wellbore assignments

WELLBORE ASSIGNMENTSTimothy C. DowdElias, Books, Brown & Nelson Oklahoma City, [email protected]

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INTRODUCTION• Wellbore assignments present a unique challenge to the

title examiner.

• Wellbore assignments are frequently ambiguous.

• Older assignments drafted prior to the frequency of horizontal drilling are often ambiguous.

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PRINCIPLES OF CONTRACT INTERPRETATION

• The primary goal in construing an assignment or any conveyance is to determine the intent of the parties as expressed in the conveyance.

• Often referred to as the “four corners” doctrine, a court will look at the conveyance in its entirety, with effect given to every part of the conveyance.

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CASE LAW

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Petro Pro, Ltd. v. Upland Resources, Inc (Texas)

• The King “F” No. 2 Well was completed on a tract that was later pooled to create a 704-acre gas unit, producing from the Cleveland Formation between 6,500 and 6,600 feet, but also including the Brown Dolomite Formation between 3,400 and 3,600 feet. KCS Medallion Resources (“KCS”) and MB Operating Co., Inc. (“MB”) were the owners of this unit.

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• In November 1998, KCS and MB conveyed to L & R Energy (“L & R”):

• All of Seller’s right, title and interest in and to the oil and gasleases described in Exhibit “A” attached hereto and made apart hereof (“Subject Leases”) insofar and only insofar as saidleases cover rights in the wellbore of the King “F” No. 2 Well.

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• In April 2004, L & R assigned its interest in the King “F”No. 2 Well to Petro Pro, Ltd. (“Petro Pro”). Upon inquiry,Petro Pro determined that KCS and Upland were treatingthe interest of Petro Pro as a wellbore-only interest in theKing “F” No. 2 Well.

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• In September 2004, Petro Pro filed suit seeking to quiet title to the entire 704-acre pooled unit, from the surface to a depth of 6,800 feet.

• Issue: Wellbore only or something else?

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“All of Seller’s right, title and interest in and to the oil and gas leasesdescribed in Exhibit “A” attached hereto and made a part hereof(“Subject Leases”) insofar and only insofar as said leases cover rightsin the wellbore of the King “F” No. 2 Well.”

• The court of appeals construed the limitation to “rights in the wellbore” as limiting the assignment to production from the wellbore of the King “F” No. 2 Well at the depth it existed at the time of the conveyance. This meant that Petro Pro’s rights included the right to produce from shallower formations, including the Brown Dolomite, but not the right to extend the wellbore vertically or horizontally, and not the right to share in production from any other well that may be drilled on the lease.

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“All of Seller’s right, title and interest in and to the oil and gas leasesdescribed in Exhibit “A” attached hereto and made a part hereof(“Subject Leases”) insofar and only insofar as said leases cover rightsin the wellbore of the King “F” No. 2 Well.”

• The only geographical area conveyed and owned by Petro Pro wasthat required to operate and produce the King “F” No. 2 Well, and thedepths conveyed to Petro Pro are the depths (both horizontally andvertically) penetrated by the existing wellbore. Further, Petro Pro hadthe right to use the wellbore to produce from any uphole formations.

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Key Production Company, Inc. v. Quality Operating, Inc. (Texas)

• Key Production Company, Inc. v. Quality Operating, Inc.follows Petro Pro in finding that the language “insofar andonly insofar as” described is a limitation on the grant butneither reserves nor conveys any interest.

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• Exxon was an owner of an interest in the Pearline Perkins, et al., Smackover Gas Unit, when it conveyed the same to Gasoven, Key’s predecessor in title.

• An amendment was subsequently executed in which Exxonfurther reserved the Henry Williams, et al., Pettit Gas Unit,which was located at a depth between 6,898 feet and 6,900feet.

• Exxon subsequently created the Henry Williams Cotton ValleyGas Unit, which covered depths between 10,142 feet and10,340 feet, and was covered by the same leases as thePearline Perkins, et al., Smackover Gas Unit.

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• Exxon conveyed its interest to Quality Operating, and Gasoven conveyed its interest to Key, and a dispute arose as to ownership of the gas being produced from the Henry Williams No. 2 Well.

