(formerly oriental fruit fly investigations0
TRANSCRIPT
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Agricultural Research Administration
Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine
Division of Fruit Insect Investigations
University of California Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station
Territorial Board of Agriculture and Forestry
Pineapple Esssarch Institute Hawaiian Sugar Planters* Association
Experiment Ststion°
IUWAU AGfUC. EXP.
DEPT.
INVESTIGATIONS OF FRUIT FLIES IN HAWAII
(Formerly Oriental Fruit Fly Investigations 0
QUARTERLY. HSPOET
January 1 - March 31S 1952 «-
oOo
#
-179-
WORK HKMI3CT X-o-5 - CCUffliDTZX TREATMENTS - J. W« Bslock, Project Lead©?
sasmss
Line Erojiacfe J~g«5«1, l-o-5"2s I-o~5-3, I-O-5-5 and L-o-5-6 INACTIVE-
Forty-four Materials wars screened, as fusiigants against naksd eggs and
larvae of JU djorsalis* Only one EE.-03r5.al, ally! iscthiocyajiate, killed both
eggs and ILarvas lit a low dosage (all larva© and 95 per csnt of tho eggs at4 milligrams per liter)o
Four materials (1s2-3ibroino pentsne / brc;?otrichloro ethane, dibrorao diehlox'oTuBVjhane aid 2"Chlovo allyl alcohol) Icillad 95 per cent of the larvae at lessthan 6 nilligra&s per litor but tfere irKJi^scitive against tho sggs»
Fifty-seven tests vrera cow.plef.ad to atuc^ the rslation of fruit load to
fly noi'tality* Tests wsre conducted 5ji 5 gallon cans and ii-on drusa of
7»7 cu» fb* cap-acsi'-Sgr* Hie fruit loads tested v^re ecmal to ?y4, 1/2 and 3/4.the frea air sjaca in tas fumatorie.* rJalcsd eggs in open fet?.mi dishss t?sre
tested fjiatu3Ltaceously» ■ Thers uas soas evidenca that noa'tiraity t;as depressed
as the froit load ^-sas increased.! She survival from r^aked eggs appaared higher
than that of eggs and larvae in fruit, espsciclly at ths Ictrer dsjuagas, bat
is dus apparently to the delayed lethxl action of EBB uhich snay pssrait hatch
but <»us3 ulticate death to tha young larvae» The usb of nakacl 3[>:g3 is Eaver-
theloss a good rsethod for detarmiaing lov: concentrations of 33DB biologically
sine©, it- appears that small differences :ui ccncantrcvuiort can ba detected mors
precisely this way than trj chesical anc2ysis»
Soixz slight. additilonal evidesco vc-.o obto:lr.sd theb pax^sitisec?, larvae ars
mo;."o resistant to 3DB thrai are uiiTxa^-Ritiac!;! Ir.rvae, but tho results ars very
i3
Ons' Isrgtt losd tost v/as conduc-'isd ;;ith ~S)B in tr.Q 21,0 ok> ft. charibar to
dat^rmiiis t3^3 effect of caclcinj: Eiiitericl en fruit fly rr.ort^lityt Tho total
load «ras :?36l Iba. U-50 lbs. of ini\2DtQci vtxrv^s aud 1S11 lbs. of pineapple)•>'Che fruit was vrfapped in corrugated paper clsevcs and j.acIcGcl in field boxes»
Borage and expos"Jira ucro 3/4 lbs * for 3 hours at 70 ° F« ?rvdt fly mortalityuas compl^ts in the papayas containing an estisutsd fruit fly infestation of
9S992 eggs esad larvae. Thoro was no dotoct".blo injuzc-y to i'JJZvQT? appearance^
03? ice-ipiDg qualities of either tho pinenppleji or papaya?.! -ahics were tested for
toleran«3» Coiabined data to data from /> large load tasts w-th papayas in a
corrugated wrap at -She 3/4 lb»/3 hour dosage show that 20 puparia vjare recowredfrom an ©stircatsd pre~treatment population of 1S7>O77 oggs and larvae, but sines
no adults eiassgsd tiiis might bo interpreted as complete k:13J-9 It i-ioald appear
•chat idaa reccarcendation of such s. treatiasnt could be Bado \dth slrlght risk of
fn2it f3.y susviv;;JL in pineapple which con be classed as a very poor fruit fly
boat with a sscorded infestation of less than 1 larva psr ton of fsf
-180-
The development of new treatments for fruit fliac has had a very pronouncedeffect on the export of frash fruits and vegetables from Hawaii• E:o>orts have
year not quita completed <> Data for ths current year show that SO par cent ofths experts have been fumigated with EDB»
EBB Fumigation of Madf&r 5a Oranges
experiments (97 total to date) ms&sq complsted to determine theeffect of EDB.on Medfly in oranges* The fruit vss cags-infGsted but the resiat-ing infestations were Light* Dosages and exposures used were l/l6 to 3/4 Ibo/1000 cu« ft» Tor 2 hoiirs at 70° P> Tests irare conducted in 5 gallon cans and7o7 cue ft. drums with a viater seal. Fruit loads in the 5 gallon cans wareequal tc approximate^ 3/4 of the free air space, and the fsruitc *&?& ftaaigatad1-ri.thout containers or pacldag material* Tlie fruit load in ths drums was equalto from'30 to 40 per cent of tha chamber voltiffis, and frultc x-?ere fnaagatadnalcad. in burlap sacks, orange boxes, and trood.cn trays» Survivora trarsonly at the lowest dosage tested,. 1/3.6 lbo/1000 cu. >?to
Using tho lasthod of Sincl&rtr c.nct Grar-d?.?.?. rsccr^ry of EDB from an empty
druta of 7«7 an* ft» volume ran froa 4-0 to 57 per coat aftsr 3 hours from an
initial, concentration of 1/2 lb»/l000 cu. ft. The loss is attributed toeorption sines ths drums wars g&s-tight.
lots of fruits and vegetable.-? (144-5 lbs«) ijsre hold to de«3j?.e degrs© of infestation in export co-amociit5.es subject to fruit fly
attacks Collections to date total 423, coaprxca 26,924. lbs» and rapv^sent12 commodities o Of this total papaya and pineapple jinks up 12,172 Ibs» and5?34B lbs., raapsctivsly, appro3ciss?.taly 64 par cent* Inf®station in papayavaries greatly with the stage of n-vtarity, averaging one larva' par 100 Ibso
in -ihe nature green stage and 85 in. the one-half rip© stago* Pinsappls hasess of t&3 lovrest infestation indices among tljs commodities unc?.sr
a-7aragi3ig less than one larva par ton of fruit«
-181-
(IP
^ WORK PROJECT I-o-5« Commodity Treatments - J« VT. Balock, Reject Leader
L±oa projects I-o-S-l, 1-0-5-2, 1-0-5-3* X-o-5-5» and I~o~5-6 INACTIVE DURIKC- QUARTER
Line Ego.jeqft 1-0-5^4.. Tg.fgs'k ,®&\l^^^^Y^^^^.^F^^^J^WfP^8 £cr-ill Conanodity 'i.'ggatmentso (BalocIcT^HiUEffi&T Ko~3uro&y~~~
■^) .Scrseniag of Materials to_ deterainei their to:d.city to.naked qrrbsand pu^qg of fruit fli93» (Fganlv Hinat?ii)
Forty-fores? inaterials wsr-3 screened as fuaigants against naked eggs and
third-iastar larvae of Da dor3alis« A total of 180 compounds bav© been tasted
to date* The results are shown in table !»
Two uatsrials, brosno chloro nsathana and a!3yl iBotl^iocjnanate, killed all
eggs and laz-VES at the dosages testsdj the methane tjas completely affective at
soraawhsra bstt.3Qn 110 and 200 ngs» par liter, the isothiocyanato at less than
5 ings* par liter<>
Hona of tlia other taaterials killed all of tae eggs but five killed all
larvaeo These five tTora 1,2-dibroiGo pentene, bromo tricliloro etlianej dibromo
diehloro nsthane- 2-ciiloro ailyl alcohol ancl n-acyl cbloride* All but the
last methionod iimtcjrial killed 100:2 within J$ hoia-s after traatnsnt \d.Jch
dosages of Isss than 10 rags» por liter* Tl:o snpicsclsmte points of 95/5 killaftez*-4vS hours •■rerc 1»?3 /ja3, 5-»7, 5^S s.nd 56 irilli'-'rair-s per litor,. respective
1^ 2«-Sitroao pontana was approrcir-^toly r.s affectivo as its prop5.ee hoitsologuo
against the larv<?.S; and more effoctivo tr^.-.i 1.2-&i.hpo^o butaiio* Against the
eggs9 it vas nuch less effective then any of the lo'.rer I;o-:ologuoa»
■c:oic"3j.o:;c o'theme tjas El.lgiitv.y r.'.oi'S offective 'Against layvae "b
broino trichloro E
2~chloro a!3yl alcohol -fas less ofr'ectivo than £^3.?.yl alcohol against both
©ggs and larss
ethane sho-red very little toidcity, iilie^eas l?2"di.bi'oa!o etliane
ditooaddo) kills all eggs or.d larvae at less than 2 E?gs« per Liter*
\
-182*
Table X* Materials aoreened as xumigants against naked eggs and 3?d instas? larva© of Dacus dorsalis
M ATEH1ALS
1,1,2> S-tstrabroEO oi
1,2-rIibrcnso cyclofcsxone
."L-'bri'CToo ethyl bDnsea©
2-»>roj^o ethyl bsnsene
Ohlnr;ldes
S-bthylcne. chloride
1,!j2"ti\ic:hlo3?o ethane
1 ? 1.1 j 2-tst^achloso pr
X, 13 2,2«3-p3&tacfcloro propane
n-bi^.'ty.l ehlorlcbhloTo butane'
u^rl cluceid©
1,S^&ichloro peatanoCyclohorr^l cb3,05^:lc?-G
,'i-obloro allyl -Cvlcohol
jl £D«50.
