh|p mg Jh|ade ed~`mebmmn

\hxeìd~`me bdy khn ~m d ehz ahe~dk`~p è Jh|adep+ zbìb+ dy didnhaì

y~xn`hy ybmz+ bdy ibdejhn ~bh zdp Jh|adey yhh lm~b ~bhayhkwhy den Jh|ade

gm|h`je vmkìp den+ e vd|~ìxkd|+ adnh ~bha am|h yhkg!ihe~|hn% Yèih ~bh 4006y+Jh|adep bdy lhimah am|h yhkg!imenhe~ dy d ahn`xa!y`hn vmzh| ldichn lp

a`k`~d|p gm|ih ~bd~ y dlkh den z`kkèj ~m di~ me ~bh jkmldk y~djh% b`y ehz nhe~`~p

bdy |hvkdihn ~bh v|hw`mxy |mkh mg Jh|adep dy d ‛i`w`k`de vmzh|‑ ~bd~+ ègm|ahn

lp d ‛ixk~x|h mg |hy~|dè~‑+ dàhn dlmwh dkk ~m ime~|`lx~h ~m ~bh nhwhkmvahe~

mg ~bh è~h|ed~`medk |xkh mg kdz% Yèih ~bh ibdejh mg jmwh|eahe~ è <668+ ~b`y

ibdejh bdy dkym lhhe vd|~ìxkd|kp w`y`lkh e Jh|adep‐y d~~`~xnh ~m Hx|mvh% Bdey!

N`h~|ìb Jheyibh|‐y `nhd mg d immvh|d~`wh Jh|adep z`~b d ‛Hx|mvhde wmid~`me‑

`y èi|hdyèjkp j`wèj zdp ~m de xen`yjx`yhn l`n gm| khdnh|yb`v lp ‛Hx|mvhde

Jh|adep e d Jh|ade Hx|mvh‑% Hx|mvhde e~hj|d~`me zdy e Jh|adep‐y e~h|hy~

g|ma ~bh mx~yh~% Bmzhwh|+ dzd|hehyy mg ~bh |hyvmey`l`k`~`hy mg Jh|adep‐y b`y~m|p

khn ~m n`vkmad~ì |hy~|dè~ den d z`kkèjehyy ~m yhh ~bèjy g|ma ~bh vmè~ mg w`hz

mg m~bh|y+ dicemzkhnjh ~bh zh`jb~ mg em|ad~`wh vh|yvhi~`why den miidy`medkkp

~dch ~bh bhd~ mx~ mg imeì~y lp adcèj imeihyy`mey%

Gm| Dejhkd Ah|chk+ ~b`y adp y~`kk vkdp d vd|~ è |hkd~`mey z`~b @y|dhk% Bmzhwh|+

em Jh|ade ibdeihkkm| bdy hwh| vx|yxhn ed~`medk è~h|hy~y dy lkd~de~kp dy ybh

n`n è lkmicèj Hx|mvhde bhkv gm| J|hhih den ~bh hx|m ld`kmx~ gm| zhhcy v|`m|

~m ~bh nhldikh mg 2 Adp <660% ^bh ix||he~ ld`kmx~ vdicdjh bdy dkym lhhe vx~

~mjh~bh| lp Jh|adep+ ~bh himemaì y~d| vxv`k+ z`~b ym k`~~kh yhey`~`w`~p ~bd~

eh`jblmx|èj imxe~|`hy emz imavkdè em~ dlmx~ ‛L|xyyhky‑ lx~ dlmx~ ~bh

‛Jh|ade‑ vmkìp ~bd~ ~bhp ghhk `y lhèj àvmyhn xvme ~bha% ^bh Imey~`~x~`medk

Imx|~‐y de~`!Hx|mvhde wh|nì~ me ~bh K`ylme |hd~p+ zbìb mvvmyhn dep gx|~bh|

è~hj|d~`me hggm|~y lp |denmakp y~`vxkd~èj èw`mkdlkh ed~`medk |hyvmey`l`k`~`hy

den dvvmè~hn `~ dy ~bh jxd|n`de mg Jh|ade ed~`medk `nhe~`~p+ ~y wh|p axib

z`~b ~b`y ehz Jh|ade aènyh~% Imey~`~x~`medk kdzph|y dv~kp yxaad|`yhn ~bh

wh|nì~ z`~b ~bh yd|idy~ì bhdnkèh? ‛^bh Jh|ade Imey~`~x~ medk Imx|~ ydpy ‒phy‐~m Jh|adep%‑27



^bh vmk`~ìdk ikdyy den `~y n`yime~he~y

^bh ahn`d `y em~ imavkh~hkp èemihe~ mg ~bh nhvkm|dlkh y~d~h mg vmk`~ìy è

Jh|adep ~mndp% Vmk`~ì`dey d|h yhnxihn lp ~bh ahn`d‐y jhe~kh v|hyyx|h ~m jdèhrvmyx|h g|ma ymxen l`~hy+ zb`kh ahn`d v|mj|daah|y ~bhayhkwhy jh~ id||`hn

dzdp e ~bh bdy~h den bhd~ mg ~bh amahe~% bh xvlhd~ v|hyhe~h|y mg imxe~khyy

~dkc ybmzy+ z`~b ~bh`| xeibdejèj vh|ymeehk+ mggh| d a`ybadyb mg mvè`mey

~bd~ |ml w`hzh|y mg dep bmvh mg ahdeèjgxk vmk`~ìdk d|jxahe~y% Bmzhwh|+ `g

@ da em~ a`y~dche+ dk~bmxjb Jh|ade l|mdnybhh~ ehzyvdvh|y y~den xv zhkk

~m è~h|ed~`medk imavd|`yme+ hwhe ~bh lhy~ ehzyvdvh|y d|h em~ àaxeh ~m

~bh zdp ~bd~ vmk`~ì`dey den omx|edk`y~y d|h nhwhkmvèj d ikmyh| |dvvm|~ ’

den d|h hwhe v|mxn mg ~b`y dib`hwhahe~% D jmmn hrdavkh mg ~b`y `y ~bh zdp d

‛k`lh|dk‑ zhhckp ehzyvdvh| v|d`yhn Ah|chk gm| nhghenèj Jx~~helh|j zbhe bh zdy diixyhn mg vkdj`d|`ya% Am|hmwh|+ `g v|hyy imaahe~d~m|y zde~ ~m v|mw`nh

dep ym|~ mg imxe~h|ldkdeih ~m vmk`~ìy z`~b em ikhd| w`y`me+ ~bhp bdwh ~m y~mv

dkkmzèj ix||he~ hwhe~y ~m ~m~dkkp nì~d~h ~bh`| ime~he~% Gm| hrdavkh+ ~bhp ~|hd~

~bh hx|m i|`y`y dy d b`jbkp yvhi`dk`yhn himemaì `yyxh+ zbìb ahdey ~bh|h `y d

kdic mg ime~hr~ me ~bmyh miidy`mey zbhe vmk`~ìdk hn`~m|y nh`je ~m ~dkc dlmx~

~bh imeyhtxheihy mg ~bh i|`y`y gm| ~bh |hy~|xi~x|èj mg ~bh HX dy d zbmkh%

^bh |hn`yimwh|p mg Jh|ade ed~`mebmmn+ ~bh n`ym|`he~d~`me den ybm|~!

