wetland conservatione

8/13/2019 Wetland Conservatione

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CONTENTS

Sr.No. Contents page No.

1) Introduction 6

2) Environment and man 8

3) Concept of wetlands 11

4) Classification of wetlands 1

) !mportance of wetlands 1"

#) $etland t%reatened in !ndia 1"

&) $etland loss 23

8) $etland management for

S'staina(le development 24

") anagement action plan 2&

1*) National wetland polic+ 28

11) N,O-s participate 2"

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12) $etland protection laws

and government initivities 3*

13) visit report 31

14) %o/ wetland pro/ect 32

14) S'mmer+ and concl'sion 3&

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!N0E O TE

SR.NO. TABLE NAME PAGE

1

2

3

4

5

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C5NO$E0,EENTS

!t gives 's immense pleas're to e6press o'r deep sense

of gratit'de wit% sincere t%an7s and appreciation to o'r (eloved

g'ides r...5'l7arni ect'rer of t%e Environment St'dies.

$e sincerel+ t%an7 o'r principal r.C.0.5ane for

providing t%e facilities and all t%e %elp to carr+ o't t%is pro/ect.

astl+ we also e6press o'r %eart+ t%an7s to all o'r

friends and o'r famil+ mem(ers and ot%er w%o %ave directl+

and indirectl+ %elped 's and s'pported to complete t%is pro/ect

wor7 s'ccessf'll+

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eference

Environment studies Jay Samant

Environmental chemistry Sharma B.K. & Kaur H.

Environmental science S.C.Santra

Encyclopedia of environment

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INTRODUCTION

Wt!"nd#$ "# t% tr& i&'!i#$ "r (Wt( !"nd# t%"t i#t *c"u# t% in+!o, o+ ,"tr

cd# t% out+!o, +or *ri+ to tndd 'riod# o+ ti& durin- t% -ro,in- #"#on.

In!"nd ,t!"nd# rci ,"tr +ro& 'rci'it"tion$ #no, &!t$ rir out+!o,$ #ur+"c

or!"nd +!o,$ -round ,"tr di#c%"r-$ !"/ #ic%# "nd #'"- +ro& #tr"$ !"/#$'ond# "nd irri-"tion #0#t. Mo#t n"tur"! ,t!"nd +unction# "r " r#u!t o+ or c!o#!0

r!"td to ,t!"nd %0dro!o-0. Wt!"nd +ood c%"in$ +i#% "nd ,i!d!i+ %"*it"t "!u$ nutrintc0c!in-$ #ociocono&ic "!u#$ %rit"- "nd n "#t%tic "!u# "r tid to t% #ourc$

!ocit0$ +runc0$ ti&in- "nd u"ntit0 o+ ,"tr.

T% +"ct t%"t !"/# occu'0 #uc% " #&"!! +r"ction o+ t% !"nd#c"' *!i# t%ir i&'ort"nc "#niron&nt"! #0#t "nd r#ourc# +or %u&"n u#. T%0 %" intrin#ic co!o-ic"! "nd

niron&nt"! "!u#. B#id#$ %u&"n# u# !"/# +or &"n0 co&&rci"! 'ur'o##

inc!udin- +i#%in-$ tr"n#'ort"tion$ irri-"tion "nd indu#tri"! ,"tr #u''!0$ "nd !"/# +unction"# rciin- ,"tr# +or ,"#t,"tr ++!unt#.

T%0 &odr"t t&'r"tur# "nd "++ct t% c!i&"t o+ t% #urroundin- "r". B0 #torin-

,"tr t%0 %!' r-u!"t #tr"& +!o,$ rc%"r- -round ,"tr "ui+r# "nd &odr"tdrou-%t#. T%0 'roid %"*it"t to "u"tic "nd #&i "u"tic '!"nt# "nd "ni&"!#$ ,%ic% in

turn 'roid +ood to &"n0 trr#tri"! "ni&"!#$ "ddin- to t% dir#it0 o+ t% !"nd#c"'.

T% &0ri"d ,"0# in ,%ic% %u&"n# u# !"/#$ "!on- ,it% nu&rou# 'o!!ut"nt -nr"tin-"ctiiti# o+ #ocit0$ %" #tr##d !"/ co#0#t in dir# ,"0#$ +runt!0 c"u#in-

i&'"ir&nt o+ !"/ u"!it0 +or ot%r u##. Str### to !"/# "ri# +ro& "#i!0 idnti+i"*!

'oint #ourc# #uc% "# &unici'"! "nd indu#tri"! ,"#t,"tr$ non'oint d-r"d"tion !i/ur*"n "nd "-ricu!tur"! runo++ ,it%in " !"/(# ,"tr#%d$ "nd t% &o#t in#idiou# !on-r"n-

"t&o#'%ric tr"n#'ort o+ cont"&in"nt#. M"or d-r"din- +"ctor# inc!ud c##i

utro'%ic"tion du to nutrint "nd or-"nic &"ttr !o"din- #i!t"tion du to in"du"t

ro#ion contro! in "-ricu!tur"!$ con#truction$ !o--in- "nd &inin- "ctiiti# introduction o+otic #'ci# "cidi+ic"tion +ro& "t&o#'%ric #ourc# "nd "cid &in dr"in"- "nd

cont"&in"tion *0 toic or 'otnti"!!0 toic) &t"!# #uc% "# &rcur0 "nd or-"nic

co&'ound# #uc% "# 'o!0c%!orin"td *i'%n0!# PB#) "nd '#ticid#. In "ddition$'%0#ic"! c%"n-# "t t% !"nd!"/ intr+"c -. dr"inin- o+ ri'"ri"n ,t!"nd#) "nd

%0dro!o-ic &"ni'u!"tion# -. 7"&&in- out!t# to #t"*i!i# ,"tr !!#) "!#o %" &"or

i&'"ct# on t% #tructur "nd +unctionin- o+ t%# co#0#t.