'*• lV"i
?131
ii
>153'. >136
I! ■ loo,
>123*65
•>176
>90
>106
"2L04
29
2A hours houra
>90
>.173
6550
5235
5
>106
3o00
>150
>123>135
6
>no
73
(cont'd)
8«0 j
0«601
173
>X53>136
66
i >135>176
>no •
42
>10690
2-1
56
>106
>173 i
Itortalities (^) athighest dosage test
ed (O«1O25 mlso pe2liter• approso 3/4-
lafter ZB hi*s
46
10
0
16
32
9
10
do
1352
26
20
4920
2612
24
10
100
0
3
3
231
96
93820
7433
100
18
55100
Table 1 cont-d
Mortalities \yj afihighest dosage tost* ]
ed (OclO25 lifts* par |MATERIALS
Chlorobromldea
Bromo chloro mebhano
D dichlovo nathano
Bpomo tsrlcblopo ethane
lp2»dibranio■*!,!, 1,2-tct-raehloro()
GH2CI ™ CF^CX
CH Cl2- CP2C1
>no
>92
Acetic anhjrdrideEthylsn©
AUyl iaotbiocyanateEt%l other
Me^yl ethyl ketoneKetl^l
n«propyi alcohol
i-propyl alcohol
n«=buVl alcoholi-buiyl alcohol
alcohol
^ 25 grams pos
■^g^Qjff.^ determine tho effectofjlqad on the survival of D* &P.ggalig. > * TSilock~^"S"J~
A total of 57 tests was conducted t/ith EDB and papayas« Iforaally the
fruits ■were field-infestad, but in many instances thi3 infestation was
supplemented by es:posure- to caged flie3 to build up fci^ier
(2)
Tha teats ware confined almost entirely to determining the relation
of fruit load to fruit fly mortality* The preliminary rtudies were con~ductsd :la tha 19«6 liter friction top tins used for fumigant screening*By varying the fruit .load using 5 and 10 papayas equal to approximately
1/4 and 1/2 tlie free air space in the tins, it was faopad that differences
in adso:?pf..ion trould be reflected ±i nortaiiiy curves undar both loads=>
;uLso by including naked eggs in &>ti'i dishes in each tast, *&e rate of gas
adsorption by the fault would Ids .Teflooted :ln -fclio egg hutch* (tabixs 3)
e 219 !• (7o7 cu<> ft«) water-seal iron dzivan vjora latsi- substitutedfor tho Gcxvsening tins in these stvdisa* ?if-^;-i:lv3j HO and 165 papayastrai'e fusaigated at one trine, a voJ.vss cqinl apprc~h;s.x,olir to 1/4., l/2? (2nd
3/4 'cho free air space in ths dvon. i\n 3" fen placed c.t tho bottom of thedrum \n-z opiated foi* tho fi::-st 20 ninutec of e?qpo3ivi'a to provide cix*c\jla«»
tion* Tiie fruit'vias placed loess on a scvooncil rZ.r.t-Syrm juat abo>re tha fan»
linked eggs 2A hours old yore fuiiii^.-.tcf.l GimaTtxaeouciy in opon Petri dishes3.iaed u:'.th sioiat blotting paper (1C0 ec~^s bo c. dicAi). T-;o dishes irara used
in most tssts one iraii'sdip/feoly above the :cru:".t eziC. one b'3lo:-;» Diffarencs
/P^ in hatch due to position x«s not cpjrcirsnt« TIao fiud.gxtiug cont?.ins?s '.-.'arev 3aainta:L:ied at 70° F, in the 240 cuTft» tI13rr.ostaticir.lly contro3J.ed chambero
5:hs ED3 was applied by irlcvoturetta onto filter paper o Volatiliaatiou was
complete) in from 7 to 12 minutes depending on -Jihe dosage usedo This xms
fcid observation through a glass viadoij cut iia tlia cover of the
equal to 1 agA to 0«>4 nlo equal to 4 mg/lo 3h the 19«6 lo screening tinsC.05 ral» of 10JS EDB in CC1. was equivalent to O»55 sg«/lo of tschnical EDBc
Tha date obtained 5jj these studies are not extsnsfara enougli to draw
comparative taoi'tality curves, biit they reveal some interesting information»
As was oxpacted there \te,3 sons increase in survival as the fruit load uas
jjicreasads Th5.s vas indicated both in the results of survival froti infested
fruits fis well a3 from the tests irltii naisd eggs^ At tho .lots? flosages testedit appoars that naksd eggs are nuch j^ore resistant to funsj-gatlon than are
egg and larval stages in fruit» At tha loijest dostigs 'Sosted (O055 ng^/le)tho mortality in the frii5.t uas :?ror. 2 to 3 tines th?.t shoia foiv naked oggso
This w.:i not erpscted sines naked e^gs v:ors c::?ossil directly to tlio furaigant
x-ihereas eggs and larvae in fruit voro afforciGtl fjoiio vrotsction frora directand issndiats contact with the "fundgimt. II73 st'ssoctod o:-ol»-;nj?.t:lon is that
this resistance on the part of the egga is ;r.ov3 apparent t:i;'.ri real, end doesj?.ot tai-.- iato accoiuat tiio clalaycci lotl'ir.1 action of i'B3 \?hioh .iay psrait bs.tch
but c?.u;:o "Lltimats death to the yevng la::--ae bsfors thiy ere able to completethoi?.- clovelopiEsat 0 Thic is born out by tha results at tha higher dosages
where ona trould e:-:psct ths lethal action to be accelerated* At dosages of
2 inga/i" and above tho trand is apparently reversed and iaortallties of nakedsggsare generally higher then iaorta!?.tles of tho inanatiire stages in fruit 0
This sens apparent diccrepancy in- results \:ith EDB has occurred previouslywhan it wa3 reported that LD 95 fez* nalced eggs was 1»5 rag»/lo (tj«. 203 last
—lop-
The mortality of the imnaturs stages of the oriental fruit fly inpapayas fumigated with ethylene dib:?oraido xirder varying loads and
at various dosages for 2 and 3 hours at 70° F»
Ezpt«,
Ko,
169^/170 .
1715/172
173
174175
176
177
178
279ISO
181
1S2
1332&£
185186
1871S8
189190
191192
193
194195196
197
138
199 ■200
201(1)201(2)202(1)202(2)203(1)203(2)204(1)204(2)205(1)205(2)206(1)206(2)207(1)207(2)203(1)208(2)
Type of
fumigator
5 gal, can
5 gal* cann •
n
n
8
a
n
n
t:
R
o
n
n
e
n
n
n
f!
n
Xi
n
H
n
0
a >
0
n
n
a
a
n
n
n
a
a
n
n
H
• U
R
a
Tl
a
Dosage1/ZBg./l.
1.15
2; 21
51551,11
1*66
2.23.
O..55
1,11
1.662O21
0.551.11
JL66
2.21
0.55
1»11
2B662., 21
O«55- 2,11
3*, 662,21
0.55
1,11
1.662.21
0.551.11
1.66
2,21
Oc55
0.55
1.11
1*11
3*66
1.66a, 212.21
0*55
0.55
1.21
loll
1*663*66
2.21
2.21
Esposurs
llOUi'S
2
2
2
20
i2
2-
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
22
2
2
22
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
■ 2
2
2
2.
2
2
2
2
Wo* of
fsuito
5
5
3
510
3.0
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
55
•
5
55
5
55
5
5
5
5
5
5
1010
10
10
10
10
10
10
Eat.
pop*
1255
1255
1255
! 12551255
1253
205.1
205:1
205X
2051
2051
20512051
2051
183152838
1838
3B3S183S
1838183S1831?ssc-
out;
Si>6
S36
8S6
156S
156li15681568156£
156J5156B156U
1729
1729
172917291729
1729
172')
1729
Survivors
pupae
0
15
301
0
0
0
56S
102
35
•4.370
5S0
0
7840
0
0
233
92
0
1030
■0
0
"".902
S978
460
0
16
130
655443191
1343937
0
17
adults
3
46*
311
25*150
245»
"33
459
273
2
0
0
• to
S36
2
4?23
d
0
0
4.911'7B
79
496
19
par.
0
|
sort.
3X0.0
98* SO76u02
100c 0
100.0
100.0
72.3195»O3
98e2999.80
8lo96
97.17
100*0
200oO
57o34lOOoO
100.0100,0
87.32
99.51
99.89
?.00c0
S3, 37100.0
100.0
100.0
02,239S.5S
100,0
99.77
95?0297.07
100.0
100. C
96,. 98
99c 17
100.0
62,12
74,37Q&.9592*25
97.7497.36
100,0
'* 1
eatoedegga
74«00
100,0
6»0
92.0
100.0
100.0
1S.0
30.0
90*0
100.0
10.0
70.0
96.0
100.0
43.0
92.0
lOOoO
IOC 0
45oO
81.0
95.0
100,0
4*40
200*0
10040
6*50
88.71lOOvO
lOOoO
460 0
70^0
94»0
98,0
100.0
200.0
100.0
200.0
56.0
44a 0
9200
90.0
100.0
100,0
100,0
200,0
Table 2 Ceont'd)
Type of
iunieator
209^4^)5 gal.
-2(a).j "
-3 (a). 1!
=4(a) B
—5(a) n(to)
210 7,7£fc^fis211
212
nu
it
213 t!214215 .216§/,217-5/
21G' ■
219
220
222
233
224
225^
Chocks
u
H
°
n
tt
V
H
1,11
1,11
loll
:lii
urn 2»0
2«o
2,0
4oO
4-0
4,0
i;o
2,0
2«0
:uo
;2co
2,0
240 f-h? ctexulZ.,0
169-lSi.
135-200201-202
209 Or.)209(b)210-215
217-224
225 |
1.
r
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
Ho, of
41 v4i^414/
4U-4j
|)3
4(k•55110
165
55110
165
55
55
110
110
no
400
]X5T>4
262
1430
262
1430
26J
1430
26:-.
343026:?.
3430349'r
6994
1049:?.
3497
699410492
3546
364«S
3646
729:.'.