y`jb~hnehyy mg vmk`~ì`dey+ den ~bh ah|jèj mg ~bh vmk`~ìdk den ahn`d ikdyyhy

adp diimxe~ gm| ~bh gdi~ ~bd~ vmk`~ì`dey bdwh |xe mx~ mg y~hda me yxib d adom|

v|mohi~ dy Hx|mvhde è~hj|d~`me% Lx~ adplh zh ybmxkne‐~ lh kmmcèj xvzd|ny

~m ~bh vmk`~ìdk hk`~h den ~bh ahn`d% Vh|bdvy ~bh am~`wd~`me ~bd~ y a`yyèj ide

mekp lh jheh|d~hn g|ma lhkmz ’ è m~bh| zm|ny+ g|ma m|nèd|p i`~`hey% ^bh

vbdyh!mx~ mg exikhd| heh|jp `y d v|àh hrdavkh mg bmz vmk`~ìdk den ixk~x|dk

yhey`l`k`~`hy+ den ~bxy ~bh vd|dah~h|y mg vxlkì nhld~h+ ideem~ lh yb`g~hn

z`~bmx~ ~bh ~hedi`mxy khjzm|c mg ymi`dk amwhahe~y%

G|xy~|d~`me z`~b xenh|!vh|gm|aèj vmk`~ì`dey

^bh|h‐y em y`je mg ~bh hah|jheih mg yxib d ymi`dk amwhahe~ gm| Hx|mvhde

è~hj|d~`me% @ey~hdn zh d|h z`~ehyyèj ymah~bèj hkyh? d j|mzèj yheyh mg

n`yheibde~ahe~ z`~b vmk`~ìy zbmyh m|`jèy d|h xeikhd|% ^b`y yheyh mg

n`yheibde~ahe~ `y xyxdkkp lkdahn me ~bh vh|ymedk`~`hy den lhbdw`mx|dk

y~pkhy mg èn`w`nxdky% @~ `y mg~he yd`n ~bd~ vhmvkh k`ch vmk`~ì`dey g|ma xexyxdk

ldicj|mxeny yxib dy ~bh Ymi`dk Nhami|d~ v|hy`nhe~`dk iden`nd~h OmdibàJdxic+ jkdam|mxy jx|hy zbm ide imaaxeìd~h zhkk+ k`ch Jx~~helh|j+ den22



k`chdlkh |mjxhy yxib dy ~bh wh~h|de Ib|`y~`de Nhami|d~ Bhèh| Jh`yykh|% ^bhp

dkk bdwh txdk`~`hy ~bd~ d|h ydnkp kdicèj è amy~ vmk`~ì`dey% Bmzhwh|+ ~b`y

de~`!vmk`~ìdk he~bxy`dya gm| adwh|ìcy imxkn di~xdkkp lh de hrv|hyy`me mg d

g|xy~|d~`me z`~b vmk`~ìy è jheh|dk%

@e ~bh vdy~+ jmwh|eahe~ vmkìp yhhahn ~m lh ldyhn me ikhd| w`y`mey? Cme|dn

Dnhedxh| gmixyhn me è~hj|d~èj ~bh Ghnh|dk \hvxlkì è~m ~bh Zhy~+ Z`kkp

L|den~ me My~vmk`~`c den ~bh ^b`|n Zm|kn3 Bhkax~ Yiba`n~ vx~ ~bh gd~h mg

k`~~kh Hx|mvh è ~bh l|mdnh| ime~hr~ mg ~bh jkmldk himemap3 den Bhkax~ Cmbk

zde~hn ~m kèc Jh|ade |hxeìd~`me ~m Hx|mvhde è~hj|d~`me% @e ybm|~+ dkk mg

~bha zde~hn ymah~bèj% Jh|bd|n Yib|÷nh|+ me ~bh m~bh| bden+ ~henhn ~m lh

|hdi~`wh |d~bh| ~bde v|mdi~`wh+ lx~ d~ khdy~ Omyibcd G`yibh| idkkhn gm| d nhi`y`me

me ~bh ‛edk`~p‑ mg Hx|mvhde è~hj|d~`me% Bmzhwh|+ yèih <668+ ~bèjy bdwh lhhe imavkh~hkp lkx||hn% @~ `y em kmejh| vmyy`lkh ~m zm|c mx~ zbh~bh| ~bh|h

`y hwhe de dà lhpmen zèeèj ~bh ehr~ hkhi~`me% ^bh vxlkì yheyhy ~bd~

ymah~bèj y a`yyèj g|ma ~b`y wdkxh!g|hh vmk`~ìdk n`yimx|yh% ^b`y y hrv|hyyhn

è ~bh zdp ~bd~ m|nèd|p vhmvkh d|h ~x|eèj dzdp g|ma m|jde`yhn vmk`~ìy den

~mzd|ny v|m~hy~ amwhahe~y yxib dy ~bh ‛Y~x~~jd|~ <4‑ amwhahe~ djdèy~ ~bh

|hnhwhkmvahe~ mg Y~x~~jd|~ |d`kzdp y~d~`me% Vh|bdvy d~ khdy~ meh vmk`~ìdk vd|~p

ybmxkn |mkk xv `~y ykhhwhy den di~`whkp ~dch ~bh jb~ gm| Hx|mvhde è~hj|d~`me

~m ~bh y~|hh~y%

@~‐y em~ jmmn hemxjb ~m yàvkp dldenme ‛l`j‑ v|mohi~y% ^bh è~h|ed~`medk

imaaxe`~p ideem~ hyidvh g|ma yyxhy yxib dy ikàd~h ibdejh+ ~bh jkmldk |`ycy

mg exikhd| vmzh|+ ~bh ehhn ~m |hjxkd~h edei`dk ad|ch~ idv`~dk`ya den ~bh

àvkhahe~d~`me mg bxade |`jb~y d~ de è~h|ed~`medk khwhk% Dg~h| dkk+ imavd|hn

~m ~bh yidkh mg ~bhyh v|mlkhay+ ~bh ibdkkhejh Hx|mvh gdihy yhhay dkamy~

y~|d`jb~gm|zd|n%

20



Dlmx~ ~bh Dx~bm|y

Im|ehk`d Lmkhyib `y d omx|edk`y~% Ybh bdy lhhe lm~b bhdn mg ~bh ahn`d yhi~`me

den d L|xyyhky im||hyvmenhe~ gm| ~bh nd`kp ehzyvdvh| Yûnnhx~yibh _h`~xej%

Ib|`y~`de Idkk`hyy `y N`|hi~m| mg ~bh @ey~`~x~h gm| Vxlkì Kdz d~ ~bh G|h`h

Xe`wh|y`~î~ Lh|kè+ zbh|h bh bmkny ~bh Ohde Ameeh~ Ibd`| gm| Hx|mvhde

@e~hj|d~`me% B`y vxlkìd~`mey me Hx|mvhde kdz+ me vxlkì den me hew`|meahe~dk

kdz èikxnh d lmmc me ~bh àvkìd~`mey mg ~bh K`ylme ~|hd~p gm| Jh|ade kdz%

Dkhrdenh| Idaadee `y d z|`~h| zbmyh hyydpy me Jh|ade `nhe~`~p bdwh

dvvhd|hn è ~bh zhhckp ehzyvdvh| N`h _h`~ % Bh zdy lm|e è ~bh JN\+ ydz ~bh

Lh|kè Zdkk imah nmze d~ djh mg 47 den he~h|hn dnxk~bmmn dy d i`~`he mg ~bh

|hxe`~hn Jh|adep%

W`mkd wme I|dame `y d ahalh| mg ~bh Lxenhy~dj den ~bh J|hhe Vd|~p‐y

yvmchyvh|yme gm| Hx|mvhde vmkìp% V|hw`mxykp ybh zm|chn dy d imeyxk~de~ è

Hdy~h|e den Ihe~|dk Hx|mvh+ yvhi`dk`yèj e dj|ìxk~x|h%

Bhe|`c Henh|khè `y Nhvx~p Nhde den V|mghyym| gm| Vmk`~ìdk Himemaìyd~ ~bh Lh|kè Bh|~`h Yibmmk mg Jmwh|edeih è Lh|kè% G|ma <664 ~m <669+ bh

