ASSESSMENT OF THE APRIL 20th 1997 TORNADO/GUSTNADO INSOUTHEAST BOISE

George J. SkariDan Borsum

WFO Boise Idaho

INTRODUCTION

A small tornado, confilmed by NWS survey members, occurred in Southeast Boise onApril 20th

, 1997. This storm was associated with a fast moving surface cold front andlow topped convective elements along the frontal surface. The developing squall linetook on an accelerating Bow Echo appearance as the line progressed through Ada Countyto the Eastern end of the city of Boise. While no severe signatures were detected onradar, low level horizontal vorticity due to low level wind shear could allow the rapidspin-up and vorticity stretching causing a tornado or gustnado to occur. This would mostlikely form on the leading edge of the line near the gust front and area of maximum lowlevel convergence. These conditions are favorable for the development of land spoutTornadoes, which develop under strong updrafts but are not necessarily associated withsupercell thunderstOlms. Another possibility is a Gustnado or Tornado without anyconnection to an updraft. These types of Tornadoes are not well understood.

SYNOPTIC SETTING

A strong fast moving cold front was moving into the Treasure Valley between 9am and11 am MDT on April 201

\ 1997. (attachment # I). The atmosphere in advance of thefront was somewhat moist and conditionally unstable. Modified soundings using theSHARP workstation produced cape values of 300 J/KG for Boise and about 800 JIKGfor the Twin Falls area with the assumption that temperatures would warm into the lower60s. SR-helicity values of207m2/s2 were produced from the 12z Boise sounding. Apowerful North Pacific jetstream was moving into the region from Central Oregon andwas oriented nearly perpendicular to the cold frontal position. At least one 130kt isotachwas associated with the jet axis and the Treasure Valley was located in the left front exitregion of this strong wind core.

More impressive, as seen later on SRM four panel displays, was the strong rear inflowinto the developing line along the front. These conditions allowed a segment of the frontto bow ahead of the rest of the front, accelerating and assuming squall line characteristics.This pattern, although fairly uncommon in the Intermountain West, is a familiar regimein many other parts of the country. (Figure # I). Velocity data showed a large area of35-50 knot winds inbound to the radar, with isolated winds in excess of 50 knots beingdepicted. (Figure #2).

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OBSERVATIONS AND STORM SPOTTER REPORTS

As the line passed the observing sensors at Ontario, Caldwell and Boise, peak recordedwind gusts were around 36 knots or 42 mph. Spotter report estimates were mostly in the35-45 mph range with estimates of 50 mph becon1ing more comn10n as the line advancedthrough Ada County. Most RAWS station reports at lower elevations were consistentwith these readings. Also, a spotter 6 miles north of Emmett measured 52 mph winds atan elevation of 800 feet above the valley floor. Lightning detection equipment did notrecord any lightning strikes in Idaho ( LAl charts) during the event, although eyewitnessaccounts reported hearing thunder. (Most likely no CG strikes but CC strikes possible).

OFFICE ACTIONS AND DECISIONS MADE

Based on no severe signatures seen on the WSR 88-D, combined with spotter reports andautomated observations of 35-45 mph, the Forecasters decided to cover this event withstrongly worded NOWCASTS. These short term forecasts included detail as to thetiming and location of the line producing the strong winds. Meteorological thinking,interpretation of data, and Forecaster judgment allowed the Forecasters to decide betweena Severe Thunderstorm Warning or a strongly worded NOWCAST. The nowcast wasdecided as the best product to issue. It was not an easy decision to make and could havegone either way. High Wind Warnings and Wind Advisories were not consideredappropriate in this case because of the limited duration and location of stronger windsover a narrow corridor.

The first NOWCAST was issued at 925am MDT for the Western end of the TreasureValley. By this time the Forecasters had received an observation of 30 knots at Ontarioand 27 knots at Caldwell. Zone Forecasts were updated to include stronger winds and themention of a thunderstorn1. The Boise Airport tower was also notified of the approachingline of weather. At 957am MDT an updated NOWCAST was issued for winds of35-45mph and the inclusion of small hail and brief heavy rain. The line continued east acrossthe city with a narrow swath of winds in the 35-50 mph range. As of the second nowcastissuance, there were still no reports of damage or of the small Tornado or Gustnado.

At about lOam a call from Ada County Dispatch indicated some wind damage hadoccurred in the Five Mile and Overland area and also in Southeast Boise on ConstitutionWay. Along with this report were two unconfirmed sightings of funnel clouds/tornado inthe above mentioned areas. At this time the squall line itselfwas moving out of the Boisearea and into the Mountain Home Desert. At 1025 am a third nowcast was issued forwinds 40-50 mph as the line approached the city of Mountain Home. When alerted to thepossibility of the Tornado, the staff notified the WCM who conducted a damage surveyin the aforementioned locations later in the day. A small tornado was confirmed by theWCM upon completing the damage survey. It should be noted that no other reports ofdan1age were received except for the Tornado/Gustnado in Southeast Boise and someyard and roof damage in the Five Mile and Overland areas.

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COMMENTS

Radar exhibited no evidence of low level rotation and no rotating thunderstorms. Spotterreports showed nothing of significance at least initially. On other occasions smallTornadoes/Gustnadoes have occurred in the Boise CWA which were also not detected byradar. This is consistent with current thinking that these types of tOD1adoes areextremely difficult to detect with radar, due to their small size being below the resolutioncapabi lity of the radar and the likelihood that the radar beam was overshooting the area inconcern at close range. The WSR-88D did exhibit velocity signatures that were close toSevere Thunderstorm criteria, but it is common to see higher wind speeds on the radarthan those that manifest themselves on the ground. All other spotter reports and observedwind gusts were below Severe Thunderstorn1 criteria, except for the Tornado report.

CONCLUSIONS

1. The fact that no warning was issued and a Tornado occurred is a source ofconcern. However, the decision not to warn is often more difficult than theDecision to warn. Had the Tornado not occurred, then it is likely that noSevere weather would have been observed. Having a Severe ThunderstormWarning out would have been preferable to not having any warning out, butIt would not have necessarily been the right decision in this case.

2. The NOWCAST program can be a powerful forecast tool with accurately timedshort term forecasts, such as was shown in this event. This was clearly a case thatcould have gone either way. (WARN vs. DON'T WARN). The nature of ourwarning tier of products, with NOWCASTS being used for everything that isn'tsevere, hampers our dissemination of significant events which may cause nearsevere conditions or greater.

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