L"/# %" '!"0d " &"or ro! in t% %i#tor0 o+ B"n-"!or "nd #rd "# "n i&'ort"nt

,"tr #ourc +or drin/in- "nd irri-"tion. Wt!"nd# o+ B"n-"!or occu'0 "*out 4.89 o+ t%

cit0(# -o-r"'%ic"! "r" 64: #./&) corin- *ot% ur*"n "nd nonur*"n "r"#. T% #'"ti"!&"''in- o+ t% ,"tr *odi# in t% di#trict r"!d t%"t t% nu&*r o+ ,"tr*odi# %"#

dcr"#d +ro& 3;< 138 in nort% "nd 241 in #out%) in 1


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utro'%ic"tion du to nutrint "nd or-"nic &"ttr !o"din- #i!t"tion du to in"du"t

ro#ion contro! in "-ricu!tur"!$ con#truction$ !o--in- "nd &inin- "ctiiti# introduction o+

otic #'ci# "cidi+ic"tion +ro& "t&o#'%ric #ourc# "nd "cid &in dr"in"- "ndcont"&in"tion *0 toic or 'otnti"!!0 toic) &t"!# #uc% "# &rcur0 "nd or-"nic

co&'ound# #uc% "# 'o!0c%!orin"td *i'%n0!# PB#) "nd '#ticid#. In "ddition$

'%0#ic"! c%"n-# "t t% !"nd!"/ intr+"c -. dr"inin- o+ ri'"ri"n ,t!"nd#) "nd%0dro!o-ic &"ni'u!"tion# -. 7"&&in- out!t# to #t"*i!i# ,"tr !!#) "!#o %" &"or

i&'"ct# on t% #tructur "nd +unctionin- o+ t%# co#0#t.

L"/# %" '!"0d " &"or ro! in t% %i#tor0 o+ B"n-"!or "nd #rd "# "n i&'ort"nt,"tr #ourc +or drin/in- "nd irri-"tion. Wt!"nd# o+ B"n-"!or occu'0 "*out 4.89 o+ t%

cit0(# -o-r"'%ic"! "r" 64: #./&) corin- *ot% ur*"n "nd nonur*"n "r"#. T% #'"ti"!

&"''in- o+ t% ,"tr *odi# in t% di#trict r"!d t%"t t% nu&*r o+ ,"tr*odi# %"#dcr"#d +ro& 3;< 138 in nort% "nd 241 in #out%) in 1


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EN9!ONENT N0 N:;

T% tr& niron&nt $ ,%ic% t0&o!o-ic"!!0 &"n#

#urroundin-#$ i# con#idrd "# " co&'o#it +or t% condition# in ,%ic%

or-"ni# !i "nd t%u# con#i#t# o+ "ir$ ,"tr$ +ood "nd #un!i-%t ,%ic% "r t%*"#ic nd# o+ "!! !iin- *in- "nd '!"nt !i+$ to c"rr0 on t%ir !i+ +unction#.

T% niron&nt "!#o inc!ud# ot%r !iin- t%in-# $ t&'r"tur $ ,ind $

!ctricit0 tc. In ot%r ,ord# $ niron&nt con#i#t# o+ *ot% *iotic "nd " *iotic

#u*#t"nc# . T% '%0#ic"! or non!iin- niron&nt inc!ud# t% &diu& "nd

t% c!i&"t . T% &diu& "nd t% c!i&"t con#idr"*!0 "++ct t% "ctiiti# o+

t% or-"ni# . T% *iotic niron&nt r+r# to t% r!"tion#%i' i#tin-

"&on- di++rnt or-"ni# . Eniron&nt cr"t# +"or"*! condition# +or

i#tnc "nd d!o'&nt o+ !iin- or-"ni# .

Eniron&nt i# t% #u& o+ "!! #oci"! $ cono&ic"! $ *io!o-ic"! $

'%0#ic"! or c%&ic"! +"ctor#$ ,%ic% con#titut# t% #urroundin-# o+ &"n$ ,%o i#

*ot% cr"tr$ "nd &ou!dr# o+ %i# niron&nt.

Eniron&nt i# " %o!i#tic i, o+ t% ,or!d "# it# +unction# "t "n0

ti& ,it% " &u!ti'! o+ #'ci"! !&nt "nd #ociocono&ic #0#t

di#tin-ui#%d *0 u"!it0 "nd "ttri*ut# o+ #'"c "nd &od o+ *%"ior o+ *iotic

"nd " *iotic +or .

EN9!ONENT 5EE


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'ro*"*!0 t% tinction o+ dino#"ur# *0 t% n,!0 "''"rd tin0 'ri&iti

&"&&"!# ,%ic% #ou-%t +or "nd "t dino#"ur# --. =ro& t% i, 'oint o+

'ri&iti &"&&"!# $ t% niron&nt ,"# uit +"or"*! "nd #o t%0 *-"n to

+!ouri#% $ ,%i! niron&nt ,"# not +"or"*! +or t% dino#"ur# "nd #o t%0

+"dd.

N !NTEEES $!T=

EN9!ONENT :;

Er0 !iin- #'ci# o+ '!"nt# or "ni&"!# in+!unc# it#

niron&nt "nd it turn -t in+!uncd *0 it .T% &"-nitud o+ #uc% in+!unc#i# not u#u"!!0 %i-% in t%# #'ci# *c"u# o+ t% +"ct t%"t du to n"tur"!

c%c/# t%ir 'o'u!"tion c"n not ri# *0ond crt"in !i&it# "nd t%0 c"n "!#o not

&odi+0 t%ir o,n ,"0 o+ !i+ . ?o,r $ &"n i# "n c'tion ,it% incr"#in-

#cinti+ic /no,!d- $ &"n i# "*! to &odi+0 t% niron&nt to #uit %i#

i&&di"t nd# &uc% t%"n "n0 ot%r or-"ni#& . T% n"*!# &"n to i&'ro

t% u"!it0 o+ %i# !i+ .

Sinc t% r0 *-innin- o+ %u&"n cii!i>"tion $

#o& t%ou#"nd 0"r# "-o $ &"n #t"rtd intr+rin- ,it% t% niron&nt . ?

d"#td +or#t# *0 cuttin- tr# +or t% ,or!d "nd +or ot%r %ou#%o!d nd# .

? r&od #trtc%# o+ +or#t# +or *rin-in- !"ud undr cu!ti"tion $ on!0 to

+ind %i# ,"tr #u''!0 di&ini#%in- "nd %i# #u''!0 o+ #oi! rodin- ","0 . ?

/i!!d "ni&"!# @ t% -nt! on# +or +ood "nd t% +irc on# $ +or #"+t0 . ?

%"d 'o!!utd t% rir# ,it% c%&ic"!# +ro& +"ctori# t%r*0 &"/in- t% ,"tr

unti! +or %i# nd# . A!! t%# "ctiiti# $ %o,r did not "++ct t%

niron&nt too #riou#!0 u' to " +"ir!0 !on- ti& $ *c"u# t% 'o'u!"tion ,"#

too not %i-% "nd !i+ #t0! ,"# not #o co&'! . T% n"tur"! #!+ 'uri+0in- "nd

#!+ c!"n#in- c"'"cit0 o+ niron&nt ,"# undtrior"td .