zm|chn gm| ~bh Hx|mvhde Ihe~|dk Ldec%

Ckdxy N`h~h| G|dechelh|jh| `y gm|h`je hn`~m| mg G|decgx|~h| Dkkjhahèh

_h`~xej% Bh yvhi`dk`yhy è ~bh Xe`~hn Y~d~hy den ~bh HX%

Ckdxy Gh|nèden Jî|n`~ ~hdibhy vxlkì kdz d~ ~bh \bhè`yibh G|`hn|ìb!

Z`kbhkay!Xe`wh|y`~î~ e Lmee%

Xk|`ch Jxà|m~ `y Yhe`m| Vmkìp Ghkkmz den Bhdn mg ~bh Lh|kè Mgih mg ~bh

Hx|mvhde Imxei`k me Gm|h`je \hkd~`mey% Bh| vxlkìd~`mey gm| HIG\ èikxnh

^bh Ehz Jh|ade Txhy~`me? Bmz Hx|mvh ide jh~ ~bh Jh|adep `~ ehhny "z`~b

Ad|c Khmed|n+ <644)%

06



Oû|jhe Bdlh|ady `y V|mghyym| Hah|`~xy d~ Ombdee Zmkgjdej Jmh~bh

Xe`wh|y`~p è G|decgx|~+ zbh|h bh ~dxjb~ vb`kmymvbp g|ma 407> ~m 40:4 den

djdè g|ma 4029 ~m 400>% B`y lmmcy me vb`kmymvbp den ymi`dk ~bhm|p èikxnh

^bh Y~|xi~x|dk ^|deygm|ad~`me mg ~bh Vxlkì Yvbh|h "407<)+ Cemzkhnjh den

Bxade @e~h|hy~y "4072)+ den ^bh bhm|p mg Imaaxeìd~ wh Di~`me "4024)%

Oditxhkèh Bàed|n `y d z|`~h|+ khi~x|h| den l|mdnidy~h| ldyhn è Vd|`y den d

Yhe`m| Vmkìp Dyymi`d~h d~ ~bh Hx|mvhde Imxei`k me Gm|h`je \hkd~`mey% Ybh bdy

vxlk`ybhn z`nhkp me txhy~`mey mg Jh|ade den Hx|mvhde nhe~`~p%

Ib|`y~`de B`kkj|xlh| ~hdibhy vxlkì kdz d~ ~bh \bhè`yibh G|`hn|ìb!

Z`kbhkay!Xe`wh|y`~î~ Lmee% Bh bdy vxlk`ybhn z`nhkp me Jh|ade vxlkì kdz

den Hx|mvhde kdz%

Ikdxy Khjjhz`h `y n`|hi~m| mg ~bh Cxk~x|z`yyheyibdg~kìbhy @ey~`~x~ Hyyhe% Bh

yvhi`dk`yhy è jheh|d~`medk ibdejh+ ~bh vmk`~ìy mg aham|p den+ am|h |hihe~kp+

hew`|meahe~dk yyxhy%

Ib|`y~`de Yiba`n~ bdy lhhe d IYX ahalh| mg ~bh Lxenhy~dj yèih 4006 den

`y ix||he~kp vd|kdahe~d|p y~d~h yhi|h~d|p d~ ~bh aè`y~|p mg nhgheih% Bh `y dkym

v|hy`nhe~ mg ~bh Jh|ade D~kde~ì Ymi`h~p%

Aìbdhk Zmbkjhax~b bhdny ~bh |hyhd|ib nhvd|~ahe~ d~ ~bh Zdk~h| Hxiche

@ey~`~x~ e G|h`lx|j%

04



Dicemzkhnjhahe~y

^b`y |hvm|~ imxkn em~ bdwh lhhe vxlk`ybhn z`~bmx~ ~bh bhkv mg adep vhmvkh%

G`|y~ den gm|hamy~+ zh zmxkn k`ch ~bdec dkk mg ~bh dx~bm|y+ zbm àahn`d~hkp

ydz ~bh wdkxh mg ~b`y v|mohi~ den imaa`~~hn ~m ime~|`lx~h ~m `~ d~ ybm|~

em~ìh% Kmejh| wh|y`mey mg ymah mg ~bh hyydpy è ~b`y |hvm|~ ide lh gmxen è

Jh|ade lmmc me HIG\‐y zhly`~h "zzz%hig|%hx) den è ~bh lmmc Zdy nhec~

Nhx~yibkden= _hbe Deyìb~he x Hx|mvd "Cmaaxedk! xen Yibxk!Wh|kdj+ <644)%

^bh Jh|ade wh|y`me mzhy axib ~m Den|hd Khe~+ zbm chv~ d id|hgxk hph me ~bh

zbmkh vxlk`ybèj v|mihyy%

^bdecy ~m Yxh Ai\dh gm| diihv~èj ~bh ibdkkhejh mg ~|deykd~èj ~bh hyydpy è~m

Hejk`yb xenh| j|hd~ ~àh v|hyyx|h den ~m Bdey Cxenede` gm| hn`~èj ~bh ~hr~y

ym ~bd~ eme!Jh|ade |hdnh|y zmxkn lh dlkh ~m xenh|y~den em~ mekp ~bh kdejxdjh

lx~ dkym ~bh imeihv~y lhbèn ~bh zm|ny% ^bdecy dkym ~m dkk d~ HIG\‐y Lh|kè

mgih ’ hyvhi`dkkp Ghk`r Ahejhk den ~zm è~h|ey+ Yxydeed Amich| den \mlh|~

Ld|| ’ zbm chv~ idka zbhe ~bh jmèj jm~ |mxjb den |hdn den ~m |h!|hdn edk

v|mmgy gm| a`y~dchy den ~pvmy%

09



Damej ahalh|y mg ~bhHx|mvhde Imxei`k me Gm|h`je\hkd~`mey d|h gm|ah| v|àhaè`y~h|y+ v|hy`nhe~y+ Hx|mvhdeimaa`yy`meh|y+ ix||he~ dengm|ah| vd|k`dahe~d|`dey denaè`y~h|y+ vxlkì è~hkkhi~xdky+lxyèhyy khdnh|y+ di~`w`y~y denixk~x|dk g`jx|hy g|ma ~bh HXahalh| y~d~hy den iden`nd~himxe~|`hy%

Dyjh| Ddaxen "Nhead|c)V|hy`nhe~ den IHM+ D% O% DdaxenD-Y den Ibd`|ade mg Ldwd|`deEm|nì D-Y

|lde Dbkè "Yhnhe)