729.1
7291
999.";.papaya
A5?. "H---
432 »ii
JiO
20
6510
10
165110
100
• •
_•■■ • .>
.1. '. > "f- *s **.r
7291
249.:-
S
16
61
132
3139
95
591
109"30
S3
0
0
15
. 93
13
0
967
136
■ 229
0
13350
3575
7291
adi-lts
2
7
626
. 511
2A
0
14
" 20
24
3.76
0
0
5
26
2
573
35
9 ^
-17>?
5474
lr'19
par™
0
0
0
2
2
90
0
0
0
?c
0"
Ct?.pB
2
4ft93»9
95.749c 697.3
85,1
93.477© 5
99.9
58.499,3
lOOoO
98*33
97.1
100*0
100.0
99,36
97.45
99.64
100.0
86,74
98ol3
96US6
100,0
1
!
©ggG
.™»
100.0
lOOoO
B.49I710a. 0 ■
100,0
lOOoO
B-2619
B-93.3
1-942
B-aQO.0
"£29.5
A-9&7B-2QQ0
■<-»iFciO'«icts!3 en. follouisg tags)
-187-
Table 2 (concluded)
* Raeord incorapleta
3/ Tech, EDB» Diluted to 10$ uith GCl^ for aaperimsmts in 5 galo cana.Undiluted material for 219 H'fer drums aad 2^0 cu, ft» chaJBbor« Dossg-3S
giTren are for toah&Lcal EDB»
2/ Based on piroal sn.xf7.ivo?Sc
^/ Eggs exposed in opon Fatri dishes (100 ogga each tsst) balou fjpuifc loadunless otherwise :bi'lioat3a0 (A)=Above-rsasitj (B)=3elcfa-fniito
y Six replic3bsss (tt)==£jcuits e:5p03Qd in cages to D. dpgaaJ.g.g for 4and ijronsdiat93,7 follouing for 2-1/2 hours to 0o oopSaJ.^ at the TBoard of /igricultee €z Forests.«y«, (b)=frtdtB cage<-infe5ted id.th
^/ Data discardad baeauso of Isalcago or uncertain dosage^
6/ Pineapplaa yrappsd :i.ndividTsai;iy in eonnxgatod papss* 3x. woodan eratos12 s 13 x. 2GR (36 crates e 12 fyuits each)* Pap^as were placed iufield baxea<«»20 :?icuit3 per bccc Fsaiit ia er^aj?y other box -i/as la-apjied
in corrugf-tsd pepe:? collars; otherB wora nakede The papayas uexe plac>id
in fch.6 top sni bv&tom layavsji the pineapples in the 3 roiddls layero.
Tablc 3» 'i'ha u \""oal:Vfcy of dorsalis ©ggs and larvae in papaya a»jfi to nalced
3ggt: :bi opan Pefcri dishes \ftvan fumigated taiclor varying fruit
loafe :*<y/2 hovirs c« 70° ?» with BDB at dosagss of 1,11 to 4*0
Big-A'
1
19=6n
I!
n
it
B
K
n
219 :Tl
:i
it
it
(i
j cf
L»d2
i>
i:
i;
. I!
i
J
I
■i
n
n
n
n
n
n
uta
I-Io * ;
toS u3!!
r>
5
6
6
1
^
3.
■^
1
^•..•uiLt 3.oad
3
u ■
:lo
;lo
.10
10
55
55
!
:ao'110
■ V('C
:i653.65
i
■
_Vlo/l
0.55
lill
1.66
0*55
X.662-21
'l»0
2oO
loO
2*0
4.0
2*0
AaO
.^st. no» eggs
and larvaa i:i
fruit
61636532
7418
11236
112361123611236
3646
.107S93497
729121576
6994
IO492
10/.92
723
55 •■?6
30
3053
49411321
93130
967l./o
0
304
15
88.299.2
990'?99-6
72-.S29«5 ,.6:3
98o99
99*81
37,4599-83
100*00
36.7/,97«92IX.03
97*10
99.8S
! Haked
500
500
500
600
600
600
600
600
200
500
100
200
5C0
100
200
1C0
%
vSSy o_5
IOOoO
100oO
36aO
7604.96,8
XOOoO
39*193.3
100 aO
— -i i99.1 I100,0
92»05
IOOoO
-109-
quarterly report) and 1«25 mg«/l« for eggs and larvae in fruit (p« 662 reportfor Oct»'~D3e» 1950«) Although data from naked eggs may be misleading as ameans of determining dosages requix-ad for complete mortality, this methodappeal's to hava considerable value as a bio-assay method for determiningsmall differences in gas concentration during fumigation; sintje us have aochemical Esthcd praciss enough for accurate determination of jsmall amounts
of EDB»
When one considers the very high sorptive rate of EDS, end tha limitations
this imposes on'the effectiveness of this material, it becomes increasinglyapparent from our mortality data that only very minute amounts of EDB can bo
tolerated I^r fruit flies*
The possibility Sag been suggested that parasitised fruit f3y larrae are
more resist&at 'bo EDB fumigation than are taiparasitised larvae (p« 193 reportfor last quarts:?}« Expsriiaent 209 in the prassnt series \i&s designed to further
test this "possibility o* Bipe papaya fruits were cage-infasted by JD» aojraslis*One hsjj? the fruita iiera exposed to Q* ooghilas tho s?iue &£$ for 2 l/2hourGoBoth lots vjsre 3ield for 6 days sjicI then. fSiigctsd in the 19»6 lc acreeaing
o Foxh* parasitised 2nd 4 non-parasitised fraits -jsrc fusjigatsd at one
with 6 .^plications, all at a" dosage of 1.11 Kg;,/l» In each tost the1 hih bi itid fit h
p
sxirvivf.1 \:&b higher in biJ© parasitised fruits as shov-n bslov;:
Sable •!■« The e:rf*3ct of paraaitica hy Q* assJliiHa on D.L do^sjiulis. larvae &21
pa^syr?. fitraigated i-iith EDB at Idl iag*/l° ^>r 2 howra at 70° F»
MIX'
1
2
3
4
5
I
BfiBa—.
262
262
263
262
262
1572
^^JSuryjhTgl
16
39
59
109
73
2
2
93 »9
4.9*6-
85*1
77.5
72.3
72,S
U30
34-30
3430
H30
1430
Survival
31
95
1
0
191
Z
9
21
1 99"9I? 99..S
!iIi 3.00*0
\
The su5."7ivi?.'> 5^-. parasitised' rr/iorial 5.9 consistantly Mghsr Iv. each
and thsra ap;3s?.i"£ 1;o 03 quits a prono'oncsci difforonco bet-jeon tha E3an
niorfcal&tias, 72 »8 for tho paix.siti:;od natorial and 97=S for tlis ranparasitis
Hotievsr, thsfis rssiO-ts are not substantiated by ths parasite ossrgenca f:?oa
the tvro lots» Oaly .2.0.cj?jn}ij3m' cnorged from the cages parasitSsed 2sat3r:lal
and 11 oopMlus frc-a ths othsr 3.ot. apnarcntly lsaraeitiaod in tho fieldo
It iias possible to run only one large-scale test (Expt» 225) in the 240ctu fto chamber to determine the effect of packing material on fruit flymortalityo This experiment was conducted with pineapples and papayas
■wrapped In corrugated paper collars» The fruit load totalled 23&L lbs a,4.50 lbs« of which ware infested papayas. The pineapples were wrapped incorrugated paper and packed in 36 wooden eratos 12 x 13 x 20", with 32
fruits per crate o One-half tha fruits -were plant crop and tlis other half ^h ill d ith ll dp p
ratoon h-v&tso The papayas were similarly wrapped with collars? and weseinterspaced through the load to determine mortality under these conditionso
The fruit fly population in the papayas was dot3rmined as 9*992 eggs and
larvae and ao survivors wre recorded. The dosage used was 3/A lb»/l000 cuoft. for 3 horn's at 70e F» Papayas exposed at the saise titns for tolerance
showed no ill effects frcEi this trsatrasiit as reported by -Akesaina* The entirei E
p y
load of pijaoapple was turned over to Akamane of tho Hawaii Agricultural ExpQpi-msnt Station after fumigation- They uor-3 held for 6, 11, and 17 da;>-s at
45° F« and ths:.i e:-:?.ndnerl daily for 5 days while bcin'g hold at room teispsratttre»
ihsre was no indication of injury cxe to fundgation, a-id ther-s vraro no detectabledifferences bsti-jaor. ftnaigatBd and control fruits*
The results of 13 tests coaductso; to date to determine the effect on
fruit fly morality of different sathodo of pack are suranariaed in table 5«
The methods of pac&isig under tost were: ..
1» Fruita naked in fiel-3 • uox^s-
2* Fruits nalced in field boxes lined with newspapsro
V . 30 Fruits wrappsd individ«a3Jy in corrugated paper collars in field boxes*
Jk.o FruilS «rappad in ci'<;?:!?.s tissus in .field bojses*
5o Fruits packed in wood or paper ejccslsior in field box-as*
6« Fruits wrapped in corvi>2i'.tod papor collcrs and sooled in cairdboard
cartons--
7" Fruits -.Tapcsd in citri's tinsue v:a<l pacl-cecl in o;-:cel?.t'-o:.* in so'iled
carcibocrd cartons.
Thece •beats shewed thsit at 1/2 lb./l(300 cu. ft. fpr 2 hours mortality \..>ascomplete with nc-Jrec: fruit and frait wrapped in citrus tissue in £ie3.d bases«
When tho field bo::es wDra linsd wiv,h nowspap3r the norta.13.ty based en i-scovered
pupae was; redusad to 99»31?j» When corrugated papsr co3J.ars wai'a placed around
individual fruits the mortality was 99«96jS at 1/2 lb./2 hom-3 avid 99«9S?JS at■ 3/4 lbo/3 hours * With this 3.attsr treatmant 20 pup-aria, were j.-scovered from
ari original fru5.t fly population estimated as 164j237, but those failed toproduce adults, probably indicating delayed lethal action* l&sn fruit was
packed in e^celaior at 3/4 lb«/2 hour dosage pi'oduced 99'92>S morality andat 3/4. lbe/3 hours, 100$ in the siJiglo tssts cond\.ict8d» High moralities,99o^, irers obtained at 1/2 lbo/2 hro. with papayas packed for shipment in
• sealed curciboarcl cartons» Gorrugatscl paper collars only, and citrnn tissue
r. virap pif-jj excalsioz1 pack -fsro used with tho papayas in the ces.lsd cejrtpnzo
At 3/4. lb/3 hoxtrs morta3.ity was complets in bno test when 11 sealed cartonswith 108 fruits wr&ppsd in citrus tissues and packed in c::colaioi* iisra fumigated at ths sojss t-3H9 as 1260 fruits packed in field bores with accslsioro
-191-
Table 5. Sumraary of large load tssts with EDB in the 24-0 cu« ft. fumigatingchambers under various methods of pack, and under-varying dosages
at 2 and 3 hours' eacposure at 70° F.
