what are the salient features of ‘inclusive growth’? has ... · salient features of inclusive...

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SYNOPSIS

Intro

Inclusive Growth is a concept that goes beyond broad-based growth. It is

“growth that not only creates new economic opportunities, but also one that

ensures equal access to the opportunities created for all segments of

society, particularly for the poor”

Body Part

Salient Features of Inclusive growth

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Dimensions

Q1.What are the salient features of ‘inclusive growth’? Has India

been experiencing such a growth process? Analyse and suggest

measures for inclusive growth

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Towards Inclusivity:

High Growth Rate: India will thus remain the fastest-growing G20

economy with projected annual GDP growth of 7.5% in 2017-18.

GDP per capita has more than doubled in ten years, extreme

poverty has declined substantially.

Access to education has steadily improved, and life expectancy has

risen.

Empowerment: The- biometric-based unique identification system,

Aadhaar, now ensures that the poor are no longer invisible and,

therefore, more empowered

A number of schemes like Jan Dhan Yojana (Financial inclusion),

Saubhagya and Ujjwala stand testament to the core values of

inclusiveness that India adheres-.

Yet, India needs to improve on the following areas to promote

inclusivity.

Stagnant Job growth despite strong economic growth in the last

decade, job growth averaged only approximately 2% a year in the

formal sector.

80% of the labour force stuck in low-productivity activities in

informal employment, reducing the size of the informal economy is

pivotal to inclusive growth.

Increasing divide between Rural and urban economy.

Agriculture which employs nearly 50% of population is lagging

behind the services sector with the contribution in GDP (14%) and

of services sector is 57%

The gap between men and women is also high in terms of wages,

labour forces, participation rate, possession of assets and

participation in economy.

Others (Health-Increasing out of pocket expenditure turning

millions in to poverty. Sustainability-concerns of degradation,

global warming, disaster etc.).



What needs to be done?

.



SYNOPSIS

Intro

According to the World Bank, between 2004 and 2011 poverty declined in

India from 38.9% of the population to 21.2% (2011 purchasing power

parity at $1.9 per person per day.

Body Part

A number of Plan Schemes are being implemented by various Ministries/

Departments for eradicating poverty and to improve standard of living of

people .The important Plan Schemes are:

Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act

(MGNREGA),

National Rural Livelihood Mission,

Mid-Day Meal Programme (MDM),

National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP),

Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS),

Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA),

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Dimensions

Q2.Despite implementation of various programmes for

eradication of poverty by the government in India, poverty is still

existing. Explain by giving reasons (Answer in 150 words).



National Health Mission (NHM),

Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY),

Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM),

Indira Awas Yojana (IAY),

National Rural Drinking Water Programme, Swachh Bharat

Abhiyan (SBA),

And National Urban Livelihood Mission.

Gaps in existing Programs and corrective measures

1. Nutrition: National Food Security Act, 2013

Plugging Leakages

• Aadhaar based verification of transactions

• Choice between subsidized Cereals and cash transfer

Better balance in diet

• Intensive information campaign, shift to cash transfers

Need for reorientation of the subsidy

• As per the SECC (Rural), 40% of the rural households satisfy one

or more exclusion criteria. This greatly weakens the case for

subsidy to more than 60% of the rural households under the NFSA.

2. Midday Meal Scheme

Poor convergence of MDMS with the school health program.

State specific guidelines are required for improved quality and

safety of food

25% of schools lack kitchen sheds and prepare food in open.

This is a major cause for concern as it impacts the safety of food students

eat.

3. Housing for All

The scheme has progressed well overall but can be improved along several

dimensions.

Faces a major challenge in the selection of beneficiaries; SECC may

be deployed to identify them.

o Gaps in reporting by the States on completion of houses

against the physical targets and the updated progress is not

reflected in the reporting system.



o States have to come forward with larger resources to meet

the objectives of ‘Housing for All by 2022’ in the rural

areas.