A+tr t% #cinti+ic "nd indu#tri"! ro!ution in

t% rcnt '"#t $ t%r %"# *n i&&n# i&'"ct o+ &"n on %i# niron&nt .


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M"n %"# +"i!d to r"!i> t%"t "n0 n, +"ctor u'#t# t% *"!"nc o+ t%

co#0#t "# " ,%o! . A!! t% d"#t"tin- ++ct# o+ &"n# ++ct# to contro!

n"tur %" occurrd *c"u# % %"# u'#t# t% *"!"nc r!"tion#%i' o+ t%

or-"ni# t%"t &"/ u' t% niron&nt . ?u- indu#tri"! in#t"!!"tion# r0

0"r $ introduction o+ +"ctor &od o+ tr"n#'ort "nd #'routin- u' o+ !"r-

cro,dd citi# ur*"ni#"tion) "r t% &"in outco o+ t% &odrn

cii!i>"tion . T%# "nd " !"r- nu&*r o+ &"n0 ot%r# "nd contri*utin- to

,%"t i# c"!!d "# niron&nt 'o!!ution.

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CONCE


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%0dro'%0t#

uniu to ,t!"nd# "nd ,"tr*odi#)$ &o#t o+ t% '!"nt# +ound in ,t!"nd# -ro, in

u'!"nd#

non,t!"nd#) to "r0in- d-r#. T%i# &"/# it i&'ort"nt to !oo/ *0ond '!"nt# to

idnti+0

t%o# ,t!"nd# not do&in"td or ot%r,i# c%"r"ctri>d *0 o*!i-"t %0dro'%0t#. T%

&"orit0

o+ ,t!"nd# &"0 ruir "&in"tion o+ #oi! 'ro'rti# to con+ir& t%ir ,t!"nd #t"tu#$

#inc

t%0 "r dr0 +or &uc% o+ t% -ro,in- #"#on. T%# !"ttr ,t!"nd# "r u#u"!!0 ,t in "r!0

#'rin- "nd durin- t% Fnon-ro,in- #"#onF.

=or +dr"! r-u!"tor0 'ur'o##$ uri#diction"! ,t!"nd# "r idnti+id *0 con#idrin-

-t"tion$ #oi! c%"r"ctri#tic#$ "nd ot%r #i-n# o+ ,t!"nd %0dro!o-0C 'o#iti indic"tor#

o+ %0dro'%0tic -t"tion$ %0dric #oi!$ "nd ,t!"nd %0dro!o-0 "r ruird$ ,it% +,

c'tion#.

=or %0dro'%0tic -t"tion$ &o#t o+ t% do&in"nt '!"nt# in t% '!"nt co&&unit0 &u#t

%" "

,t!"nd indic"tor #t"tu# o+ +"cu!t"ti or ,ttr # di#cu##ion "*o undr ?0dro'%0tic

-t"tion). =or %0dric #oi!$ "''!ic"*! +i!d indic"tor# &u#t * o*#rd or #oi!# &u#t *

inund"td +or &or t%"n 2 ,/# durin- t% -ro,in- #"#on in &o#t 0"r# r0 ot%r

0"r on

"r"-). Indic"tor# o+ ,t!"nd %0dro!o-0 inc!udC 1) ru#t0co"tin-# "!on- root c%"nn!#

oidi>d r%i>o#'%r# indic"ti o+ " '!"nt *rin-in- o0-n to it# root# undr "n"ro*ic

#oi! condition#)$ 2) ,"tr#t"ind !"# *!"c/nd !"# du to 'ro!on-d inund"tion)$

3) ,"tr &"r/# *!"c/ &"r/# on tr trun/# c"u#d *0 tndd +!oodin- co&&on on

tr#

o+ d' #,"&'# in t% Sout%)$ 4) #i!t &"r/# #i!t d'o#itd on -t"tion *0 +!ood,"tr#)$

5) #di&nt d'o#it# "nd dri+t !in# ,"trd'o#itd &"tri"!#)$ 6) o*#rd inund"tion

durin- t% -ro,in- #"#on$ "nd ;) o*#rd #oi! #"tur"tion ,it%in 12 inc%# o+ t% #oi!

#ur+"c durin- t% -ro,in- #"#on.

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T% D.S. Ar&0 or'# o+ En-inr# ,t!"nd d!in"tion &"nu"! 'roid# t% -uid"nc +or

idnti+0in- uri#diction"! ,t!"nd#. St"t# %" tr"dition"!!0 r!id on -t"tion to

idnti+0 ,t!"nd# #u*ct to t%ir r-u!"tion#$ *ut rcnt!0 %" it%r "do'td t% +dr"!

"''ro"c% or d!o'd tird &t%od# to idnti+0 ,t!"nd# *0 +ir#t con#idrin- -t"tion

"nd

,%n nc##"r0$ con#idrin- ot%r c%"r"ctri#tic# #uc% "# %0dric #oi! 'ro'rti# "nd ot%r

%0dro!o-ic indic"tor#. ont"ct "''!ic"*! r-u!"tor0 "-nci# +or dt"i!#.

D#+u! #ourc# o+ ,t!"nd in+or&"tion to "id in t%ir idnti+ic"tion inc!ud N"tion"!

Wt!"nd#

Inntor0 NWI) &"'# 'u*!i#%d *0 t% D.S. =i#% "nd Wi!d!i+ Sric$ count0 #oi!

#ur0 &"'#

'u*!i#%d *0 t% D.S.7.A. N"tur"! R#ourc# on#r"tion Sric$ "nd #t"t "nd !oc"!

,t!"nd

&"'#. T% NWI &"'# u# #t"nd"rd D.S. Go!o-ic"! Sur0 to'o-r"'%ic &"'# "# " *"#

"nd #%o,

t% "''roi&"t *ound"ri# "nd t0'# o+ ,t!"nd# "nd d',"tr %"*it"t#. NWI &"'# &"0

*

ordrd *0 c"!!in- 18::DSAMAPS. Acc## to &"' d"t" &"0 * ""i!"*! +or #o&

"r"# t%rou-%

t% Intrnt "cc## FWt!"nd Intr"cti M"''rF "t t% =i#% "nd Wi!d!i+ Sric(# ,*

#it

"t %tt'CHH,t!"nd#.+,#.-oH&"''rtoo!.%t&). T% &"'# "r co&'i!d t%rou-%

'%otointr'rt"tion

tc%niu# ,it% !i&itd +i!d c%c/in-. Mor con#'icuou# ,t!"nd# "r r"di!0 d'ictd$

,%i!

crt"in +or#td ,t!"nd# #'ci"!!0 drir t0'# "nd r-rn t0'#) "nd ot%r drirnd

,t!"nd# "r &or con#r"ti!0 &"''d .-.$ &"n0 "r not #%o,n "nd *ound"ri# "r

in"ct).