/pN
Test
155
158
154a
Dosage
1/2
i /■">
1/2
1/2
15S
157
160
161
1/21/21/2
165 116716S
3/4
(Fruit 1
1/2
135
166b
164.
166a
1/2
3/4-
3/43A
Hours Load
2
2,
11511596
12580
.JZS69.
0
0
0 100
I 1596| 20
A()0 ,0
99 .-.31
2 100 O0
Ba2S£-fi2^SSa^LS.iS3^»SPJ^)
2
2
2
2
1005
1582
1596
*iL*—-«^.-i
3 136S
1363
1180610890
198644919
0
0
2
15
13^996
0
12
0
0
100 *0
100 »0
99«9999o70
0
0
0
0
59^6"
100=0
99o9?li 99-95I 100,0
A00 \ 7428 13
Cferdboard
2
3
3.095 4949
1S03
9 0 | 99*
0 100,
2 1368S 1369
3792
21037
30
0
0
I 99*92100 «0
1/1/2 of .-fruit tn?ap>3ed in papsr collars (Bxpu« 154b) cnct J./2 :l-ii crszus tissue«2/IDo dorsaligj jfb* longicayfig.tus • .2/ 10S fi-uits ii- sealed bos»s, rsroainfier 3n c":ccXg?.oi- in field bosceo (E:cpto 16ca)
-192-
It would appear from these data that the" use of packing material at the1/2 lbo/2 hour dosage would involve sons slight risk of fruit fly survival..The combined results with this 'dosage for the various packing methods were 69pupal recoveries out of an initial fruit fly population of 96,961, but only4. adults emerged and one of these tjas the parasite 0», loppjcaudatuso At the 3/4lbo/3 hour treatment, 20 puparia were recovered from an estimated pre-treatmentpopulation of 187f,077 egga and larvae, but these failed to produce any adults eTaking a conservative view, pupal recovery could be interpreted as being doseto borderline survival even when no adults result* Reconunsndation of sucha treatmsnt could be made with very slight risk of fruit fly survival in acommodity such as pineapple, which can bs classed as a poor fruit fly hostwith a recorded infestation index of less than one larva per ton of fruit•This figure is based on holding tho skins of shelled fruits, -which methodincreases chances of larval development and can therefore ba considered theextreme ind-a;: for the 156.4 fruits uaed in these studies over the past 3 years»
There v.-ers surprisingly slight differences in the effect on fruit flymortality from tha aix widely different paciting nethcc.3 tested. Mortality inpre-packaged papayas in sealed cartons was alnost as high as with ths other
methods under testa The depression of mortality by lining field' boxes withnewspaper is difficult to explain, especially \&6& .compared with the excellent
results in sealed cartons»
Over the past few years there has bsen a steady increase in the export of
fresh Hawaiian"fruits, especially papaya and pineapple, and more recently afew test shipments of vegetables have been tnade* This growth has bsen closely
correlated with the fisvolopnient of successful treatments for fruit flies«
From May 194-6, when B» -dorsalis. was discovered in Hawaii, there were no shipments
of fresh fruits or vegetables until 19/<S when vapor heat was approved for papaya q
This treatment was later extended to "coil pepper, Italian squash, tomatoes and
pineapples &fts:e necessary tolerance stud:;.&2» Kothyl broaide for' pineapple
was approved on April % 3.950, end on April 2/;., 1951 ethylono dibromide was
approved for tha treatiasnt of &.vo3ao.o} ball peppo?, bitter Ealon, Cavendishbanana, cucuriber, papaya, pinea^le, snap beans, s.nd Italian squash* The
effect these development0 I22.V& hiid on ialan-3. esportcs is chovjn in figure lo
Go Ethvlono dibi-c^da© apji^fup-igait "0^..y^g..):^g.4:VJ.3.^?v:ir3a
is sxpariiaents (72-97) \we coEiplotsd in tb:'.s Kori.-3s to dateunineeffect of ethylsne dibrcrdc'e on the i!b^!:lt3rrancan fr^lt f.ly in oranges»
Four o? tha ezporimsnts vrara coaductsd with tangsrineo from &aui -w
ware rspor'oscQy hsavily infested by liadfly. Raymond Miyab&ra wa.-s kind enough
to make arrangements for purchasing and shipping the fruits to Uonolflus
Tho fruit fl;.' infestation in tfcass fi'uito was rather light, ave'raging lessthan one larva po:r fruit snd tljis was predominately_doj^lis with c^g&tata.
making up about 2o5 i.er cent of tbe infestation*
-193-
2,000^0 30
l,500r0 \Q
1,000,059
Figure
5OO9OOp-
The effect of recent developments of new treatments
for fruit flies on the export'of fresh Hawaiianfruits and vegetables« (Data from K« L» Jfeehler,Div« of Plant Quaj?»)
Treatment Date Commodities
approved- cpveregL
Vapor heat
ZfeBr
EDB
Apr«30s 194S papaya0cto!9# 1949 bell pepper, Italian
squash, tomatoes
Dec©10j, 1950 pineapple
Apr* 3P 1950 pineapple
1951 avocado, bell peppsx*#
bitter melon, Cavendish
banana, cucxaraber?
papaya3 pineapplef
snap beang, Italian
iocr-hsGt 30%70$IfeBr
Vapor heat (100$)3,240 lbs*
1949
Vapor haat 10%
MsBr 10%EDB • .
'rr^-r^rrn{rrfrr>rffrr^!^v^ar^':*^^^^'s^^^
1950
Fiscal Years
1951
/JB\
The remaining tests T>iere conducted with California navels which wareexposed in cagesto eapitata. Tho resulting- infestation was disappointing, aver
aging less than one lasva per fruit* Again various nsans for increasing ovi«=»position in the oianges were tried, such as rolling and puncturing the fruits,but at least in this series there was no advantage of rolled or punctured fruits
over those x^hich were exposed as purchased"
We are experiencing difficulty in isaiiybaining the stocks of MedOy re
quired for any extensive studies. The flies are difficult to Ice so alive forany length of time, necessitating constant r3~stoc!dLng. Because of the small
numbers of fruits it has bssn possible to infest under these conditions it
has been necsssary to conduct soeg of thesa studies in the 5 gallon■screeningtins* Data obtained from the larger water-sealed cbaub-ars of 7*7 and 10 cu» ft*
should ba more accurate and more nearly ropressntafcivo of cosmsrcial fumigation^
and we plan to confine future testa to these chambers»
In the present series of tests the fruit load was maintained constant
at 40 fruits for the tests in the 5 gallon cans* ^his represented a fruitvolurns equal roughly to 3/4 the free air space in the 5 ga3J.on cans« Dosagesused ran from 1 to 8 mg«/l* aqual to 1/L6 to 1/2 lbo/1000 cu« ft« Exposurewas 2 hours for all tests at 70° Fa Survivors i^ere rocordsd only at the lowest
dosage used;, l/l6 lbo/1000 cu» ft»
la. the 12 experiments conducted in the 7*7 cu« ft» steel drums ^ath water
seal, the fruit load was kept approxiEate3y constant at 2 cu« £b»9 but the
fruits were packed in three nays: (1) 12 wooden trays -with screen bottomsi(2) in a cut down orange box 12" :c 12". 2 24"3 (3) ia tvio burlap 3acks« Dosagesused vsre 3/L6 to 3/4. lbo/1000 cu. ft» for 2 hours at 70° F» Survivors warerecorded only at 1/16 1b*
Detailed data are shown in table 6»
-195-
Table 6« Mortality of tiis immature stages of the IMiterranean fruit fly and tho oriental fruit £3y in orangesand tangarines fumigated with ethylon© dibromide at dosages of 1 lio 12 mg«/l* for 2 hours at 70° F«
310a
2/73
742/
76
77
7S
79
SO
81
84
85
86
87
fumigator
dram
n
n
5 gal* can
n
n
Doeag© ing«/l
2,0
2»0
loO
2,0
8o0
hctsr
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
420
I 420
193
204
40
4£
40
40
40
40
40
40
4-0
40
40
40
40
40
Kind & Source
Tangerines, Makawao
Maui
Tangerinos, Haiku
navels
con*d
155
£55
155
155
100,
100,0
lOOoO
10G«0
98*06
} 100oO
00. |
0 ! i0
0
1
100 oO
100 oO
100 oO
100*0
100*0
Table 6 eont'd
no?
90^
93^923/932/
9^
973/
!typa of
fuznlsatoy
7e7 CUefto
drum
R
n
n
n
. »
n
it
Dosa^a Kif&/1©
2*0 i
;
, !
12 oO
1,0
4-0
1
Exposure
hoUTO
2
2
2
2
; 22
I
Ho© of
fruits
273
273
273
273
250
250
250
250
210
102
3791276250
Kind & Source
Calo navels
ti n
tl H
n n
n ir
n ft
n n
si n
Cal<> QEV61&If R
R 0
tr «
Estimated 'popiul
•
ii
1
3J.7I ^»
0
ation
Mod*
201
201
201
201
2S9
■ 289!\
-3
155201
Survivors
0
0
0
0
0
0
0-
0
i" " *5/1' 02i" ;5 4
[155!201
1
adulte
dor*
!5f 00
0
0
Med«
2
•wo
3126
3492S?