Nhvx~p Ibd`|ade mg ~bh Gm|h`je

Dggd`|y Imaa`~~hh den gm|h`jevmkìp yvmchyvh|yme gm| ~bh Ymi`dkNhami|d~ì Vd|~p

Ad|~~` Db~`ydd|` "Gèkden)

Ibd`|ade mg ~bh Lmd|n+ I|`y`yAdedjhahe~ @e`~`d~`wh3 gm|ah|V|hy`nhe~

J`xk`dem Dad~m "@~dkp)gm|ah| V|àh Aè`y~h| denwìh V|hy`nhe~ mg ~bh Hx|mvhdeImewhe~`me

Nm|d dcmpdee`y "J|hhih)AV3 gm|ah| Gm|h`je Aè`y~h|

Kkxáy dyyh~y "Ydè)Nhvx~p N`|hi~m|+ Hk Vdáy

Ad|hc hkcd "vmkden)Jmwh|em|+ Ed~`medk Ldec mg Vmkden3gm|ah| V|àh Aè`y~h|

\mkden h|jh| "Jh|adep)Gmxenh| den Bmem|d|p Ibd`|ade+\mkden Lh|jh| Y~|d~hjp Imeyxk~de~yJalB

H|`c h|jk÷g "Yhnhe)Ib`hg Himema`y~+ Hx|mvhdeLdec gm| \himey~|xi~`me denNhwhkmvahe~

m|`y `deibh|` "@~dkp)V|hy`nhe~+ @YV@ "@y~`~x~m vh| jk` Y~xn`n` Vmk`~ìd @e~h|edz`medkh)

Ode C|zpyz~mg `hkhic`"vmkden)Ibd`|ade+ V|àh Aè`y~h|‐yHimemaì Imxei`k3 gm|ah| V|àhAè`y~h|

Id|k `kn~ "Yhnhe)Gm|h`je Aè`y~h|

Bhe|pcd mibe`d|z "vmkden)V|hy`nhe~+ Vmk`yb Imeghnh|d~`me mg V|`wd~h Havkmph|y ’ Kh`d~me

Ywh~mykdw mo`kmw "xkjd|`d)Gmxenh|+ Imaaxe`~dy Gmxend~`meden V|hy`nhe~ mg Whe~x|h Htx`~pLxkjd|`d K~n%

Haad meèm "@~dkp)Wìh V|hy`nhe~ mg ~bh Yhed~h3gm|ah| HX Imaa`yy`meh|

Ombe |x~me "@|hkden)gm|ah| Hx|mvhde Imaa`yy`meDaldyydnm| ~m ~bh XYD3 gm|ah|V|àh Aè`y~h| " dm`yhdib)

@de x|xad"^bh Eh~bh|kdeny)Z|`~h| den didnhaì

H|bd|n xyhc "Dxy~|`d)Ibd`|ade mg ~bh @ey~`~x~h gm| ~bhNdexlh den Ihe~|dk Hx|mvh

Oh|zp xzhc "vmkden)V|hy`nhe~ mg ~bh Hx|mvhdeVd|k`dahe~3 gm|ah| V|àh Aè`y~h|

Jxe`kkd Id|kyyme "Yhnhe)Aè`y~h| gm| @e~h|ed~`medkNhwhkmvahe~ Immvh|d~`me

Adexhk Idy~hkky "Ydè)V|mghyym|+ Xe`wh|y`~d~ Mlh|~dnh Id~dkxepd den Xe`wh|y`~p mg Ymx~bh|e Idk`gm|e`d

@hc Iha ^dbd "^x|chp)N`|hi~m| mg Ahkdc @ewhy~ahe~y - Omx|edk`y~

Ibd|khy Ikd|ch"e`~hn Cèjnma)W`y`~èj V|mghyym| mg Vmk`~ìy+Xe`wh|y`~p mg Hdy~ Dejk`d3 gm|ah|

Bmah Yhi|h~d|pEìmkd Ikdyh "Yhnhe)Daldyydnm| ~m ~bh Xe`~hnCèjnma3 gm|ah| Y~d~h Yhi|h~d|p

Nde`hk Imbe!hen`~ "Jh|adep)Ahalh| mg Hx|mvhde Vd|k`dahe~

\mlh|~ Immh| "e`~hn Cèjnma)Imxeyhkkm| mg ~bh Hx|mvhdeHr~h|edk Di~`me Yh|wìh

Jh|bd|n I|maah "Jh|adep)Ibd`|ade mg ~bh Yxvh|w`ym|p Lmd|nmg ~bh ^bpyyheC|xvv

Adyyàm N‐Dkhad "@~dkp)V|hy`nhe~+ @~dk`de`hx|mvh`

Gmxend~`me3 V|hy`nhe~+ Gmxend~`megm| Hx|mvhde V|mj|hyy`wh Y~xn`hy3gm|ah| V|àh Aè`y~h| den Gm|h`jeAè`y~h|

Ad|~d Ndyyð "@~dkp)N`|hi~m| Jheh|dk @e~h|ed~`medkDi~`w`~`hy+ Dyvhe @ey~`~x~h @~dk`d

H~`heeh Ndw`jeme "hkj`xa)V|hy`nhe~+ G|`heny mg Hx|mvh3gm|ah| Wìh V|hy`nhe~ mg ~bhHx|mvhde Imaa`yy`me

Dbah~ Ndwx~mjkx " x|chp)Gm|h`je Aè`y~h|

DkhŤ Nhlhkodc "Ykmwhe`d)Vmh~ den Ixk~x|dk I|`~ì

Ohde!Kxi Nhbdheh "hkj`xa)Ahalh| mg Hx|mvhde Vd|k`dahe~3gm|ah| V|àh Aè`y~h|

J`deg|deim Nhkk‐Dkld "@~dkp)N`|hi~m|+ Imeghnh|d~`me mg @~dk`de@enxy~|p "Imegènxy~|`d) ! L|xyyhkymggìh3 gm|ah| Ahalh| mg Hx|mvhdeVd|k`dahe~

vdwmk NhahŤ "Ykmwdc`d)Yhe`m| ^|deyd~kde~ì Ghkkm+Jh|ade Ad|ybdkk Gxen mg ~bhXe`~hn Y~d~hy "L|d~`ykdwd)

Chadk Nh|w`y " x|chp)Wìh!V|hy`nhe~ den N`|hi~m| mg Jkmldk Himemap den Nhwhkmvahe~

^`lm| Nhyyhggp "Bxejd|p)V|hy`nhe~+ NHAMY Bxejd|p

Den|h Nxgg "e`~hn Cèjnma)

Ahalh| mg Hx|mvhde Vd|k`dahe~A`cxkäŤ Nzx|ènd "Ykmwdc`d)Gm|h`je Aè`y~h|

Bdey Hìbhk "Jh|adep)Gm|ah| Gèdeih Aè`y~h|

\mkg Hchxy "Yhnhe)Hrhix~`wh Ibd`|ade+ Xe`~hnEd~`mey Yvhi`dk Imaa`yy`meme @|dt3 gm|ah| MYIH B`jbImaa`yy`meh| me Ed~`medkAèm|`~`hy3 gm|ah| Ibd`|adeY~micbmka @e~h|ed~`medk Vhdih