Soi! #ur0 r'ort# 'roid in+or&"tion on #oi! t0'# "nd !oc"tion# o+ "riou# #oi!# in t%

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#u*ct count0. T%i# in+or&"tion i# "!#o -nr"!i>d$ *ut in &o#t c"##$ %"# *n co&'i!d

+ro&

tn#i +i!d in#ti-"tion#. T% co&*in"tion o+ NWI &"'# "nd #oi! #ur0 d"t" 'r#nt

t%

*#t 'ictur o+ ,%r ,t!"nd# "r !i/!0 to *$ ,it%out &"/in- +i!d in#'ction#. St"t "nd

!oc"! ,t!"nd &"'# &"0 "!#o * ""i!"*! +ro& "''!ic"*! con#r"tionHniron&nt"!

"-nci#.

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LASSI=IATION O= WETLAN7S C

Or t% ti& $ ,t!"nd# "r c!"##i+id in "riou# ,"0# .

)Salt $ater :;

1.1 arine

1.#u*tid"! C i) Pr&"nnt un-t"td #%"!!o, ,"tr !## t%"n

6& d't% "t !o, tid $ inc!udin- #" *"0# $ #tr"it# .

ii)Su*tid"! "u"tic -t"tion $ inc!udin- /!'

*d# $#" "r"### $ tro'ic"! &"rin &"do, .

iii)or"! r!#

2.Intrtid"! Ci)Roc/0 &"rin #%or# $ inc!udin- c!i+t# "nd roc/0

#%or#.

ii)S%or# o+ &o*i! #ton# "nd #%in-!.

iii)Intrtid"! &o*i"! un-t"td .

3.Mud$ S"nd or #"!t +!"t#CIntrtid"! -t"td #di&nt#$

inc!udin- #"!t# &"r#%# "nd &"n-ro#$ on #%!trd co"#t#.

1.2 ; Est'rine :;

1) Su*tid"! C i) E#tu"rin ,"tr#$ 'r&"nnt W"tr o+ #%i"ri#

"nd #%i"ri #0#t o+ d!t"#

2) Intrtid"! i) Inrti"! &ud$ #"nd or #"!t +!"t#$ ,it% !i&itd

-t"ri"n.

ii) Intrtid"! &"r#%#$ inc!udin- #"!t &"r#%#$ #"!t

&"do,#$ #"!tin-$ r"i#d #"!t &"r#%#$ ido! *r"c/i#% "id +r#% ,"tr &"r#%#

iii) Intrtid"! +r#td ,t!"nd# inc!udin- &"n-ro

#,"&'#$ ni'" #,"&' +or#t.

1.3 ; agoonal:; 1) Br"/i#% to #"!in !"oon# ,it% on or &or

r!"ti!0 n"rro, connction# ,it% t% #"

1.4 salt la7e :;1) 'r&"nnt "nd #"#on"! *r"/i#%$ #"!in or "!/"!in

15


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!"/#$ +!"t# "nd &"r#%#.

) fres% water:;

2.1 'rnni"!C 1) Pr&"nnt rir# "nd #tr"$ inc!udin-,"tr+"!!#.

2) In!"nd d!t"#.

1) T&'or"r0 i) S"#on"! "nd irr-u!"r rir# "nd #tr"&.

ii) Rir !in +!ood '!"in#$ inc!udin- rir +!"t#$

+!oodd rir# *"#in# #"#on"!!0 +!oodd -r"##!"nd#.

2.2 L"cu#trin;

1) Pr&"nnt C i) 'r&"nnt +r#% ,"tr !"/# 8%)$ inc!udin-

#%or# #u*ct to #"#on"! or irr-u!"r innutrition

ii) 'r&"nnt +r#% ,"tr 'ond#. 8%)

2)S"#on"! C i) S"#on"! +r#% W"tr !"/# 8%)$

inc!udin- +!ood '!"in !"/#.

2.3 ;


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C) an ; made wetlands ;

3.1 "u"cu!tur &"ricu!turC1) Au"cu!tur 'ond#$ inc!udin- +i#%

'ond# "nd #%ri&' 'ond#.

3.2 @ Au"cu!turC1) 'ond$ inc!udin- +"r& 'ond#$ #toc/ 'ond#$ #&"!!

t"n/#.

2) Irri-"td !"nd "nd irri-"tion c%"nn!# inc!udin-

ri# +i!d#$ c"n"!# "nd ditc%#

3) S"#on"!!0 +!oodd "r"*! !"nd.

3.3 Dr*"n @ E'!oit"tionC1) #"!t 'ond# "nd #"!tn##.

3.4 Dr*"n indu#tri"! 1) Ec""tion#$ inc!udin- -r"! 'it# *orro, 'it#

"nd &inin- 'oo!#

2) W"#t ,"tr tr"t&nt# "r" inc!udin- #,"-

+"r$ #ttin- 'ond# "nd oid"tion *"#in#

3. ; $ater storage areas:; 1) R#roir# %o!din- ,"tr +or irri-"tion "nd

H or %u&"n con#u&'tion ,it% '"ttrn o+ -r"du"!$ #"#on"!$ dr", do,n o+ ,"tr

!!.

2) ?0dro d" ,it% r-u!"r +!u ti!"tion# in

,"tr !! on " ,/!0 or &ont%!0 *"#i#.

3.Wt!"nd# %" " +urt%r /0 ro! to '!"0 in ,%"t i#

/no,n "# "round ,"tr rc%"r- "nd di#c%"r-. Rc%"r- occur# ,%n ,"tr

&o# +ro& t% ,t!"nd in to t% undr-round "ui+r roc/$ #uc% "# #"nd#ton$

,%ic% %o!d# ,"tr. T% ,t!"nd "ct# "# " +i!tr +or crt"in /ind# o+ ,"#t "nd

#o!u*! cont"&in"nt#. T% 'roc## i# i&'ort"nt +or contro!!in- #tor& ,"tr run

o++. =or r'!ni#%in- #u''!i# o+ ,"tr +or %u&"n con#u&'tion "nd "!#o in

&"int"inin- t% +!o, o+ -round ,"tr ,%ic% &"0 #u''ort ot%r ,t!"nd# "t t%

'oint o+ di#c%"r-. 7i#c%"r- o+ ,t!"nd# #tord -round,"tr &"0 *

i&'ort"nt in #u#t"inin- t% "-ricu!tur"! 'roduction o+ #urroundin- !"nd "nd

nutrint. Bio!o-ic"!$ c%&ic"! "nd '%0#ic"! 'roc### in ,t!"nd# "r o+tn "*!

to i&&o*i!i> "nd tr"n#+or& " ,id r"n- o+ niron&nt"! cont"&in"nt "nd

nutrint. W%ic% in "cc##$ ,ou!d c"u# #r utro'nic"tion "nd 'o!!ution.