Ps? cent •* /
mortstli-oV*"^
ICD^O
'lOOoO
100«0
100^0
100eO
1QO«O
100,0
1
I
i
%f Based on pupal survival*g/ Fruit fumigated in 12 wooden tray© with wira bottoms, 2-l/2Ksl2ns3.6ny Fruit placed in burlap sacks « 2 sacks psr drum«
Emit packod in cut down orange box 24-" x 12" s 1211No emergence datac
S/ Field infestedc2/ Cage infested by capitata.
-197-
(0) Sorption of EDB (Balock and Swanhota)
On March 24P Carl Swanholm, a chemistry major at the University ofwas employed to assist on the problem of sorption of SDB by various commoditiesand the various surfaces such as walls, packing boxes and materials which maybe involved during the process of funigation. Sorption of EDB in a metal-linedempty chamber of 240 eu. ft. capacity as determined by uLtra-vlolst absorptionwas found to be as high as 37-3/2 per cent and with papaya in field boxes occupying 1/2 to 3/4. of the volume of the chamber the loss approximated 75 percent after 2 hours from an* initial dosage of 1/2 ib./lOOO cu« fto, apparentlydue to adsorption. (Rept. Apr^Jwie 1951 p. 82?)« Lln^-ran and Sinclair (1951Jour= Econ. Ent» M(6)s 980-990) reporting results from a 100 cu. fto gas tightmetal chamber stated that from a dosage of 1/2 Ib./IQOO cu. ft. 52 per cent of thegas was recovered from an eapty chamber after 6 hours, and 8 per cent and 18 percent with oranges in field boxes occupying 38 cxv ft- and 19 cu. ft. respectively*Tho method for the determination of etbylen© fiibromide ucecl by Liafigren andSinolair was reported recently (1952* Sinclair and Crandall Jour. Ecozu Ent«
_. • _ _» * _____ ________ _. _.. *w ^ m « t m ._ ^ ^% . _ _ % _P _ V^ _^ ___
tarminao^^ but for EDB tba gas eamplss MJst bo Loafrad in a hotels? ovenat 90° G. for 30 minutss for the roactioa of tho EDB with aoao . .noihMno to
Using the above method for EDB determination a series of tests was conducted
to determine the rate of adsorption in tho 7«7 cu» ft- iron drums equipped witha water sealo The EDB v&s introduced at the rate of 1/2 lb«/l000 cu» fto witha micro-burette graduated to o05 ml<» Three mstliods ware ussd for volatiliaing
the gas* (l) The burette uas intreduced through a hole in a rubber stopper
and the EDB placed on filter papor to increasa evaporati surface» Burette
was vathdrawn and hole tjaa stopped imnvediatslyo (2) Sana as above but theEDB was impinged on a hot (?300°C.) porcelain crucible so that volatilization
was affected i..iaediat3ly» (3) Suse as (2) except tkat tho burotte was leftin place to maintain a complete seal throughout tho exposure. For comparison
one test was conducted .with I Br at 3-1/2 ibs./lOOO cu. ft*
The results shcired tbat undo:.1 these cor.ditiono in e.r. esroty, uapc?J.nted5
ge.s«tight iroa dz-vm cf 7»7 cu. :'?-o. cr.pac?.^ tho Iocs of EDB waa 4-0-5? per cent
after 3 hours fi-on an initial dosage of 1/2 lb»/lOCO cu. ft» With MeBr at3-1/2 Ib./IGOO cu. Tt. thg loss \:s.u api:-ro:::*n:-.toly 30 per cent in tho sses
period. Thooe losaey aro attributed to r.cr:orp"iiic:i since the finas uere tasted
and found gas-tight =.
The results are shown graphically in figure 2»
l/2# EDBA000 3Figure 2a Sorption of EDB in Empty Drums (I£on)*
Absprbtioa O/-v0 Methyl bromide - 3»5 ibso/LOOO £t« ™ EDB added through hoi© in
stopper*. Volatilization not
instantaneous •^ EDB added through hole—possible
loss* Volatilization complete
instaQ tly*
^ EDB added in sealed container oVolatilisation complete instantly o
sample of each curvo may have
an error of » 5^ due to air insampling
SO
Timo - Minuter
160
Suanholm
-199-
Line Frojoc/o X-»o~5"?-» Investigations to Determine Infestation Indices la
Eibli^55iH^^^^rd Vegetables- (Balock and. Kosuhs?) '. ' "
Thia?ty~four lots of fruits and vegetables t/sre hold during the current
quarter to determine the degree of infestation by fruit flies*
Sines.these studies ware initiated 12 different kinds of fruits and vege
tables have been held to determine tfcsir susceptibility to fruit fly infestation.Total collections *?ere 428S comprising a total of 26j924-paund3« he commodities
represented are for the most part those for which treatments have been developed^
with the exception of egg plant.
Data for papayas and pineapple, the feo main export crops are more ex
tensive than for Eost others, and sake up about 2/3 of tiio total fclt
craarter zlcs friiits avsi'ags noar?,v 5 lar-.?ae psr ISO lbs. and 1/2 i-ire fi-uits
S5.
Pineapple has one of -$hs lovroot j.-SGcrclcj'. indicsa of infe,otst?.on, 2 larvae
•Jii 514i8 po'oncis of frouilt, and -jhon one conrjilo.srs tliat this i7£,/? iH2corded in
shelietl fruits- ifhich incrsasss con;sic"ore.'cly tho cin'.r.css for l?.i-Vi?.l survive!, .it sesEs quits evident that piiisapple is a vei-gr poor dogBaiy^i host».
able ? Ir^edia-osl;/ following .suraisarifjas all available data on aafestation
records* Datailed oxits. for the current quarter e.vss shown Itj table So
-200-
V.Table 7o Msan indices of fruit fly infestation in fruits and vegetables*
j0
Fruit or Vegetable
Avocado
AniPm (Cavendish)
Bell pspper
Bitter melon
Cucumber
Egg plant
Mango (Haden)
Eapaya (solo)
Pineapple
Snap beans
Tomatoes
Zucchini squash
Totals
Degree of
maturit?/
me green
mo green
1/4 ripe
—
eu green
1/4 ripe2/2 ripe
m» gseen
1/4 rips1/2 ripe
1/4 - 3/4 ?S
—
e» grass
1/4 ripe
—
No* Of
collections
45
7
2
32
7
25
12
445
5940
30
.pa 78
16
26
26
8
428
Eoo of
pounds
1695
31580
"1212
275
2399
267
U
1511
737423141934
5148
413
14511235
215
Index
Larvae per Ibe
0«069
0
0
0*223
5.822
1*559
0
Io55
7«93
OoOl
0«0450o850
0,00038
4*37
0*595
Oe853
3.01.
Fruit fly infestation in exportable fruits and vegetables
Fztiit or |
vegetable |
Avocadon
vm ■ «
Banana
Esnaisa'•
L
Bell pepper
Bitter melon
Cucuzsbor
Variety
Seedling
Cavendishit
i
Cavendish
Degree o£
maturity
mogreen
ti ni
i
!
n n
n n
\—/ -v — ■*-£' . 1
" " I
■! 1CalifftVondes
n n
►
Donvar long '
Burpee hybrid
Round
Sollection
llOoi
4*45
67
3 ' i7
T
2
2
31
32
7
2425
2
12
11952date
!
1/302/20
1/302/203/20
I2/20
1/282/20
2/20
2/20
Locali-^r
1
Kilo
I'Saunowilin
Kanoohe
litinoohe ]
j
Eva 1
Kilo
Maui■ ■■
Ho.
2540
1657
130
160
150
(y->0
130
20
4941
S20
40
50
20
1 20
1 ^100
fe 1
Ibso
30
30
cO
1695
30
50
45
125
40
40
oO
56
3.1
1212
275
20
60
25
2?
267
rotal
0
0
0
117
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
270
1602
0
0
0
B739
0
0
0
t
Pes?
Ibo
0
0
0
♦C$9
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
01
0
0
0
1*559
0
0
0
1
$or.
1
0
so
0
0
1°
0
23
0
0
0
■"7T
0
Emergen
cucJ
0
0
0
0
0
0
163
1123
0
1585
"I)
0
1/
!0«peP«O«
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
f)
"XT'
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
fl
0
0
0
other
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Table 8 cont'd
Fruit or
vegetable
Mango
Papayam
n
!T
Variety
Haden
Solon
n
Bspaya \ Solo■n »
! • •
Jfcpesa
PJjieapp3jD S/
n
it :
Solo
Smooth
Cayennen
n
Degree of
maturity
m*green
1/4. ripe1/2 ripe
eu green
n it
n u
n 11
l/4 ripen 11
. u
Collection
Noo
*■<•
4-
56
57
59
'■tO 1
39
1952
date
1/111/282/26
3/4-
1/111/2$2/26 j
| i [1/2 ripe
1/4-3/4 X"ipratoon •
plant crop
re/boon
plaat crop
30 • | 3/4
•0
i 75
76
77
73
A
TO
1
3/143/14
1/29
Localitar
Kaneoh©
Koalo&nQan n
Kaneohe
Kailua
Koaloa
Koaloa
H«.PoiTd»Ks
4207-StlOA frJ.tl*)Wci
4202
HoPc4207-
Fruit
13IS
13
40
23
2m4O
50
155
40
2540
21S9
40
£00
30
ipio
| 30s 50
40
150
Wt-
Iba-J
n
1511
3927
50
65
7374
332750
2SU
50
I9CV,
72
12S
103
195
larvsie
Total
119
94
00
1
0
:.i
i 04.0
0
40
• 0
1GCS
0
0
0
0
0
I " 1
pet'
1U55
7.932*55
0
0
°0
-010
^ ^. Emergence-'
Uors
77
71
1
153
0 J°" i
0 »
t
0
0
0-
-GGO31)I
0
x
oucl
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
no
00
0«p
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
•
6
0
0
OoOe
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
G
c
77
0
0
other
0
0
0
0
0 "10 ;
0
0
0
i
0 1
-i
0 10
cont*<3
Table & coated
-203*
Degree of Collection
^s ;s QapQo poraulcatuaf Ooo»Oft ocmhiliiaPineapples shelled beforo placing in holcLLag boxes; all others held entire.