\hyhd|ib @ey~`~x~h+ Y@V\@

HIG\ IMEI@K

0>



Ohde!Ad|`h Jxàbheem"G|deih)N`|hi~m| mg ~bh Ihe~|h me@e~h|ed~`medk Imegkì~ \hymkx~`me+Imkxal`d Xe`wh|y`~p "Eh Pm|c)3Yhe`m| Ghkkm+ L|mmcèjy @ey~`~x~`me3gm|ah| Xenh|!Yhi|h~d|p!Jheh|dkgm| Vhdihchhvèj Mvh|d~`mey d~~bh XE Mvh|d~`mey d~ ~bh XE

Gh|edenm Den|hyheJxàd|éhy "vm|~xjdk)Dnw`ym| me Axk~`kd~h|dk \hkd~`mey+Hx|mvhde Hr~h|edk Di~`me Yh|wìh

Cd|k!^bhmnm| zx Jx~~helh|j"Jh|adep)Gm|ah| Nhgheih Aè`y~h|

@y~wäe Jpd|ad~` "Bxejd|p)

V|hy`nhe~ den IHM+ @e~h|ed~`medkIhe~|h gm| Nhami|d~ì |dey`~`me

Bdey Bçcch|x "Nhead|c)Ibd`|ade+ Nhgheih Imaa`yy`me3gm|ah| Nhgheih Aè`y~h|

Wdikdw Bdwhk "Izhib \hxlkì)Gm|ah| V|hy`nhe~

Y~hwhe Bhèz "Dxy~|`d)Im!Gmxenh| ' Im!Ibd`|ade+Kdeynmeh Vd|~eh|y K~n

Deeh~~h Bhxyh| "Jh|adep)

Hrhix~`wh N`|hi~m|+ Lh|~hkyadeeGmxend~`me Zdybèj~me NI

N`hjm B`ndkjm "Ydè)Im!gmxenh| mg Yvde`yb ehyvdvh|Hk Vdáy3 V|hy`nhe~+ G\@NH

Odd nh Bmm Yibhggh| "^bh Eh~bh|kdeny)Gm|ah| ED^M Yhi|h~d|p Jheh|dk

Ndex~d Bûleh| "vmkden)AHV+ gm|ah| Hx|mvhdeImaa`yy`meh|

Aìb`hk wde Bxk~he"^bh Eh~bh|kdeny)Gm|ah| Ahalh| mg Hx|mvhdeVd|k`dahe~

Deed @l|`ydjì "Yhnhe)Ahalh| mg Hx|mvhde Vd|k`dahe~

Oddccm @kme`ha` "Gèkden)Gm|ah| Daldyydnm| dengm|ah| Hrhix~`wh N`|hi~m|+ I|`y`yAdedjhahe~ @e`~`d~`wh

Zmkgjdej @yibèjh| "Jh|adep)Ibd`|ade+ Axeìb Yhix|`~pImegh|heih3 Jkmldk Bhdn mg Jmwh|eahe~ Dggd`|y Dkk`dez YH

K`mehk Omyè "G|deih)Gm|ah| V|àh Aè`y~h|

Ad|p Cdknm| "e`~hn Cèjnma)V|mghyym|+ Kmenme Yibmmk mg Himemaìy

Ypkw`h Cdxggadee "G|deih)Hrhix~`wh Hn`~m| mg Kh Amenh

Jkhepy Cèemic "e`~hn Cèjnma)gm|ah| Ahalh| mg Hx|mvhdeVd|k`dahe~3 Ybdnm Km|nyYvmchyvh|yme me @e~h|ed~`medkNhwhkmvahe~

Mkk` C`wèhe "Gèkden)Z|`~h| den imkxae`y~

Jh|dkn Cedxy "Dxy~|`d)Ibd`|ade mg ~bh Hx|mvhde Y~dl`k`~p@e`~`d~`wh den Id|| Ihe~h| Ghkkm

Id`m Cmib!Zhyh| "Jh|adep)Wìh Ibd`|ade+ Nhx~yibh LdecJ|mxv3 gm|ah| Y~d~h Yhi|h~d|p

\ha Cmmkbddy"^bh Eh~bh|kdeny)D|ib`~hi~ den x|lde`y~3 V|mghyym|d~ ~bh J|dnxd~h Yibmmk mg Nhy`je+Bd|wd|n Xe`wh|y`~p

@wde C|dy~hw "xkjd|`d)Ibd`| mg Lmd|n+ Ihe~|h gm| K`lh|dkY~|d~hj`hy

Dkhcydenh| Cdy¾e`hyc`"vmkden)Gm|ah| V|hy`nhe~

Ad|~ Kdd| "Hy~me`d)

Ahalh| mg Vd|k`dahe~3 gm|ah|V|àh Aè`y~h|

A`|mykdw Kdoiäc "Ykmwdc`d)Adedjèj N`|hi~m| gm| Hx|mvh denIhe~|dk Dy`d+ Hx|mvhde Hr~h|edkDi~`me Yh|wìh3 gm|ah| Gm|h`jeAè`y~h|

vdyidk Kdap "G|deih)Bmem|d|p V|hy`nhe~+ Em~|h Hx|mvhden N`|hi~m|!Jheh|dk mg Z^M3gm|ah| HX Imaa`yy`meh|

ggh Hkkhadee!Oheyhe"Nhead|c)Ibd`|ade+ Ldk~ì Nhwhkmvahe~Gm|xa3 gm|ah| Gm|h`je Aè`y~h|

Y~hwhe Hwh|~y

"^bh Eh~bh|kdeny)Dnw`yh| ~m ~bh Wìh V|hy`nhe~ mg ~bhHx|mvhde Imaa`yy`me- HX B`jb\hv|hyhe~d~`wh gm| Gm|h`je denYhix|`~p Vmkìp

deod Gdome "Ykmwhe`d)Ahalh| mg Hx|mvhde Vd|k`dahe~

J`deg|deim Gè` "@~dkp)V|hy`nhe~+ Ibdalh| mg Nhvx~`hy3gm|ah| Gm|h`je Aè`y~h|

Omyibcd G`yibh| "Jh|adep)Gm|ah| Gm|h`je Aè`y~h| den wìh!Ibdeihkkm|

Cd|è Gm|yhch "Yhnhe-YD)Lxyèhyy Khdnh|3 gm|ah| IHMId|ehj`h @ewhy~ahe~ Ldec

Kpcch G|``y "Nhead|c)Aè`y~h| gm| Ikàd~h den Heh|jp

Odàh Jdad "vm|~xjdk)Yvhdch| mg ~bh Vd|k`dahe~3 gm|ah|Gm|h`je Aè`y~h|

^àm~bp Jd|~me Dyb"e`~hn Cèjnma)V|mghyym| mg Hx|mvhde Y~xn`hy+Mrgm|n Xe`wh|y`~p

Id|kmy Jdyd| "vm|~xjdk)Ibd`|ade mg ~bh Vm|~xjxhyh@ey~`~x~h mg @e~h|ed~`medk \hkd~`mey"@V\@)

De~bmep J`nnhey"e`~hn Cèjnma)Hah|`~xy V|mghyym|+ Kmenme Yibmmkmg Himemaìy

h|hyd vd~| i`m Jmxwh`d

"vm|~xjdk)^|xy~hh ~m ~bh Lmd|n mg ~bhIdkmxy~h Jxklhec`de Gmxend~`me3gm|ah| Gm|h`je Aè`y~h|