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Assignment states:

• All leases or wellbores or contract rights INSOFAR AND ONLYINSOFAR AS set out in Exhibit A being attached to thisAssignment and Bill of Sale and made a part hereof for allpurposes, INSOFAR AND ONLY INSOFAR AS these leases orwellbores or contract rights are contained in the units describedand set out in the particular Exhibit A, and INSOFAR AND ONLYINSOFAR AS these leases or wellbores or contract rights aresubject to the contracts described in Paragraph 2 below or in theparticular Exhibit. Assignor excepts from this Assignment andreserves unto itself all other right, title, and interest.

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• The Exhibit “A” contained a page titled “Pearline Perkins, et al.,Smackover Gas Unit” that described the three leases beingconveyed. Important to the court’s analysis was the fact that thePearline Perkins, et al., Smackover Gas Unit had been created by aDesignation of Unit that had been filed of record in the deed recordsof Freestone County. The Designation of Unit described theSmackover Gas Unit as including the Smackover formation at asubsurface depth of between 10,980 feet and 11,680 feet. Theassignment referred to the recorded Designation of Unit.

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• Key (from Gasoven) claimed all interest in all three leases, except for those specifically reserved in the assignment and amendment (the Pettit Gas Unit from a depth between 6,898 feet and 6,900 feet; and depths below 11,680).

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• Key’s Position: Key argued that, reading the assignmentas a whole, interpreting the assignment as conveying onlyrights in the Smackover formation would negate specificreservations to the deep rights in the assignment and thePettit formation in the amendment.

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All leases or wellbores or contract rights INSOFAR AND ONLYINSOFAR AS set out in Exhibit A being attached to this Assignmentand Bill of Sale and made a part hereof for all purposes, INSOFARAND ONLY INSOFAR AS these leases or wellbores or contractrights are contained in the units described and set out in theparticular Exhibit A, and INSOFAR AND ONLY INSOFAR AS theseleases or wellbores or contract rights are subject to the contractsdescribed in Paragraph 2 below or in the particular Exhibit.Assignor excepts from this Assignment and reserves unto itself allother right, title, and interest.

• The court sided with Quality, finding that the limitation“INSOFAR AND ONLY INSOFAR AS these leases or wellboresor contract rights are contained in the units described,” takentogether with the definition of the Pearline Perkins, et al.,Smackover Gas Unit as found in the recorded designation ofunit, shown on the Exhibit “A”, unambiguously limited theassignment to the Smackover formation.

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Comet Energy Services, LLC v. Powder River Oil & Gas Ventures, LLC (Wyoming)

• Comet Energy Services, LLC v. Powder River Oil & GasVentures, LLC is a case that came before the WyomingSupreme Court twice. In Comet I, the Supreme Court ofWyoming was asked to interpret an assignment of a federaloil and gas lease.

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Powder River claimed the entire 760-acre federal leasebased on a 1998 assignment of:

• 1. The oil and gas well(s) described on Exhibit“A” attached hereto (“Wells”), together with allequipment and machinery associated therewith;

• 2. The leasehold estate created by the lease(s)upon which the Wells are located and/orpooled/unitized therewith (“Leases”) and alllicenses, permits and other agreements directlyassociated with the Wells and/or Leases.

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• The Exhibit “A” described, in table form, the State and County,Location (4-53N-75W), Well/Unit Name (the Federal 44-4) and theField. The Exhibit “A” header stated:

• This Exhibit “A” contains the description of the wells/units withsuch description intended to incorporate all ofSeller’s/Assignor’s interest in such wells/units and is notintended to be limited to Assignor’s/Seller’s interest in thegeographic boundaries of the specific spaced/drillsite unitdescription therein.

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Comet Energy Services, LLC v. Powder River Oil & Gas Ventures, LLC (Wyoming) • “2. The leasehold estate created by the lease(s) upon

which the Wells are located and/or pooled/unitized therewith (“Leases”) and all licenses, permits and other agreements directly associated with the Wells and/or Leases.”

• Powder River argued that leasehold estate referred to the entire lease.

• Comet argued that absent a legal description of the underlying lease, “leasehold estate” referred to the 40-acre unit on which the Federal 44-4 well was situated.

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• The Wyoming Supreme Court found the term “leasehold estate” to be ambiguous, and remanded the case to the trial court.

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Comet Energy Services, LLC v. Powder River Oil & Gas Ventures, LLC (Wyoming)• The trial court admitted testimony from the land manager at

Forcenergy (Powder River’s Assignor) stating that it was Forcenergy’sintent at the time of the conveyance to convey all interest in the leaseassociated with the Federal 44-4 Well.