-204-
V Ffeetors Affecting the Keeping Quality of Gut Flowers. Foliages. Ornamentals*Fruits,, and Vegetables in Relation to Quarantine Sterilization Requiremanta
for Ezport, (Ernest K. Akamine, H.A»E.SO5 '■
The following is a resume of the studies conducted by the Departaant
of Plant Physiology University of Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station,
duping the period ending I&reh 31, 1952, on the tolerance of the various
commodities to treatments required for destroying tha oriental fruit f2y«
Certain treatssnt, storage, and personnel facilities of Grant Ho0 5X of the
Industrial Research Advisory Council, Territory of Hawaii, were employed inthese studies*
Banana (Chinese)
That the tolerance of Chineco banana to tho approved sthylone dibromide
fumigation varied with fruits from different locations was rsportsd in the
last quarterly report. Investigations ucjra continued during this quarter
to determine the causo of this diffs.;'ar.c3 in tolerance. iToaa of the
physiological faotorn takea into ccac:laera"iion ao xpx seems to be the deter
mining factor (tests 43, 44, 45, /*6, A8, 49. 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55). It\tzb, hor;3vor? discovared that ato.?:lnj tha c2i:r.iu; fo:-: about a iveok at 55° F«
before fumigating reduces the degroo of injiu-y (tests 1,7. 5S, 57) * Furthertests on this aspect vill be
Although the approved etbyleno dibi-oitd-do traainant itself doss not
influence the developmant cf storago rot of papaya, the loss of marketable
fruits due to this rot is quit© considerable especially with fruits from
wet areas and those harvested during the winter months. This rot is caused
by a fungus called anthracnose. Suiaerous tests -tfers conducted in efforts
to control this dissaso* Soakiag the fruit in hot water at a temperature
of about 110° F. for about 20 minutes before fuMgating uith ethylene
dibromide significantly reduced the rot incidence. Tho hot water treatment
has as such as doubled the number of sarliatable .fr;?.itsa This treatment also
cleans the surface of the fruits which are tisually eove-i-od'yith lates, dirt,spray residues, etc Det-sils of these tasts will be raported soon in
suitable publicationsc
Avocado
Euraarous variotiec of avecaden ere V-aiiig collsctaci fron throughov.t the
tei'ritory to tsot their degrso cf tolcv."n',:o to th?. approved cthyloaa dibs'osaide
treatreent and to detsrr.iino thoir Icocpiiig q-.j.alii-.;r c.^d eating qual5.ty (fatcontent, noisturo cont-snt. taste, arc-:n. sosi-;;dil:'lo portion "ratio, sisa,etc). Sams 50 naiced aacj scadliag vcric-ties hsvo alraacy been tested andit will bo sor.a tiss bofove ail vai*ietios will Ii&va boon bectsd. Thera is
considerable variation in the factovc studied ar-xng ths different varieties^
Those rating high in tolerance to. the fumigation trsatcsat, keeping quality,
and eating quality will be recommended for consiiarcial plantings for the osposi;tradeo
~205~
Shipment Report (X«R,A8C. Project 3$ RM. 95-2)
The test shipments were planned by Kenneth I. Hanson and Dr. FarcyPhilipp of Project 3a, Expansion of I-feinlend Markets for Hawaiian WinterVegetables, Fruitc, Flowers, and Foliage, in cooperation u«ith Dr. KobsShoji and Dro Toru Arlsurai of Project ftc, Storage Life, Quality andMarketability of Fruits* Vegetables, Flowers and Foliage for ExportMarkets* Jack Ishida assisted in preparing the shipments* Kr» Hansonacoozapanied shipc©nt Uo» 9 to los Angeles, Shipaoata TSo0 10 to 15 weresent to coast markets by Dr0 Philipp and lOr,, Kobe Shoji, received andinspected by Mr.. Hanson*
tto. 10 To Seattle? Hawaiiaa Plenter, November 3, 1951,
Papayas, pineapple, avocados, bananas, string beans, andcueiaabarso
Kbo 11 To San Francisco, Hawaiian ■Wholesaler, November 23, 1951OPapayas, avocados, cucumbers, string beans.
Ho* 12 To Los Angeles, Hawaiian Packerj, Ibveiaber 29, 1951,,Pineappl© container testo
Ifo. 13 To Seattle, Hawaiian Planter, December 10, 1951*
Papayas, pineapple, avocados, cueraabsrs. and string beans.
®o» 14 To Los Angeles, Hawaiian Refiner, Dscembcr 20, 1951*Papayas, pineapple, cucuabarG, o.ncl string beans*
K6» 15 To San Frsncioco, H?.-.-a:L:laii Pilot, Jcsuary 97 1952.
Papayas, bananas, ciicuiaberE, sn£ otring boans*
I&rkot research raid trade sciucuiion vorl: win cai-ried on in the idiolo-sale and retail stores in Los .i>i£c7.e3, San Frascicco* Seattle, and Poz'fclando
ssmms
PAPAYAS
Six test shipments wore eent to coast serkets to study the dsmLopmantof decay en route and the coloring and ripening of papayas from differentshipping districts*, Upon arrival at the coast markets, the papayas were
taken to wholesale produce warehouses for inspection,, or to the UeS»D0A,Terminal Market inspection office. Preliminary inspection reports for eachshipment were sent to the Agricultural Economics Dspartasnt of theAgricultural Sktension Service and to the project leader of 'XeTUKG* Project
ShiptBant Fog 9t Twslvo car-tons of papayas vrsre treated and packed inHonolulu on October 22 and shipped at 55® F, to los i&gelos. This lot uasheld at 60° to 65° F6 after arrival :lu Los Angslos, Inspoctiona t;ere asda
^^ on October 30 and irovsmber 2^. 0a October 30, 8 days from paaking,. 21 perf cent of tho fruit showed stcn>eKd decajr. Tvo days later t?ais had increased
to 43 par cent*
Shipment Nqo 10t Twenty-four cartons were treated and shipped toSeattle as follows!
(a) 12 ctns. of Oahu papaya from the University of Hawaii onNovember A» ahippad at 47° P.
(b) 12 ctns. from a commercial shipper in Hilo, Hauaii^ on Kovember1, shipped at 47° F«>
Tfoon arrival the fruit uas kept at room temperatures of 46° to 50° Fofor two days. Four boxes war© t&en hold at 70° F, for two daya0
(a) The Oahu papayas showed 6 per cont surface decay on arrival*The decay was apparently caused hj box braises and piekiag bpuiseso
Twenty-two per cent showed stem-end dscsy« Three days later the stem-enddecay had increased to 30 per csntc Coloriug appeared to be normal,, All
fruit packed half-ripe was ready to sail on arrival, Nearly all the one-
fourth ripes had changed to half ripos, and nearly all mature greeas had
changed to one-fourth and half i
(b) The papayas shipped from Hilo came from two locations oa Hawaiiand were designated as lot M (^sesnoto) and lot T (Tanioka)*
Neither lot showed any anthracnose or other surface daeay on arrival,
but both showed heavy etea-ond decay., lot M had 30 per cent stem-end
decay which increased to 50 per cent in two days0 Lot T showed 38 p©r cont
stem-end decay T&ieh increased to 45 psr cent in two days.
In both Hilo lots the coloring was norml, all fruit arriving at ono-fourth to one-half ripa. This fruit is finsor, has a brighter color thanthe Oehu fruit, and ripens more slowly.
li Eight cartons of Oahu pnpsysa trsre trsatod Hov©aiber23 and shipped at 4.7° P. on tho Baualicji viholoaaler to San Fi^anci3co. The
color and quality of this shipment rero good vith fey .fcruicad fruit and no
anthracaose on the surface. The fruit uao liold at rcora csTnpsraturos of
60° to 62° F« on arrival,, Twenty-threo cut of 56 iiapajas, or 50 psr centflshowed stem-end docsy upoa arrival. However, only 9 por cent had enough
decay around the stem to make the fruit unsalable the day after arrivalo
Shipment ITqp Igt I^ina cartons of Oahu papayas were treated on December
10 and shipped at 4.7° F» on the Hawaiian Planter to Seattle. The fruit nasplaced at room temperature of 4-5° to 50° F» oa arrival. The fruit trasfirm, with a few scars and bruises on i&© surface,, On arrival, 4 per eenthad surface decay and 5 per cent showed stsra-end decay,, Thi3 lot was
salable on arrival, but the cold weather ratorded coloring. Some of thofruit was placed in retail stores vith instructions to keep it at 70° F«,or above if possiblee
lo«,,_1A: Ten cartons of Oahu papayas vsro treatod. oa Decomberth Hi
, o u ppays s reatod oa Decomber
16 and shipped on tho Hawaiian Refiner to Lojj togeles at 47° F. The qualitywas goodj the fruit hard and fina on arrival, Sii: cartons t/ore packed
ir/ith nature grson fruit, ons x.rilth orie-fourth rips fruit, and threo withons-half rips fruit, 'i'ho fruit shoved a alight change of color in transit.
-207-
Upon arrival the fruit was held at room tesgjeratures of 52° to %° P.There was no anthracnose evident on the surfaces 11 papayas, or 14 per cant,showed varying degrees of stem-sad decay which increased as the fruit washeld in storage*,
gMcmsnt Ho« ?fo Fifteen cartons of Oahu papayas, treated and packedon January 9 in Honoltiluj, vbsq shipped at 42° Po oa the Hawaiian Pilotarriving in San Francisco on January U* The qusality was good, fruithard and fi2% with wry little decay on the sm?face«, All eartons werepacked with nature greaa fruito
The temperature on the pie:? -jag 50° to 55° P« upon arrival, and on thehouse floor the temperature ma approximately 52° to 58° P. The
papayas wore left on the pier for one night, then taken to a warehouseoffice for inspection.
On January 15, aftor six days or. fcae ship at 47° F,, 79 per cent verenature grson and 21 per cant uere onc-fcurth r£poe
On January 16, sevan cartons of tho lot vero placed in a ripeningroom at 67° to 73° F6 (humidity 70$. Sis caVlcns wore hsld on the warehouse floor at a tempsrature of 50° to 55° P.
Results of observations Eade on riponing are shoii?n in table 1.
Table 1*—-Comparative Ripening of Papayaa During 7 Days in Storagein Warehouse and in Heated Room-*.