Bhd~bh| J|dllh"e`~hn Cèjnma)Hrhix~`wh N`|hi~m|+ Mvhe Ymi`h~p@ey~`~x~h ’ L|xyyhky



Ad|c Khmed|n"e`~hn Cèjnma)N`|hi~m|+ Hx|mvhde Imxei`k meGm|h`je \hkd~`mey

Oxde Gh|edenm Kùhz Djx kd|

"Ydè)Ahalh| mg Hx|mvhde Vd|k`dahe~3gm|ah| Aè`y~h| mg Oxy~ìh

Bhkhed Kxizpm "vmkden)Nhvx~p Hn`~m|!è!ib`hg+ Jdzh~dZplm|izd

Dnda Kx|p "e`~hn Cèjnma)IHM+ Ahehaybd K~n

Ndw`n A`k`lden"e`~hn Cèjnma)Gm|ah| Yhi|h~d|p mg Y~d~h gm|Gm|h`je den Imaamehdk~bDggd`|y

Dkdè Aèi "G|deih)Bhdn mg DA Imeyh`k3 gm|ah|ibd`|ade+ Kh Amenh

Eìcmkdp Akdnhemw "xkjd|`d)Gm|h`je Aè`y~h|3 gm|ah| NhgheihAè`y~h|3 gm|ah| Ahalh| mg Hx|mvhde Vd|k`dahe~

Nmaè`txh Am`y` "G|deih)Yhe`m| Dnw`yh|+ @G\@

v`h||h Amyimwì` "G|deih)AV3 gm|ah| Aè`y~h| gm| Hx|mvhdeDggd`|y

E`ky Ax`ze`hcy "Kd~w`d)N`|hi~m|+ Dnwdeihn Ymi`dk denVmk`~ìdk \hyhd|ib @ey~`~x~h+Xe`wh|y`~p mg Kd~w`d

B`knhjd|n Aûkkh| "Jh|adep)Ibd`|made+ LNHZLxenhywh|lden nh| Heh|j`h! xenZdyyh|`|~yibdg~

Zmkgjdej Aûeibdx

"Jh|adep)V|hy`nhe~+ Hx|mè~hkk`jheih DYLK

Cdkpym Eìmkdín`y"J|hhih-G|deih)V|mghyym| mg @e~h|ed~`medk \hkd~`mey+Xe`wh|y`~p mg Mrgm|n

Nd`~b` M‐Ihdkkd`jb "@|hkden)N`|hi~m|!Jheh|dk+ @ey~`~x~h mg @e~h|ed~`medk den Hx|mvhde Dggd`|y

Ib|`y~èh Mic|he~ "hkj`xa)IHM+ Dxn`mw`yxhk Hr~à|`hx| nh kdG|deih

Den|zho Mkhibmyc` "vmkden)Gm|ah| Gm|h`je Aè`y~h|

Nìc Mmy~èj"^bh Eh~bh|kdeny)IHM+ Hx|mvhde Imxei`k me Gm|h`je

\hkd~`mey3 gm|ah| Hx|mvh N`|hi~m|+Daehy~p @e~h|ed~`medk

Adlhk wde M|deoh"^bh Eh~bh|kdeny)IHM+ ^bh Hknh|y

Ad|ihkèm M|hod Djx`||h"Ydè)Ahalh| mg ~bh Lmd|n+ Gmahe~m nhImey~|xii`mehy p Ime~|d~dy3 gm|ah|HX Imaa`yy`meh|

Iha ×znha`| "Jh|adep)Khdnh|+ Lûene`y06-N`h J|ûehe"J|hhe Vd|~p)

Ded vdkdi`m "Ydè)gm|ah| Gm|h`je Aè`y~h|3 gm|ah|Yhe`m| V|hy`nhe~ den Jheh|dkImxeyhk mg ~bh Zm|kn Ldec J|mxv

Yàme vdehc "Izhib \hxlkì)Ibd`|ade+ Vhmvkh è EhhnGmxend~`me

Ib|`y vd~~he"e`~hn Cèjnma)

Ibdeihkkm| mg Mrgm|n Xe`wh|y`~p denim!ibd`| mg ~bh @e~h|ed~`medk I|`y`yJ|mxv3 gm|ah| HX Imaa`yy`meh|

N`ded vè~m "G|deih)B`y~m|`de den dx~bm|

Ohde v`yde`!Gh||p "G|deih)N`|hi~m|+ L|xhjhk den V|mghyym| d~Xe`wh|y`~h Vd|`y!Ndxvbèh

\x|hib~ vmkhez "Jh|adep)AV den Ibd`|ade mg ~bhLxenhy~dj Gm|h`je Dggd`|yImaa`~~hh

Kpn`h vmkgh| "Kxrhalmx|j)AV3 gm|ah| Gm|h`je Aè`y~h|

Den|h vxnnhbd~~ "e`~hn Cèjnma)N`|hi~m|+ Jkmldk Vd|~eh|y 'Dyymi`d~hn K~n%

Whyed vxyì¾ "I|md~`d)AV+ V|hy`nhe~ mg ~bh Ed~`medkImaa`~~hh gm| Ame`~m|èj ~bhHX Diihyy`me Ehjm~`d~`mey denV|mghyym| mg Ymi`mkmjp+ Xe`wh|y`~p

mg _dj|hl

Jhm|jh \mlh|~yme"e`~hn Cèjnma)Gm|ah| Yhi|h~d|p Jheh|dk mg ED^M

Dklh|~ \mbde "Dxy~|`d)Gm|ah| Yhi|h~d|p Jheh|dk gm| Gm|h`je

Dggd`|yNd|`xyz \myd~` "vmkden)Gm|ah| Gm|h`je Aè`y~h|

Dnda N% \m~ghkn "vmkden)gm|ah| Aè`y~h| mg Gm|h`je Dggd`|y3Im!Ibd`|ade mg Vmk`yb!\xyy`deJ|mxv me N`ggìxk~ Ad~~h|y+Imaa`yy`meh| mg Hx|m!D~kde~ìYhix|`~p @e`~`d~`wh

Nde`hk Ydiby "Yhnhe)IHM+ V|mwhe~xy

Y~hgdem Ydeeèm "@~dkp)Nhvx~p N`|hi~m| Jheh|dk gm|Hekd|jhahe~+ Hx|mvhde Imaa`yy`me

v`h||h Yibm|` "Yhnhe)Ibd`| mg Mkmg Vdkah Aham|`dk Gxen3gm|ah| N`|hi~m| Jheh|dk+ G\@NH3gm|ah| Y\YJ ~m Im~h n¾@wm`|h

Zmkgjdej Yibûyyhk "Dxy~|`d)AV3 gm|ah| Ibdeihkkm|

Cd|hk Yibd|zhelh|j"Izhib \hxlkì)Gm|h`je Aè`y~h|

J`xyhh Yimjeda`jk`m "@~dkp)Bhdn mg Vxlkì Dggd`|y ! Hrhix~`whWìh V|hy`nhe~+ Xeì|hn`~ YvD

Ed|iáy Yh||d "Ydè)Ibd`| mg I@NML Gmxend~`me3 gm|ah|Wìh V|hy`nhe~ mg ~bh Yvde`ybJmwh|eahe~

\dnmyŌd Y`cm|yc` "vmkden)Gm|h`je Aè`y~h|

Dkhcydenh| Yamkd| "vmkden)Ibd`|ade mg ~bh Lmd|n+ Y~hgde Ld~m|p

Gmxend~`me

Odw`h| Ymkded "Ydè)gm|ah| HX B`jb \hv|hyhe~d~`wh gm|~bh Imaame Gm|h`je den Yhix|`~pVmkìp ' Yhi|h~d|p!Jheh|dk mg ~bhImxei`k mg ~bh HX3 gm|ah| Yhi|h~d|pJheh|dk mg ED^M

