wh chapter 9 section 2 notes
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Chapter 8Section 2 Notes
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The Holy Roman EmpireIn 936, Duke Otto I of Saxony took the title
King of GermanyHe worked closely with the Church and
appointed bishops to government positionsHe sent troops to help the pope outHe and his heirs were titled Holy Roman
Emperors---”holy” because they were crowned by the pope, and “Roman” because they saw themselves as heirs to the emperors of ancient Rome
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Duke Otto I
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Conflicts between Popes and EmperorsUnder the reforming pope Gregory VII, the
conflict between emperors and the Church erupted
Gregory was one of the greatest medieval popes but he was also among the most controversial
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Pope Gregory VII
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Pope Gregory VIIHe was determined to make the Church
independent of secular rulersHe banned the practice of lay investiture---
the practice in which a lay person “invested” or presented bishops with the ring and staff that symbolized their office
According to Pope Gregory VII, only the pope had the right to appoint and install bishops in office
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Emperor Henry IVHe argued that bishops held their lands as
royal fiefsSince he was their overlord, Henry felt
entitled to give them the symbols of officeThe feud heated up as the two men
exchanged insulting notes
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Emperor Henry IV
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The Struggle IntensifiesIn 1076, Gregory excommunicated Henry Henry was faced with revolts at home and was
forced to make peace with the popeHenry traveled to see Gregory and beg for his
forgivenessGregory knew that Henry was just trying to
save his throne. Still, as a priest, he had no choice to forgive a confessed sinner
He lifted the order of excommunication and Henry went on to subdue his rebellious nobles and later forced the pope into exile
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Concordat of WormsThe struggle over investiture dragged on for
almost 50 yearsFinally in 1122, both sides accepted a treaty
known as the Concordat of WormsIn it, they agreed that the Church had the
sole power to elect and invest bishops with spiritual authority
The emperor, however, had the right to invest them with fiefs
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Frederick BarbarossaAlso known as Frederick I or “Red Beard”Dreamed of building an empire from the
Baltic to the AdriaticFor years, he fought to bring the wealthy
cities of northern Italy under his control
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Frederick Barbarossa
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The Height of Church PowerPope Innocent III took office in 1198 and
embodied the triumph of the ChurchHe was actually elected pope a month before
he was ordained a priestHe claimed supremacy over all other rulers---
he clashed with all the powerful rulers of his day
Annul---to invalidateCrusade---holy war