1;


18/39

?"0 &t"!#$ '#ticid# "nd indu#tri"! ,"#t$ +or in#t"nc c"n * +ound to #oi!

"nd #di&nt '"rtic!#$ "nd t%ir * rndrd &or o+ !## inrt.

6. Wt!"nd# c"n "ct "# " #in/$ 'rntin- nitr"t *ui!du'$ ,%ic% cou!d !"d to

utro'nic"tion. It 'rnt# nitr"t# +ro& r"c%in- +r#% ,"tr #tr" "nd

!"/#. Nitr"t run o++ +ro& +rti!i>d "-ricu!tur"! "r"# c"n * rc0c!d to

%"r&!## nitro-n -"# *0 t%i# &c%"ni#&.

;. Wt!"nd# +!or" in '"rticu!"r "r "*! to #in/ nutrint "nd cont"&in"nt#.

Nutrint c"n * dco&'o#d "nd ndd in "-ricu!tur"!.

8. Wt!"nd# "ct# "# %"*it"t# +or &"n0 co#0#t.

18


19/39

$ETN0S T=ETENE :;

T% ,t!"nd "r t%r"tnd du to 'o!!ution i.. "ir 'o!!ution$

,"tr$ "nd #oi! 'o!!ution in "du"t ,"tr %o!din- c"'"cit0$ c##i

,it%dr","! ++!unt$ #,"- "nd #!u-$ "-ricu!tur run o++ +rti!i>r#utro'nic"tion "nd u# o+ in#cticid# "nd ,dicid#.tc.

ost serio'sl+ t%reatened wetlands in !ndia:;

1. 7u!! !"/

2. Wu!"r !"/

3. 7"%"r "nd S"u o+ Jutc%

4. Gu!+ o+ J%"&*%"t

5. J%"*"rt"!

6. %i!/" !"/

;. Jo!!ru !"/

8. E#tu"ri# o+ t% J"rn"t"/" o"#t

on o+ L"dd"/% t%rou-% t% W#t I&'%"! in M"ni'ur "nd

t% ,or& "nd "rid >on o+ R""#t%"n$ Gur"t to t% tro'ic"! &on#oonic cntr"!

Indi" "nd t% ,t %u&id >on "t #out%rn Pnin#u!".

On t% *"#i# o+ #ur0 &"d in 1


20/39

$etland f'nctions:;

B0 "*#or*in- t% +orc o+ #tron- ,ind# "nd tid#$ ,t!"nd#

'rotct trr#tri"! "r"# "doinin- t%& +ro& #tor$ +!ood#$ "nd tid"!

d"&"-. T% '!"nt# in ,t!"nd# %!' to +i!tr 'o!!ut"nt# in t% ,"tr. =r#%,"tr &"r#%# "r o+tn on rir +!ood'!"in#. Intrtid"! ,t!"nd# 'roid "n

c!!nt "&'! o+ in"#ion$ &odi+ic"tion "nd #ucc##ion. T% in"#ion

"nd #ucc##ion 'roc## i# #t"*!i#%&nt o+ #"-r"###. T%# %!' #t"*i!i>

#di&nt "nd incr"# #di&nt c"'tur r"t#. T% tr"''d #di&nt

-r"du"!!0 d!o'# into &ud +!"t#. Mud +!"t or-"ni# *co& #t"*!i#%d

ncour"-in- ot%r !i+ +or c%"n-in- t% or-"nic co&'o#ition o+ t% #oi!#.

T% &"n-ro# #t"*!i#% t%!# in t% #%"!!o,r ,"tr

u'#!o' +ro& t% &ud+!"t#. M"n-ro# +urt%r #t"*i!i> #di&nt "nd or

ti& incr"# t% #oi! !!. T%i# r#u!t# in !## tid"! &o&nt "nd t%

d!o'&nt o+ #"!t &"r#%#. #ucc##ion) T% #"!t0 n"tur o+ t% #oi!

&"n# it c"n on!0 * to!r"td *0 #'ci"! t0'# o+ -r"### .-. #"!t*u#%$

ru#% "nd #d-. T%r i# "!#o c%"n-in- #'ci# dir#it0 in "c%

#ucc##ion.

In t% #"!t &"r#%# t%r i# -r"tr #'ci# dir#it0$ nutrint

rc0c!in-$ "nd nic% #'ci"!i#"tion &"/init on o+ t% &o#t 'roducti

co#0#t on E"rt%.

Adu#t&nt# to n"tur"! #tr##C

In intrtid"! ,t!"nd# t% &"orit0 o+ n"tur"! #tr## co

+ro& #"!init0 "nd tid"! &o&nt#. T% intrtid"! ,t!"nd# &u#t * "*! to

#uri tr& condition# o+ &"in!0 #"!t ,"tr "t %i-% tid$ +r#% ,"tr "t

!o, tid "nd ti o+ +!ood "nd *r"c/i#% ,"tr "t ot%r ti. T% #"!in

,"tr i# " r0 di++icu!t condition +or '!"nt# to #uri in. T% -r0

&"n-ro "cco&'!i#%# t%i# *0 c!udin- #"!t in t% root #0#t&$ #"!t

-!"nd# in t% !"+$ "nd ,"0 !"# to &ini&i> ,"tr !o##. ?o,r it i#

u!nr"*! to c%"n-# in #"!init0 !!#.

2:


21/39

Soi! co&'onnt#C

Soi!# "r0 ,id!0 in co&'o#ition "nd #tructur +ro& '!"c to

'!"c. Soi!# "r +or&d t%rou-%

t% ,"t%rin- o+ roc/ "nd t% *r"/do,n o+ or-"nic &"ttr.

W"t%rin- i# t% "ction o+ ,ind$

r"in$ ic$ #un!i-%t "nd *io!o-ic"! 'roc### on roc/#$ ,%ic% *r"/#

t%& do,n into #&"!! '"rtic!#.