Jhm|jh Ym|my "Bxejd|p-YD)Gmxenh| den Ibd`|ade+ MvheYmi`h~p Gmxend~`mey

Jm|de Y~hgdemwyc`

"Adihnme`d)Vkdp|`jb~ den Didnhaì



\m|p Y~hd|~ "e`~hn Cèjnma)Ahalh| mg Vd|k`dahe~

Nmaè`txh Y~|dxyy!Cdbe"G|deih)gm|ah| Adedjèj N`|hi~m|+@e~h|ed~`medk Ameh~d|p Gxen3gm|ah| Gèdeih Aè`y~h|

Dkhrdenh| Y~xll "Gèkden)Gm|h`je Aè`y~h|

Aìbdhk Y~û|ah| "Jh|adep)Ib`hg Im||hyvmenhe~+ N`h Zhk~

@me Y~x|zd "\made`d)V|hy`nhe~+ J|hheK`jb~ @ewhy~%3gm|ah| V|àh Aè`y~h| mg ~bh\hvxlkì mg Amknmwd

Bhkkh ^bm|eèj Yiba`n~ "Nhead|c)Khdnh| mg ~bh Ymi`dk Nhami|d~ìVd|~p

hòd ^` k`cdèhe "Gèkden)N`|hi~m| d~ ~bh Gèe`yb @ey~`~x~h gm|@e~h|ed~`medk \hkd~`mey

Kmxcdy ymxcdk`y "J|hhih)V|mghyym|+ Xe`wh|y`~p mg D~bhey denV|hy`nhe~+ HK@DAHV

H|cc` xma`mod "Gèkden)AV3 gm|ah| Gm|h`je Aè`y~h|

Nde`hk Wdk~ibhw+ "xkjd|`d)Gm|ah| nhvx~p VA den Aè`y~h| mg Hnxid~`me

Wd`|d W`ch!G|h`lh|jd "Kd~w`d)Gm|ah| V|hy`nhe~

De~me`m W`~m|èm "vm|~xjdk)Kdph|3 gm|ah| HX Imaa`yy`meh|

Den|h Z`kchey "Jh|adep)N`|hi~m|+ Ah|id~m| Ihe~|h Lh|kè

Yb`|khp Z`kk`day

"e`~hn Cèjnma)V|mghyym| Hah|`~xy+ CheehnpYibmmk mg Jmwh|eahe~3 gm|ah|Khdnh| mg ~bh K`lh|dk Nhami|d~y è~bh Bmxyh mg Km|ny

Id|kmy Dkmeym _dknáwd| "Ydè)Daldyydnm| ~m L|dz`k

0:



DKYM DWD@KDKH G\MAHIG\

Eh Zm|kn M|nh|? ^bhdkdeih mg Ymg~ vmh| den ~bh \`yh mg Bh|l`wm|mxyvmh|y@wde C|dy~hw den Ad|cKhmed|n+ Mi~mlh| <66:"HIG\-64)

D vmh| Dxn`~ mg H!\xyy`d\hkd~`meyAd|c Khmed|n den EìxVmvhyix+ Emwhalh| <66:"HIG\-6<)

vmkden‐y yhimen |h~x|e ~mHx|mh=VdzhŌ Yz`hlmnd+ Nhihalh|<66: "HIG\-69)

Dgjbde`y~de? Hx|mh‐y gm|jm~~he d| Nde`hk Cm|yc`+ Odexd|p <662"HIG\-6>)

Ahh~èj Ahnwhnhw? ^bh vmk`~ iy mg ~bh vx~èYxiihyy`meDen|hz Z`kyme+ Ghl|xd|p<662 "HIG\-68)

\h!heh|j`yèj Hx|mh‐yYhix|`~p den Nhgheih vmkìpEìc Z`~ehp+ Oxkp <662"HIG\-67)

Ide ~bh H è ~bh vhdihè Jhm|j`d=Eìx Vmvhyix+ Ad|c Khmed|nden Den|hz Z`kyme+ Dxjxy~<662 "HIG\-6:)

D Jkmldk Gm|ih gm| Bxade

\`jb~y= De Dxn`~ mg Hx|mhdevmh| d~ ~bh E\ìbd|n Jmzde denG|de`ycd L|de~eh|+Yhv~halh| <662 "HIG\-62)

hpmen Nhhenheih? Bm ~m nhdk `~b \xyy de JdyV`h||h Emhk+ Emwhalh| <662"HIG\-60)

\h!`|èj ~bh Y!H

|hkd~`meyb`Nde`hk Cm|yc`+ Xk|`chJxh|m~ den Ad|c Khmed|n+Nhihalh| <662 "HIG\-46)

Ybdèj Hx|mh‐y DgjbdeYx|jhNde`hk Cm|yc`+ Ad|ib <660"HIG\-44)

D vmh| Dxn`~ mg H!Ibèd\hkd~`mey

Ombe Gmr den G|deim`yJmnhahe~+ Dv|`k <660"HIG\-4<)

hpmen ~bh ‛Zd| me h||m|‑? md|ny d Eh |deyd~kde~ì G|dahm|c gm| Imxe~h|~h||m|`yaDe~bmep Nzm|cè+ Adp <660"HIG\-49)

^bh Kà`~y mg Hekd|jhahe~!k`~h? Hx|mhde den \xyy`devmh| è ~bh ^|mxlkhnEh`jblmx|bmmnEìx Vmvhyix den Den|hzZ`kyme+ Oxeh <660 "HIG\-4>)

^bh H den bxade |`jb~yd~ ~bh E? <660 deexdk|hw`h\ìbd|n Jmzde denG|de`ycd L|de~eh|+Yhv~halh| <660 "HIG\-48)

Zbd~ nmhy \xyy`d ~bèc=hn`~hn lp @wde C|dy~hw+ Ad|cKhmed|n den Den|hz Z`kyme+Yhv~halh| <660 "HIG\-47)

Yxm|~èj Amknmwd‐yNhami|d~ì ^|dey`~`meEìx Vmvhyix+ Mi~mlh| <660"HIG\-4:)

Ide ~bh H |hlx`kn gd`kèjy~d~hy= D |hw`h mg Hx|mh‐yI`w`k`de Iddi`~`hyNde`hk Cm|yc` den \ìbd|nJmzde+ Mi~mlh| <660"HIG\-42)

md|ny d vmy~!Dah|ìdeHx|mh? D vmh| Dxn`~ mg H!Y \hkd~`mey

Oh|hap Ybdv`|m den EìcZ`~ehp+ Mi~mlh| <660"HIG\-40)

Nhdkèj `~b Pdexcmwpib‐yc|dèh

Den|hz Z`kyme+ Ad|ib <646"HIG\-<6)

hpmen Zd`~!den!Yhh? ^bh Zdp Gm|d|n gm| H dkcde vmkìpBhd~bh| J|dllh+ Jh|dknCedxy den Nde`hk Cm|yc`+Adp <646 "HIG\-<4)

