WESTWARD EXPANSION & MANIFEST DESTINYWill a growing nation lead to greater Nationalism or increased Sectionalism?

Back under President Monroe… John Quincy Adams (Secretary of State)

made national security & expansion top priorities Remember the Monroe Doctrine! Rush-Bagot Treaty : limited ships in Great

Lakes Adams-Onís Treaty (1819)

Spain gives Florida to the United States

Establishes new border between U.S. and Spanish Territory

Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)

As we expand… As the United States continues to

grow and new states / territories are added slavery will become a major issue & conflict

Why? Balance of power

Until 1818, the U.S. had been equally divided as 10 free states and 10 slave states

Illinois admitted as free state in 1818

The Issue of Missouri After Illinois becomes is admitted as free

state, most expect Missouri to follow as a slave state Original statehood bill proposed that

Missouri be a slave state but must gradually free it’s slaves Passes the House, but fails Senate

What now? Henry Clay and others work to resolve the

issue Reach a compromise

Missouri Compromise (1820) Missouri admitted as slave state Maine admitted as free state Dividing line created for the rest of

Louisiana Territory 36°30’ N Parallel line

“Missouri Compromise Line” States north of line = free States south of line = slave

Missouri is an exception

Missouri Compromi

se Line

Take a moment to color ALL free

states / territories one color; and ALL slave states /

territories another color

Major Trails The settlers needed routes to travel

Many of these were formed along traditional Native American trade routes and trails

Oregon Trail Made well-known after missionaries traveled all the

way to Oregon Independence, Missouri to Portland, Oregon

Santa Fe Trail Stretched from Independence, Missouri to Sante

Fe, New Mexico 780 miles Much of the stretch was dangerous (Native American

attacks, weather, drought, terrain)

Label the Sante Fe Trail and Oregon Trail on your

maps.

Glue the two wagons on the

trails!

Western Settlers Even before government action created new

territories & states, many Americans left their homes and headed west

Why might they want to settle the west? Seemed adventurous! New opportunities Exploration Avoid creditors or the law Religious persectution

The Mormon Migration Migrated along the Oregon Trail First established in New York by Joseph

Smith Faced persecution in New York,

Illinois, & Missouri Smith eventually murdered by angry mobs

New leader Brigham Young Moves followers out of U.S. territory and

settle in Salt Lake City, Utah

Paste your Mormon Temple

here.

Speaking of Oregon… The Oregon Territory (not a state yet) was a

point of conflict for U.S. and Britain Britain also claimed parts of Maine and

Minnesota in the 1840s Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842) takes care of

Maine and Minnesota Continued a “joint occupation” of Oregon

James Polk during 1844 election adopts slogan “Fifty-Four Forty or Fight!” Wanted to annex all of Oregon

Nations eventually agree to new boundaries

Write “Fifty-Five Forty or Fight” in Oregon on your map

Mission System Before Mexican independence in 1821,

Native Americans & settlers often encountered “Mexican” populations as a result of Spanish Missions Missions were locations/churches set up

by the Spanish crown in order to convert people to Catholicism

Missions decline after Mexico’s independence

Impact of Independence After Mexican independence:

Many Native Americans forced in to labor or they fled

Trade opportunities between Mexico and United States Northern provinces (present day Arizona, New

Mexico, California, Texas) Mexico found that it was hard to control

and protect such a large, spread out piece of land Native American attacks

Mexico invited U.S. settlers

Land Grants Mexico’s government offered land

grants (give them land!) to empesarios Empesarios then would attract other

American settlers to the land American (Anglo) population soon

outnumbered the tejano population Tejano = Mexicans living in Texas

Stephen F. Austin Stephen F. Austin would become one of the

most well known empesarios Offered land to over 300 families, each receiving

177 acres of farmland OR 4,000 acres of ranchland Given this success, Presidents John Quincy Adams

and Andrew Jackson both tried to purchase Texas By 1936, Texas population was

3,500 Tejanos 12,000 Native Americans 45,000 Anglo Americans 5,000 African Americans

So what exactly “is” Texas now?