T% 'ro'ortion# o+ &inr"!# "nd or-"nic &"ttrdtr&in

t% #tructur "nd ot%r c%"r"ctri#tic

# o+ " '"rticu!"r #oi!.

Soi!# c"n * diidd into t,o -nr"! !"0r# #tr"t")C to'#oi!$

t% to'&o#t !"0r$ ,%r &o#t

'!"nt root#$ &icroor-"ni#$ "nd ot%r "ni&"! !i+ "r

!oc"td$ "nd #u*#oi!$ ,%ic% i# d'r "nd o+tn &or dn# "nd cont"in#

!## or-"nic &"ttr.

W"tr "nd "ir "r "!#o co&'onnt# o+ #oi!#. Minr"! "nd

or-"nic #o!id# co&'ri# "*out %"!+ o+

t% #oi! *0 o!u&. W"tr occu'i# t% #'"c# *t,n #oi!

'"rtic!# "nd i# %!d *0 #ur+"c

tn#ion on '"rtic! #ur+"c#. Air occu'i# t% r&"inin- oid

#'"c. Bot% ,"tr "nd "ir

co&'onnt# o+ #oi!# "r i&'ort"nt to '!"nt -ro,t% "nd ot%r !i+ in

t% #oi! 'ro+i! o+ "

'"rticu!"r co#0#t&.

T% roc/ "nd &inr"! contnt o+ #oi!# i# c"t-ori>d

"ccordin- to '"rtic! #i>$ +ro& #"nd

co"r##t)$ to #i!t "nd c!"0 +in#t). T% r"tio o+ t%# '"rtic!# to "

21


22/39

-r"t d-r dtr&in#

t% #oi! c!"##i+ic"tion "nd c%"r"ctri#tic#.

Soi!# #r "# %"*it"t# +or #oi! or-"ni# "r0in- in #i> +ro&

&icroor-"ni# to #&"!! "ni&"!#.

T% c%"r"ctr o+ #oi!# i# intric"t!0 tid to *iotur*"tion "nd t%

*ioc%&ic"! +unction#

'r+or&d *0 #oi! or-"ni#.

=or&r #oi!# ,%ic% *co& *urid *!o, t% ++ct# o+ or-"ni#

"r c"!!d '"!o#o!#.

Soi!# d!o'# n"tur"!!0 or ti& t%rou-% t% "ction o+ '!"nt#$

"ni&"!#$ "nd ,"t%rin-.

Soi!# "r "!#o "++ctd *0 %u&"n %"*it"tion. Po'! c"n "!tr #oi!# to

&"/ t%& &or #uit"*!

+or '!"nt -ro,t% t%rou-% t% "ddition o+ or-"nic &"tri"!# "nd

n"tur"! or #0nt%tic +rti!i>r$

"nd *0 i&'roin- t%ir dr"in"- or ,"trrt"inin- c"'"cit0.

?u&"n "ction# "!#o c"n d-r"d

#oi!# t%rou-% t% d'!tion o+ nutrint#$ 'o!!ution$ cont"&in"tion$

"nd co&'"ction$ "nd *0

incr"#in- t% r"t o+ ro#ion$ ,%ic% i# t% r!oc"tion o+ #oi!

t%rou-% t% &o&nt o+ ,"tr

or ,ind.

22


23/39

WETLAN7S LOSSC

Or t% 0"r#$ ,t!"nd !o## i# " -!o*"! concrn. T% r"t o+

,t!"nd !o## i# &o#t!0 not u"nti+id "cc't " +, countri#$ %o,r$ t%

c"u## o+ #uc% !o### ,r ,!! docu&ntd. T%u# ,t!"nd i# di#tri*utd *0

1. 7r"in"- +or "-ricu!tur$ +or#tr0 "nd &o#uito contro!.

2. 7rd-&" "nd #tr"& c%"nn!i#"tion +or n"i-"tion "nd +!ood 'rotction.

3. =i!!in- +or #o!id ,"#t di#'o#"!$ ro"d# "nd co&&rci"!$ r#idnti"! "r".

4. on#r"tion o+ Au"cu!turHM"ricu!tur.

5. on#truction o+ d0/#$ d"$ !"/#.

6. 7i#c%"r- o+ '#ticid#$ %r*icid#$ nutrint +ro& dotic #,"-.

;. Minin- o+ ,t!"nd# +or '"t$ co"!$ -r"! '%o#'%t "nd ot%r &"tri"!.

8. -round ,"tr #u*#tr"ction.


24/39

$ETN0 N,EENT O S>ST!NE

0E9EO$ d't% #i>$ !i-%t 'ntr"tion$

'rci'it"tion$ !oc"tion$ t&'r"tur$ c%&ic"! n"tur o+ t% #urroundin- #oi!$

di##o!d &inr"!#$ "nd '%. +in"!!0 on t%o# t% *io!o-ic"! co&'onnt# o+ t%

%"*it"t. To in#ur " #u#t"in"*! d!o'&nt o+

""i!"*! ,t!"nd it ,i!! * i&'r"ti to "d%r to t% #tr"t-0 out!in *0 t%

cuti dirctor$ DNEP$ in t%i# r-"rd. In *ri+$ t% #tr"t-0 '"0# &'%"#i#

on t%r /0 i##u i>. coordin"tion$ tr"inin- "nd ","rn## c"&'"i-n#. o

ordin"tion i# nc##"r0 to 'ur#u " cro## #ction"! "''ro"c% #o t%"t "riou#

i&'!&ntin- "-nci# "nd #'ci"!i#t# *!on-in- to "-ricu!tur$ +or#tr0$

"-rono&0$ niron&nt$ %0dro!o-0$ +i#%ri#$ co!o-0$ -o-r"'%0$ cono&ic#

"nd ot%r r!"nt +i!d# c"n #it to-t%r "nd contri*ut to d!o' "''ro'ri"t

"!trn"ti#. Si&i!"r!0$ tr"inin- +"ci!iti# ,i!! "i& "t cr"tin- indi-nou# "*i!it0

to c"rr0 out #u#t"in"*! d!o'&nt ,or/ "nd +in"!!0 r"i#in- t% !! o+

","rn## o+ niron&nt"! i##u "&on- t% 'o'! i# con#idrd "# " &"ttr

o+ it"! i&'ort"nc in t% ,%o! r"n- o+ "ctiiti# in r#ourc# con#r"tion.