• The land manager further testified that the lease itself had not beendescribed because Forcenergy obtained the interest through a seriesof mergers, did not have records of the lease itself, and spending themoney to do the title work would not add any value for Forcenergy atthe time of the sale.

• The trial court again found in favor of Powder River, and Cometappealed, arguing that the testimony of the land manager wasinadmissible evidence of the subjective intent of the parties.

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Comet Energy Services, LLC v. Powder River Oil & Gas Ventures,

LLC - II (Wyoming)

• In Comet II, the Supreme Court affirmed the trial court, holding that the testimony of the land manager “explaining Forcenergy’s reason for offering the twenty-six assignments at the 1998 auction, the process by which the assignments were drafted and why the property descriptions were limited to well descriptions, rather than well and lease descriptions, was the sort of evidence this Court contemplated when we remanded the case for resolution of the term ‘leasehold estate.’”

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Comet Energy Services, LLC v. Powder River Oil & Gas Ventures, LLC - II (Wyoming)

• Comet II does not exactly address a wellbore-only assignment

• However, Comet is a cautionary tale to title examinersthat even where language appears inclusive, a courtmight find an ambiguity where the assignment describesonly the well and not the lease, or describes less than theentire tract covered by the lease.

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D. Armstrong v. Berco Resources, LLC (N.D.)

• In Armstrong, Berco Resources, LLC was the owner of a leases covering two wells, the Thompson Well and the Yttredahl Well in North Dakota.

• Armstrong sued Berco and Encore on issues of quiet title, breach of contract, trespass, and conversion.

• After a bench trial, the court found that Berco’s statedintent, along with custom and usage in the industry,showed that the Assignment was intended as a wellbore-only assignment.

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Purchase and Sale Agreement• “this transaction will only cover all of Berco’s interest in the two wellbores,

associated equipment and production from the Bakken formation asdescribed on Exhibit ‘A’.” The Exhibit “A” included a table as follows:

Working Net RevenueWell Name Interest % Interest %G L Thompson 8-34 91.6667 76.04167*USA Ytteredahl 33-34 100.0000 87.5000*

*limited to the Bakken formation found in both wellbores at footagedepths between 9,800’ and 10,350’ only.

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D. Armstrong v. Berco Resources, LLC (N.D.) Assignment

• The Assignment granted to Armstrong “all of [Berco’s] right, title and interestin and to the assets, properties, and production described on Exhibit ‘A’.” TheExhibit to the Assignment is as follows:

Working Net RevenueWell Name Interest % Interest %G L Thompson 8-34 91.6667 76.04167*USA Yttredahl 33-34 100.0000 87.5000*Yttredahl 33-34 Minnelusa 100.0000 N/A(unrestored location)

*limited to the wellbores, associated equipment and production from theBakken formation found at footage depths between 9,800 feet and10,350 feet only. [court’s emphasis]

• Trial Court: Wellbore only Assignment.

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D. Armstrong v. Berco Resources, LLC (N.D.) *limited to the wellbores, associated equipment and productionfrom the Bakken formation found at footage depths between 9,800feet and 10,350 feet only. [court’s emphasis]

• The Eighth Circuit found the language “production from the Bakken formation” in the Exhibit “A” to the Assignment could either refer to:• (a) production from the Bakken formation underlying the entire

property on which the wells were located, whether or not produced from those wells, or

• (b) production from the Bakken formation through the named wellbores only.

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• Armstrong argued that the term “Working Interest” is generally synonymous with “leasehold interest”.

• The Agreement and the Assignment unambiguously conveyed a leasehold interest.

• The court affirmed the trial court’s findings in favor of the defendants on the breach, trespass, and conversion counts. (i.e not a wellbore interest)

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Cox v. Kaiser-Francis Oil Co. (Okla)

• This case involves a mineral deed, not an assignment.

• Plaintiff Ivy Lively Newton Cox was the owner of a mineral interest on which two wells were producing: the S.P. Helm No. 1-12 Well and the Stevens No. 1-12 Well.

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•

• Stevens 1-12 Well

•S.P Helm Well

Cox v. Kaiser-Francis Oil Co. (Okla) Cox conveyed to Kaiser-Francis:

all of Grantor's interest in and to all of the oil royalty, gasroyalty, and royalty in casinghead gas, and distillate gasoline,and royalty in other associated minerals in and under, and thatmay be produced and mined from the following describedlands situated in the County of Canadian, State of Oklahoma, towit: South one-half (S1/2) Section 12, Township 14 North,Range 10 West....