D Jkmldk Ibèd vmkìpG|deêm`y Jmnhahe~+

Oxeh <646 "HIG\-<<)

md|ny de H Bxade\`jb~y Y~|d~hjp gm| d vmy~! Zhy~h|e Zm|knYxy` Nhee`yme den De~bmepNzm|cè+ Yhv~halh| <646"HIG\-<9)

^bh H den Bxade \`jb~yd~ ~bh E? <646 \hw`h\ìbd|n Jmzde denG|de`ycd L|de~eh|+Yhv~halh| <646 "HIG\-<>)

^bh Yhi~|h mg dAxk~`mkd| Hx|mh@wde C|dy~hw ' Ad|cKhmed|n z`~b Nà`~d|Lhibhw+ Oded Cmlmwd 'Den|hz Z`kyme+ Mi~mlh|<646 "HIG\-<8)

hpmen Addy~|ìb~? d EhNhdk gm| ~bh Hx|mzmeh^bmady Ckdx den G|deêm`yJmnhahe~+ Nhihalh| <646"HIG\-<7)

^bh H den hkd|xy dg~h| ~bh Hkhi~`meLdkäy Od|äl`c+ OdedCmlmwd den Den|hzZ`kyme+ Odexd|p <644"HIG\-<:)

Dg~h| ~bh \hwmkx~`me?Hx|mh den ~bh ^|dey`~`meè ^xe`y`dYxy` Nhee`yme+ De~bmepNzm|cè+ Eìx Vmvhyix denEìc Z`~ehp+ Ad|ib <644"HIG\-<2)

Hx|mhde Gm|h`je vmkìpYim|hid|n <646Ad|ib <644 "HIG\-<0)

^bh Eh Jh|ade

Txhy~`me? Bm Hx|mh idejh~ ~bh Jh|adep `~ ehhnyXk|`ch Jxà|m~ den Ad|cKhmed|n+ Dv|`k <644 "HIG\-96)

HIG\ vK@ID^@MEY



x|eèj v|hyheih è~mvmh|? Khyymey g|ma ~bhHdy~h|e Eh`jblmx|bmmnEìx Vmvhyix den Den|hzZ`kyme+ Adp <644 "HIG\-94)

Hjp~‐y Bpl|`n \hwmkx~`me?d mknh| H D|mdibDe~bmep Nzm|cè+ Nde`hkCm|yc` den Eìc Z`~ehp+Adp <644 "HIG\-9<)

D Ibdeih ~m \hgm|a?Bm ~bh H ide yxm|~ Nhami|d~ì Hwmkx~`me èAm|miimYxy` Nhee`yme+ EìxVmvhyix den Omyà @jedi`mm||hlkdeid+ Adp <644

"HIG\-99)

Ibèd‐y Odexy!gdihn\hymeyh ~m ~bh D|dl\hwmkx~`mey

Omedy Vd|hkkm!Vkhyeh| den\dggdhkkm Vde~xii`+ Oxeh <644"HIG\-9>)

Zbd~ nmhy x|chp ~bèc=Hn`~hn lp Nà`~d| Lhibhw+

Oxeh <644 "HIG\-98)



N h y ` j e l p N d w ` n I d | | m k k ' I m

z z z % n d w ` n i d | | m k k d e n i m % i m a



‛Jh|adep bdy `||`~d~hn `~y Hx|mvhdevd|~eh|y tx`~h d km~ è |hihe~ ame~by z`~b`~y y~deih me Hx|mvh% ^b`y lmmc ~|`hy ~midv~x|h ~bh mejmèj n`yixyy`me dlmx~

Hx|mvh è Jh|adep den j`why ymah nhhvèy`jb~y è~m zbd~ Jh|adey ~bèc dlmx~Hx|mvh ~mndp% @~ `y d j|hd~ jx`nh ~m ~bh

‒Lh|kè \hvxlkì‐ den z`kk bhkv depmeh zbmbdy ~m nhdk vmk`~ìdkkp z`~b Jh|adep ~mndp%‑Haa eè+ Wìh |h`he g

bh kè yheh e g|ah| HXIaa`èh|

‛^b`y |hvm|~ xenh|kèhy bmz àvm|~de~ `~ `y~m chhv me g`jb~èj gm| ~bh `nhd mg d xe`~hn

Hx|mvh% @~ hrvkdèy zbp zh dy Hx|mvhdeybdwh ~m ~dkc ~m mx| eh`jblmx|y den y~mv~dkcèj dlmx~ ~bha lhidxyh è d zm|knmg ikàd~h ibdejh den jkmldk`yd~`me mekpd xe`~hn Hx|mvh z`kk lh meh mg ~bh l`jvkdph|y è ~bh zm|kn%‑Iha ×zha`|+ I!Ib`|ae+ dkkèih06-~bh J|hhe

‛Jh|adep bdy v|mg`~hn g|ma Hx|mvhde

è~hj|d~`me am|h ~bde dep m~bh| imxe~|p%Hwhe Jh|ade |hxe`gìd~`me zdy d |hyxk~ mg Hx|mvhde è~hj|d~`me% Lx~ ~zhe~p phd|y kd~h|+`y Jh|adep y~`kk imaa`~~hn ~m ~bh vmk`~ìdkjmdk mg ‒hwh| ikmyh| xe`me‐ den zbd~ `~ `yv|hvd|hn ~m ime~|`lx~h ~m `~= ^b`y |hvm|~ `y deègm|ad~`wh jx`nh ~m ~bh nhld~h%‑\xv|hib khez+ Ib`|ae g bhxehj G|h`je dgg`| Iaa`hh

‛Jh|adep `y ~bh y~|mej ade mg Hx|mvh%M~bh| HX ahalh| y~d~hy yhh ~bh Ghnh|dk\hvxlkì lm~b dy d vmyy`lkh deyzh| ~mchp v|mlkhay den dy d ymx|ih mg ehz

xeih|~dè~`hy gm| Hx|mvh‐y gx~x|h% b`yimkkhi~`me mg d|~ìkhy `y de hrihkkhe~mwh|w`hz mg adom| `yyxhy |d`yhn è ~bhJh|ade nhld~h me Hx|mvh%‑dkhceh| yak|+ Ib`|ae g bh|+ yhge |p Gxeè

‛Jh|adep `y chp gm| nhwhkmvèj d y~|mejHx|mvh den hyvhi`dkkp gm| de hggì`he~den imm|nèd~hn Hx|mvhde gm|h`je vmkìp%@e |hihe~ ame~by+ adep è Hx|mvh bdwh

lhhe zmenh|èj zbh|h Jh|adep `ybhdnèj % ^b`y lmmc hrvkdèy ~bh nmahy~ìv|mlkhay den imeih|ey ~bd~ Jh|adeybdwh ~mndp z`~b ~bh hx|m den d Hx|mvhdev|mohi~ ~bd~ ~bhp meih kmwhn ym axib%‑

Ow`h| yke+ G|ah| HX B`jb\hv|hhe`wh g| Iaae G|h`jee yhix|`p kìp e g|ah| Ed~myhi|h|p!Jheh|k

‛^bh vd|~p `y mwh|% ^bh mkn Jh|ade txhy~`me`y ldic djdè? Zbh|h nm ~bh Jh|adeylhkmej+ den zb`~bh| Jh|adep= Hx|mvhz`~b Jh|adep `y n`ggìxk~3 z`~bmx~ hwheam|h ym% ^b`y `y d amy~ ~àhkp |haènh|%‑Aìbhk yû|ah|+ Ib`hg i||hvehe+n`h Zhk~

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