T% t"#/ #'ci"!i>d coordin"tion "##u " '"rticu!"r

#i-ni+ic"nc "nd i# "n intrin#ic ruir&nt ,t!"nd &"n"-&nt t% &"or

co&'onnt# o+ coordin"tion *in-C

1. Ad"ncd #cinti+ic "nd tc%nic"! in+or&"tion

2. I&'u!# 'rc'tion

3. 7!o'&nt "-nci# "cti on ,t!"nd

24


25/39

It i# i&'ort"nt to r&&*r t%"t n i+ " 'roct i#

cono&ic"!!0 it"! "nd tc%nic"!!0 #ound$ it %"# *n co!o-ic"!!0 *"!"ncd "nd

#oci"!!0 "cc'td +or t% '!"n to #uccd.

Ad"ncd #cinti+ic "nd tc%no!o-ic"! in+or&"tion "r i&'ort"nt +or "oidin-

co!o-ic"! i&*"!"nc "nd 'o##i*! di#"#tr "nd "!#o i&'!&ntin- "d"ncd

tc%no!o-0 i# "riou# ,t!"nd r#ourc# #0#t&.

A''ro'ri"t coordin"tion ,it% i#tin- d!o'&nt

"-nci# ,i!! %" to * #t"*!i#%d. T%i# ,i!! in#ur t% &o#t "''ro'ri"t "nd

"cc't"*! cour# o+ "ction +or i&'!&ntin- d#ird &odi+ic"tion.

T% +o!!o,in- "r #o& o+ t% "-nci# "cti on

,t!"ndC

1. 7'"rt&nt o+ "-ricu!tur

2. 7'"rt&nt o+ +i#%ri#

3. 7'"rt&nt o+ irri-"tion "nd +!ood contro!

4. 7'"rt&nt o+ niron&nt

5. Rir# #"nit"tion

6. 7'"rt&nt o+ ur*"n d!o'&nt

;. 7'"rt&nt o+ rur"! d!o'&nt

8. Mtro!o-ic"! o*#r"tion#


26/39

to contro! +!oodin- "nd n%"nc d!o'&nt *0 t"&in- t% Er-!"d#$ "

'roct ,%ic% %"# no, *n rr#d to r#tor &uc% o+ t% ,t!"nd# "# "

n"tur"! %"*it"t "nd &t%od o+ +!ood contro!.

Ec!u#ionT%o# r#'on#i*! +or t% &"n"-&nt o+ ,t!"nd "r"#

o+tn +"ci!it"t 'u*!ic "cc## to " #&"!!$ d#i-n"td "r" ,%i! r#trictin-

"cc## to ot%r "r"#. Proi#ion o+ d+ind *o"rd,"!/# "nd ,"!/,"0# i# "

&"n"-&nt #tr"t-0 u#d to r#trict "cc## to u!nr"*! "r"#$ "# i# t%

i##uin- o+ 'r&it# ,%i!#t i#itin-.

Educ"tionIn t% '"#t$ ,t!"nd# ,r r-"rdd "# ,"#t!"nd#. Educ"tion

c"&'"i-n# %" %!'d

to c%"n- 'u*!ic 'rc'tion# "nd +o#tr 'u*!ic #u''ort +or t% ,t!"nd#.

7u to t%ir !oc"tion in t% c"tc%&nt "r"$ duc"tion 'ro-r" nd to

t"c% "*out tot"! c"tc%&nt &"n"-&nt 'ro-r". Educ"tion"! 'ro-r"

inc!ud -uidd tour# +or t% -nr"! 'u*!ic$ #c%oo! i#it#$ &di" !i"i#on$

in+or&"tion cntr#$ con+rnc 'r#nt"tion#$ ntr'rti #i-n"-$

'u*!ic"tion# "nd +"ct# #%t#. St"++ #%ou!d "!#o inc!ud duc"tion o++icr#.

ActionToo !itt! i# /no,n "*out t% intrtid"! ,t!"nd #0#t& to

#ucc##+u!!0 rin#t"t "!! n"tur"! condition#. M"n"-&nt '!"n# +ocu# on

t% r%"*i!it"tion o+ t% #it "nd t% r&o"! o+ %u&"ninducd #tr###.

=or "&'!$ +o *"itin-$ r&o"! o+ ,d#.7#i-n7#i-n intrntion#

%" 'rod #ucc##+u! in &ini&i#in- #ourc# o+ n"tur"! #tr##.

L-i#!"tionL-i#!"tion "nd r-u!"tion# "r u#d to 'rotct ,t!"nd#$ in

'"rticu!"r t% R""r conntion.

26


27/39

N,EENT CT!ON


28/39

National wetland polic+: ;

1) co&&it&nt *0 t% -orn&nt to #u#t"in "nd r#tor ,t!"nd

2) *ui!d ,t!"nd con#r"tion ,it%in t% *ordr +r"&,or/ o+ cro##

#ctur"! n"tion"! '!"nnin-

3) &"int"in *io!o-ic"! dir#it0 "nd co!o-ic"! c%"r"ctr ,%i! n#urin-

*n+it# to !oc"! co&&unit0

4) #to' u# o+ ,t!"nd# +or ot%r 'ur'o# inc!udin- 'r"ctic"! tnd# to

co!o-ic"! 'roc##

5) 'ro%i*ition o+ d-r"dd ,t!"nd# "nd n%"nc&nt o+ t%ir *"#

6) ino!&nt o+ !oc"! co&&unit0 $n-o#"nd concrn "-nc0 +or

&"n-&nt o+ ,t!"nd#

;) "''!ic"tion o+ niron&nt i&'"ct "####&nt on "!! "ctiiti#

i&'"ctin- t% ,t!"nd#

28


29/39

Ng*?s are active in following t%emes of convention:;

1) Gnr"tin- ","rn## "*out "!u# +unction# o+ ,t!"nd#.

2) Inntni#"tion o+ ,t!"nd r#ourc#.

3) Idnti+ic"tion o+ n, r""r #it#.

4) Li# u# o+ n, ,t!"nd#.

5) W"tr +!o, cn#or.

6) on#r"tion o+ &i-r"t>0 #'ci#.

2


30/39

$etland protection laws and government initiatives :;

Wt!"nd do +"c t% tr"d0 o+ co&&on#$ "# i# idnt +ro&

'r#nt u"!it0 "nd #t' dc!in in t%ir nu&*r#.

Pr"i!!in- !",# "r in++cti "# +"r t% 'rotction or con#r"tion

o+ "u"tic co#rt "nd concrnd "n &oot o+ t%& indirct!0

touc% ,t!"nd 'rotction +r"-&ntd "''ro"ct).

