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Eastern Europe and Germany Divided

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Eastern Europe and Germany Divided. Germany and Berlin: Agreements After WWII. Review: Germany Divided. Divided Amongst the Victorious Allies (4 sections) Berlin Divided Amongst Allies As well 4 sections as well. Tensions Rise between Allies. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Eastern Europe and Germany Divided

Eastern Europe and Germany Divided

Page 2: Eastern Europe and Germany Divided

Germany and Berlin: Agreements After WWII

Page 3: Eastern Europe and Germany Divided

Review: Germany Divided Divided Amongst the Victorious Allies

(4 sections) Berlin Divided Amongst Allies As well

4 sections as well

Page 4: Eastern Europe and Germany Divided
Page 5: Eastern Europe and Germany Divided

Tensions Rise between Allies By 1948, ideological division of

Europe (Physically represented by ____ ______)

Great Britain and US wanted Germany Economy Revived (helping with Europe’s economy) through industrial production, monetary reform and new gov’t

France and Russia wanted massive reparations

Page 6: Eastern Europe and Germany Divided

Tensions con’t

It was accepted that reunification would be impossible, yet the West could influence its own sectors

Page 7: Eastern Europe and Germany Divided

Europe Divided

West Germany- Industrialized East Germany – Agricultural

Iron Curtain (Churchill’s Speech)

Page 8: Eastern Europe and Germany Divided
Page 9: Eastern Europe and Germany Divided

Berlin

Page 10: Eastern Europe and Germany Divided

During and Immediately after WWII Bombed day and night and attacked

during the final battle in Europe Entire blocks of the city were

destroyed Food perpetually in short supply Inflation, Black Market (Cigarettes)

Barter Economy

Page 11: Eastern Europe and Germany Divided

Allied Agreements

The four powers agreed that there would be access to Berlin through specific RR, roads, air ways and canals

West needs to supply West Berlin Lasts for three years…

Page 12: Eastern Europe and Germany Divided

Gov’t?

Assembly created Yet there were fear tactics

(blackmail, intimidation, kidnapping) throughout all Berlin by Communist Agents

Page 13: Eastern Europe and Germany Divided

Tensions Increase – West Initiated 1948, June – Constituent Assembly

authorized in W Germany US and GB have a new German

currency formed (secretly)- Announced June 18th

Want to integrate West Germany into Western Europe (w/o USSR consent)

New currency would kill black market profits and help to end inflation

Page 14: Eastern Europe and Germany Divided

Berlin Currency?

Control of Money = Power Soviets create their own currency in

response June 22nd – East only accepted

Currency Western currency forbidden in all of

Berlin West stamps their currency with a B

Page 15: Eastern Europe and Germany Divided

Berlin and Currency

While supplying West Berlin, the Western currency was also distributed.

Page 16: Eastern Europe and Germany Divided

Berlin Immediate blockade

around Berlin Electricity to W Berlin

(from E) was cut off to factories and offices

Page 17: Eastern Europe and Germany Divided

Berlin Cut Off From West

2.3 Million Berlin Citizens (west) were cut off from supplies Only 36 days of food left Remember: Agreements between the 4

powers stated that the West would supply its sectors

Only enough electricity for 4 hours a day

Page 18: Eastern Europe and Germany Divided

Retaliation of West

If Russia would cut off Berlin, the West refused shipments to East Germany Remember: ▪ West Germany – Industrial▪ East Germany – Agricultural

No longer would the West ship Coal and Steel Importance??

Page 19: Eastern Europe and Germany Divided

Now what?

Berlin NEEDED supplies or they would starve

Exercise Restraint Air lift?

OR Charge In

Fire if fired upon!

Page 20: Eastern Europe and Germany Divided

Air Lift?

It was proposed in Germany, but not on the mass scale that would be needed for the Survival of Berlin

It was authorized without Washington’s consent

Page 21: Eastern Europe and Germany Divided

Specifications?