How to combat Poverty

1. Eliminating poverty: employment intensive sustained rapid growth

2. Centrality of Agricultural Growth:

80% Indian poor are in rural areas .Their livelihood directly or indirectly

depends on the performance of agriculture but agriculture inherently

grows slowly

Consequence

o Limited livelihood opportunities at local level

o Subsistence incomes for small and marginal farmers

We need two-pronged strategy

Modernize agriculture & accelerate agricultural growth

3. Employment-intensive Growth in Manufacturing and Services gives

room for Transition of Workforce out of Agriculture

This is how South Korea and Taiwan eliminated poverty during 1965-90

and China more recently



4. Promote Employment Intensive industries: Sectors such as clothing,

textiles, footwear, food processing and electronic goods, which employ

lots of low and semi-skilled workers needs to be promoted.

5. Making social programs -more effective by removing gaps in policy

making as mentioned above in body part

6. Rural Poverty Alleviation through Self-Employment Programmes

7. Financial inclusion by Linking Banks with Self-Help Groups

Note: Cause of poverty in urban areas-Critical for understanding

dimensions.

https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=71600

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https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=71600


SYNOPSIS

Intro

In 2018, there were 471.5 million persons employed and 30.9

million unemployed in India.

Unemployed men aged 15 to 29 years who comprised 1 million or

68.3% of all the unemployed in the country.

Unemployment rate was 2% for several decades now it has

reached an all-time high rate of 6.1%

Body Part (Reasons for the sudden rise in unemployment in India)

The reason can be classified into two: Labour supply & Labour demand.

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Dimensions Q3.The government’s Periodic Labour Force Survey carried out

in 2017-18 revealed that unemployment in the country reached

an all-time high rate of 6.1%.In light of this statement Examine

the reasons for the sudden rise in unemployment in India also

suggest measures to produce more jobs.



Schemes to help generate employment:

These include the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment

Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS),

MUDRA Yojana,

Prime Minister’s Employment Generation Programme and

Pradhan Mantri Rojgar Protsahan Yojana.

What needs to be done?

Improve India’s global trade prospects: Just like in any other

country, India’s trade with the world is a key contributor to

propelling businesses and creating jobs.

o With greater accessibility to global markets businesses across

India’s diverse geography can take their products to newer

shores there by producing more job opportunities

Helping individuals manage risks thereby supporting self-

employment and small scale entrepreneurship.

Assist the unemployed by strengthening the employment

programme.( MGNREGS)

Labour reforms-to improve ease of doing business.



SYNOPSIS

Intro

The Representation of the People Act, 1951 specifies the qualifications and

the disqualifications of Members of Parliament and state legislatures.

Body Part

Section 8 of Representation of Peoples Act 1951 specifies

Disqualifications on conviction for certain offences

1. A person convicted of an offence punishable under certain acts of

Indian Penal Code shall be disqualified.

i. If the convicted person is sentenced to only fine, he shall be

disqualified for a period of six years from the date of such

conviction.

ii. If the convicted person is sentenced to Imprisonment he

stands disqualified for a further period of six years since his

release.

2. A person convicted of any offence and sentenced to imprisonment

for not less than two years shall be disqualified from the date of

such conviction and shall continue to be disqualified for a further

period of six years since his release.

3. A person convicted for the contravention of any law shall be

disqualified

The Issue;

While serving as Animal Husbandry Minister P.S.Tamang

in 1996 found guilty of corruption in cow distribution

scheme.

He was jailed during 2017-2018 under the section of The

Prevention of Corruption Act 1988.

He was re-appointed as Chief Minister on May 27 and needs

to be elected to the assembly within 6 months

Under Section 8: a person who is convicted under any

provision of the PCA and is sentenced to jail for even a

single day stands disqualified to contest any election for a

period of six years from the date of his release from the jail.

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Dimensions

Q4.What is Section 8 of Representation of Peoples Act 1951?

What are the implications on ECI decission to reduce Mr.

Tamang’s period of disqualification? Comment.