Said lands or portions thereof, being now under oil and gaslease dated October 14, 1966, from Samuel P. Helm and FannieA. Helm, husband and wife, Lessors, to L.J. Johnston, Lessee,... it is understood and agreed that this sale is made subject tothe terms of said leases, but covers and includes all the[royalty] due and to be paid under the terms of said lease toGrantor, less and except the Grantor's interest in the wellborerights and production from the S.P. Helm # 1 well located in thecenter of the Southwest quarter of Section 12–T14–R10W,Canadian County, Oklahoma.

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Cox v. Kaiser-Francis Oil Co. (Okla) ISSUE: Cox believed she had conveyed only her royaltyinterest in the Stevens No. 1-12 Well, and producedevidence that she did not know she had conveyed moreuntil the S.P. Helm No. 2 Well, a replacement well for theS.P. Helm No. 1 Well, was drilled. Kaiser-Francis claimedthe royalty from the S.P. Helm No. 2 Well, and Cox suedseeking reformation of the deed, quiet title, and accounting.

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Cox v. Kaiser-Francis Oil Co. (Okla)

• Trial court held that the reservation of “wellbore rights and productionfrom the S.P. Helm # 1 well” was ambiguous. Since “wellbore rights”are owned by the lessee while a lease is in force, Cox owned no“wellbore rights” that could be conveyed.

• The S.P. Helm No. 1 Well was a unit well and not merely drilled on theunderlying lease. As such, the court determined that the reservationof Grantor’s interest in production from the S.P. Helm No. 1 Well couldbe interpreted as a reservation of royalty from the unit, in which caseCox would be entitled to royalty from the replacement well. Becausethe court determined that the trial court erred in finding that the statuteof limitations had run, and because the court found the assignmentambiguous, the case was remanded on both the reformation andquiet title issues.

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Plano Petroleum, LLC v. GHK Exploration, L.P. (Okla)• [GHK] assigned to [Plano]:

• All right, title and interest in and to that certain wellbore,all leasehold, limited in depth from the surface of the earthto the base of the Tonkawa Formation, and all surface andsubsurface equipment and materials thereon and therein,more particularly described as the Claude E. Newell # 1well. Said leases and well located in the northwest quarterof Section 23-17N-25W, Roger Mills County, Oklahoma,which wellbore, leases and associated equipment andmaterials so specified are hereinafter referred to as “SAIDWELL.”

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•Newell Well

Plano Petroleum, LLC v. GHK Exploration, L.P. (Okla)

• GHK, the successor to the Assignor in that assignment, claimed all right in the Newell Lease except for production of the Claude E. Newell No. 1 Well. Plano filed suit seeking to quiet title to the entire 320-acre lease.

• The Oklahoma Supreme Court found that there was a patent ambiguity in the use of the phrase “all leasehold” without a legal description of the lease itself.

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Plano Petroleum, LLC v. GHK Exploration, L.P. (Okla)

“All right, title and interest in and to that certain wellbore, all leasehold,limited in depth from the surface of the earth to the base of the TonkawaFormation, and all surface and subsurface equipment and materialsthereon and therein, more particularly described as the Claude E. Newell# 1 well. Said leases and well located in the northwest quarter of Section23-17N-25W, Roger Mills County, Oklahoma, which wellbore, leases andassociated equipment and materials so specified are hereinafter referredto as “SAID WELL.”

• The court found five possible interpretations of the assignment, including:• (1) the instrument was a wellbore only assignment of the Newell # 1 well, as

GHK argued, and the “all leasehold” language refers to leasehold rightsinsofar as the Newell # 1 well and production therefrom is concerned;

• (2) it assigned the entire 320 acre Newell Lease, as Plano argued and thelower courts held;

• (3) it assigned a leasehold of 80 acres in the quarter section which containsthe Newell # 1 well;

• (4) it assigned a leasehold of 80 acres in the quarter section which containsthe Newell # 1 well limited in depth to the base of the Tonkawa Formation;or

• (5) it assigned the entire Newell Lease limited in depth to the base of theTonkawa Formation.

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Cabot Oil & Gas Corp. v. Newfield Exploration Mid-Continent, Inc. (Texas)

• In Cabot Oil & Gas Corp. v. Newfield Exploration Mid-Continent Inc.,Cabot purported to reserve an interest in a mineral lease in anassignment. The assignment assigned all interest in oil and gasleases “less and except the EEX McCoy #27-1 wellbore… and the160 acre proration unit surrounding said well from the surfacedown to 15,000’.”