Stage of
Mature green
2/4 ripa3/2 ripe
Ripe
January 16
house
heated
room
Per
78
22
0
0
80
20
0
0
After 3 daya
hous©
heatedroost
5640
4.0
2668
3
3
After 7 days
house
heated
room
Per
4650
40
1
31236
s Temperature in Tfflrehouse yas between 50n ar.d 55° P« and in the heatedroom bstween 67° and 73° P.
tt* Percentage of each lot*
The fruit in the heated room colorsd raich aos-a rawidly than the fruiton the tmrehouse floor but dovslopod noro stssi-and decay.
The fruit held at 73° P. showed 13 per coat etac-end decay aftor threedays? the fruit held at 55° P. ahouad 2 per cent stei>aad decoy, • At the©nd of 7 days, the heated fruit shouccl 41 per cent decay and the fruit heldon tho warehouse floor showed 28 por cent decay. HbHOver, some of the fruitshowing stem-end decay visa salable during the first fotf days.
-20&-
Papayas from different islands vary in quality, color, texture, and
flavor* Some papayas ere ready to eat tiheh half-ripe; sosa are not ready
when almost thr6e»fourth sip©. Th© amount of anthracnose decay and stei>»end decay varies in fruit from differaat islands and from different loca
tions on the sama island.
Stom°end decay in fruit reduces the shelf life and limits sales*
Although the decay is present around the stem and increases daily after
it first starts, the fruit is often salabla upon arrive!* However, the
presence of tho decay often necessS-tates repaclcing which adds to the sell
ing expense,, Inspaction of some vapor heat treated cammereS.al shipments
shoved no stem-end decay upon arrival or 3 days aftsr' arrival.
Some gresn fruit is arriving on the rcarkotc This fruit often fails
to color bafora it develops both anthracaoeo and stoE-enci decay. All fruit
should have a definito color brerak or be one-fourth to one-half colored
at the time of shipping* The low taraparaturoo in eoaat cities in the
winter and spring months retard the coloring of papayas on the retail
stands. Few stores have facilities to heat the fruit to 70° to 75° Fe ia
order to induce coloring* Green papayas a:ra seen in oil stores on tho
Coast during this periods The low teznperaturQS havo a ssrious effect on
the proper coloring and handling of the fruit •>
Two largo shipments of pinaapplo wera made to I«os Angeles to study ths
amount of bruising caused hy tha various types of shipping containers now
in usa» Ths Katson navigation Coiapaay and a- contaisier corporation cooperated
with the shipper is thass experiments. Observation of the fruit lias aiado
on coast mrkets isj th9 writer.
Shipment No, 1: Pineapples wore packed in five differont sizes and
types of containers and wera ahippsd on the Hatiaiian Packer to Ion AngeleB
on Uovsiaber 28O tfpon arrival in las Angeles$ the fruit waa placed ia a
wholesalar's warshxyus® for isaspection. Ths quality of ths pineapple in ths
entire lot was only fair and sons of the pineapples wore vary ripe,
Ths following table shows tho amount of bruised :?ruit in each type of
containers. Only container and shippirsg baniiB©3 *>rars recorded. In sesrainstances it was difficult to determine father tlia fruit had besa bruised
before packing or-bruising was caujsed by ths container..
Table S.-^-Percentage Bruising of Finscipplos v>j Typo of Shipping
Container. Shipaant Ho. 1.
Quantity and type of contains!
10 wirebound crates
10 old style wooden boxes with heavy slats
10 snail corrugated light cartons
(canned pineapple carton)10 large corxugatsd 'light* ca'rtoas
(canned pineapple carton)10 large~sise corrugated car"fcons
(asphalt between layers)
<er of" Percentage
braising
587
36
50
120
20c7
28o0
12,0
2«5
-209-
Shiprasnt Hqo 2> Pineapples wara shipped to Los ibgales on the I&waiiaaRefines? on December 20 in twenty containers using four different types andsiaea, The quality of fruit in this shipment was batter than in the firstshipment* The aaiount of bruising appeared to ba a little less than thefirst shipffisnt. The same procedure of inspection was followed as in ship-mant Ho. 1.
Tabl© 3»—Percentage Bruising of Pineapples by Type of ShippingContainers. Shipment Noe 2.
Quantity and Typa of Container
5 heavy wooden crates with slats0
5 irirebcund crates
5 light corrugated cartons with excelsior
5 corrugated baaana cartons (long)
Slumber of
pineapples
40
30
22
50
Percentage
bruising
17.520c 0
14*0
4°0
Two crates with fruit packed Breaming trp showed 8 per cent bruising,.
Three crates with fruit packed on sidas showed 25 per cent bruising*
Remarks
I* The bruising of pineapples ehippsd in heavy wocdan containers witfa-
out corrugated wraps Has due mostly to the praser-re of ths side slats
against the fruit* This was particularly noticeable whoa the pineapple was
packed too tightly in the box, See® of the fruit had been cut by the slats$
others wore bruised froa the -weight of the boxes vhsn piled one on top of
another^
t '.jas packed in corrugated cloo^er: ez.0. a padding of excel
ho bos, bruisiuf; vp.o light. Bruiaiiis appscrod to be mach
ugated wraps
2c When fruit
sior Msaa used in t ,
worsa vdthout corrugated wraps
3«- A heavy eorrusated bo?: holaiag 12 pinoapplss and used bj a coiai!»r-
cial shipper proved to ba an excellent container. A cc:o:cuga-bed box \rxbh
asphaltusa between laj'crsj holding oij: pineapples fin oections, has also
proved satisfactory*
BMAITAS
Shipmsnt 3?o» 10. to SaattlQAiiaavraixan Planter.,,fiNpvsigber...a, 'Twocrates of Caveadish (Chinsser^naBas^roKi Jfenoa Valley* Oahu, were packedin hands in tJirebomsd containers with shredded paper and shipped at 55° F»
after treatment with ethyleas dibromide. Quality was exesllent on arrival,,
However, color was a little too light and the fruit was too ripe for com
mercial shipsents to sail trail in the Seattle market.
Shj-pmsnt No. 15 to San Fgancj.ocoT Hawaiian Pfvlot, Ten
bunches of bananas from Manoa Valley were packed in a large crate with ex
celsior and bananas in hands were paclsod in firs corrugated cartons after
treatment with ethyleao dibrord.de. Thoj usro shipped at 55° ?• Upon
arrival in San Francisco, tho bananas in the largo crate wars unpacked and
taken to the levy Zentnar warehouse where they usro placed in th© ripening
room at 60° F. The'bananas in hands vsro taken to "Mi© 0. Lippifor ripening.
~210~
(^ ' The quality of bananas in bunches and in hands was good. Some werebreaking color on arrival; a few were greeno Comments on quality bywholesalers and others were as follows:
"Arrived a little too yellow and should be picked slightly greener*n"Ship slightly greener for best results."
"The skin of the Cavendish banana is very tander and more susceptibleto bruising than the Gros Michel bananas,n
"Bruising not excessive in the shipment*n
nDo not use excelsior as it cuts into the skin of the banana and leavesimprints.H
"Too mich shredded paper in cartons. Air is cut off around the banana,a
Remarks ■ . •
Market reaction" was good and soisa interest was, shoiai by thos9 dealerswho had sold Hawaiian bananas jsa?3y yeava ago* Sams of this shipiaont ofbananas wa3. <3oliv©r3d to retailors who vore familiar with' Eawaiian bananasand had sold them icany yeai*3 ago.
Wholesalers want to build up the old teada slowly sad recoimaencl. small
revived if quality is good, "They rocounjancl shipping Hawaiian bananas in
stems in the green stage with no yellow color break and placing them inripening rooms on awival. This is the irsthod ussd in handling bananasfrom Central Ansrica. They suggest that further experiments be saade with 'shipping temperatures and. methods of handling in transit, etc, CentmLAmerican bananas are shipped at temperatures of 53° to 55° ?„
Dealers also stated that thi3 variety is difficult to sell in eompeti-
t5.on with the Gros Michel variety frca Contrd -tecrica but felt that at ■first ssall quantities could be sold if the quality v&e good*
AVOCADOS
Ttjo tasii shipiosnts of avocados wara sent to Seattle and one to San
Francisco,, Irag boxss usrs ussd in wo of the shlpjaants ?-^ flats in anotiier0
^^^^^S^S^^^^^SJ[^^^^JSSr. *~-3 avocados voro toosoft aad over.vips, and vrero unsalable on arrival. Ths flesh was discolored
and there i:ao a ^-jatery appearance ai'ouad -the seed. Ssvsral &vocado3 should
decay as well as a breakdown of the fleali. S5.n-3c \ioso xog la
lJo«.-,3.1A,Jlo,ISan.Franoiccpj...^ovsy^gr..g3j.^l951t TIiq arrival
condition of avocados i/as escallcnt, Ono xiholcgalGr irac eatisfiod with thequality but stated the sise was too large, Torjnirial warlcet inspactor-s
report: BGenarally fins to hard, no decay. Flavor very good on turning ■
or rips; fruit markstable,n
Two fcosas (24- stroeados)lfrom Grower Ho. 630 in Kona, Hawaii» Outside appsarance good on arrivalj
9 fruits soft, 15 fina,. Eight avocados out of 24 were cut opaa* All showed
broan .discoloration of the flosh and i-satery appearance around idie seed.
/ps. Four boxes U6 avocados) from Grower Ho. 1505 ia Koaa, Arrival condi«V " fcion was goodj fruit was green and fix©. Color and texture of flesh u©r©
goodj no decay or browning around seed; slight pitting on surface,. Flavorwas excellent! seed large, One retail store reported norssal ripaniag iathe store.
Remarks
Wholesalers want small avocados—24 to 36 to a flat of 13 pounds. Goodgrade, large sise avocados will sell hut at a lower price than snail avo~eadoa. Results of inspactioa of this test shipment indieata that keepingquality varies a great deal with different vaz'ieties of avocados.