The EC reduced the disqualification period of Sikkim CM

Mr. Tamang under Section 11 of the Representation Act,

1951 which empowers the Election Commission to remove

any disqualification (except under section 8A) or reduce the

period of any such disqualification

Concern over ECI Order:

Disqualification from the contest is a civil disability created by

electoral law to keep those convicted by criminal courts from

entering elected offices, the- ECI order would give back door entry

to a corrupt politician. The EC decision also goes against the grain of a series of legislative

and judicial measures to strengthen the legal framework against

corruption in recent years. The apex court has described corruption

as a serious malady and one impinging on the economy.

Considering the fact, that 43% of the people sitting in the Lok

Sabha with pending criminal cases EC decission is not conducive in

reducing criminalization of politics.



SYNOPSIS

Intro

Institutions are the organizations in a government which create,

enforce, and apply laws.

They often mediate conflict, make (governmental) policy on the

economy and social systems, and otherwise provide representation

for the population

SDG 16, for example, calls for “effective, accountable and

transparent” institutions

Body Part

Weakening Institutions

Issues in CBI

The CBI’s alleged politicization, serious charges against its various chiefs,

it’s very poor conviction rate, its delays in carrying out timely

investigation, its lack of core competence and domain knowledge, recent

public spat between the top two officials of the Central Bureau of

Investigation will diminish the image and credibility of CBI leading to lack

of trust among people.

Erosion of RBI autonomy The RBI has systematically brought under the ambit of the Central

Government.

The Government move on demonetization also sidelines the Central

bank.

The RBI was bypassed on matters relating to currency.

Given the possibility of ‘market failures’, such institutions assume a larger

role in the economy in shaping expectations and decisions. Erosion of RBI

autonomy can impact Indian Economy in long run.

Issues in Judiciary The pendency of cases, Lack of transparency, less use

of technology, alleged Corruption, have made people to lose faith on

Justice.

Institutions are formed to reduce uncertainty in human exchange. If these

institutions are weakened deliberately or allowed to get weakened without

proper- reforms, it will leave India’s democracy at peril.

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Dimensions Q5. The weakening of institutions jeopardises the health of

democracy. Discuss



SYNOPSIS

Intro

Innovation is the application of new ideas to solve problems, which

are sometimes specific to a region or a context.

Innovation is seen as an important factor that contributes to the

long-term development of an economy.

India has made a significant progress to 52nd rank in the GII-2019 .

Body Part

Need?

The need for innovative technology is assuming great importance due to

Rapidly changing product technologies in the automotive industry,

Depleting fossil fuel resources,

High import cost of fuel,

Issues of environmental degradation and climate change.

What are fuel cells?

A fuel cell is an electrochemical energy conversion device that

converts hydrogen and oxygen into electricity, heat, and water.

It is very much like a battery that can produce electricity while

being recharged continuously

If hydrogen is the fuel, electricity, water, and heat are the only

products.

Fuel cells are unique in terms of the variety of their potential

applications; they can provide power for systems as large as a utility

power station and as small as a laptop computer.

Significance of Fuel Cells

Basic fuel cells running on pure hydrogen are pollution free, giving

off only electricity, water, and heat.

Because there is no combustion in a fuel cell, fuel is converted to

electricity more efficiently than any other electrical generating

technology available today.

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Dimensions Q6. The need for innovative technology is assuming great

importance. In this context briefly explain what are fuel cells and

its significance in the field of clean energy



Unlike batteries that must be disposed of once their chemicals are

used up, fuel cell reactions do not degrade over time and can

theoretically provide continuous electricity.

Traditional power plants must be large in order to gain efficiency,

but fuel cells can achieve higher efficiencies at any scale, making

them perfect for small portable, residential, and transportation uses.

Because fuel cells are clean and efficient at any size, they can be

located almost anywhere, including dense urban areas where both

air quality and transmission congestion may be of concern.

Fuel cells can provide more reliable power wherever electricity is

needed, making the whole electric power grid more robust and

reliable.

Distributed application of small fuel cells will also enhance security

of key infrastructures, such as our communication and water

systems.

Way Forward

Economically, fuel cells represent a prudent path to provide the

country's electric power because they can be installed quickly, are

fuel flexible, and can be put in place incrementally, mitigating the

need for more costly and sweeping changes.


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