T% Indi"n +i#nni# "ct 185;

T% Indi"n +or#t "ct 1on r-u!"tion noti+ic"tion 1


31/39

9!S!T TO $ETN0: ;

1)


32/39

B%o Wt!"nd Proct CNALMS 2::1 Ac%i&nt ","rd to B%o Wt!"nd Proct

T% Nort% A&ric" L"/ M"n"-&nt Socit0 NALMS)$ *"#d

in M"di#on$ DSA$ %"# con+rrd t% NALMS 2::1 Ac%i&nt ","rd +or t%

0"r 2::1 undr t% c"t-or0 Tc%nic"! Mrit A,"rd +or #ucc##+u! 'roct# tot% B%o Wt!"nd Proct$ undr i&'!&nt"tion in t% c"'it"! cit0 o+ M"d%0"

Pr"d#%$ Indi" on


33/39

1. T%e %o/ $etland :;

T% D''r Lo,r !"/# d#i-n"td "# B%o Wt!"nd)

"r ur*"n ,"tr *odi#. D''r !"/ i# " &"or #ourc o+ 'ot"*! ,"tr +or

t% 'o'! o+ t% cit0 o+ B%o'"!$ M"d%0" Pr"d#%$ Indi".

T% D''r !"/ "r-u"*!0 t% o!d#t &"n&"d !"/ inIndi") ,"# cr"td *0 R"" B%o in t% 11t%ntur0 *0 con#tructin- "n

"rt%n d"& "cro## t% Jo!"n# rir. Lo,r !"/ ,"# con#tructd &uc%!"tr on t% do,n #tr"& o+ t% d"& o+ D''r !"/. T% Lo,r !"/ i#

#urroundd +ro& "!! #id# *0 %u&"n #tt!&nt#. T% "#trn c"tc%&nt o+

D''r !"/ i# ur*"n ,%r"# ,#trn c"tc%&nt i# rur"! in n"tur. T%

##nti"! dt"i!# o+ *ot% t% !"/# "r "# +o!!o,#C

33


34/39

S!NT ET>ES O >


35/39

2. T%e %o/ $etland


36/39


37/39

S'mmer+ and concl'sion :

M"n c"nnot * con#idrd in i#o!"tion +ro& t%i# niron&nt. M"n

intr+r# ,it% t% niron&nt. Sinc t% r0 *-innin- o+ %u&"n

cii!i>"tion$ or 'o'u!"tion "nd #oi!$ "ir$ ,"tr #ound 'o!!ution "nd "!#od'!tion o+ n"tur"! r#ourc# "nd -!o*"! c%"n-$ ri# in t&'

&odrn c%&ic"!$ *io!o-ic"!$ nuc!"r ) ,"r t%# "r niron&nt"!

'ro*! "r "!,"0# +"cd o+ intrr!"td. O+tn #o!ution to on 'ro*!&

"ctu"!!0 cr"t# "not%r 'ro*!&.

And it i# nc##"r0 to 'o'u!"tion contro! or 'o'u!"tion

#t"*i!i>"tion ,%ic% i# &o#t r#'on#i*! +or

niron&nt d-r"+iction. A!#o , nd t% "####&nt "nd

&"n"-&nt o+ n"tur"! r#ourc# "nd it i# r0 ##nti"! to #t"t!## +or

niron&nt"! 'o!!ution &onitorin- "nd contro! o+ 'o!!ution. it i# ruird t%

#tt

!&nt "t %u&"n "nd tnc c"r o+ 'u*!ic %"!t% "nd "!#o o*0 t% "nd

r-u!"tion# r0 'o'!. T%0 , #" t% niron&nt.

Bc"u# o+ 'o!!ution$ incr"# in 'o'u!"tion t%r i# d"n-rou#

to ,t!"nd "# , /no, t%"t ,t!"nd i# "&on- t% &o#t

i&'ort"nt n"tur"! r#ourc# on "rt%. T%0 "r t% #ourc# o+

cu!tur"!$ cono&ic "nd *io!o-ic"! dir#it0. Wt!"nd# "r con#idrd "!u"*!

*c"u# ,t!"nd +unction# inc!ud ,"tr u"!it0 i&'ro&nt$ +!ood,"tr

#tor"-$ +i#% "nd ,i!d!i+ %"*it"t #t%tic#$"nd *io!o-ic"! 'roductiit0. T%

"!u o+ " ,t!"nd i# "n #ti&"t o+ i&'ort"nc o+ ,ort% on on or &or o+ it#

+unction# to #ocit0 .

-C " "!u c"n dtr&ind *0 t% rnu -nr"td +ro& #"!

o+ +i#% t%"t d'nd on t% ,t!"nd.

B0 t% touri#t do!!"r# "##oci"td ,it% t% ,t!"nd or *0 'u*!ic

#u''ort +or 'rotctin- +i#% "nd ,i!d !i+ ,t!"nd# "r 'ro*"*!0 t% "rt%(# &o#t

i&'ort"nt +r#% ,"tr r#ourc# "nd "!#o &o#t t%r"tnd. T%0 'r+or&

&"ni+o!d +unction# in t% &"int"inc o+ co!o-ic"! *"!"nc o+ t% r-ion. #o&

o+ t% i&'ort"nt +unction i# ,"tr #tor"-$ 'rotction +or& #tor "nd +!ood#$

3;


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rc%"r- o+ -round ,"tr$ ,"tr 'uri+ic"tion$ +i#%ri#$ ,i!d!i+$ r#ourc#$

tr"n#'ort$ rcr"tion tc. T% ,t!"nd "r t%r"tnd du to in"du"t ,"tr.

%o!din- c"'"cit0$ c##i ,it% dr",!$ 'o!!ution du to r", #,"- "nd

#!ud-$ indu#tri"! ++!unt#$ ntro+ic"tion$ !"c%d +rti!i>r#. "nd

inccticid# .T% d-r"d"tion o+ t% ,"tr u"!it0 "++ct# t% +!or"! "nd +"un"!

'o'u!"tion "!on- ,it% t% 'o'! d'ndnt on t%# co#0#t& #ocio

cono&ic #ur0# indic"t t%"t !"/# ,it% ,"tr u"!it0 con+r&in- to t%

'r#cri*d #t"nd"rd# %" " %i-% cono&ic d'ndnc0 .T%i# i# nc##it"t#

t% nd o+ r#tor"tion "nd +or&u!"tion o+ con#r"tion #tr"t-i# +or

#u#t"in"*! &"n"-&nt o+ ,t!"nd# .T%i# 'ro'r #u--#t# #uit"*! #tr"t-i#

+or t% r#tor"tion o+ !"/# ,it% "n ori, on t% #t"tu# o+ ,t!"nd# "nd

'r"i!in- !"-u &"#ur# to 'rotct t%&.

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wetland conservatione

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