west african fruit fly initiative

Dr Jean-François Vayssières et al. Dr Jean-François Vayssières et al. COLEACP-EDES - OuagadougouCOLEACP-EDES - OuagadougouFebruary 21st 2012

J ean- François Vayssières, Antonio Sinzogan, Appollinaire Adandonon, Ousmane Coulibaly, I ssa Ouagoussounon, Cinthia Kikissagbé (I I TA- CI RAD)

West African Fruit Fly Initiative


Horticulture has a role of major importance in West African economy: it is a major source of income, it creates a lot of jobs, it involves many stakeholders, it ensures food security, it provides a lot of vitamins & nutrients.

Mango is a lucrative crop with export for many West African countries. But fruit flies represent a major production constraint with several mango containers destroyed every year from W.A. In 2006, estimated mango losses in Benin => 434 930 000 FCFA = 663 000 € = ~ 966 000 US$.

In all West African countries the horticultural industry is quite dynamic and known to be a fast growing agricultural sub-sector.


Fruit flies are major constraints for all fruit value chains (including wild species) : mango, citrus, guava, cashew, sour sop, tropical plum, sheanut, African wild mango… Some fruit fly species are oligophagous (attack few fruit species), others are polyphagous as Bactrocera invadens attacking more than 40 fruit species in Benin and some neighbouring countries.

Economic impact on mango value chain in Benin: losses on export cv range from ~15% (end March) to more than 80% (end June). Loss trend is similar in other West African countries while the fruit seasons are slightly different.

All West African countries (15) are dealing with that crucial fruit fly problematic: fruit fly complex (~ 10 species)


- Bactrocera invadensBactrocera invadens

- Ceratitis cosyraCeratitis cosyra

- Ceratitis quinariaCeratitis quinaria- Ceratitis silvestriiCeratitis silvestrii

- Ceratitis fasciventrisCeratitis fasciventris

- Ceratitis ditissimaCeratitis ditissima

- Ceratitis bremiiCeratitis bremii

- Ceratitis anonaeCeratitis anonae

- Ceratitis punctataCeratitis punctata

- Ceratitis capitataCeratitis capitata

- Dacus vertebratusDacus vertebratus

- Bactrocera cucurbitae.Bactrocera cucurbitae.

=> 2 mango fruit fly species => 2 mango fruit fly species of high economic significanceof high economic significance..

Dr Jean-François Vayssières et al. Dr Jean-François Vayssières et al. COLEACP-EDES - OuagadougouCOLEACP-EDES - Ouagadougou

Mango pest in Sub-Saharian Africa.

Polyphagous species (~15 hosts in Benin).

Widespread on wild (local) hosts in African savannahs…

African species known by growers.

Species of economic significance in Sudanian & Guinean savannahs..


Alien species:originated from Sri Lanka.Lanka.

Species highly polyphagous (more than 40 cultivated wild hosts Benin).

Alien species with high biotic potentialities ( > than those of native species).

Species of high economic significance in forest zone, Sudanian & Guinean savannahs.

Dr Jean-François Vayssières et al. Dr Jean-François Vayssières et al. COLEACP-EDES - OuagadougouCOLEACP-EDES - OuagadougouNovember 18th 2009

Dr Jean-François Vayssières et al. Dr Jean-François Vayssières et al. COLEACP-EDES - OuagadougouCOLEACP-EDES - OuagadougouFebruary 21 st 2012


FIRST FOR THEM

= Mangos are fundamental vitamin mineral source in Africa and very cheap


Economic impact of fruit flies: very important on mangos but also on citrus, guavas,… as they are polyphagous species.

First of all, mangos are important food crops for West African populations.

There is a need for global approach.

Mango fruit flies are quarantine pest of great economic importance (as a barrier to export) occurring throughout West Africa.


The global objective of the W.A.F.F.I. is to enhance The global objective of the W.A.F.F.I. is to enhance income generation income generation through the efficient and through the efficient and environmentally sound management of fruit fliesenvironmentally sound management of fruit flies

in order to reach:

poverty reduction and sustainable livelihoodspoverty reduction and sustainable livelihoods

food security in West Africa by the promotion of food security in West Africa by the promotion of production of mangoes and other fruit value production of mangoes and other fruit value chains (Citrus…).chains (Citrus…).