Calls for Independence Austin had been advocating for greater

self-government in Texas Imprisoned on return home from Mexican

capital by Mexican President Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna

Several rebellions erupted Santa Anna marches troops to San

Antonio in an effort to force Texas back under Mexican control

In 1835, Texans attack Mexican troops at the Alamo

“Remember the Alamo” In response to his forces being driven from

the Alamo, Santa Anna attacks Americans at the Alamo and kills many

Sam Houston, an American “Texan,” leads the Texans in their eventual defeat of Mexico in the Battle of San Jacinto Shouts of “Remember the Alamo”

September 1836, Sam Houston becomes president of Republic of Texas Becomes a state in 1845

Post-Jackson Presidents After Andrew Jackson’s

two terms, the Democrats chose his VP Martin Van Buren to run in the 1836 Election Wins easily

Under Van Buren, the nation faced the Panic of 1837 Result of Jackson’s

“pet banks” and financial policy

Post-Jackson Presidents Election of 1840

Van Buren runs against William Henry Harrison (Whig)

Harrison dies just 1 MONTH after he takes office!VP John Tyler takes over

Less of a Whig than Harrison

Age of TechnologyAs a result of the Industrial Revolution, we see a continuing growth of technology during this period Going to benefit our economy AND spur expansion

Fulton Steamboat 1807, Robert Fulton’s Clermont made 150-

mile trip on Hudson River from New York City to Albany Begins the steamboat era

Steamboats cut travel time for passengers and goods Better for heavy goods like copper and iron

Increase in canal building 1816 = 100 miles 1841 = more than 3,300 miles Erie Canal

Telegraph In 1837, Samuel Morse creates first

electromagnetic telegraph Could send messages 10 miles through

copper wires Went to congress to ask for funding

Congress wants Morse to create 40-mile telegraph between Baltimore and Washington DC

In 1844 he sends his first message on this wire “What hath God wrought?”

I.M. Singer American entrepreneur and

inventor Had numerous inventions but most

know for his improvements to the sewing machine Original patent belonged to Elias Howe Singer added the foot pedal

Become more popular than any other sewing machine

Easier to use More efficient Could be bought on credit!

Galvanized Rubber Charles Goodyear

Develops galvanized rubber process Stronger and more

reliable than natural, untreated rubber

Used to freeze & melt! Originally used for boots

In 1900s it will obviously help with tires

Farm Equipment People were moving to the Midwest for

the fertile soil Land needed to be cleared, trees cut

down, etc. in order to make it ready for crops John Deere (1837)

Invented first steel plow Cut through land easier, with less animal power

Cyrus McCormick Mechanical reaper

Polk Pushes War President Polk comes to office in 1844

Believes that only way to settle continued tension with Mexico is through war

Annexation of Texas made tensions worse Sectionalism meant different views of

war Abolitionists and many northerners

opposed expansion and the war Southerners favored expansion in order

to expand slavery

War Begins Mexican American War begins when

General Zachary Taylor leads U.S. troops to the Rio Grande river Mexico views as violation of their rights and

sends troops across the river 9 Americans killed

Polk then uses this to convince Congress of the need for war Who “started” it?

Not Just Texas! Polk has plans to capture more than just

Texas during this war Kearny marches to New Mexico, falls

without a single shot fired Republic of California

Polk once again offers to buy California Instead, group of American settlers led by

John C. Fremont take control of town of Sonoma Declare independence from Mexico

Treaty of Guadalupe Hildago War ends with the Treaty of Guadalupe

Hidalgo Sets the Rio Grande as border between U.S. – Mexico

Still today U.S. agrees to pay $15 for land that will include

Texas California Nevada New Mexico Utah Arizona Parts of Colorado and Wyoming

Gadsen Purchase (1853) 5 years later, United States

“completes the set” and acquires remaining land of present-day Southwest

Gadsen Purchase Establishes current borders