western civilization lecture 2

Introduction to Western Civilization

IS-VNU

Mr. Mike Beard

Session 2

Foundations of Western Civilization – Part 2

Introduction to Western Civilization

The Birth of Christianity Rome and Western Christianity Key People of the Middle Ages Medieval Art Medieval Architecture

Introduction to Western CivilizationChristianity – Jesus of NazarethChristianity – Jesus of Nazareth

Central Figure of Western History

Western Calendar based on Jesus' birth A.D. = Anno Domini (Year of the Lord)

B.C. = Before Christ

Earliest Know Image of Jesus, 235 AD

Introduction to Western CivilizationChristianity – Jesus of NazarethChristianity – Jesus of Nazareth

Jewish Rabbi Biblical Genealogy

claims that Jesus was from the line of King David.

Hebrew name “Yeshua” = God Delivers (Rescues)

Born in Bethlehem, Raised in Nazareth

Earliest Know Image of Jesus, 235 AD

Introduction to Western CivilizationChristianity – Early Beliefs about JesusChristianity – Early Beliefs about Jesus

The Divine Logos The Christ - Messiah Virgin Birth Performed Miracles Crucified under Roman

Prefect Pontius Pilate Buried in a tomb sealed and

guarded by Roman soldiers Resurrection


LogosLogosHeraclitusHeraclitus – The principle of order and knowledge

AristotleAristotle – Reasoned discourse (Logic)

StoicsStoics – Divine animating principle of the universe

The Divine Logos

“In the beginning was the Logos, and the Logos was with God, and the Logos was God. ” (John 1:1–2)


Christ - MessiahChrist - MessiahChristChrist = Greek translation of “Messiah”

JudaismAnointed one (king)A future King from the line of David

“Jesus said to them, 'But who do you say that I am?' Simon Peter replied, 'You are the Christ, the Son of the living God.'” (Matthew 16:15–16).


Virgin Birth Virgin Birth Nicaean Creed

“We believe in one Lord, Jesus Christ...For us and for our salvation he came down from heaven, was incarnate of the Holy Spirit and the Virgin Mary and became truly human.”

Gospel of Luke

The angel Gabriel was sent from God to a virgin [whose] name was Mary. He said, “you will conceive in your womb and bear a son, and you shall call his name Jesus. He will called the Son of the Most High. And the Lord God will give to him the throne of his father David. The Holy Spirit will come upon you, and the power of the Most High will overshadow you.”(Luke 1:26–38).


Performed Miracles Performed Miracles Purpose of Miracles

“Now Jesus did many other signs in the presence of the disciples, which are not written in this book; but these are written so that you may believe that Jesus is the Christ, the Son of God, and that by believing you may have life in his name.”

(John 20:30–31)


Crucifixion Crucifixion Well Documented Event

in Roman History Biblical AccountsMara Bar-SerapionRoman historian TacitusGreek satirist LucianJewish historian JosephusBabylonian Talmud

Masaccio, The Trinity


Burial Burial Speared in his side to

confirm death Buried by Joseph of

Arimathea and Nicodemus

Tomb sealed and guarded by Roman soldiers

Christianity Christianity Early Beliefs about JesusEarly Beliefs about Jesus

The Resurrection The Resurrection Biblical Account After 3 Days Jesus' tomb was

found empty Women followers claimed to

see a resurrected Jesus Disciples claimed Jesus

appeared to them Apostle Paul claimed that

Jesus appeared to him


The Resurrection The Resurrection Central Belief to Early Central Belief to Early ChristiansChristians

“If Christ has not been raised, our preaching is useless and so is your faith.” (1 Corinthians 15:14)


The Resurrection The Resurrection

Biblical Account

“For I delivered to you as of first importance what I also received: that Christ died...was buried, that he was raised on the third...and that he appeared to Peter, then to the twelve...then to more than five hundred brothers at one time... Then he appeared to James, then to all the apostles. Last of all, as to one untimely born, he appeared also to me.” (1 Corinthians 15:3–8).


Arguments Against the Arguments Against the ResurrectionResurrection Stolen BodyStolen Body – Jesus' body

was stolen by his followers to fake a resurrection

Swoon HypothesisSwoon Hypothesis – Jesus' didn't die but merely lost consciousness. After lying in a tomb for several hours he regained consciousness and walked out of the tomb


Arguments for the Resurrection Arguments for the Resurrection The Roman Guard and sealed The Roman Guard and sealed

tomb tomb Against the Swoon Hypothesis –

Rome knew how to execute people

Women as first eye-witnesses Multiple Eye-witness accounts Willingness of eye-witnesses to

die for claims

Rome & Christianity Rome & Christianity

Persecution of Early Christians Persecution of Early Christians Emperor Nero issued first Emperor Nero issued first

systematic persecution of systematic persecution of Christians Christians

Diocletian Persecution Series of four edicts banning

Christian practices Over 20,000 Christians killed

Methods of Killing Crucifixion Fed to Wild Animals Burned Alive Killed in Dramas


Peace between Rome and Peace between Rome and Christianity Christianity

Emperor Constantine IEmperor Constantine I 312 AD – Vision of a cross as a sign 312 AD – Vision of a cross as a sign

to conquer the Westto conquer the West 313 AD – Edict of Milan legalizes 313 AD – Edict of Milan legalizes

Christianity in RomeChristianity in Rome 325 AD – Sponsored the Council of

Nicaea Funded Church Buildings and Clergy

Theodosuis I 27 February 380 AD – Christianity

become the State Religion of Rome

Emperor Constantine IEmperor Constantine I


Roman Church Councils Roman Church Councils

325 AD – Council of Nicaea 381 AD – First Council of

Constantinople 431 AD – Council of Ephesus 451 AD – Council of

Chalcedon

Rome & Christianity Rome & Christianity Christianity & Military PowerChristianity & Military Power

Jesus taught, “Do not resist an evil person. If someone strikes you on the right cheek, turn to him the other also.” (Mt 5:39)

The Middle Ages is also know as the “Dark Ages” because of the violence associated with it.