Estimated only 500 tons per day West Berlin was supplied 12,000 tons

per day

June 26th

80 Planes, 2X a day (3 tons/plane)▪ US added 50 more planes (carrying 9 tons

each)

Page 22: Eastern Europe and Germany Divided

Air Lift

W Berlin built a new airport Supplies: Coal, flour, Petrol, Potatoes

and Med Supplies By December 1948 – 4500 tons/day By Spring 1949 – 8000 tons/day

Easter record 13000 tons (1398 flights)

Page 23: Eastern Europe and Germany Divided

Berlin – Internally

No restrictions within the city Working on the other side W went to E because the E had heat and

electricity People registered for food rations

with Soviets 1/10 got Coal and food from the East

Page 24: Eastern Europe and Germany Divided

Berlin Air Lift

Page 25: Eastern Europe and Germany Divided

Political Arena

To lose Berlin to the Russians would be a “loss of Western Europe”

Western Berlin is symbolic as the last democratic outpost inside of Communist Germany!

West had to confront communism at agreed political points in order to contain it, one being Berlin!

Page 26: Eastern Europe and Germany Divided

True Political Motives

It was a test to see how far the US could push the Soviets.

It was a moral battle If the US launched an attack, the US

would be the Aggressor If the USSR attacked planes carrying

supplies to Berlin, USSR would be the aggressor

Page 27: Eastern Europe and Germany Divided

POV

West seized upon propaganda opportunity Western Technological superiority “Us versus Them” polarization▪ Soviet are now the New Enemy!

West also in Diplomatic flurry Prevent war! But not abandon Berlin!

Soviets were willing to starve over 2 million people!

Page 28: Eastern Europe and Germany Divided

Outcomes?

May 1949- Both the US and Soviets drop their blockades…

August 1949 – Russia detonates their first Atomic Bomb…

Page 29: Eastern Europe and Germany Divided

Berlin Wall

Page 30: Eastern Europe and Germany Divided

New Soviet Leadership

Stalin dies 1953 Brain hemorrhage?

Nikita Khrushchev takes power 1955 Humble origins, Spontaneous, Shrewd, unpredictable “Human face on socialism”

Page 31: Eastern Europe and Germany Divided

Khrushchev and Berlin

Nov 1958 – Berlin would be Free of the West

German Democratic Republic (GDR) formed (East Germany)

Page 32: Eastern Europe and Germany Divided

Russia & Germany

A unified Germany Scared Russia Would potentially be backed by Nuclear

US▪ Become aggressor again?!

Germany and Poland Uniting▪ Eliminating the buffer zone!

Page 33: Eastern Europe and Germany Divided

Fleeing East Germany

East Germans were fleeing to W in thousands

900 mile boundary between E and W With watchtowers, barbed wire,

minefields and armed patrols

Page 34: Eastern Europe and Germany Divided

Berlin and Eastern Refugees Free movement between the sectors

in Berlin Refugees

Could settle in Western Berlin Or go to refugee points to be flown to W

Germany

By 1961 – 2.8 Million refugees fled to West Germany

Page 35: Eastern Europe and Germany Divided

Refugee Profile

More than 50% were under 25 75% were under 45 Skilled Laborers

Industrial Workers, farm Laborers, scientists, doctors, teachers

Problems?????

Page 36: Eastern Europe and Germany Divided

Russian POV

Socialist World Was failing! Severe Labor shortage

Skilled laborers hard to replace Asked remaining laborers for even more

sacrifice!▪ Stricter Economic Discipline

1957 – illegal to flee to West (prison sentence)

Page 37: Eastern Europe and Germany Divided

Kennedy meets Khrushchev June ‘60 Khrushchev forceful with Kennedy Proposed a peace treaty

East Germany recognized as country Berlin would remain neutral▪ Only with approval of East Germany could

West access Berlin Any violation of the East German

territory would mean an assault on Russia

Page 38: Eastern Europe and Germany Divided

Kennedy Shaken

“We seek peace, but we will not surrender.”

US will protect West Berlin

Page 39: Eastern Europe and Germany Divided

Berlin Wall formed…

August 1961 Barbed wire barricades set up in the

middle of the night The border was closed. Soviet tanks positioned to deter

protesters Became 5-6 feet high (12 feet at

peak) Concrete, topped with barbed wire and

gun posts Literally divided city in half—

Impassable!

