Manifest DestinyChapter 11Pages 466-506

Westward to the Pacific Manifest Destiny was a doctrine used to

justify the westward expansion of the US.Cause: the future meant moving to the Pacific Ocean Believed US was superiorEffect: US swept aside every obstacle

All Native Americans removed

Oregon Country Land between Rocky Mountains and Pacific

Ocean Adams-Onis Treaty:

Treaty with Spanish Both US and Britain could settle Divide along the 49th Parallel

The Oregon Trail The most practical route to the Western US.

Lasted 5-6 months Winter snow blocked the passes Difficult terrain

Problems Along the Way Attacks from Native Americans 1 in 10 died of disease, overwork, hunger, accidents

When did the Trail Stop? When the transcontinental railroad was built

Independence for Texas 1803: US laid claim to Texas

Most residents were tejanos (Mexicans lived in Texas)

Comanches, Kiowas, Apaches lived in the area Spanish offered empresarios land and

opportunity Tension grew between the groups

The Struggle for Independence General Santa Anna

Became Mexico’s dictator Stephen F. Austin arrested

Texans wanted separate nation from Mexico liberated San Antonio Thought war was won

The Alamo San Antonio 160 soldiers, no gunpowder Davy Crockett, Jim Bowie, William B. Travis Killed by Santa Anna after 13 days

Battle of San Jacinto Houston captured and killed Santa Anna Texans elected Sam Houston as President

Texas became a state in 1845

War With Mexico The Santa Fe Trail

From the Missouri River to New Mexico Used to trade between the US and Mexico

Mexico Spanish Culture

El Camino Real (the King’s Highway) Connected missions Used to convert Native Americans

Ranchos Abolished missions after independence Mexican settlers were called rancheros

Manifest Destiny and California At first, Mexico welcomed Americans John Sutter: land grant John C. Fremont wrote of beauty Mexico refused to sell California and New Mexico

War With Mexico How did Conflict Begin?

President Polk ordered soldiers into Mexico Mexico wanted to reclaim Texas Fremont’s Bear Flag Republic

The Capture of Mexico City March, 1847 American forces landed September, 1847 Mexico surrendered

Peace Treaty: Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Mexico gave up claims to Texas Agreed to Rio Grande border US paid $15 million for Ca. and NM Another $10 million for AZ (Gladstone Purchase)

The California Gold Rush Who were the Forty-Niners?

100,000 people came for gold 1848-49 $6 million (worth $100 million today) Lived in “boomtowns” Vigilantes kept control

Californios Hispanic Californians Many lost land

A Religious Refuge in Utah Mormon Religion

Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints Joseph Smith had visions

Forced out of New York Killed by a mob in 1844

Brigham Young Moved Mormons to Great Salt Lake in Utah 12,000 people Became governor

Desert Haven Called Deseret Utah became state in 1896