RESEARCH ASPECT: => Development of an « IPM-package » (2008-2011) as no no

single control method has been able to guarantee sustainable single control method has been able to guarantee sustainable control of fruit fliescontrol of fruit flies in W A.

=> Continuation of applied research activities (2012-2014) on non validated control methods and also on life-history of Bi .

PRODUCTION ASPECT: duplication, extension and dissemination of control methods developed in order to deliver them to fruit grower’ organisation and other stakeholders.

ORGANISATIONAL ASPECT: facilitating work of national task force dealing with fruit fly problematic.


Finalizing applied research in an African frame in order to propose best bets.

Extending collaboration with other scientists working on fruit flies in other tropical areas.

Enhancing applied research through concerted actions with research institutes and other stakeholders.


Definition of the Agro-Ecological Zone (AEZ): AEZ is a mapping unit resulting from climatic, pedological and phytosociological data. This unit has constraints and specific capacities related to the land use.

Three pilot orchards have been selected per AEZ : totally 57 PO in 19 AEZ for all 8 countries. It is possible to have an overall view of infestation with a few PO per AEZ.

Activities within different AEZ : only main AEZ are considered.

An holistic approach of Tephritidae problematic.


Four main Agro-Ecological Zones in West Africa:


=> Cultural by grafting ealier cv on late cv...=> Prophylactic by collecting damaged fruits…=> Biological control with weaver ants (generalist

predators).=> Biological control with micro-wasps (native or

exotic parasitoid species).=> Biological control with entomopathogens.=> Integrated Pest Management with GF-120

spot TTT, other bait sprays, M.A.T., & different types of bait stations …


FACT STATE:

None of classical chemical pesticides has been registered for mango treatments. Nonetheless cotton pesticides are used in mg orchards…

Chemical pesticides are too high-priced (and scarce).

Chemical pesticides destroy natural enemies (predators as well as parasitoids).

The use of chemical pesticides is a real threat for African growers… and risky for exported products due to residues… !

The effectiveness of chemical pesticides is really low against Tephritidae : pesticides do not reach fruit fly eggs and larvae in the pulp of the fruit; furthermore the pupae are protected in the soil.

=> THE OUTCOME IS REALLY NEGATIVE!


The IPM program (sensu lato) should integrate several compatible best bet technologies.

For this control program to be effective, it should be planned in the whole production basin (=> “area wide management”).

Only the most appropriate control methods should be used together per A.E.Z.


Main activities implemented:

Inventory of mango fruit fly species.

Fruit sanitation activities in orchards.

B.A.T. or spot treatments with GF-120.

Biocontrol activities with weaver ants.

Biocontrol activities with native parasitoids.

Other IPM best bets (bait stations…).

Socio-economic studies and calculations.

Set up of new orchards with good technical package (site, mg cultivars, distance of plantation, etc…).


All these best-bet technologies cannot be used in these 4 main A.E.Z. in WA. Here are the positive results for B. invadens (+)

Forest zone

Guinea savannah zone

Sudan savannah

zone

Sahelian zone

Fruit sanitation activities + + + ? +

Biocontrol with weaver ants + + + ?

Biocontrol with exotic parasitoids + + ? 0

Biocontrol with entomopath. ? - ? + ? +

Spot treatments with GF-120 ? + + ? +

Other IPM (bait stations...) + + + ? +

General estimation of best-bet technologies / each major A.E.Z.

4 + 5 + 5 + ? +


All these best-bet technologies cannot be used in these 4 main A.E.Z. in WA. Here are the positive results for C. cosyra (+)

Forest zone

Guinea savannah zone

Sudan savannah

zone

Sahelian zone

Fruit sanitation activities + + ? +

Biocontrol with weaver ants + + ?

Biocontrol with native parasitoids + + ? +

Biocontrol with entomopath. ? ? ? +

Spot treatments with GF-120 + + ? +

Other IPM (bait stations...) + + ? +

General estimation of best-bet technologies / each major A.E.Z.

5 + 5 + ? +


Test and use the compatible best-bet technologies for sustainability with growers in each AEZ. Disseminate the compatible best-bet technologies that are well adapted for each AEZ.