• The court went on to explain that merely identifying the property assome specific quantum of acreage surrounding a well does not meetthe demands of the statute of frauds and thus held the reservationvoid.

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DRAFTING CONSIDERATIONS

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Legal Description

• A true wellbore-only assignment should clearly state that the legal description is included for location purposes only, and that it is the intent of the assignor to reserve all interest in the lease(s) covering any lands described.

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Description of the Leases• If the assignment is to be the narrowest of wellbore

assignments, the assignment should clearly recite thatany leases described are for information purposes only,and that assignor reserves all interest in the leases exceptas required to operate and produce from the wellboreassigned. Further, the object of the granting languageshould be the wellbore described, and not the leases orleasehold described.

• In the narrowest wellbore-only assignment, the assignorshould reserve the right to drill new wells or replacementwells on the same lease tract or unit.

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Depths• While Texas has found that a wellbore-only assignment

unambiguously conveys the rights to uphole formations but not theright to extend the lateral vertically or horizontally, other states mayfind a wellbore-only assignment ambiguous as to these rights. Assuch, the assignment should specifically address whether theassignee has the right to recomplete the well in a different formation(uphole or downhole), as well as whether the Assignee has the rightto sidetrack, extend the lateral vertically, or extend the lateralhorizontally.

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ASSIGNMENTWHEREAS, [name of assignor] (“Assignor”), whose address is [name of assignee], is the owner of the oil and gas leases described inExhibit [designation of exhibit] attached hereto and made a part hereof, insofar as said leases cover the land on which is located the[description of well] (the “Subject Well”), which well is located approximately [number of feet] feet from the [direction of line] line and[number of feet] feet from the [direction of line] line of Section [number of section], Township [name of township] North, Range[specification of range] West, [specification of time], [name of county], [name of state]; and

WHEREAS, Assignor desires to sell and assign its rights in and to said well to [name of assignee] (“Assignee”), whose address is[address of assignee], reserving to Assignor all rights in and to said leases and the lands covered thereby other than rights that relate tosaid well;

NOW, THEREFORE, for consideration paid, the receipt and sufficiency of which are hereby acknowledged, Assignor does herebygrant, bargain, sell, assign, and convey to Assignee all of Assignor's right, title, and interest in and to the Subject Well, and allleasehold equipment and other personal property in said well or on or near said location and used or obtained in connection with theoperation of said well, as well as all right, title, and interest in and to said leases and the rights of the lessee thereunder, but only suchrights as may be necessary to enable Assignee to operate said well for the production of oil and gas and to take and sell, forAssignee's account, all interest now owned by Assignor in the oil and gas production from the Subject Well.

This assignment is specifically limited to rights incident and necessary to the operation of and production from the wellbore ofthe Subject Well as heretofore drilled. Assignee shall have no right, title, or interest in depths underlying said lands deeper thanthose heretofore penetrated in said well, nor shall Assignee have the right to extend the wellbore directionally or horizontallyfrom its existing vertical location. Assignee shall have the right to produce the oil and gas producible from the existing wellboreof the Subject Well, including any depths at which the existing wellbore of said well may hereafter be recompleted; however,Assignee shall have no right to participate in the ownership of oil and gas produced from other wells located on the landscovered by said leases and hereafter drilled, whether or not draining reservoirs penetrated by the Subject Well but from which isit not yet then producing. Assignor reserves the right hereafter to drill wells without regard to the distance from the SubjectWell, provided that Assignor shall not hereafter complete a well to produce from a reservoir from which the Subject Well is thenproducing without fully complying with well spacing and density requirements of the governmental authority havingjurisdiction.Assignee shall assume, as of the effective date hereof, all responsibility and liability associated with the ownership and operation of theSubject Well, including the obligation to properly plug the well and all surface restoration and other obligations imposed by contract orby law with respect to the Subject Well.

This assignment is made without warranty of title, either expressed or implied, and shall be binding on Assignor and Assignee and theirrespective heirs, successors, and assigns.

EXECUTED this ______ day of _____________, 2021, but effective as of _________________.ASSIGNOR: _____________

ASSIGNEE: _____________

[Acknowledgments]

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A.

B.

C.

D.

E.

THANK YOU

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wellbore assignments

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