During the Dark Ages Christianity spread through War and Conquest


Spread of ChristianitySpread of Christianity

Clovis Clovis

In AD 481, Clovis united the Franks and became their king.

The Franks were the largest of the Germanic tribes

Clovis converted to the Roman Catholic Christianity.

Essentially, the Franks blended Germanic and Roman cultural practices.

The Middle Ages The Middle Ages

Key People Key People

Charles Martel

Ruler of the Franks

732 AD – Battle of Tours (France) against Muslim expansion into Europe



Charles Martel

VideoVideo

The Middle Ages The Middle Ages Key Key People Key Key People

Charlemagne768 AD – King of the Francs

Forces most of Western Europe to convert to Christianity or face death

Massacre of Verden - Executed 4,500 Saxon Pagans

800 AD – Crowned Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire by Pope Leo III

Successfully stopped the spread of Islam in Europe

Expanded Roman Catholic Christianity throughout Europe

The Middle AgesThe Middle Ages


Charlemagne

VideoVideo


Spread of ChristianitySpread of Christianity

St. Benedict St. Benedict

500 AD – St. Benedict Monastic Rules

Father of Monasticism Monks and Monasteries

spread Christianity across Eurpoe


St. Patrick of Ireland St. Patrick of Ireland

Taken to Ireland as a slave at age 16 and escaped after 6 years

Became a Christian priest, and later a Bishop

Returned to Ireland as a missionary

Converted Irish to Christianity

VIDEOVIDEO


Key Philosophers Key Philosophers

St. Augustine of Hippo Most Influential Writings –

City of God and Confessions

Wrote against the Pelagians and formulated doctrine of original sin

Wrote extensively about Human Free-will and Divine Sovereignty

Major influence on Western Theology and Philosophy

Influenced Reformers


Key Philosophers Key Philosophers

St. Thomas Aquinas Italian Dominican Priest

Wrote Summa Theologica and Summa Contra Gentiles

Philosophy - knowledge of any truth requires Divine help

Natural (reason) and Supernatural (scriptures) Revelation were two sources of truth

Re-introduces Aristotle to Western Theology and Philosophy

The Middle Ages The Middle Ages Medieval Art & Architecture Medieval Art & Architecture

Hints of Plato Directed Attention to

the Heavenly Realm Not Concerned with

this World Focus on the Divine

The Middle Ages The Middle Ages Medieval Art Medieval Art

Coptic Icon of Jesus and an AbbotCoptic Icon of Jesus and an Abbot

Early Medieval Early Medieval CharacteristicsCharacteristics Iconic Religious Halos Anti-Realist Flat Minimal Background


(1308-11) The central panel of Duccio's Maestà altarpiece (1308-11) The central panel of Duccio's Maestà altarpiece


Mary Magdalen announcing Mary Magdalen announcing the Resurrection to the the Resurrection to the Apostles, St Albans Apostles, St Albans Psalter, English, 1120-1145.Psalter, English, 1120-1145.


The oldest Byzantine icon The oldest Byzantine icon of Mary, c. 600, encaustic, of Mary, c. 600, encaustic, at Saint Catherine's at Saint Catherine's Monastery, Mount Sinai Monastery, Mount Sinai retains much of Greek retains much of Greek realist style.realist style.


The Bamberg Apocalypse, The Bamberg Apocalypse, from the Ottonian from the Ottonian Reichenau School, Reichenau School, achieves monumentality in achieves monumentality in a small scale. 1000-1020a small scale. 1000-1020


Byzantine Church Mosaics Byzantine Church Mosaics from the late 12th century.from the late 12th century.

The Middle Ages The Middle Ages Early Medieval Early Medieval Architecture Architecture

Romanesque Architecture

Massive Buildings

Cross-shaped

Thick Walls

Round Arches

Decorative Arcading

Large Towers

Vaulted Ceilings

The Cathedral of Lisbon


Massive Buildings

Angoulême Cathedral



Massive Buildings

Tournai Cathedral



Cross-shaped Building Plan

Angoulême Cathedral Plan



Thick Walls



Round Arches

Decorative Arcading

The Church of le Puy en Velay



Large Towers

Catedral de Worms



Vaulted Ceilings


The Middle Ages The Middle Ages Late Medieval Late Medieval Architecture Architecture

Gothic Architecture

Skeletal Stone Structures

Stained-glass Windows

External Flying Buttresses

Pointed Arches

Ribbed Stone Vaults

Clustered Columns

Sharply Pointed Spires

The Cathedral of Reims

The Middle AgesThe Middle AgesLate Medieval Late Medieval Architecture Architecture

Gothic ArchitectureGothic ArchitectureSkeletal Stone StructuresSkeletal Stone Structures

The Piazza Duomo


Gothic Architecture

Stained-glass Windows


Gothic Architecture

External Flying Buttresses

Gothic ArchitecturePointed Arches

The Middle Ages The Middle Ages Late Medieval Architecture Late Medieval Architecture

Gothic Architecture Ribbed Stone Vaults

Inside the Cologne Cathedral

The Middle Ages The Middle Ages Late Medieval Architecture Late Medieval Architecture

Gothic ArchitectureClustered Columns


Gothic Architecture Sharply Pointed Spires

Salisbury Cathedral

western civilization lecture 2

Education

jesus birth

jesus crucifixion

jesus arguments

image of jesus

jesus burial

jesus christ messiah

jesus logos heraclitus

days jesus tomb