Privilegiate the best-bet technologies which are (i) well adapted for each AEZ, (ii) effective, (iii) mutually compatible.

Keep a detection trapping with parapheromone attractants in each AEZ for the monitoring of fly populations.


• What do you thing as important to be included in the next annual technical planning?

• Any new Research-Development activities?• Any Extension and Dissemination activities?• Which kind of collaboration do you prefer…?• What kind of capacity building do you want…?• How much funding is needed?• What are the main objectives?


IPM: annual tests at large scale against B. invadens of Male Annihilation Technique (MAT). IPM: tests of spot treatments (GF-120) on citrus crops. IPM: test of M3 bait-stations against B. invadens. Biocontrol: field tests of biological control with entomopathogens (Metarrhizium). Biocontrol: analysis of repellent cues of weaver ants against fruit flies. Socio-economic issue: calculation of cost-benefit issue. Capacity building: from growers to students. Media: documents translated in local langages, etc.

NEXT ACTIVITIES that COULD BE PLANNED


National level : with CERPA, CECPA, SPV, INRAB and many growers (Borgou, Atacora, Collines…).

Regional level in West Africa : Côte d’Ivoire, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Guinea, Mali, Senegal, Togo.

International level : Washington (B.M.), Bruxelles (U.E.), Geneva (O.M.C.), Tervuren (R.M.C.A.), London (N.H.M.), Pavie (Univ.), Nairobi (Icipe).

NGOs : CARE, CFHF, FEA, FAES...

Internal level : CIRAD Reunion / PPP (PVBMT).

Dr Jean-François Vayssières et al. Dr Jean-François Vayssières et al. COLEACP-EDES - OuagadougouCOLEACP-EDES - OuagadougouNovember 18th 2009

=> => WAFFI leaflets n°= 1 to 10.... (F.V. & E.V.)

=> => Correlation of fruit fly (Diptera Tephritidae) infestation of major mango cultivars in Borgou with abiotic and biotic factors, 2009. Vayssières J.F., Korie S., Ayegnon D. Crop Protection, 28, 477-488.

=> => Effectiveness of spinosa bait-sprays (GF-120) in controlling mango-infesting fruit flies (Diptera Tephritidae) in Benin, 2009. Vayssières J.F., Sinzogan A., Korie S., Ouagoussounon I., Thomas-Odjo A. J. Econ. Entomol., 102, 515-521.

=> => Density of pheromone sources of the weaver ant Oecophylla longinoda affects oviposition behaviour and damage by mango fruit flies, 2009. Adandonon A., Vayssières J.F., Sinzogan A., Korie S., Van Mele P. Int. J. of Pest Management, 55, 285-292.

=> => Implications of on-farm research for local knowledge related to fruit flies and the weaver ant Oecophylla longinoda in mango production, 2008. Sinzogan A., Vayssières J.F., Int. J. of Pest Management, 54, 241-246.

Dr Jean-François Vayssières et al. Dr Jean-François Vayssières et al. COLEACP-EDES - OuagadougouCOLEACP-EDES - OuagadougouCIRAD-IITA-WARDA’ team

Donors: thanks are due to W.B., E.U. (AAACP) & W.T.O. for their financial support since end 2007. We also thanks UEMOA for their current financial support in 2012.

Extension services and research institutes: we are grateful to DPV, ISRA, OPV, IER, INERA, SPV, IRAG, PPRSD, CNRA, ITRA, INRAB, IITA and CIRAD for their support since 2004.

Universities: Accra-Legon, Dakar-UCAD, Lomé, Cocody, Abomey-Calavi & Parakou, Montpellier, Paris-Créteil.

Main national projects and NGO’s: thanks are also due to PAFASP (Burkina), PCDA (Mali), FAES (Senegal), MOAP-GTZ, EMQAP (Ghana).

Involved countries: thanks to all our collaborators and partners from the 8 West-African countries.

Dr Jean-François Vayssières et al. Dr Jean-François Vayssières et al. COLEACP-EDES - OuagadougouCOLEACP-EDES - OuagadougouNovember 18th 2009West African Fruit Fly Initiative

west african fruit fly initiative

Documents

fruit species

cheapdr jeanfranois

wild species

polyphagous species

alien species

native species

african wild mango

fruit seasons