CUCUMBERS
Five shipraants of cueisabars were Eade to Saa I^ancisco, Los Aagalss,and Seattloe The cucumbers -^re treated xrith ethylene dibromide for.2 hoursat 70° Fo and shipped at 55° £> Iospections were md© on arriiral, and thecucumbers shown to uholasalsrs to determine market reaction*
Shipment No, 10? to Seattle^ November. 4. 1<?$1 (2 boxes)% 70% darkgreeni 20$ definite yellow colors Mf°light yellow color; 12% showedshrivelling; sise good, flavor good.
p Ko, 11. to SanjP^M^^^Jia^^^^^Jc^i^ (1 box) s Arrived
in bad condition, UiffiBrke.table on account of^decay and ysllou* color*
fairo Only 18 cucumbers out of Jt2 isirkctr/cis "or. arrivnij iTslioued shrivol-ling and 14 .showed decay on the surface* Scars ovsrHatui'3 when" piclcedo
^S^L&tjy^^a-^LiSgS^SjJJscCTflterJi^ (I.ijok): lfi% bslour gradeduo to shrivelling, or decay on sui*face, ' 4J# iiere grssn—quality of thosewas Ht
Sbipnant go. 15. to San Ifeancisgo.:.. Jaj^^vsr.ig^Jg.'H (2 bcaces): Excellentquality, color greone Hard and fin>~i% decay, no nhr:WelliEg or pelting*Equal to Florida and Cuban cueianbsrs*
Remarkg
Cucumbers in all snipaants except ono showed yellouing said sos® doeayeWhen cueuabsrs are picked overmatura and shipped with a slight yellow color,arrival condition was poor, Dark green cucumbers, properly graded on paek«ingp carried well and arrived in good condition* Hholesalors showed interestand made inquiries wfcaasver medium aiscd. dark green eucumbGro ware displayedon the serkete QuajJ.ty siast ba equal to nsinTumd quali*^"*
STRING .BEAMS
ThsIvo lug bosee of string besmn, all of tha .LiialraLoi variety, wer©sent to coast !?arkatfo TI7.0 beans -.rare tveatod with otl^rlens dibroni5.de for2 hours at 70° F. and shipped at 55° 2?. On arrival they were inspected endnhov.ii to intorosted vltole-SElero .vi S&u Fr<2«.ciacc, los Av.Qolcn,, Seattle, andPortlande
ft No«. 10,rto Seattle, ITpvembar ^ (2 lug boxes): Color fair,too light "on arrivalj™67# good, marketable stock* 15$ brol:en$ $shrivelled and too amallj 3% decay and
Shipment Ho, 11, to San .Francisco, November 24 (2 besres): TorndnnlMarket inspectors' report: "Contents show beans generally rus3etted~»
ranging from few spotG to practically entire bsan affectodo Quality sari
eonditioa aside from russettiag good."
broken aad feu ssall and inraaturs* This lot not Earketable dus to
russettingo
Shimsant Ho, 13, to Seattle., DecemberJQ. (2 besea): Very light incolor; 85% Grade A. i5% iaanatura and^^blendshss axA broken0
gbiyjamit. No^jy..jap Loa Aogelss, Daceaiber.l? (3 Ivg bo^es): In goodrfresh, crisp condition. Idght colors 8Tj shrivollcd aad too young? /$broken and 3% decay and raoldf and er.tixig quality gocdo
Shipment IIoi,i_.l?,titp San Francisco.,. January.. 10 (3 lug boxes): Qualityfair,, Ifeny too young, shrivelled; boanc sppsarod frocks soeb interest
shown by tradstt Placsd in four "wholesale stores*
Remarks
Good string baa-is of tho L'jsluslei varisty v.:dJ. arrive' in salaM.e
condition on the Coast after trer.t;is:it '.-i'-h cthylorio f2:i.bi'ovd.dc. I7o*«£ver,
they should be picked at tho right .Ttago cf bvbv^ity astf shciucl not bs tooyoungo They a'iould to. graded for quality'and packed in en L.A* lug boot orpnwan wirebound contsir.sr without \ic:r. p:iv.er or c. liaar* A chipping tem
perature of 55° Fo appoars to be s2.t:«.3.Ctictcry.
HIBISCPS
On September 27, 1951f c .arantine regulations on the shipjaent of
hibiscus plants and cuttings to the IJaisland Tiera modified to allow entry
to the MainlsiBi after ii
On October 22, 1951, a teat shipment of 13 hibiscus plants obtainedfrom the University of Hawaii aad a HonolvJLu grouor 'c^.s csnt to tho Mainlandafter fumigatioii irlth insthyl broiaids by the Beard of Agriculturo and
and three woro iassced on ths ship b3.Ccu*a arrival. Of the plants chippedat 55° Fo, four had roots psetsd in aoas l:afcro sl'dpssnt and thrcs vera leftin the original can for 6 days am aoEcad en the chip brafors arrival*
All plants survived accept onct Ti-ic c:\3 p".r.-vc bed r:r.rdly amy rootsystem and iras psckc/! :l?.i rc-oss on clav c:? nh:li5r.5ivV. enr; i.^lc. .c.t a ts:it?::rat'jrs
of 70° to 75° F* on tho shipt-
Tho loaves of the plcurbs packed :& koos and carried at 70° to 75° F,appeared moro wiltec.' then the loaves o." plantc in crisir^l coiitaincrs. Tfcogeneral appearanco cf t!ie foliage of plr-ita crj?::lzd r.t y3° ?«. «'ca better
than that of plants carsisd at TCP to" 75° F«
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/FN Hibiscus plants can be transported to the Mainland with roots packed^ in moss at a temperature of 55° F» .or at 70° to 75° F8 Proper handling
from ship -to destination is important as plants dry out at high teimpsra-tures aid low huaidity«
MARKET RESEARCH AHD TRADE EDUCATIONAL HORK
lo Galls were made on brokers, x&olesalers, and retailers tfho handleboth fresh and processed Hawaiian products in Los Angeles, San Francisco,
. Portland, and Seattle There was a genuine interest shown &n Hawaiian
goods by many of the companies visited, Thoy ware interested in knowinghow papayas grew, hc-v large the industry was, whether It was seasonal ornot, and what the future ohipsant might be* Photographs were displayed andinfoEffiation on Island fruit crops war? given« Calls were imide on retailersand wholesalers with brokers' saleenssn ia Sea Francisco and much usefulinformation was exchanged on the possibilities of selling local products,,These salesican hsys long established conasctions with mary cstores and soaseof the buyers in the stores ara inclined to learn all they can about newproducts such as the papaya, both fresh and processed, and Hawaiian jamsand fellies* Stores in the jnora prosperous residential districts ar©interested, as mnp of their customars have been to Hawaii and ask for
the products* The prico of both fresh aad processad products varies agreat deal*
2, A short 5-sninute saoving picture film of "Khe papaya growing industrywas aade in the fall of 1951 and edited by the secretary of the Los Angeles
r^ 'Hholesale Produce and Brokers Association., !Fhis film Is now being usedweekly in classes organised by the association for r9tail clerks and producenan in Los Angeles and vicini-'^r* Mro Bill Bawloy of tho association givesthe course and states that there is an interest shown In papayas at
3« Literature on papayas v&a distributod to aa*ey retail produceclerks and store opare.toro. Inforiration on vitamin r.nrl other food ualueof the papaya xras gi'j3:z. to nouopapisrs, r&altli 3tore,'.i and Juice stands.Publicity was given in the food adv-ortininj:-: sections of nGv.-sKapars and thowrites? appsaraci on on© telewis.ion vh&x.
4. Window displays of IcrlDutl food products v-3.v-3 sat up in Ssattle,Portland, San Francisco, and Los Angola:? is coopbi-atior. ^;ith the ?-TatsonNavigation CosEiany. The displays crdatea scaa latersst v&d jnany inquirieswere received about Island products a?d where- they could be obtaijaed.
This work will be continued and enlarged* '
A display of Island products was seat to Bsar Creak Orchards throughthe cooperation of *&■* Wood of Hawaiian Airlines e.nd the United Airlinesand shown to the president and some of the staff moEbars0 Shis coispanyspecialises in gift jjackages all tho year round and covers cany cities inthe United Statoso The eompa:ny is interested in three products«"coco.(iutbutter or topping, poha Jam, and frssh pineapple and would be interestedin contacting'shippers in Hawaii,
ACKHOtJLEDGMEHES
The writer wishes to acknowledge the aid and cooperation of those
who assisted in the test shipment work in Hawaii and on the Coast*
Dra, Kobe Shoji and Toru Arisum of Project 5k, Dr, Perry Philipp,
aeting project leader of Project 3a, and Jack Iahida of the Agricultural
Extension Service, procured, and shipped tho fruits and vagstables after
treatment while the writer was on the Mainland frcxa October 22 to January
2/{«. Matson navigation Company personnel in Hor.olulK.—4vlessrs« I»o Lo
Westling and Prod Zirni-'-arranged for storage facilities on tho chip*
1-Satson Navigatiou Company officials in Sen Francisco. Los Angeles,
Portland, and Seattle, iracie arrangemonbo fo:c receiving the eliipnsntSo ■
Mr,, Sugone Tarr in San Francisco and Ift\, ."Mt'ard Rcalfo ia Los Angeles
helpsd ±a rcany
Thanks are also duo to llessr.^ Say 0. Liudatrora and Sam Iiagusi,
Torainal I'iark9t inspocoors of ths ?rccucti«5a and I-Sirlcetyjag Administration,
Uo S«, Depai-tmant of Agriculture, for fun::!s!i5.ng spaes ani inspacting •&&
vegetable shipnjsntst, Jlr, C« A, Rogers of Cala\To, Inc.- in San Praneisco
and the Consolidated Produce Gonpar-j iii Los Augeles avranged for storing
and handling e2psriK2ntal shipmaats aad assisted in inspecting and report«»
ing on arrival condition of fruits* The Levy Zentner Gos^jany, 0o Idppl,
Jacobs l%lcolai and Burtt, aud L, J« Hopkins Company alao gave ijarehous©
space and assisted with the ercpsrimsntsl shipments* The Olympic tTarehouse
Company and Calavo, Inc,, officials in Seattle assisted with the test
in that cityo
(signed) Kennstli I. Ifeason