Page 40: Eastern Europe and Germany Divided

Western Relief

Held breath when Washington heard of the Wall…

BUT since the Russians were only walling off Berlin—and not attacking—Washington and the West did not have to respond aggressively….

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The Wall

7 access points Germans could travel West and East with

special permits 1 Access point for Westerners

Checkpoint Charlie▪ Infamous “East Meets West” position

Page 46: Eastern Europe and Germany Divided
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Crisis at the Wall

Passports were unnecessary for diplomats in Germany.

American stopped, refused to show passport (Checkpoint Charlie).

Armed US soldiers accompanied the American diplomat into East Berlin, 10 US tanks line up.

From then on, pointless US jeeps, with armed soldiers would drive across the border

Page 48: Eastern Europe and Germany Divided

Soviet Response

Soviet’s outraged by this Oct 27th

33 Soviet tanks at Checkpoint Charlie 16 hour standoff First time US and Soviet Tanks faced

each other!

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Page 51: Eastern Europe and Germany Divided

Standoff

After 16 hours, a Soviet Tank backs up 5 yards.

A US Tank follows suite

One by one all the tanks backed down.

Page 52: Eastern Europe and Germany Divided

Col. Jim AtwoodInstructions were given to our tank

commander that he was to roll up and confront the Soviet tank, which was at the identical distance across from Checkpoint Charlie. The tension escalated very rapidly for the one reason that this was Americans confronting Russians. It wasn’t East Germans. There was live ammunition in both tanks… It was an unexpected, sudden confrontation that in my opinion was the closest that the Russians and the Allies came to going to war in the entire Cold War period.

Page 53: Eastern Europe and Germany Divided

“Neither side wanted the Wall, but building it was a way of avoiding direct military conflict.”

Page 54: Eastern Europe and Germany Divided

Kennedy Addresses BerlinThere are many people in the world who really don’t understand, or say they don’t, what is the great issue between the free world and the Communist world. Let them come to Berlin. There are some who say that communism is the wave of the future. Let them come to Berlin. …All free me, where ever they may live, are citizens of Berlin, and therefore as a free men, I take pride in the words Ich bin ein Berliner.

Page 55: Eastern Europe and Germany Divided

The Wall and the World

The Berlin Wall had become the longest lasting piece of Cold War Symbolism

Every US President Since its creation had asked for its removal.

Most Famous probably is Reagan’s “Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall!”

Page 56: Eastern Europe and Germany Divided
Page 57: Eastern Europe and Germany Divided

End of Another Corrupt Regime Honecker

Communist, previously Soviet Supported Corrupt, repressive and ruthless

Krenz takes over Tries to make amends for Honecker Opens Czechoslovakian border Fires a majority of the gov’t

Page 58: Eastern Europe and Germany Divided

Nov 9, 1989

Exit Visas were promised to all Berlin Citizens Giving them permission to leave for the

West Crowds gathered at the Wall that the

guards had never seen before Without clear instructions, the

guards eventually allowed the people through

Page 59: Eastern Europe and Germany Divided

Nov, 1989 (con’t)

People flooded into West Berlin Families reunited Happiness, Camaraderie

Strangers hugging West Berliners cheered as the East

Berliners crossed!

Page 60: Eastern Europe and Germany Divided

Just to get Across the Border!

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Page 62: Eastern Europe and Germany Divided

Once across, people began to take whatever they could and try to destroy the Wall…

Internationally, people were excited!

The Wall had finally Crumbled!

Page 63: Eastern Europe and Germany Divided

Crumbling of the Berlin Wall

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Berlin Wall

Pieces of Berlin Can still buy on Ebay…▪ Authenticated $35-$1000

Page 67: Eastern Europe and Germany Divided

Popular Culture and the Wall Pink Floyd

The Wall Album Nov 1979▪ Including Another

Brick in the Wall, Outside the Wall

Toured West Germany 1970-1971, 1973, 1980-1981, 1988

Toured Russia in 1989